Chapter 16: The RenaissanceChapter 16: The Renaissance

&&

Chapter 17: The 17Chapter 17: The 17thth and and 1818thth Centuries Centuries

The Renaissance: A new time The Renaissance: A new time for painters and artistsfor painters and artists• Through Middle Ages, painters considered a common Through Middle Ages, painters considered a common

trade worker.trade worker.

• The people of the Renaissance (roughly 1400-1600) The people of the Renaissance (roughly 1400-1600) regarded painters very highly.regarded painters very highly.

• The way art looked, the people it attracted, the way it The way art looked, the people it attracted, the way it was thought about, the position of artists in society – was thought about, the position of artists in society – they all changed.they all changed.

• Michelangelo: “In Italy great princes as such are not Michelangelo: “In Italy great princes as such are not held in honor or renown; it is a painter that they call held in honor or renown; it is a painter that they call divine.”divine.”

The Importance of the Church The Importance of the Church and Godand God

• People believed their obligations to People believed their obligations to God was to realize their full God was to realize their full intellectual and creative abilities.intellectual and creative abilities.

• The nude body reappeared in art, The nude body reappeared in art, considered to be the noblest of God’s considered to be the noblest of God’s creations. creations.

Donatello: Revolutionizing Donatello: Revolutionizing SculptingSculpting

• Middle Age sculptors sculpted Middle Age sculptors sculpted exactly what they saw on the exactly what they saw on the outside – face, clothing, limbs, outside – face, clothing, limbs, etc.etc.

• Donatello designed his Donatello designed his sculptors to be that the body sculptors to be that the body was the framework of the was the framework of the piece.piece.

• One of the first artists to use One of the first artists to use the technique of creating a the technique of creating a full-scale model of a nude full-scale model of a nude figure in clay, draped it with figure in clay, draped it with clay-soaked linens. This clay-soaked linens. This created very realistic looking created very realistic looking clothing.clothing.

Greek and Roman Gods in Greek and Roman Gods in Renaissance ArtRenaissance Art

Renaissance revolutions in Renaissance revolutions in technique and materialstechnique and materials• Lorenzo Ghiberti and Massacio innovated showing Lorenzo Ghiberti and Massacio innovated showing

the illusion of depth and using architecture as a the illusion of depth and using architecture as a canvas in relief sculpting and painting respectfully.canvas in relief sculpting and painting respectfully.

• Massacio often used a triangular organization for Massacio often used a triangular organization for his artworks that became a favorite device of his artworks that became a favorite device of Italian Renaissance Artists.Italian Renaissance Artists.

• Oil paint was created in northern Europe in the Oil paint was created in northern Europe in the mid-Renaissance era, replacing tempera as the mid-Renaissance era, replacing tempera as the most popular painting medium in most areas.most popular painting medium in most areas.

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

• Talents stemmed beyond Talents stemmed beyond art and considered by art and considered by many to the greatest many to the greatest genius to have ever lived.genius to have ever lived.

• Often had problems Often had problems finishing his pieces and finishing his pieces and many of his most ambitious many of his most ambitious works were left unfinished.works were left unfinished.

• Composition of his works Composition of his works often suggest theological often suggest theological meanings.meanings.

Madonna and Child Madonna and Child with with

Saint AnneSaint Anne

byby

Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci

MichelangeloMichelangelo

• His name means “Archangel His name means “Archangel Michael” and to many artists Michael” and to many artists is scarcely less than a is scarcely less than a heavenly being.heavenly being.

• Born and raised in Caprese, Born and raised in Caprese, where he was reportedly where he was reportedly scolded and beaten by his scolded and beaten by his father for spending too much father for spending too much time drawing.time drawing.

• Considered himself a Considered himself a sculptor above all else and sculptor above all else and did extensive anatomical did extensive anatomical studies through the study of studies through the study of cadavers.cadavers.

Michelangelo: DavidMichelangelo: David

• Renaissance Renaissance qualities:qualities:– Standing readinessStanding readiness– Facial expressionFacial expression

• Contemporary Contemporary Florentines found Florentines found David to be a fitting David to be a fitting emblem for their emblem for their small but proud city…small but proud city…

Michelangelo: Sistine Michelangelo: Sistine ChapelChapel• Vaulted ceiling 128 Vaulted ceiling 128

feet long, 44 feet feet long, 44 feet wide and was 700 wide and was 700 square yards.square yards.

• Organized in Organized in squares, rectangles squares, rectangles and triangles.and triangles.

• Depict Old Testament Depict Old Testament stories, Greek and stories, Greek and Roman mythologyRoman mythology

Michelangelo: Creation of Michelangelo: Creation of AdamAdam• Based on the Based on the

biblical book of biblical book of GenesisGenesis

• The focal point is The focal point is the handsthe hands

GiorgioneGiorgione

• The TempestThe Tempest

• Important Important contribution to contribution to Renaissance art in Renaissance art in the way it is the way it is composedcomposed

• The subject is the The subject is the approaching stormapproaching storm

TitianTitian

• Fete ChampetreFete Champetre

• Portrait of Ranuccio Portrait of Ranuccio FarneseFarnese

• The AnnunciationThe Annunciation

The Renaissance in the The Renaissance in the NorthNorth• Switzerland, Germany, Switzerland, Germany,

northern France, and northern France, and the Netherlandsthe Netherlands

• Evolved out of the late Evolved out of the late Middle AgesMiddle Ages

• Fondness of detailFondness of detail

• Painting on panel with Painting on panel with the newly developed the newly developed medium of oil paint.medium of oil paint.

Northern ArtistsNorthern Artists

• More concerned with perfection than the More concerned with perfection than the ItaliansItalians

• Much more about how the paintings look Much more about how the paintings look than correct structure of bodiesthan correct structure of bodies“The Ambassadors” 1533

Hans Holdbein the Younger

Religion and ArtReligion and Art

• Many pieces of art painted Many pieces of art painted during this time were during this time were based on religious themesbased on religious themes

• Northern religious art Northern religious art generally less peaceful generally less peaceful than Italianthan Italian

• This art would change as This art would change as the religious ideals of the the religious ideals of the region changed, many region changed, many earlier pieces of art were earlier pieces of art were viewed as false idols.viewed as false idols.

“The Pieta” Willem Key

Late Renaissance in ItalyLate Renaissance in Italy

• ““High Renaissance” generally High Renaissance” generally agreed to have ended with agreed to have ended with the death of Raphael in 1520the death of Raphael in 1520

• The mannerism style The mannerism style emerged which was less emerged which was less natural, less proportionally natural, less proportionally drawn, often lacking a clear drawn, often lacking a clear meaning.meaning.

“Madonna with the Long Neck”

Parmigianino 1535

Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari

• Born in Arezzo, Tuscany, in 1511Born in Arezzo, Tuscany, in 1511

• Wrote a biography of Renaissance Wrote a biography of Renaissance artists artists Lives of the Most Excellent Lives of the Most Excellent Architects, Painters, and SculptorsArchitects, Painters, and Sculptors

• Was an outstanding artist in his Was an outstanding artist in his own right but did not stand out own right but did not stand out with peers like Michelangelo and with peers like Michelangelo and de Vincide Vinci

• Deserves a lot of credit for our Deserves a lot of credit for our current knowledge of Renaissance current knowledge of Renaissance artistsartists

• Died in 1574Died in 1574

BaroqueBaroque

• More colorful, action packed than the More colorful, action packed than the earlier renaissance piecesearlier renaissance pieces

• Gianlorenzo Bernini, leading artist, Gianlorenzo Bernini, leading artist, noted for his painting, also a noted for his painting, also a dramatist, and composer.dramatist, and composer.

The Age of KingsThe Age of Kings

• At Jamestown- “A At Jamestown- “A Starving Time”Starving Time”

• Europe – “Baroque Europe – “Baroque Era” Era”

Renaissance vs. Baroque ArtRenaissance vs. Baroque Art

• Full of emotion, energy, Full of emotion, energy, and Movementand Movement

• Colors are more vividColors are more vivid

• Greater contrast Greater contrast between colors and between colors and between light and darkbetween light and dark

• Favored ornamentation, Favored ornamentation, wanted things as rich as wanted things as rich as possible possible

Baroque’s Leading Interpreter:Gianlorenzo Bernini

Gianlorenzo BerniiGianlorenzo Bernii

• St. Teresa in St. Teresa in EcstacyEcstacy

• Made from marble Made from marble and gilt bronze and gilt bronze

• Rods depicting Rods depicting heavenly lightheavenly light

Baroque PaintingBaroque Painting

• Artists lighted figures Artists lighted figures dramatically and dramatically and plunging backgrounds plunging backgrounds into shadowinto shadow

• Artemisia Gentileschi Artemisia Gentileschi used this in Judith and used this in Judith and maidservant with the maidservant with the Head of HolofernesHead of Holofernes

CaravaggioCaravaggio

• Invented dramatic Invented dramatic way of using light way of using light and darkand dark

• Used in the Used in the Entombment of Entombment of ChristChrist

• Depicts Crucified Depicts Crucified Christ being lowered Christ being lowered into his grave.into his grave.

The Raising of the CrossThe Raising of the Cross

• By Peter Paul By Peter Paul RubensRubens

• Oil on CanvasOil on Canvas

• He studied the He studied the works of works of CaravaggioCaravaggio

• Similar-Sharply Similar-Sharply diagonal diagonal composition and composition and dramatic lightingdramatic lighting

Baroque Art in FranceBaroque Art in France

• Nicolas PoussonNicolas Pousson– Oil on canvasOil on canvas

• France used a France used a more restrained, more restrained, “classical version” “classical version” of Baroque Style of Baroque Style

Louis XIVLouis XIV• Made France Made France

artistic and artistic and literary center of literary center of EuropeEurope

• Palace of Palace of VersaillesVersailles– Hall of MirrorsHall of Mirrors

Spanish Art aSpanish Art a

• Las Meninas by Las Meninas by Diego Velazquez Diego Velazquez (Oil on canvas)(Oil on canvas)

• Like Caravaggio, Like Caravaggio, used light to create used light to create drama and drama and emphasisemphasis

The NetherlandsThe Netherlands

• Rembrandt and Rembrandt and Judith LeysterJudith Leyster

• Rembrandt’s Rembrandt’s teacher was taught teacher was taught Caravaggio’s Caravaggio’s lighting techniqueslighting techniques

1818thth Century Century

• What is “What is “RococoRococo”?”?– Extension of the Extension of the

Baroque styleBaroque style

– Extravagant and Extravagant and ornate, but playful ornate, but playful and lightheartedand lighthearted

– Originated in Originated in FranceFrance

“Mirror Room” Francois Cuvillies the Elder 1734-39

The Importance of Academies The Importance of Academies to the Renaissance Periodto the Renaissance Period

• Conservative in natureConservative in nature

• The change from private to public The change from private to public academiesacademies

The RevolutionsThe Revolutions

• France: Rococo to NeoclassicismFrance: Rococo to Neoclassicism– Its official artist: Jacques-Louis DavidIts official artist: Jacques-Louis David

“The Death of Marat”, 1793 Jacques-Louis David

Revolutions, cont.Revolutions, cont.

• AmericanAmerican– Master Artist: John Singleton CopleyMaster Artist: John Singleton Copley

“Paul Revere” 1768-70 John Singleton Copley

Revolutions, cont.Revolutions, cont.

• IndustrialIndustrial– Birth of a new social class – the Birth of a new social class – the

industrial workerindustrial worker“Manchester, from Kersal Moor” Edward Goodall