Supporting information

Table 1S BET analysis of fly ash samples

FA-APCCharacterizatio

nUntreated

FADI

water0.01M HNO3

0.1M HNO3

0.1M Na2CO3

0.25M Na2CO3

Surface area (m2/g) 12.886 78.517 71.241 90.024 82.872 69.848

Total pore volume (cm3/g) 0.0203 0.1381 0.101 0.1228 0.1214 0.098559

Mean pore diameter (nm) 6.3049 6.6729 5.6735 5.4556 5.8589 5.6442

FA-LFCharacterizatio

nUntreated

FADI

water0.01M HNO3

0.1M HNO3

0.1M Na2CO3

0.25M Na2CO3

Surface area (m2/g) 31.46 28.354 29.315 26.849 33.352 23.309

Total pore volume (cm3/g) 0.1142 0.1176 0.1224 0.1195 0.1378 0.094038

Mean pore diameter (nm) 14.517 16.588 16.699 17.799 16.531 16.137

Coal fly ashCharacterizatio

n FA-LN FA-BT

Surface area (m2/g) 0.97067 2.5951

Total pore volume (cm3/g) 0.0013324 0.0027528

Mean pore diameter (nm) 5.4908 4.2431

Table 2S Particle characterization of untreated fly ash

Name Particle size distribution (µm) Density(kg/m3)

Moisture(%)D10 D50 D90

FA-APC 2.35 8.71 69.70 2,207 3.72FA-LF 6.24 28.53 123.00 1,914 12.99FA-LN 2.35 29.37 156.67 2,288 0.13FA-BT 2.01 14.80 62.13 2,166 0.28

Table 3S Particle size distribution of treated FA-APC and FA-LF

Name Particle size distribution (µm)D10 D50 D90

FA-APC

DI water 2.48 10.27 41.800.01M HNO3 2.88 11.13 46.930.1M HNO3 1.89 9.43 46.170.1M Na2CO3 2.88 11.63 39.070.25M Na2CO3 3.00 13.07 43.37

FA-LF

DI water 2.56 16.73 112.670.01M HNO3 3.97 20.23 127.000.1M HNO3 3.78 21.73 169.670.1M Na2CO3 2.57 13.23 75.100.25M Na2CO3 6.33 19.47 99.00

Table 4S Concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr and As from TCLP method

Type of sampleConcentration (mg/L)

Pb(5.0 mg/L)

Cd(1.0 mg/L)

Cr(5.0 mg/L)

As(5.0 mg/L)

Untreated fly ashFA-APC 6.820 <0.005 0.095 <0.005FA-LF 0.220 <0.005 0.009 <0.005FA-LN <0.005 <0.005 0.093 1.979FA-BT 0.440 <0.005 0.029 0.103

Mortar

FA-APC

Non-treated <0.005 <0.005 0.309 <0.005DI water <0.005 <0.005 0.323 0.00270.01M HNO3

<0.005 <0.005 0.348 <0.005

0.1M HNO3 <0.005 <0.005 0.306 <0.0050.1M Na2CO3

<0.005 <0.005 0.314 <0.005

0.25M Na2CO3

<0.005 <0.005 0.291 <0.005

FA-LF

Non-treated <0.005 <0.005 0.260 <0.005DI water <0.005 <0.005 0.227 <0.0050.01M HNO3

<0.005 <0.005 0.199 <0.005

0.1M HNO3 <0.005 <0.005 0.200 <0.0050.1M Na2CO3

<0.005 <0.005 0.184 <0.005

0.25M Na2CO3

<0.005 <0.005 0.210 <0.005

FA-LN Non-treated <0.005 <0.005 0.246 0.006FA-BT Non-treated <0.005 <0.005 0.269 0.001

Fig 1S Scanning electron microscope (SEM) illustrating morphology of

(A) FA-LN (B) FA-BT

A B

Fig 2S XRD analysis of fly ashes

MSWI FA 7.0 g + treated solution 35 mL

Filter and store at 4°C with pH<2

Digest in microwave digestion in 140°C for 3.5 minutes 240°C for 20 minutes.

Rotate at 30 ± 2 rpm for 60 minutes

Chemical analysis - ICP-OES - Potentiometric Method - Turbidimetric Method

Untreated fly ash and treated MSWI FA* 0.25 g + 7 mL of HNO3 + 1 mL of HCl

Filter and store at 4°C Treated MSWI FA

Fig 3S Extraction and digestion procedure of Cl-, SO42- and metals by treated solution (DI

water, 0.01M HNO3, 0.1M HNO3, 0.1M Na2CO3 and 0.25M Na2CO3)