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giorgi lobJaniZe

sainteresoa, saerTod vin iyvnen es adamianebi da ra gamoarCevdaT maT danarCeni morwmune muslimebisgan? rwmenis aRiarebis formaluri niSnebiT – arc araferi: isinic, rogorc yvela muslimi, aRiarebdnen islamis xuT ZiriTad princips, e. w. islamis xuT burjs, rasac muslimTa rwmena efuZneba. esenia:

sityva „sufias“ ramdenimenairad ganmartaven. mecnierTa erTi jgufi darwmunebulia, rom es arabuli sityva momdinareobs berZnuli sofiadan, rac sibrZnes niSnavs. meore jgufs ki hgo-nia, rom sityva arabulidanvea wamosuli da ukavSirdeba „suf“-s – Salis samoss, „sufii“ ki Salis samosiT mosil adamians niSnavs. SesaZloa, rom es saxeli marTlac amis mixedviT daerqmiaT, rad-gan sufizmis mimdevrebi namdvilad imosebodnen uxeSi Salisa Tu selis samosliT.

yvela religias, cxadia, aqvs Tavisi mistikuri ganzomileba da, maT Soris, islamsac, romlis wiaRSic warmoiSva metad saintereso movlena, misticizmis Taviseburi saxeoba – sufizmi.

sityva „sufizmi“ evropuli „izm“ sufiqsiTaa gaformebuli, arabulad da muslimur samya-roSi ki am mimdinareobas hqvia „Tasavvuf“, mis mimdevars ki – „sufi“ anda „muTasavvifi“.

aRmosavluri misticizmi

religia

aRmosavluri misticizmi

cxovrebaSi

erTxel mainc

meqaSi, islamis

umTavresi taZris –

qaabas molocva

sjulis aRiarebis

formula

(e.w. Sahada)

dReSi xuTgzis

locva

weliwadSi erTxel,

ramadanis TveSi,

marxvis Senaxva

aucilebeli

mowyalebis,

e.w. zaqaTis gaReba

Cveulebrivi muslimisaTvis rwmenis wyaro aris am reli-giis saRvTo wigni yurani da „suna“ – gadmocemebi islamis wi-naswarmetyvelis, muhamadis, Sesaxeb, misi gamonaTqvamebi da ambebi imaze, Tu rogor iqceoda igi Cveulebriv, yofiT si-tuaciebSi.

ordenis saTaveSi aucileblad idga „murSidi“ – megzuri, gzamkvlevi, winamZRoli, romel-sac sparsulenovani sufiebi „firs“, anu bers, an „fire TariyaTs“ – (sufiuri) gzis uxucessa Tu imave terminis arabul variants – „Seixs“ uwodebdnen.

erT-erTi sufiuri gadmocemis mixedviT, RmerTTan misasvleli gza imdenia, ramdeni sulic (ramdeni adamianic) aris qveyanaze.

erTi sityviT, yvelaferi, rasac Cven garSemo vxedavT, RmerTs aris Camomwydari da itanjeba kvlav RmerTTan dabrunebis dauokebeli wyurviliT. amas bevri ver acnobierebs, magram es vneba yvela adamianSia Cadebuli. amitomac yvela adamiani da saerTod yvelaferi kvlav Tavisi pir-velsawyisisken – RvTisaken – miiswrafis.

arabuli sityva „tarikaTi“ qarTulad „gzas“, „savals“ niSnavs. sufiuri saZmoebis SemTxveva-Si ki am termins Cveulebriv Targmnian, rogorc „ordens“.

sufiebi ki, am yvelaferze dayrdnobiT aRiarebdnen ada-mianis RmerTTan dakavSirebis agnostikur (aragoniT) da ze-bunebriv SesaZleblobas. maTi azriT, wigni da suna iyo Cveu-lebrivi xalxisaTvis, rCeul adamianebs ki RmerTi TviTon ukavSirdeboda zebunebrivi meTodebiT. sufiebis warmodge-niT, mTeli samyaro, xilulica da uxilavic, materialurica da sulieric, RvTis gamosxivebaa, ganfenaa. ai, rom warmoid-ginoT sicocxlis wyaro – RmerTi, saidanac asxivebs yvela-

feri, yvela sagani, cocxali da aracocxali bunebis Semadgeneli TiToeuli nawili, maT Soris – TiToeuli adamiani.

am procesSi sufiebma simbolurad gamoyves sami umTavresi fenomeni: satrfo – RmerTi, met-rfe – adamiani da siyvaruli, anu gza, romelmac metrfe satrfosTan unda miiyvanos.

aqedan kargad Cans isic, Tu ra Tavisuflad, liberalurad ekidebodnen sufiebi adamianis arCevans da isic, rom maTi SexedulebiT, RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobis praqtika metad in-dividualuri, rom ar vTqvaT – ukiduresad intimuri, procesi iyo.

amis miuxedavad, sufiuri religiuri cxovrebis praqtika imdenad rTuli da winaaRmdegobe-biT aRsavse gzaa, rom adamians martos am gzis gavla Znelad xelewifeba. amitomac erTiandebod-nen sufiebi garkveul jgufebad, e.w. „tarikaTebad“.

„mistika“ berZnuli sityvaa da qarTu-lad „saidumlos“ niSnavs. rogorc ter-mini is aRniSnavs: a) rwmenas, romlis mi-xedviTac adamians TiTqos SeuZlia ur-TierToba daamyaros saiqiosTan; zebu-nebrivi Zalebis rwmenas da b) raime idu-mals. mistikiT gatacebasa da daintere-sebas ki „misticizmi“ ewodeba.

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ordenis danarCeni wevrebi, anu Seixis, murSidis mimdevrebi, aRiniSnebodnen zoga-di terminiT „murid“, rac qarTulad niS-navs msurvels. muridebs aseve erqvaT tali-bebi, anu „maZieblebi“, xolo saZiebeli, anu RmerTi iyo „matlub“.

sufiuri saZmos wevrad gaxdomac sakma-od rTuli iyo: rogorc wesi, murSidi Tvi-Ton irCevda sakuTar mimdevrebs im xalxisa-gan, romelic RvTis maZieblobis, RmerTis gzaze Sedgomis saTanado miswrafebas amJ-Ravnebda.

RmerTis Ziebis es procesi, rogorc ze-moT iTqva, Zalze rTuli, winaaRmdegobebi-Ta da safrTxeebiT aRsavse procesi iyo. ami-tomac saWiro iyo winamZRoli, romlis neba-sac talibi, muridi srulad unda damorCi-leboda. arsebobs aseTi zogadi sufiuri ga-monaTqvami: muridi ise unda iyos murSidis xelqveiTi, rogorc micvalebuli mkvdris gambanelis xelSi. anu murids moeTxoveboda srulad eTqva uari sakuTar Tavze da savse-biT damorCileboda murSidis – Tavisi su-lieri winamZRolis – neba-survilsa da ga-dawyvetilebas. murSidi ganixileboda, ro-gorc saZieblis, anu RmerTis, xiluli xati da amitomac, cxadia, mimdevarTaTvis is upi-robod da ukritikod misaRebi avtoriteti iyo, visac xelT epyra ara mxolod saZmoebis marTvis sadaveebi, aramed Tavisi saZmos Ti-Toeuli wevris sicocxle da misi pirovnu-li gadawyvetileba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gadawyvetileba yvelaferTan dakavSirebiT murSidis saqme iyo, rasac muridi sityvis Se-ubruneblad da mTeli Tavisi arsebiT emor-Cileboda.

oRond, ordenis xelmZRvanels SeiZleba yuradReba arc mieqcia misi mimdevrobis msurvelisTvis da es ukanaskneli didxans darCeniliyo sufiur saZmoSi ise, rom for-malurad winamZRolTan urTierTobis pa-tivs ver Rirseboda. esec erTgvari gamocda iyo, riTac sufiur gzaze Sedgomis msurve-lis gadawyvetilebis simtkice da siRrme mowmdeboda.

TviTon sufiebi RvTisaken saval am sim-bolur gzas ramdenime monakveTad, „manzi-lad“, anu gaCerebad, an „vadiid“, anu „xeob-

am miswrafebas, romelsac sufizmSi „ni-aTs“ (survils, ganzraxvas) uwodeben, sufie-bisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda, rad-gan praqtikulad es iyo erTaderTi gadawy-vetileba, romelsac adamiani TviTon iRe-bda, ris Semdegac Tavis bedsa da cxovrebas ukve ordenis xelmZRvanels gadaabarebda.

yurani

muridi da murSidi

tarikaTi

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religia

ad“, anda „makamad“, anu „sadgomad“, „sadgu-rad“, „safexurad“ yofdnen. sxvadasxva or-denSi sxvadasxva iyo am vadiebis, anu monakve-Tebis ricxvi. Cveulebriv, zogan Svid „man-zils“ iTvlidnen, zog tarikaTSi ki cxra „manzili“, cxra „vadii“ iyo.

TiToeuli es monakveTi realurad war-moadgenda sulieri savarjiSoebis (riadaT) nakrebs, romelic mkacri TanamimdevrobiT iyo gansazRvruli da romlis gavlac ama Tu im vadiSi myof talibs evaleboda. sxvagva-rad is ver gadavidoda Semdgom vadize, anu sulieri ganviTarebis Semdgom safexurze. es savarjiSoebi xSirad Zalze saxifaTo iyo sicocxlisTvis da amitomac murSidis mkac-ri meTvalyureobiT aResruleboda. TviT-Semoqmedeba am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia damRupveli aRmoCeniliyo da murids SeiZ-leba daekarga ara mxolod saZiebeli mizani, aramed sakuTari Tavic. cxadia, aq ar igu-lisxmeba mxolod fizikuri safrTxeebi, rac cxovrebis aseT wess yovelTvis axlda. pirvel rigSi, laparakia sulier safrTxeeb-ze, rac gacilebiT damRupveli iyo, vidre fizikuri ganadgureba.

TiToeuli am makamis gavla did sulier ZalisxmevasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. xSirad saleqi Tavs anebebda sulieri gzis gavlas da mxolod cota pretendents Tu SeeZlo, sabolood, dasaxuli miznisTvis mieRwia. Tuki makami an vadii am svla-gezis, sulieri ganviTarebis myari niSnulebi iyo, arsebob-da, e.w. droebiTi, warmavali markerebic, romlebsac sufiebi adamianis guneba-ganw-yobidan momdinare impulsebad Tvlidnen da xan – rogorc konkretuli makamisaTvis da-maxasiaTebel garegnul gamovlinebas, xa-nac, saerTod, gzidan macdunebel efeme-rul qimerebad miiCnevdnen.

ar gvinda Cveni es patara werili termi-nebiT gadavtvirToT, magram mainc vfiq-robT, aucilebelia halebis saxelebic Ca-movweroT, radgan mxolod es saxelwodebe-bic ki SeiZleba karg orientirebad gamog-vadges sufizmis arsSi gasarkvevad.

sufiebi ambobdnen, rom arsebobs: 1. hal al-murakaba (TviTWvretis, analizis); 2. al-kurbi (siaxlovis, daaxloebis); 3. al-mahabba an: al-iSk (siyvarulis); 4. al-xavf (SiSis); 5. ar-raja (imedis); 6. aS-Sauk (gznebis); 7. al-uns (SeCvevis, Tanaziarobis); 8. al-itminan (dajerebis, guldajerebis); 9. al-muSahada (danaxvis) da 10. al-iakiin (darwmunebis) ha-lebi.

sufiebi da sufizmis mkvlevrebi aRniS-naven, rom makami SeZenilia, pirovnuli gar-jis, Sromis, Zalisxmevis Sedegad mopovebu-

am warmaval maxasiaTeblebs isini „hals“, anu „viTarebas“, „mdgomareobas“, „ganwyobi-lebas“ uwodebdnen. es halebic daxarisxebu-li iyo da TiToeuls aseve hqonda Tavisi sa-xeli.

sufiuri svla-gezis TiToeul monak-veTs (manzils, vadiis) Tavisi saxeli hqonda da IX saukuneSi sufizmis Sesaxeb dawerili pirveli traqtatis – abu naser sarajis „brwyinvalebis wignis“ mixedviT, ase iyofo-da: 1. Tavba – monanieba, ufalTan dabruneba; 2. var’i – RvTis winaSe Zrwola; 3. zuhdi – wu-Tisoflisagan gandgoma, asketizmi; 4. fakri – aras mqoneoba, uqonloba, siRatake; 5. sab-ri – moTmineba, daTmena. 6. Tavaqquli – RvTisadmi sasoeba da 7. rida – kmayofileba.

saleqi, romelic yvela am safexurs war-matebiT gaivlida, miaRwevda gasxivosnebas, anda RmerTSi danTqmas, rasac sufiebi „fa-nas“ – ganadgurebas uwodebdnen.

sufi derviSebis cekva

aRmosavluri misticizmi

69

„TviT iqec furclad, Tu xar Cveni Ta-naklaseli,

radganac trfobis codna rveulSi ar-sad Segxvdeba“.

sufiebi Tavidan RmerTis Semecnebis saqmeSi ara mxolod saRvTo werilis (anu yu-ranis) avtoritets ar aRiarebdnen saTana-dod, aramed saerTod uaryofdnen yovelg-var Canawers, qadagebas, TavianTi gamocdi-lebebis sityvier gamoxatulebas. isini am-bobdnen, rom sufizmi „halia“ (viTarebaa, mdgomareoba, sulieri gamocdilebaa) da ara „kali“ (sityva, naTqvami).

li myari safexuria da warmoadgens im saqmi-anobaTa nakrebs, rac saleqis nebasa da gan-kargulebas emorCileba; hali ki im sulieri Zvrebisa da STabeWdilebebis nazavia, rac adamianis pirovnul nebas ar epueba da misi kontrolis daqvemdebarebaSi ar Semodis.

XIII saukunis didi sparseli poeti hafez Sirazeli erT leqsSi ambobs:

am citatidanac kargad Cans, rogor uyu-rebdnen sufiebi daweril RvTismetyvele-bas anda, saerTod, raime azris gamoTqmas im-aze, risi arsic gamouTqmeli iyo.

am pirovnuli sulieri gamocdilebis Se-saxeb saubari mxolod alegoriulad, Zali-an didi simboloebis meSveobiT SeiZleboda, rom axsna araerTgvarovani yofiliyo da yvelas Tavisi pirovnuli ganviTarebis Sesa-tyvisad gaego. amitomac sufizmma Tavidan-ve airCia gamoxatvis formad poezia da poe-turi simboloebis samoseli, romelic Tavi-dan SedarebiT gamWvirvale iyo, Semdeg ki, gvian Sua saukuneebSi, ise CaixlarTa da ga-bundovanda, rom marTla Wirda garCeva, sad iyo es SegrZnebebi namdvili da sad ki- dev – sxvebis mibaZviT Seqmnili da mixatuli.

Tanac, Tavdapirveli principis sawina-aRmdegod, TviTon sufiebma imdeni ilapara-kes am saidumloze, iseTi nairgvari naSrome-

sxvaTa Soris, „moTminebis, daTmenis“ ma-kami iTvaliswinebda imasac, rom am makamze mdgom adamians xeli aRar wascdenoda da ena aRar mobruneboda Tavisi pirovnuli suli-eri gamocdilebis sxvisTvis gasaziareb-lad; rakiRa sufiebs miaCndaT, rom codna saxifaTo Zalaa da „aragandobilTaTvis“, anu arasaTanado sulieri momzadebis pir-TaTvis am Zalis gadacema safrTxes uqmnida TviTon am pirebsac da, saerTod, mTel sazo-gadoebasac.

hafez Sirazelis (1320-1389) Semoqmedeba sparsuli lirikis mwvervalad iTvleba. man didi gavlena moaxdina mTeli axlo aRmosavleTis lirikaze. misi leqsebi qarTulad SesaniSnavad aqvs Targmnili va-xuSti kotetiSvils.

religia

70

kerZod, am poemis mesame wignSi moTx-robilia sibneleSi gamoketili spilos amba-vi, romelsac adamianebi ver xedaven, mxo-lod xeliT exebian da TiToeul maTgans imis mixedviT eqmneba warmodgena am cxovelze, misi sxeulis romel nawilsac mosinjavs: er-Ti ambobs, rom is sawvimari milia, meore am-bobs, rom is Senobis sayrdeni burjia, mesa-me – rom is taxtrevania da a. S. mTlianobaSi ki aravis aqvs warmodgena imaze, Tu ris wina-Se dganan sinamdvileSi.

bi, leqsebi, epistoleebi, traqtatebi daax-vaves, rom am memkvidreobaSi garkveva dRes ukiduresad gaZnelebulia.

mimdinareobam, Tavisi ukiduresad to-lerantuli, Semwynarebluri bunebis Sesa-bamisad, farTod gauRo kari da SeiTvisa sxvadasxva filosofiuri da religiuri doqtrinis nairgvari, xSirad urTierTga-momricxavi Sexedulebebi. amitomac ambo-ben, rom sufizmis arsSi garkveva Zalian rTulia da es mogvagonebs im ambavs, rome-lic jalal ed-din rumis – XIII saukunis udi-desi sufi poetisa da Teoretikosis eqvs-wignian sufiur poemaSi „arsTa mesneviSi“ aris aRwerili.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze adekvatur warmodgenas sufizmze mainc is didi teqs-tebi Segviqmnis, rac am mimarTulebis os-tatTa xeliT dawerila da romlebic SegviZ-lia, ise aRviqvaT, rac Cveni ganviTarebis donis Sesatyvisi iqneba. magaliTad, hafezis – am udidesi sparseli poetis leqsebi ise wa-vikiTxoT, rogorc Cveulebrivi sasiyvaru-lo lirika, mamakacis mier qalisaTvis miZRv-nili satrfialo poeziis brwyinvale nimu-Sebi, maSin, roca sinamdvileSi es leqsebi RvTisadmi adamianis siyvaruls gamoxatavs da im mijnurobazea, romlis Sesaxebac rus-Taveli gveubneba „mas erTsa mijnurobasa Wkvianni ver mixvdebian“. „Wkvianni“ rusTa-velis am taepSic RvTiuri bunebis empiriu-li gonebis meSveobiT Semecnebis mowadine-ebs aRniSnavs, „filosofosebs“, romelTa goniT argumentebsac umwvavesad upiris-pirdebodnen sufi ostatebi.

asevea sufizmic: calkeulma adamianma SeiZleba Seiswavlos misi esa Tu is mxare, magram mTlianobaSi am movlenis arsSi gark-veva Zalian Znelia an TiTqmis SeuZlebeli.

jalal ed-din mohammad b. baha’ ad-din moha-mmad ibn balxi (1207-1273), romelic aseve cnobi-lia zedwodebiT ̀ moulana“ (`Cveni batoni“), gamoCe-nili sparseli mistikosi da poeti, moulavias su-fiuri saZmos damaarsebel-eponimi da araforma-luri xelmZRvaneli. daibada balxSi (CrdiloeT av-RaneTSi) 1207 wlis 30 seqtembers da gardaicvala koniaSi (mcire aziaSi, dRevandeli TurqeTis teri-toriaze) 1273 wlis 7 dekembers.

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