Thermal  Energy  Storage  

Arun  Majumdar  Director,  ARPA-­‐E  

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US  Energy  Diagram  

Energy  Supply  Systems  

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Time  

Energy  Demand  

Electricity  Hea;ng  

Cooling  

Power  Load  

Engine/    Generator  

Set  

Fuel,  FE   Electricity,  E1  

Air    Condi;oner  

Cooling,  C  

Waste  Heat  Waste  Heat  

Heater/Boiler  

Hea;ng,  H  Fuel,  FH  

Efficiency  ≈  25-­‐45  %    

COP  ≈  3  E2  

Current  System  Architecture  

Rate  of  Fuel  Use,  F  =  FE  +  FH  

Na;onal  Impact  of  Integrated  Energy  Supply  Systems  –  Ideal  Scenarios  

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Today   Heat  Coming  from  

Integrated  Systems  

Heat  &  Air  Condi;oning  Coming  from  

Integrated  Systems  Buildings  Site  Electrical  Load  (Quads)  

9   9   7.5  

Building  Site  Heat  Load(Quads)  

10   18   17  

Primary  Energy  Consump;on  (Quads)  

9  x  3.2  +10  =  

38.8  27   24.5  

Primary  Energy  Saved  (Quads)  

11.8  (30%)   14.3  (37%)  

US  Primary  Energy  Consump;on  (Annual)  ≈  100  Quads  

Key  Issues  for  Thermal  Storage  

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•  Time  ShiQ:  Electricity  and  heat  demand  do  not  always  coincide    

•  Storage  Time:  Minutes  to  months;  Insula;on  free(?)  

• Discharge  Time:  Minutes  to  hours;  Heat  exchangers  systems  

•  Energy  Density:  High  energy  density  by  mass  and  volume  (kWhr/kg,  kWhr/L)  

•  Low  and  High:  Both  low  temperature  (273-­‐320  K)  and  high  temperature  (≈1000  K)  -­‐  minimize  exergy  loss  and  control  heat  transfer  rates  

•  Cost:  $/kWhr,  $/kW  

Today’s  Approaches  –  Sensible  Heat  

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Q = ΔH = mCp T2 − T1( ) ΔS = mCp lnT2T1

⎛

⎝⎜⎞

⎠⎟Thermal  ;me  constant  for  heat  loss  

τ = RC =

ρVCp

hA L

ρCp

h⎛

⎝⎜⎞

⎠⎟ L

ρCp

k b⎛

⎝⎜⎞

⎠⎟

Heat  loss  barrier  is  kine;c,  not  thermodynamic  

Water  at  25  °C  liquid  4.1796    Water  at  100  °C  liquid  4.2160    Aluminium  solid  2.422    Copper    solid  3.45    Granite    solid  2.17    Iron    solid  3.537    Paraffin  wax  solid  2.325    

J/cm3-­‐K  

Today’s  Approaches  –  Phase  Change  

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Constant    Pressure  

ΔG = ΔHHeat Storage inChemical Bonds

− TΔSIncrease inDisorder

During  Phase  Change  at    Constant  Pressure  

ΔG = 0; T =ΔHΔS

Phase  Change  Materials  

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Compound   Mel;ng  Point  [oC]  

Enthalpy  of  Fusion    [kJ/kg]  

Density  of  Solid/Liquid  [kg/m3]  

Boiling  Point  [oC]  

Enthalpy  of  Vaporiza;on  [kJ/kg]  

Density  of  Liquid/Vapor  [kg/m3]  

Water   0   334   917/1000   100   2,258   958/0.6  

Lauric  Acid   44   212   1007/862  

Paraffin  C16–C28   42–44   190   910/765  

Na2SiO3.5H2O   48   267   1450/1280  

MgCl2-­‐6H2O   117   169   1570/1450  

KNO3   334   266   2110/  

MgCl2   714   452   2140/  

NaCl   800   470   2160/  

Heat  Loss  Barrier  is  Nuclea;on  

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ΔG = VΔhHeat Storage inChemical Bonds

− TVΔsIncrease inDisorder

+ γ ASurface Energy

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Can  we  control  barrier  for  nuclea;on?    

Can  we  achieve  insula;on-­‐free  thermal  energy  storage?      

What  else?  

Designer  Chemical  Reac;ons  &  Systems  

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A :B A + B

•  High  Δh  (kJ/mol)  •  High  molar  density,  ρ  (mol/m3)  •  Low  change  in  density:  Δρ/ρ  ≈  0  •  Tunable  Δs  (kJ/mol-­‐K)  which  gives  control  of  storage  temperature,  Tstor  

•  Tunable  barrier  for  reverse  reac;on    o Physical  separa1on  of  A  and  B  o Catalysis  

•  Low-­‐cost  of  A  and  B  ($/kWhr)  •  Non-­‐toxic  and  non-­‐reac;ve  •  High  thermal  effusivity,    

Chemistry  Challenge  

k ⋅ ρ ⋅C

Engineering  Challenge  

•  Short  hea;ng  and  recovery  ;me  achieved  by  heat  exchanger  design  &  constrained  by  cost  ($/kW)  

•  Controlled  reverse  reac;on  requires  design  for  rapid  mass  transfer    

An  Example  of  Chemistry-­‐Engineering  Partnership  that  Changed  the  Course  of  Energy  &  Environmental  History  

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Vienna  Conven;on  for  the  Protec;on  of  the  Ozone  Layer:  1985  

Montreal  Protocol  on  Substances  That  Deplete  the  Ozone  Layer:  Ini;ated  Sept.  16,  1987,  enacted  Jan.  1,  1989.  

CFC-12; R-12

Mario  Molina,  F.  Sherwood  Rowland,  Paul  Crutzen  –  1995  Nobel  Prize  in  Chemistry  

Development  of  HFCs  for  Air  Condi;oning  &  Refrigera;on  

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1,1,1,2-­‐Tetrafluoroethane,  R-­‐134a  Started  being  used  in  early  1990s  

Velders et al, PNAS 106, 10949 (2009

Science-­‐Engineering  Partnership  for  Thermal  Energy  Storage  

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Can  we  tune  and  control  interplay  between  ΔH,  ΔS,  ρ,  Δρ,  effusivity  in  the  presence  of  engineering  constraints  of  cost,  toxicity,  reliability,  ….  ?  

§  Chemical  reac;ons  ² Gas  (hydrogen,  methane,…)  storage  technology  for  thermal  storage  ² Binding  of  gases/liquids  with  ionic  liquids  or  metalorganic  

frameworks  (MOFs)  

§ Magne;c  dipoles  §  Electric  monopoles  –  ions  in  solu;on/plasma  §  Electric  dipoles  

Integrated Energy Supply Systems: New Systems Architecture

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High Temp. Thermal Bus

Thermal Storage

Absorption Cooler

Low Temp. Thermal Bus

Thermal Storage

H

Heater/Boiler FH

C

Engine/Fuel Cell

Air Conditioner/ Heat Pump

Electrical Storage

Electrical Bus E

FE

Solar/Wind

Power Electronics

Performance  Goal:  Minimize  F  by  at  least  30%  

Economic  Goal:    Payback  in  4-­‐5  years  

Technical  Challenge:  Opera;ng  System  (Sosware)  &  Sensors-­‐Actuators  (Hardware)  for  Op;mal  Opera;on  

Other  Applica;ons  

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Electric  vehicles:  Heat  generated  during  batery  charging  used  for  hea;ng  and  air  condi;oning  of  passenger  space  

Plug-­‐in  hybrids:  Use  batery  and  engine  heat  during  use  to  heat  batery  during  cold-­‐weather  startup    

Refrigerated  trucks  and  LNG  Transport    

Grid-­‐level  electricity  storage:    High-­‐temperature  thermal  storage  +  subsequent  conversion  by  engines  at  <  $100/kWhr  

Efficient  use  of  heat  in  carbon  capture  plants  

Nuclear:  Heat  storage  for  peak  power  

 Brief  Overview  of  ARPA-­‐E  Catalyzing  Energy  Breakthroughs  to  Secure  America’s  Future    

Official Use Only

Office of the Secretary Dr. Steven Chu, Secretary

Daniel B. Poneman, Deputy Secretary*

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

13 OCT 10

Associate Administrator for Emergency

Operations

Associate Administrator for Management & Administration

Office of the Under Secretary

For Nuclear Security/ Administrator for National Nuclear

Security Administration Thomas P. D’Agostino

* The Deputy Secretary also serves as the Chief Operating Officer

Deputy Administrator for Defense Programs

Deputy Under Secretary for Counter-terrorism

Office of the Under Secretary

Cathy Zoi Acting Under Secretary

Office of the Under Secretary for

Science

Dr. Steven E. Koonin Under Secretary for Science

Office of Science

Chief of Staff

Inspector General

Southwestern Power Administration

Bonneville Power Administration

Western Area Power Administration

Southeastern Power Administration

Legacy Management Assistant Secretary

for Nuclear Energy

Assistant Secretary For Energy Efficiency

And Renewable Energy

Assistant Secretary Electricity Delivery Energy Reliability

Assistant Secretary For Environmental

Management

Civilian Radioactive Waste Management

Assistant Secretary for

Fossil Energy

Advanced Scientific Computing Research

Basic Energy Sciences

Biological & Environmental Research

Fusion Energy Science

High Energy Physics

Nuclear Physics

Workforce Development for

Teachers & Scientists

Energy Information Administration

American Recovery & Reinvention Act Office

Loan Programs Office

Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy

General Counsel

Assistant Secretary for Congressional & Intergov. Affairs

Chief Human Capital Officer

Chief Financial Officer

Assistant Secretary for Policy & International

Affairs

Management

Hearings & Appeals

Health Safety & Security

Chief Information Officer

Public Affairs

Intelligence & Counterintelligence

Economic Impact & Diversity

Associate Administrator for Defense Nuclear

Security

Deputy Administrator for Defense Nuclear

Nonproliferation

Deputy Administrator for Naval Reactors

Associate Administrator for Infrastructure

& Environment

DOE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Breakthroughs in Technology

Breakthroughs in Science

Breakthroughs in Scaling

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Official Use Only

Reduce Energy-Related Emissions

Improve Energy Efficiency

ARPA-E’s Mission & Means

Reduce Energy Imports

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To overcome the long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the development of energy technologies.

(A)  identifying and promoting revolutionary advances in fundamental sciences; AND

(B)  translating scientific discoveries and cutting-edge inventions into technological innovations; AND

(C)  accelerating transformational technological advances in areas that industry by itself is not likely to undertake because of technical and financial uncertainty.

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Technology Push – Market Pull

Applied Science and Technology

Inte

grat

ed E

nerg

y S

yste

ms

Market ARPA-E Programs

•  $30-40M •  3 years • 10-20 projects (large, seedlings)

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End-Use Efficiency

ARPA-E Programs

Transportation Electrofuels BEEST BEETIT

Stationary Power IMPACCT ADEPT GRIDS

Broad Solicitation

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Building Energy Efficiency Through Innovative Thermodevices (BEETIT)

Source: Velders et al, PNAS 106, 10949 (2009)

Reduce primary energy consumption by ~ 40 – 50%

Building cooling is responsible for ~5% of US primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions

Tamb = 90 oF, RH = 0.9 Tsupply = 55 oF, RH = 0.5

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180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

COPVapor-compression

Prim

ary

Ene

rgy

Use

(kJ

/kg)

Theoretical limit

Current Systems

Opportunity ARPA-E Target

Today

(MechE, ASU; Intel)

Dr. Ravi Prasher

Official Use Only

High-Efficiency, on-Line Membrane Air Dehumidifier Enabling Sensible Cooling for Warm and Humid Climates

Temperature

Hum

idity

Rat

io

Refrigeration unit

O2 N2 H2O

Adsorption

Diffusion

Desorption

Can potentially beat FOA target by ~50%

Zeolite pore ( 0.3 – 0.4 nm)

Selective transmission of H2O)

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IMPACT  If  successful,  project  could  have:  

•  High  impact  on  ARPA-­‐E  mission  areas  

•  Large  commercial  applica;on  

BREAKTHROUGH  TECHNOLOGY  Technologies  that:    

•   Do  not  exist  in  today’s  energy  market  •   Are  not  just  incremental  

improvements;  could  make  today’s  technologies  obsolete  

ADDITIONALITY  •  Difficult  to  move  forward  

without  ARPA-­‐E  funding  •  But  able  to  atract  cost  share  

and  follow-­‐on  funding  •  Not  already  being  researched  

or  funded  by  others  

PEOPLE  •   Best-­‐in-­‐class  people  

•   Teams  with  both  scien;sts  and  engineers  

•   Brings  new  people,  talent  and  skill  sets  to  energy  R&D  

What is an ARPA-E Project?

Source Selection Sensitive

ARPA-E DNA: Speed and Efficiency

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Workshop

Internal Debate Further

Refinement

FOA Announced

Proposals Received

Proposals Reviewed in 3 stages

Funding Announcements

Contracting

Program Execution 6-8 Months

Technical Deep Dive

Project Selection

Concept Paper Review

Panel Review of Full Proposals

Proposal Rebuttal Stage

Official Use Only 27

Recrui;ng  Program  Directors  (3-­‐4  Years  Term)  

• Scien;fic  and  engineering  rigor,  depth  &  breadth  •  Intellectual  flexibility  to  move  into  new  fields  

• Crea;vity  and  openness  to  new  approaches  • Span  science/engineering  and  technology  development,  with  understanding  of  business/markets  

• Serve  the  na;on  at  a  cri;cal  ;me  and  make  na;onal/global  impact  

• Funding  level  is  $30-­‐40M  per  program