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ART HISTORY AND CRITICISM I HONORS

STUDY GUIDE FOR SEGMENT ONE

Gallery 1

-In what parts of the caves where cave paintings found? Why?

-What figures appear in cave paintings? What do hands symbolize?

-What is “twisted perspective”? What did it lack?

-Why was the find of the Chauvet Cave so important?

-Describe the “Venus of Willendorf”. Why was its purpose? What was it made of?

-Why did Neolithic communities need extra security?

-Describe the town and planning of Catal Huyuk.

-Describe the “Seated Goddess of Catal Huyuk”. What was its purpose?

-Define: megalith, trilithon, cromlech and henge.

-Describe “Stonehenge”. What was its purpose? How do we know this?

-Where did writing develop? What was the need for having a written language and what did it look like?

-What is a ziggurat? How were they built? How did they reflect their beliefs in gods?

-What is the purpose of votive statues? Why were their eyes important? What is lapis lazuli?

-Describe the “Standard of Ur”. How does the back differ from the front?

-Describe the “Victory Stele of Naram-Sin”. How is the king portrayed?

-Who was Gudea? How was his portrayal different from others?

-Describe the “Code of Hammurabi”. What was its importance? What was the name of the God?

-Who built the “Palace of Sargon II”? How did this complex differ from others?

-What were lamassus? Where could one find them? What were their purposes?

-What did the reliefs in the “Palace of Sargon II” depict? What do they say about this ethnical group?

-What were the Persian columns capped with?

-How do we know that immortality and/or the after-life are important for the Egyptians? -What are hieroglyphics? How did scholars translate Egyptian hieroglyphics? What did they record? -How were the mastabas and step pyramids built? -Define: sham structures, drummed, fluted, capital, bud or bell capital, engaged, in situ, colossus. -Describe the Pyramids of Giza. How do they portray Egyptian art? -Describe the Sphinx. -Compare and contrast how a pharaoh may be portrayed versus a scribe. Why is there a difference? -Define: colonnaded terraces, obelisks, hypostyle hall, impost blocks, and clerestory. -How did the art of the Amarna period reflect the revolution created by King Akhenaton? -How was the pharaoh portrayed during the Amarna period? -Who was King Tutankhamen? Why was he significant? -List the characteristics of the Cycladic sculptures?

-Describe the Knossos Palace.

-How do Minoan columns differ from Egyptian columns?

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-Describe the Minoan frescos. What characteristics do we see in them?

-Describe the “Snake Goddess”.

-How do we know that the Helladics/ Mycenaeans were a warrior race?

-Describe the Lion Gate and its importance.

-Describe the Treasury of Atreus.

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ARTWORKS AND THEIR CULTURE:

Gallery 2

-What did the ancient Greeks focus on? What was their ultimate aim?

-List the 5 periods that divide Greek Culture. List their dates, historical and artistic highlights.

-Describe the Mantiklos Apollo.

-Describe black-figure vase painting. Who influenced this style? How did it represent the Geometric

period and other cultures?

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-What does “Archaic” mean?

-Define kouros and kore. What was their purpose? How are they influenced by the Egyptians?

-How do the Archaic sculptures idealize freedom?

-Describe the red-figure technique. Who was the master of this technique?

-What was the ideal proportion for Greek temples? How does this reflect the Greek culture?

-Describe the three different variations of a peristyle temple.

-Compare and contrast the Doric and Ionic Orders. Name a temple that exemplifies each of these

orders.

-What is the Classical Period?

-Describe the Temple of Aphaia. How does this temple serve as a transitional structure from the Archaic

to the Classical period?

-Describe the Temple of Athena Parthenos. What did it represent? What was the controlling ratio for

this structure?

-What is contrapposto? When do we first see contrapposto in a sculpture?

-Polykleitos was in search of the ideal proportions. Which sculpture was created to demonstrate these

proportions?

-What characterized the Late Classical Period?

-What characterized the Hellenistic period?

-Describe the “Venus di Milo”.

-How does the “Seated Boxer” exemplify the Hellenistic period?

-Describe the Etruscan culture.

-What building materials did the Etruscans use? What materials did the Etruscans use for their

sculptures?

-Describe the “Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple”. Name the culture that influenced this artwork.

- What do Etruscan frescoes they tell us about this culture?

-Describe the Capitoline Wolf. Who adopted this as their national symbol?

-Roman style can be defined as a mixture of what two cultures? Who was responsible for bringing

Greek art into Roman art?

-Roman’s major contribution to the world was the invention of? How did this change the way of

building?

-Describe the plan of a basilica. What did this structure evolve into?

-Describe the frescoes of Pompeii. What are the differences between the First, Second, Third, and

Fourth Stlyes?

-What is linear perspective?

-What defines Republican Roman sculpture? What made them so realistic?

-Who was Augustus? How did sculpture change during his reign?

-Describe Ara Pacis and its importance.

-Describe the aqueducts and their importance.

-Describe the Coliseum. What was its purpose?

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-Describe the Arch of Titus. What was its purpose? What is a composite capital?

-What events led to the High Imperial Period?

-Describe the Forum of Trajan.

-Who was Hadrian? What building is he most known for?

-Describe the importance of the Pantheon. Describe its dome.

-Who was Marcus Aurelius? Explain how he was portrayed in sculptures.

-Describe Roman relief sculptures. How does the lack of a single baseline in reliefs suggest a break from

the traditional?

-Who was Constantine? Why were his actions important?

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ARTWORKS AND THEIR CULTURE:

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Gallery 3

-How do the figures in Early Christian art resemble those from the Roman Late Imperial Period?

-Define catacombs. Where were the dead placed?

-What three characteristics of Early Christian art do the frescoes of the Catacomb of Saints Peter and

Marcellinus represent?

-Know the significance of colors, numbers, plants, animals, and other symbols in Early Christian art.

-Know the symbols used for the Evangelists/Apostles.

-Why was there an immediate need for churches?

-Compare and contrast Old St. Peter’s and Santa Costanza. What was an ambulatory?

- The goal in Early Christian art is an uncomplicated communication of theme. How is this evident?

-Describe the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. What is a blind arcade? How does the Saviour appear

different in the lunette of the Mausoleum?

-Describe the Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. Describe the “gold curtain”.

-Describe the Byzantine culture. List and date the three periods that divide the Byzantine Period.

-Who was Justinian?

-Describe the The Barberini Ivory. How does it reflect the Byzantine Period?

-Describe the Hagia Sophia. Who had originally built it? How was it changed? What is the purpose of

buttresses? Why was light important in this structure?

-Describe San Vitale.

-Describe the mosaics of Justinian and Theodora. What do they lack?

-What ushered the age of iconoclasm? How did this affect the Middle Byzantine period?

-Differentiate between Early and Middle Byzantine mosaics. How do they differ from Early Christian art?

-How did the image of Jesus change in Early Christian art to Byzantine art?

-What was the basic Byzantine church design?

-What is a triptych?

-Describe the Anastasis from the Church of Christ. How does this mural “break away” from tradition?

-How did the Byzantine Period come to an end? Who carried its traditions?

-Describe the Dome of the Rock. What is the significance of the location that it was built?

-Describe how a mosque reflects the Muslim religion.

-Describe the Great Mosque at Cordoba. What is a horseshoe arch?

-Describe the Taj Mahal.

-Who were the Vikings?

-Describe the Animal Head? What are the motifs found in this art piece?

-What is Hiberno-Saxon art?

-Describe the “Book of Durrow”. What are carpet pages?

-Describe the high crosses. These are a combination of what two styles?

-Describe the Ebbo Gospels.

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-Describe Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel in the capital of Aachen. What influences do we see?

-Describe the Gero Cross. Why is it important?

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ARTWORKS AND THEIR CULTURE:

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Gallery 4

-What influences do we see in Romanesque architecture?

-List the specific characteristics of a Romanesque church.

-Why were the Early Christian churches modified?

-How did the Romanesque architects resolve the issue of light?

-Describe the Last Judgment by artist Gislebertus in the West Portal at Saint-Lazare in Autun, France.

-Describe the reliquary of Pope Alexander. What is its purpose? What influences from other cultures

are present?

-The term Gothic was first used by whom and why?

-What was the reason for building Notre Dame? What are flying buttresses? Why were they needed?

-What is the first, true High Gothic building? What new system was applied here that began the norm

for High Gothic buildings?

-Compare and contrast the jamb statues from the Romanesque, Early Gothic, and High Gothic.

-Discuss the concept of divine luminosity and the goal of increased verticality that was the driving force

behind Gothic art and architecture.

-How did the Gothic style differ outside of France?

-Describe the Perpendicular style. Where did it originate?

-What characteristics separate the Italian Gothic style from other Gothic styles?

-Describe the Parisian court style. What artwork represents this style?

-Describe Gothic manuscripts. What inspired them?

-Italy’s 14th Century is marked by many transitions. Describe the political, social, religious, and literary

transitions that were occurring at that time.

-Who is Nicola Pisano? How does his Adoration of the Magi establish a new trend?

-Who is Giovanni Pisano? How does his work differ from his father’s work? How does Giovanni Pisano’s

work serve as the foundation for 14th Century Italian art and the Renaissance?

-Who is Cimabue? How are his paintings similar and different from the Byzantine paintings?

-Describe the Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets.

-Who was Giotto di Bondone? How did his style break from the Byzantine traditions?

-Describe Duccio’s Madonna and Child Enthroned. Who influenced Duccio?

-Who was Simone Martini? Who had a strong impact on him?

-What is the International Style? What artwork shows the development of this style?

-Describe The Birth of Mary. Why is this artwork important?

-Describe The Effects of Good Government in the City. Why is this artwork important?

-What is a polyptyche? What is trompe-l’oeil?

-Describe the portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his wife. How did van Eyck use symbolism in this work?

-List the important symbols found in The Portinari Altarpiece.

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-Describe Bosch's work, The Garden of Earthly Delights. What is so unusual about this artwork?

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING ARTWORKS AND THEIR CULTURE:

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ART HISTORY AND CRITICISM I HONORS

STUDY GUIDE FOR SEGMENT TWO

Please refresh/review the following from Segment One:

-In what parts of the caves where cave paintings found? Why? -Describe and know the purposes of the votive sculptures. -Know the differences between bell and bud capitals of columns. -What is pro -style Greek temples? -What is the purpose of squinches on domes? -Describe the “Victory Stele of Naram-Sin”. How is the king portrayed? -Describe the Trajan columns. -What are the characteristics of Minoan architecture? -What is “twisted perspective”? What did it lack? -Describe the reliefs in the Palace of Gudea. -Describe the Well of Moses. -Describe “Stonehenge”. What was its purpose? How do we know this? -Descirbe the Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts. -Know the characteristics of the Late Byzantine Period and Etruscan art. -Know the characteristics of Gothic architecture. -Describe the four Roman styles of painting -What was the Erectiheion? What was its purpose? -Compare and contrast the portrayal of Christ in Early Christian art and in the Byzantine era. -Describe the Apulu. -Describe the Taj Mahal. -Describe the “Code of Hammurabi”. What was its importance? -What are the characteristics of Romanesque sculpture and architecture? -Describe the altarpiece of Van Eyck. -Describe the Dome of Rock. -Describe the three different variations of a peristyle temple. -How did the sculpture of the Egyptian New Kingdom compare to the Old Kingdom. What kind of new sculpture emerged in the New Kingdom? -Describe the mosque in Cordoba. What architectural innovation do we see in this structure? -How does the “Seated Boxer” exemplify the Hellenistic period? -Describe characteristics of the International Style. Which artists pertained to this style? -Describe Pisano's sculptures. Why were they so important? -What are the characteristics of a Celtic Cross? -What is contrapposto? When do we first see contrapposto in a sculpture? -Describe Bosch's style. How is it different from other artists of the time? -Describe Giotto's Arena Chapel frescoes. What is their importance? -How did the art of the Amarna period reflect the revolution created by King Akhenaton? -Describe the Mantiklos Apollo. -Describe the importance of the Pantheon. Describe its dome.

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Module 5

-Where was the birthplace of the Renaissance? What does Renaissance mean? -Describe the competition between Brunelleschi and Ghiberti for the doors from the Florence Cathedral. -How did Brunelleschi impact linear perspective? How did Dirk Bouts? -Describe Donatello’s work and its portrayal of contrapposto. -What is a pyramid/triangular figure arrangement? -What was the relationship between Perugia and Raphael? -Describe Michelangelo and his work on the Florence Cathedral. -Describe Brunelleschi’s dome. -What are roundels? -Descrbie the façade of Santa Maria Novella. What was Alberti trying to achieve? -Describe Da Vinci’s work. What technique is he known for? -Describe Michelangelo’s David. What influences do we see here from past cultures? -Describe Raphael’s School of Athens. -What is Corregio’s style usually referred as? Why? -Describe Bramante’s Tempietto. -Differentiate between colorito and desegno. -Describe Bellini’s Madonna and Child Enthroned. -Describe Titan’s style and his Venus of Urbino. -Describe Tintoretto’s style. -Describe the style of Mannerism. -Describe how Bronzino’s style differed from Pontormo’s. -Describe Druer’s work. -Describe the work of Gossaert. What type of art did his most resemble? -Describe the work of “El Greco”. Module 6 -What was the Baroque style? -Describe Bernini’s The Ecstasy of St. Theresa. -Describe Caravaggio’s style. Who were the Caravaggists? -Describe Carracci’s ceiling frescoes. What is quadro riportato? -Describe the work of Jose de Ribera. Who influenced him? -Describe the work of Velazquez. Describe “Las Meninas”. -Describe the work of Rubens. What artists influenced him? -Describe the work of Poussin. -What types of scenes did Vermeer paint? -How did French Baroque differ from the Spanish Baroque? -Describe Versailles. -What is Rococo? -Describe Watteau’s work. -Describe “The Swing”. -What is “The Age of Enlightenment”? Name some of the artists from this period. -How did Rousseau's philosophy affect the “Natural Style”? -Describe William Hogarth's artworks. -What is Neoclassicism? What are some of its characteristics?

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-Describe Jacques-Louis David’s artworks and style. -Describe the influences one sees of Neoclassicism on American architecture and sculpture. -What is Romanticism? What subjects did it depict? -Describe Ingres’ influences on Romanticism. -What were Goya’s influences? How did his art change over the years? Why did it change? - What influenced Gericault and his art? Describe Gericault’s “Raft of the Medusa”. What type of composition do we see here? -Describe Delacroix’ s work. How did it change? -What did Turner lament? How did this affect his artwork? Module 7 -What is Realism? -Describe Courbet’s artwork. What was important for Courbet to portray through his art? -Discuss how Daumier’s “Transonian Street” was used as a political statement. -Discuss Manet’s artworks. What period did he have a huge influence on? -Who were the American Realists? -Describe Winslow Homer’s work. -What is Impressionism? What is a salon? -Discuss Monet’s use of light. -Describe Pissarro’s style. -Describe Renoir’s "Le Moulin de la Galette”. -Describe Degas’ style. What subjects did he chose to portray? -Why was Mary Cassatt important in the Impressionistic period? -What is Post-Impressionism? -Describe the work of Toulouse Lautrec? What subjects did he paint? What culture influenced his art? -Describe the work of Van Gogh? What made his artwork so unique for the time? What periods did his artwork influence later on? Know his artwork. -Describe Gaugin’s use of color. -What technique did Seurat invent? How did this work? -Describe the use of perspective by Cezanne. -Describe Japanese art. What are some important characteristics of Japanese art? -Describe Fauvism. Who was the most influential artist of this period? -Describe Henri Matisse’s art. -Describe Picasso. What brought along his Blue Period, Rose Period, and his Proto-Cubism Period? What culture had a large effect on Picasso’s artwork? -Describe African art. What characteristics do we see in the different cultural styles? -What is Expressionism? -Who was Kandinsky? He was the first artist to do what? -Who was the influential artist of Cubism? -What is Futurism? -Describe Boccioni’s "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space."

-Describe the Dada movement. Describe Duchamp’s art.

Module 8 -What is Surrealism? -Know the artworks of the following Surrealists: Dali, Margritte, Kahlo, Chagall and Miro.

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-What is Suprematism? What is Constructivism? -What is De Stijl? -Describe the art of Mondrian. What is an element that stands out? -What was the Bauhaus movement? -Describe the Art Deco movement. What influenced its architecture? -Describe the work of Frank Lloyd Wright. -Describe the Chrysler Building. -Describe the work of Alexander Calder. -What was Social Realism? -Describe Picasso’s Guernica. -Describe the work of Hopper. -What was regionalism? -Describe Wood’s” American Gothic”. -Describe Benton’s “The Lord is My Shephard”. -Describe the work of Diego Rivera. -What was Existentialism? -Describe Giacometti’s work. -Describe Abstract Expressionism. -Describe the work of Pollock. -What is Art Brut? -Describe the work of Rothko. -What is Minimalism? -Know the work of Lin. -What is Pop Art? -Describe Andy Warhol’s art. -Describe the work of Lichtenstein. -What is Superrealism? -Know the work of Hanson. -What is Environmental Art? -Describe the work of Christo and Jeanne-Claude. -Describe Le Corbusier’s Notre Dame du Haut. -What is Post-Modernist Architecture? -Describe Deconstructivism. Which artists belong to this movement? -What is Neo-Expressionism? -Describe Feminist Art. -Describe the work of Schapiro.