artificial retinas

8/10/2019 Artificial Retinas

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How Eyes Work

Light rays

Refraction

Image formation on retina

Signal transmission to brain by optic nerv

Data processing


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Retinas Thin membrane at the back of the eye

Main function: receive and transmit images to the brain

3 main types of cells:

Rods- outnumber cones 18

Low light=> Create black

Cones-

More light=>color and d

Ganglion cells- ~1 million

receive and interpret mecones=>optic nerve=>br


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Applicable Eye Diseases

Retinitis Pigmentosa (inherited) 1/5000 affected worldwide

Macular Degeneration (age/damage-related)1/2000 affected countries

Degenerative eye diseases that can cause blindness

Retinal neurons are preserved after death of photoreceptors


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Two Main Implant Types

Epiretinal Implantscommunicate directly with the ganglion ancells

Subretinal Implantsreplace photoreceptors in the retina.

Both use stimulation of functional neurons

Require an intact optic nerve pathway

Translate incoming light to electrical stimulation of the functionin the retina


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May include other components such as image processing electronics, a telemetrprovide power and data to the implanted subsystems, implanted electronics forand stimulus generation, and an electrode array to deliver the electrical charge t

Epiretinal Implants

On the surface of the retina

Receive light signals from external cameras

Electronic chip camera mounted in the frame of special glasses


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Subretinal Implants

Behind the retina

Receives light directly from the environment and converts it into elecsignals


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Some Current Models

Argus II- first FDA approved

artificial retina (epiretinal)


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Some Current Models

Argus II- first FDA approvedartificial retina (epiretinal)

Bio-Retina- subretinal artificialretina


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Argus II by Second Sight

3 hour surgery

Three main parts: glasses-mounted videocamera, portable computer; and a chip

The video camera sends image data to thecomputer, which is worn on a belt

The processor converts the image data intoelectrical signals that are beamed to a chipimplanted near the retina

Array of 60 electrodes

These electrodes essentially do the work ofthe light-sensing cells that havedegenerated

~$145,000


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Argus II by Second Sight

I can see if you are in front of me, and if ygo away, he says. Or, if I look at a big tresystem on I can maybe see some darknessbright outside and I move my head to the

right I can see different shadows that tell msomething there. Theres no way to tell wh

- Konstantopoulos.


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Evolution of Argus Model 1 (Argus I)

implanted in 6 blind patients between 2002 and 2004

16-electrode array

Model 2 (Argus II) patented 2013

smaller, more compact

60 electrodes

surgical implant time reduced from the 6 hours to 30 min

Model 3- in development

more than 200 electrodes

ready for preclinical testing

more advanced materials


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Bio-Retina by Nano Retina

Smaller, no antenna

Implant captures images directlya laserpowers the implant remote

30 min procedure

500 pixel (1stgen), 2000 pixel (2nd

Able to look side to side

$60,000 target price


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Limitations

Low resolution (Argus II)

Black and white

Relatively invasive

Expensive

External components, not self-contained

Power source


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Future

Patent by Natcore- first self-powered artificial retina

Research at Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Genoa- made of organic, biocomphotovoltaic polymer

Improved resolution

Color

Wavelengths outside visible spectrum

Direct visual cortex stimulation=>blindness due to other causes

Stem cells


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References

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/511356/bionic-eye-implant-approv

http://www.aetna.com/cpb/medical/data/700_799/0713.html

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/514081/can-artificial-retinas-resto

http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-06/bio-retina-implant-coullaser-power

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferhicks/2013/04/17/artificial-retina-from-polymer/

http://www.nano-retina.com/docs/Nano%20Retina%20-%20Company%20P

http://retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx

http://artificialretina.energy.gov/about.shtml

http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/artifici
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artificial retinas

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