aryan project.doc

8/20/2019 ARYAN PROJECT.doc

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KRISTU JAYANTI COLLEGE

BANGALORE-560077

CERTIFICATE

This is to certi! the "ro#ect e$tit%e&

“A study on gene and genotypic frequencies of alleles controlling

autosomal and sex-linked Mendelian traits' ()o$* the st+&e$t "o"+%(tio$o Krist+ J(!($ti Co%%e*e

,(s ee$ s(tis(ctori%! co)"%ete& !

MUNNA GAUTAM

11JJ!"#$%

&$ +%i%%)e$t o the 6th se)ester BSc Ge$etics co+rse (t

'(&TU JA)ANT& *+,,G

As "rescrie& ! B($*(%ore U$i.ersit!/

,EA OF T,E E1ART2ENT SIGNATURE OF T,E GUIEr/ E%ce! /C/ 2s/ Tres( To$!

ATE CENTRE3 KRISTU JAYANTI COLLEGE


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A*'N+.,/GMNT

I th($4 (%)i*ht! or *i.i$* )e the e(% to co)"%ete this "ro#ect ith )!%i)ite& 4$o%e&*e ($& co)"ete$ce/ I () *r(te+% to cert(i$ i$&i.i&+(%s hoh(.e "+t their e$tire se% to he%" )e (cco)"%ish h(t I h(.e *(i$e&/

First o (%% I o+%& %i4e to e8"ress )! *r(tit+&e to the )($(*e)e$t o Krist+J(!($ti Co%%e*e the "resti*io+s i$stit+te hich h(s he%"e& )e to re(%iese.er(% res"o$sii%ities i$ )! tot(% +"ri$*i$*/ I o+%& %i4e to th($4 Re./ Fr/Se(sti($ T/A/ 1ri$ci"(% o Krist+ J(!($ti Co%%e*e ho h(s ee$ ( re(%i$s"ir(tio$ to )e or co)"%eti$* this or4 i$ ti)e/

I () e8tre)e%! o%i*e& to r/ E%ce! C/ ,e(& o e"t/ o Bioscie$ce or e$co+r(*i$* ($& )oti.(ti$* )e to &o this or4 ($& )(4e this ( re(%it!/

I (%so e8"ress )! he(rte%t *r(tit+&e to 2s/ Tres( To$! ho h(s ee$ the ri*htso+rce o e$co+r(*e)e$t +$&er hose s+"er.isio$ ($& (%e *+i&($ce I h(.e ee$ ri*ht%! sho$ to "+t this "ro#ect (s ( "riorit! ($& i$ )! e$tire eort i$c%(i)i$* i$ )! "ote$ti(%s/

This (c4$o%e&*e)e$t o+%& e i$co)"%ete i I (i%e& to th($4 )! c%(ss)(tes($& rie$&s or "oi$ti$* o+t errors ($& he%"i$* )e thro+*ho+t the "ro#ect/

I o+%& (%so %i4e to th($4 )! e%o.e& "(re$ts i))e$se%! or (%% the s+""ort($& their e$co+r(*e)e$t hich h(s he%"e& )e to *et thro+*h ro+*h "(tches/

I $ot or the "(rtici"(tio$ o (%% these i$&i.i&+(%s ($& ( *oo& )($! "eo"%ethis "ro#ect o+%& h(.e ee$ i$co)"%ete i$ ( i* (!/ I th($4 the)ho%ehe(rte&%! or their s+""ort


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&N/0

CONTENTS 1AGE NU2BER

I$tro&+ctio$

O#ecti.e

Re.ie o Liter(t+re

2(teri(%s ($& 2etho&s

A$(%!sis o Res+%ts

isc+ssio$ ($& Co$c%+sio$

S+))(r!

Bi%io*r("h!


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&NT(+/U*T&+N

Ge$etics is the st+&! o here&it!the "rocess ! hich ch(r(cteristics (re "(sse& ro) "(re$ts to os"ri$* so th(t (%% or*($is)sh+)($ ei$*si$c%+&e&rese)%e their ($cestors/The ce$tr(% co$ce"t o *e$etics is th(t thehere&it! is co$tro%%e& ! ( .(st $+)er o (ctor c(%%e& *e$eshich (re&iscrete "h!sic(% "(rtic%es "rese$t i$ (%% %i.i$* or*($is)s/

The *e$etic(% st+&ies or the i$herit($ce o "he$ot!"ic tr(its i$ ( *i.e$ "o"+%(tio$ is 4$o$ (s "o"+%(tio$ *e$etics/ The "o"+%(tio$ *e$etics is (9+($tit(ti.e scie$ce ($& to c(%c+%(te the res+%ts o the )o&e o i$herit($ce o *e$es i$ ( *i.e$ "o"+%(tio$ .(rio+s st(tistic(% ($& )(the)(tic(% )o&e%s (ree)"%o!e&/

Gre*or Joh($$ 2e$&e% (s ( A+stri($ )o$4 ($& (s or$ i$ J+%! :: $& ;s+ch (s s"ecies s+s"ecies ree& .(riet! str(i$ etc? resi&i$*ithi$ &ei$e& *eo*r("hic(% o+$&(ries here i$terree&i$* occ+rs/

To *et ( F: 3; "he$ot!"ic r(tio o ( )o$oh!ri& cross e e*($ ith toho)o!*o+s "(re$t(% str(i$s s+ch (s AA ($& (( (ccor&i$* to G(r&$er-;7:


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A@ re9+e$c! is the r(tio o the (ct+(% $+)er o (@ i$&i.i&+(%s/ B+t i$)e$&e%i($ "o"+%(tio$ re9+e$c! o (%%e%es )(! .(r! co$si&er(%! /I (%% the*()etes "ro&+ce& ! ( )e$&e%i($ "o"+%(tio$ (re co$si&ere& (s ( h!"othetic(%)i8t+re o *e$etic +$its ro) hich the $e8t *e$er(tio$ i%% (rise e h(.ethe co$ce"t o ( *e$e or *()ete "oo%/

The "erce$t(*es o *()etes i$ the *e$e "oo% or ( "(ir o (%%e%es >A ($& (?&e"e$& +"o$ the *e$ot!"ic re9+e$cies o the "(re$t(% *e$er(tio$ hose*()etes or) the "oo%/ Th+s i ( "o"+%(tio$ is o &o)i$($t *e$ot!"e AA the$ the re9+e$c! o the &o)i$($t (%%e%es i$ the *e$e "oo% i%% e re%(ti.e%!hi*h ($& the "erce$t(*e o *()etes e(ri$* recessi.e (%%e%es >((? i%% ecorres"o$&i$*%! %o/

I$ (%% %i.i$* or*($is)s "he$ot!"ic ch(r(cteristics (re e8"resse& e8ter$(%%! +t(re &eter)i$e& ! the *e$es resi&i$* i$ chro)oso)e/ This (s irstreco*$ie& ! Gre*or 2e$&e% / The ch(r(cters co$tro%%e& ! the *e$es (re

ter)e& (s 2e$&e%i($ Tr(its/ Th+s the tr(its (re ote$ &eter)i$e& ! ( "(ir o *e$es ith e8"ressio$/ The *e$es resi&e i$ the so)(tic chro)oso)es $()e%!se8 D %i$4e& tr(its/

,(r&! D ei$er* L(

The ,(r&! D ei$er* L( is the +$&()e$t(% %( o "o"+%(tio$ *e$etics($& "ro.i&es the (sis or st+&!i$* 2e$&e%i($ "o"+%(tio$s/ This %( (s&e.e%o"e& ! G/ ,/ ,(r&! >;0


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1 the re9+e$c! o the &o)i$($t (%%e%e >re"rese$te& ! A? the re9+e$c! o the recessi.e (%%e%e >re"rese$te& ! (?

For ( "o"+%(tio$ i$ *e$etic e9+i%iri+) " H 9 ;

>" H 9?: ;So ": H :"9 H9: ;

here ": re9+e$c! o AA >ho)o!*o+s &o)i$($t? :"9 re9+e$c! o A( >hetero!*o+s &o)i$($t? 9: re9+e$c! o (( >ho)o!*o+s recessi.e?

2($! h+)($ tr(its o%%o )e$&e%i($ i$herit($ce so)e o the) (re (s

o%%os/E!e co%or To$*+e ro%%i$* i&o@s "e(4 ,itchhi4er@s th+) 2i& D&i*it(%h(ir C%(s"i$* o h($&s ,(ir "(tter$ E(r %oe i)"%e chee4s

This e8"eri)e$t (s co$&+cte& (t Krist+ J(!($ti Co%%e*e ()o$* 50 st+&e$ts (se& o$ the o%%oi$* tr(its/

A+toso)(% Tr(its3

;/ ,(ir "(tter$3 C+r%! h(ir (s o+$& to e ( &o)i$($t tr(it her(s thestr(i*ht h(ir (s o+$& to e recessi.e tr(it/

:/ i)"%e chee43 i)"%e chee4 (s o+$& to e o)i$($t tr(it here(s(se$ce (s o+$& to e Recessi.e

//i&o@s 1e(43 A &isti$cti.e &o$(r& "oi$t i$ the h(ir%i$e is 4$o$ (si&o@s "e(4 This is ( &o)i$($t tr(it/ I the h(ir%i$e is str(i*ht the$ recessi.e*e$es (re "rese$t/

Se8-Li$4e& Tr(it3

,!"ertrichosis 3 It is (Y-%i$4e& i$herit($ce i$ hich the tr($s)issio$ o tr(ito$%! i$ )(%es/ It is ch(r(cterie& ! the or)(tio$ o ,(ir! "i$$(/


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O#ecti.e3

The s+r.e! o$ 2e$&e%i($ tr(its (s s+r.e!e& o$ the "o"+%(tio$ o 50

st+&e$ts o Krist+ J(!($ti Co%%e*e ()o$* the (*e *ro+" o ;< D :5!e(rs ho

here ro) the $orth e(ster$ "(rts o I$&i(/ The "o"+%(tio$ (s se%ecte&

r($&o)%!/ The st+&e$ts ere oser.e& or the "rese$ce o (+toso)(% tr(its

>i&o@s "e(4 )i&-&i*it(% h(ir (tt(che& e(r %oe? ($& se8-%i$4e& tr(it

>h!"ertrichosis?/


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MT+/+,+G)

;/ ATA COLLECTION

For the &(t( co%%ectio$ 50st+&e$ts ere se%ecte& i$ Krist+ J(!($ti Co%%e*e hoco)es +$&er ;


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R N+)er o i$&i.i&+(%s c(rr!i$* the recessi.e tr(it/ N Tot(% $+)er o i$&i.i&+(%s

9 RH N

" ;-9

As the ho)o!*o+s &o)i$($t ($& hetero!*o+s &o)i$($t i$&i.i&+(%s c($$ot e &iere$ti(te& the $+)er o i$&i.i&+(%s shoi$* the &o)i$($t "he$ot!"eis co$si&ere& irres"ecti.e hether the! (re ho)o!*o+s or hetero!*o+s i$$(t+re/ O$ce the .(%+e o " ($& 9 is &eter)i$e& the *e$ot!"ic re9+e$cies c($ e c(%c+%(te&/ A$(%!sis o &istri+tio$ tr(its ith res"ect to the "o"+%(tio$$+)er (s (%so &o$e/

5/ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The sti)+%(te& .(%+(tio$ o res+%ts (s &o$e ! Chi-s9+(re ($(%!sis/Chi- s9+(re 8: >O-E?: E

O - Oser.e& *e$ot!"ic re9+e$ciesE - E8"ecte& *e$ot!"ic re9+e$cies E8"ecte& re9+e$c! o ": >AA? M NE8"ecte& re9+e$c! o :"9 >A(? M NE8"ecte& re9+e$c! o 9: >((? M N

E8"ecte& re9+e$c! o &o)i$($t "he$ot!"e >AA H ((? > MN? H >MN?PE8"ecte& re9+e$c! o recessi.e "he$ot!"e >((? Q MN

Chi-s9+(re test i$.o%.es testi$* o =*oo&$ess o it'/ For this ( N+%%h!"othesis > ,0? ($& ($ (%ter$(te h!"othesis >,(? (s "ro"ose&/ The Chi-s9+(re .(%+eot(i$e& ($& theChi-s9+(re t(%e or the "(rtic+%(r &e*rees o ree&o) >$-;? (t 5 %e.e% o si*$iic($ce is co)"(re& / I the ot(i$e& .(%+e is hi*her th($ the t(%e .(%+e,0 is re#ecte& ($& the ,( is (cce"te&/ B+t i the oser.e& .(%+es is %ess th($the t(%e .(%+e ,0 is (cce"te& ($& the ,( is re#ecte&/


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(2&. +3 ,&T(ATU(

/&M4, *'5

A &i)"%e is ( s)(%% $(t+r(% i$&e$t(tio$ i$ the %esh o$ ( "(rt o the h+)($ o&! )ost $ot(%! i$ the chee4 or o$ the chi$/ i)"%es )(! e *e$etic(%%!i$herite& ($& h(.e ee$ c(%%e& ( si)"%e &o)i$($t tr(it i)"%es )(! ec(+se& ! .(ri(tio$s i$ the str+ct+re o the (ci(% )+sc%e 4$o$ (s!*o)(tic+s )(#or/ S"eciic(%%! the "rese$ce o ( &o+%e or ii&!*o)(tic+s )(#or )+sc%e )(! e8"%(i$ the or)(tio$ o chee4 &i)"%es/ This

ii& .(ri(tio$ o the )+sc%e ori*i$(tes (s ( si$*%e str+ct+re ro) the As ittr(.e%s i$terior%! it the$ &i.i&es ith ( s+"erior +$&%e th(t i$serts i$ thet!"ic(% "ositio$ (o.e the cor$er o the )o+th/ A$ i$erior +$&%e i$serts e%o the cor$er o the )o+th

.&/+.6 4A'7

So)e "eo"%e h(.e ( "ro)i$e$t -sh("e& "oi$t (t the ro$t o their h(ir%i$e c(%%e&( i&oVs "e(4 hi%e other "eo"%e h(.e ( h(ir%i$e th(t *oes str(i*ht (cross/i&o@s "e(4is co$tro%%e& ! o$e *e$e ith to (%%e%es ($& the (%%e%e or i&oVs "e(4 is &o)i$($t o.er the (%%e%e or str(i*ht h(ir%i$e/David W. Smith and M. Michael Cohen hypothesized the widow's peak hairline to bean anomaly that results from a lower-than-usual point of intersection of the bilateralperiorbital fields of hair-rowth suppression on the forehead. !his can occur becausethe periorbital fields of hair-rowth suppression are smaller than usual" or becausethey are more widely spaced.

S)ith ($& Cohe$ >;7? %oo4e& (t "hoto*r("hs o )(%e )e&ic(% st+&e$ts ($&co$c%+&e& th(t : o+t o ;0 >? h(& ( Ws%i*ht +t $otice(%eW i&oVs "e(4 ($& o$e h(& ( W)ore &isti$cti.e ($& o.io+sW i&oVs "e(4//

N+s(+) ($& F+e$teri( >:00? )+st h(.e +se& ( .er! %oose &ei$itio$ o i&oVs "e(4 i the! co+$te&


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/&M4, *'5

A &i)"%e is ( s)(%% $(t+r(% i$&e$t(tio$ i$ the %esh o$ ( "(rt o the h+)($ o&! )ost $ot(%! i$ the chee4 or o$ the chi$/ i)"%es )(! e *e$etic(%%!i$herite& ($& h(.e ee$ c(%%e& ( si)"%e &o)i$($t tr(it i)"%es )(! ec(+se& ! .(ri(tio$s i$ the str+ct+re o the (ci(% )+sc%e 4$o$ (s!*o)(tic+s )(#or/ S"eciic(%%! the "rese$ce o ( &o+%e or ii&!*o)(tic+s )(#or )+sc%e )(! e8"%(i$ the or)(tio$ o chee4 &i)"%es/ This ii& .(ri(tio$ o the )+sc%e ori*i$(tes (s ( si$*%e str+ct+re ro) the As ittr(.e%s i$terior%! it the$ &i.i&es ith ( s+"erior +$&%e th(t i$serts i$ thet!"ic(% "ositio$ (o.e the cor$er o the )o+th/ A$ i$erior +$&%e i$serts e%o the cor$er o the )o+th/

ypertric8osis 7

#n some individuals "with ae " coarse hairs may appear on the lower portions of the heli$. .!his type of hair is known as hairy pinna. %ypertrichosis is a & linkae or holandric inheritance . Since the only humans who have a & chromosome aremales " &-linked traits are passed only from father to son.(.

ro$()r(#+>;6X? e8"%(i$e& th(t this tr(it co$sists o %o$* h(ir *roi$* ro)the he%i8 o "i$$(/ Aie >;65? &isco.ere& th(t h(ir! "i$$( (s )ost

co))o$ i$ ester$ ($& so+ther$ (ori*i$es th($ i$ those o North ($& NorthE(st I$&i( /Bh(r(&(#/ /K/>;77? )(&e ( st+&! o$ the h(ir! "(tter$s o "i$$( ()o$* theCe$tr(% I$&i($s The st+&! (s &o$e o$ ( cert(i$ $+)er o )(%es ($&e)(%es o So+th I$&i( ho ere $or)(% ($& &i& $ot sho ($! e$&ocri$e&ist+r($ce


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4,AT


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A&( 4ATT(N

1rese$ce o c+r%! h(ir >o)i$($t-CC?

Str(i*ht h(ir t!"e >Recessi.e- cc?


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/&M4, *'

1rese$ce o &i)"%e chee4s >o)i$($t-?

Ase$ce o &i)"%e chee4>Recessi.e-&&?


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.&/+.6 4A'

1rese$ce o i&o@s "e(4 >o)i$($t-?

Ase$ce o i&o@s "e(4 >Recessi.e-?


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)4(T(&*+&

1rese$ce o h(ir! "i$$(

Ase$ce o h(ir! "i$$(


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OBSERATION


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1O1ULATION NU2BER C,ART FOR 2ALES

No o I$&i.i&+(%s T(%%! Tot(%

;

: ;

X ;

5

6 ;

7< ;;;;;

;0

;;

;:

;

;X

;5

;6 ;;;; ;;;; ;


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1O1ULATION NU2BER C,ART FOR FE2ALES

No o I$&i.i&+(%s T(%%! Tot(%

;

:

;

X ;;;; ;;;; ;;;;5 ;

67 ;

< ;;;; ;;;; ;


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ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

ATA ANALYSIS 3

T!"es o tr(it N()e o tr(it No/ o i$&i.i&+(%sith&o)i$($ttr(it

No/ o i$&i.i&+(%sithrecessi.etr(it

Tot(% $o/ o i$&i.i&+(%s

A+toso)(%tr(its

i)"%e Chee4s :5 :5 50

i&o@s "e(4 : X< 50,(ir "(tter$ 6 XX 50

Se8 %i$4e&

tr(it

,!"ertrichosis 0 :0 :0

Tr(it3 i)"%e Chee4s

Ge$ot!"ic re9+e$cies o ho)o!*o+s &o)i$($t tr(it3 ":

": $+)er o i$&i.i&+(% ith &o)i$($t tr(it tot(% $+)er o i$&i.i&+(%s

:550

0/5

Ge$e re9+e$c! or &o)i$($t tr(it 3 "


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" ":

" 0/5 0/707;

Accor&i$* to ,(r&! Dei$er* e9+(tio$

" H 9 ; 9 ; D"

9 0/::

Ge$ot!"ic re9+e$c! o ho)o!*o+s recessi.e tr(it 3 9:

9: > 0/::?: 0/09?

Ge$e re9+e$c! 0/707; 0/::

Ge$ot!"ic re9+e$c! ": :"9 9:

0/5 0/X;:X 0/0


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:"9 N 50 :5

9: N 50 ;:/5

Ge$ot!"e >O? >E? >O-E? &: &:E

o)i$($t "he$ot!"e

:5 7/5 -;:/5 ;56/:5 X/;66

Recessi.e "he$ot!"e

:5 ;:/5 ;:/5 ;56/:5 ;:/5

Z: &: E ;6/666

T(%e .(%+e (t 5 %e.e% o si*$iic($ce /;6/666? is *re(ter th($ the Z: t(%e .(%+e >/


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" H 9 ; 9 ; D"

9 0/<


9: >0/


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9: N 50 ;:/5

Ge$ot!"e >O? >E? >O-E? &: &:E

o)i$($t "he$ot!"e

: 7/5 -5/5 ;:60/:5 /60

Recessi.e "he$ot!"e

X< ;:/5 5/5 ;:60/:5 ;00//


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0/;:


" ":

" 0/X6


" H 9 ; 9 ; D"

9 0/65


9: >0/65?: 0/X:6X Ge$ot!"ic re9+e$c! o hetero!*o+s &o)i$($t tr(it 3 :"9

:"9 :0/X60/X:6X :"9 0/:50

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS/imple *8eeks

N+%% h!"othesis 3 The *e$ot!"ic re9+e$cies ot(i$e& o%%os the ,(r&! D ei$er* e9+i%iri+)/

Tr(it i&o@s "e(4

o)i$($t >"? Recessi.e >9?

Ge$e re9+e$c! 0/X6 0/65

Ge$ot!"ic re9+e$c! ": :"9 9:

0/;: 0/:50 0/X:6X


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A%ter$(te h!"othesis3 The *e$ot!"ic re9+e$cies ot(i$e& &oes $ot o%%o,(r&! D ei$er* e9+i%iri+)/ Le.e% o si*$iic($ce 3 5

e*ree o ree&o) 3 ;

*alculation of expected frequency

": N 50 ;:/5

:"9 N 50 :5

9: N 50 ;:/5

Ge$ot!"e >O? >E? >O-E?

&: &:E

o)i$($t "he$ot!"e

6 7/5 -;/5 :/:5 :6/X6

Recessi.e "he$ot!"e

XX ;:/5 ;/5 :/:5 7/<

Z: &: E ;05/


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Tr(it3 ,!"ertrichosis3

Ge$ot!"ic re9+e$cies o ho)o!*o+s &o)i$($t tr(it3 ":

": $+)er o i$&i.i&+(% ith &o)i$($t tr(it

tot(% $+)er o i$&i.i&+(%s 050

0


" ":

" 0


" H 9 ; 9 ; D"

9 ;


9: ;

Ge$ot!"ic re9+e$c! o hetero!*o+s &o)i$($t tr(it 3 :"9

:"9 0

Tr(it ,!"ertrichosis

o)i$($t >"? Recessi.e >9?

Ge$e re9+e$c! 0 ;

Ge$ot!"ic re9+e$c! ": :"9 9:

0 0 ;


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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

N+%% h!"othesis 3 The *e$ot!"ic re9+e$cies ot(i$e& o%%os the ,(r&! D ei$er* e9+i%iri+)/

A%ter$(te h!"othesis3 The *e$ot!"ic re9+e$cies ot(i$e& &oes $ot o%%o

,(r&! D ei$er* e9+i%iri+)/ Le.e% o si*$iic($ce 3 5

e*ree o ree&o) 3 ;

*alculation of expected frequency

": N 50 ;:/5

:"9 N 50 :5

9: N 50 ;:/5

Ge$ot!"e >O? >E? >O-E?

&: &:E

o)i$($t "he$ot!"e

0 7/5 7/5 ;X06/:5 7/5

Recessi.e

"he$ot!"e

50 ;:/5 7/5 ;X06/:5 ;;:/5

Z: &: E ;50

T(%e .(%+e (t 5 %e.e% o si*$iic($ce /


29/45

RESULT3 Si$ce the Z: .(%+e>;50? is *re(ter th($ the Z: t(%e .(%+e >/


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36/45

/&*U&+N AN/ *+N*,U&+N

This "ro#ect o$ *e$e ($& *e$ot!"ic re9+e$c! o (%%e%es co$tro%%i$* (+toso)(%

($& se8-%i$4e&/ 2e$&e%i($ tr(its (s s+r.e!e& o$ the "o"+%(tio$ o 50/ The "o"+%(tio$

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6 o the s+r.e!e& "o"+%(tio$ ere &o)i$($t to the tr(it h(ir "(tter$

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(3(N*

9 A$($&CS Bh(r&(# K Ch(+r(s(i( B>:007?3 ,(ir "(tter$ o the "i$$(()o$* So+th I$&i($s/ IntJ Dermatol46 (1):72-76.9 Ati!(Kh($+)/Ir($ A Kh($ >;X?3A11ENI[ X3 The +$i-s9+(re&istri+tio$/ ;st E&$ F+$&()e$t(%s o Bio-st(tistics/ ,!&er((& Ukaaz Publications o% ; "*X;5:?3 To$*+e ro%%i$* ($& to$*+e o%&i$* ($& otherhere&it(r! )o.e)e$ts o the to$*+e !ere& 4%:221-22'

9 Ger(%& J Sti$e >;


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9 Ric4i Leis >;7?3 1o"+%(tio$ Ge$etic3 A%%e%e re9+e$cies st(! co$st($t/5th E&$ ,+)($ Ge$etics-Co$ce"ts ($& A""%ic(tio$s/ Ne Yor4/ 2cGr( ,i%%Co)"($ies 1* :6-:7:/

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INTROUCTION


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2ET,OOLOGY


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aryan project.doc

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