arian qartli

1

realuri istoriis damdgeni

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mudmivmoqmedi komisia

mitropoliti anania jafariZe

arian-qarTlisaepiskoposoebi istoriul iveriaSi

Tbilisi 2014

rekomendebulia stu-is saredaqcio-

sagamomcemlo sabWos mier.

**.**.2014, oqmi #*

2

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$

3

eZRvneba

akademikos

iveri frangiSvilis

xsovnas

`sulni da sulni marTalTaniSen gaqeben ufalo~

4

saerTaSoriso samecniero wreebSi amJamad damkvidrebulia umarTebulo Tval-sazrisi, TiTqosda iverebi (ivirebi) ewodebodaT ara mxolod qarTvelebs, aramedsomxebsac, e.w. somex-qalkedonitebs (`pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~, t. III, moskovi, 2001, gv. 326, 327, v. aruTinova-

fidaniani, grigol pakurianis tipikoni, erevani, 1978, rus enaze, misi damowmebani vikipediis Sesabamis da sxva saenciklopedio statiebSi, mag. `somexi

– qalkedonitebi~, fond `haiazgis~ enciklopeda da sxva). iberiis Temis, taosa da aseve, misi mimdebare re-gionebis mosaxleoba cxaddeba somex-qalkedonitebad, am mxareebidan gamosuli wmin-da mamebi da qarTveli didebulebi ki eTnikur somxebad (mag. Tornike erisTavi dasagvareulo Cordvanelebisa, grigol bakurianis Ze da sxvani), Sesabamisad am mxareTaqarTuli kultura, eklesia-monastrebi _ somxurad. samxreT saqarTvelosa da mismimdebare regionebSi, ZiriTadad tao-klarjeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis somex-qalke-donitebad gamocxadeba gaamyara saerTaSoriso avtoritetis mqone organom pravo-slavnaia enciklopediam~. saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi anuiverebi somex-qalkedonitebad gamoacxades istoriuli konteqstebidan amoglejiliinformaciis manipulirebis Sedegad, mtkicebiT, rom TiTqosda isini qarTvelebi iyvnenara eTnikurad, aramed mxolod saeklesio-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT da mas Semdegiwodnen qarTvelebad~, rac qalkedonuri aRmsarebloba miiRes. cxadia es aris Teo-ria, romelic amJamad iwodeba `qarTizaciis Teoriad~. am sakiTxs ikvlevs winamde-bare wigni. wigni arian-qarTli~ mkiTxvels sTavazobs vrcel gamokvlevas, mravaliqarTuli da ucxouri wyaros damowmebiT, romelic aCvenebs, rom sinamdvileSi tao-basiani, da serTod `iberiis Temis~ teritoria, qarTvelTa istoriul sacxovrisswarmoadgenda, mas azon-farnavazis epoqaSi erqva arian-qarTli da is Zveli iveriaiyo. strabonis cnobiT aRniSnuli samxreTis teritoriebi (pariadredan gogarenasCaTvliT) iberiam dakarga Zv.w. II s-Si armeniis mefeTa eqspansiisas. miuxedavad mita-cebisa, am miwa-wylze mcxovrebi mkvidri qarTvelebi (iberebi) gaqristianebis Semdegmtkiced icavdnen marTlmadideblobas, xolo imis Semdeg, rac 726 wlis manaskertiskrebaze somxurma eklesiam sabolood miiRo monofizituri aRmsarebloba, gawyvitayovelgvari kavSiri somxur eklesiasTan da daubrunda deda qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs.wignSi moyvanili mravali istoriuli, geografiuli, eTnografiuli Tu lingvis-turi masalis damowmebiT, damtkicebulia, rom araqsis xeobisa da tao-basianis mo-mcveli iberiis Temis miwawyali qristeSobamde IV-III ss-Si iwodeboda `arian-qarT-lad~ da aq qarTveloba (iverebi) yovelTvis mkvidr mosaxleobas Seadgenda. Semdgom-Si maT aqve daafuZnes kidec mravali qarTuli saepiskoposo _ valaSkertisa, arzru-misa, karisa, anisisa da sxva, romelTagan zogierTi XVI-XVII ss-Sic ki funqcionireb-da. wigni gankuTvnilia specialistebis, studentebisa da mkiTxveli sazogadoebi-saTvis.

© mitropoliti anania jafariZe, 2014sagamomcemlo saxli teqnikuri universiteti~, 2014

ISBN 978-9941-**-***-*http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva)aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuliqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

redaqtorebi: saxeli gvari

5

Sesavali

XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis

brZolisas ruseTis wm. sinodSi ganacxades: `saqarTvelos eklesias

Zvel dros arasodes gaaCnda srulyofili avtokefalia, misi iSviaTi

Tavisufleba meryevi iyo, amitomac, XIX s-is dasawyisSi, rus xelisu-

falTa mier misi TavisTavadobis gauqmeba saeklesio samarTlebrivi sfe-

rodan ar gamosula da ukanono qmedebad ar unda Sefasdeso~.

amis damadasturebel erTerT faqtad warmoadgines ucxour wyaro-

ebSi daculi cnobebi, romlis mixedviTac antioqiis eklesiam iberi-

is eklesias ramdenjerme mianiWa avtokefalia (VIII saukuneSi, nikon

SavmTelis cnobiT, Semdeg, XI saukuneSi, balsamonis cnobiT, amasTanave,

misi avtokefalia V saukunidanac ivaraudeboda zogierT wyroze

dayrdnobiT).

balsamoni iberiis eklesiis avtokefalias antioqiis patriarq pe-

tres saxelTan akavSirebda, romelsac XI saukunis moRvawed miiCnev-

dnen. es petre V saukunis petros mkawvrali iyo Tu XI saukunis pe-

tre III, mainc, am erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli cnobebiT iveriis ek-

lesiis avtokefalia meryevi da arastabiluri gamodioda, rac saSu-

alebas aZlevda ruseTis wm.sinods, rom sakiTxi ar Seetana dadebi-

Tad gadasawyvet sakiTxTa siaSi.

am realobidan samarTlebrivi gamosavali xangrZlivi samecniero

muSaobis Sedegad 1906 wels moZebna uwmidesma kirion II-m.

kirionis kvleviT istoriulad arsebobda ori iveria (iberia), erTi

mcxeTisa, meore ki mdebareobda ufro samxreTiT _ araqsispireTSi,

amasTanave is moicavda tao-basiansa da aseve vanis tbisaken mimarTul

areebs (Semdgomi iberiis Temis miwa-wyals).

wm. kirionis mtkicebiT meore iveriis eklesias erT periodSi mou-

povebia avtokefalia, romelic maleve daukargavs, Semdeg ki aRudge-

nia, ase, rom `meryevi~ iyo ara mcxeTis iveriis avtokefalia, aramed

e.w. meore iveriisa~.

kirionis TvalsazrisiT, mcxeTis iveriis eklesias avtokefalia Zvel-

Tagave hqonda mopovebuli da mas avtokefalia arasodes daukargavs,

Sesabamisad, antioqiam VIII saukuneSi ara mas mianiWa avtokefalia, aramed

6

`meore iverias~, romelic saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi sferos ga-

reT mdebareobda, im teritoriaze, sadac bizantiam Semdgom, XI sauku-

neSi, ìberiis Temi~ daarsa.

`meore iveria~, rogorc iTqva, tao-basianidan TiTqmis vanis tba-

mde gadaSlili miwa-wyali iyo. mis saeklesio uflebebs Seexeboda

moRweuli antioqiuri cnobebi iveriis eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis

miniWebis Sesaxeb.

am `meore iverias~ qarTul wyaroebSi `zemo qveyanani~, zogjer ki

àRmosavleTi~ erqva (is moicavda valaSkert-bagravandis, tvarcata-

pis, abniqis, taos, basianis, Sirakis, aragawis, kotaikisa da sxva mimde-

bare olqebs).

n. adonci, mcire aziis cnobili mkvlevari, aRniSnul miwa-wyals

uwodebs _ armeniis iveriul zols~. qarTvelebis es istoriuli ter-

itoria àrmeniad~ iwoda mas Semdeg, rac is miitaces somexTa mefeeb-

ma qristeSobamde II saukuneSi, rogorc amis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs stra-

boni _ `mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis patara qveyana gafar-

Tovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad. isini iyvnen antioq

didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg ki mefeebi gaxdnen. maT

erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo, CamoaWres ra irgvliv mcx-

ovreb xalxebs olqebi. kerZod, iberebisagan miitaces pariadres

mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene, romelic kiris (mtkvris) meore mxare-

saa, xalibebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres kareniti da qserqsene, mcire ar-

meniis mosazRvre nawilebi~ (straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5).

am cnobidan Cans, rom e.w. `meore iveria~ moicavda pariadresa da

gogarenas Sua mdebare xorZenas. amJamad xorZenasa da gogarenas mde-

bareoba, Cveni azriT, arasworad ganisazRvreba, radganac ar eTanadeba

strabonis cnobebs. strabonis cnobiT xorZene pariadresa da mtk-

vars Sua iyo moqceuli, xolo gogarena mdebareobda mtkvris ìqiT~

anu mis marcxena sanapiroze. xorZena, strabonis cnobidan gamomdinare,

mdebareobda pariadresa da gogarenas Sua anu pariadredan mtkvramde,

e.i. moicavda araqsis xeobis nawils.

straboni gogarenas mdebareobis Sesaxeb wers Tavisi geografiis XI

wignSi _ armeniaSi mravali mTa da zegania, sadac Znelad izrdeba vazic

ki, aseve dablobebi, romelTgan zogi uxvmosavliania, magaliTad araq-

7

sis veli, romelzec araqsi mimdinareobs albaneTis sazRvramde da Cae-

dineba kaspiis zRvaSi. am velis iqiT mdebareobs sakasena, romelic al-baneTs aseve mtkvriT esazRvreba. mis Semdeg mdebareobs gogarena~.

straboni am cnobaSi kidev erTxel azustebs, rom gogarena mtkvris

marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda, kerZod ki sakasenas iqiT. gogarenasa

da sakasenas Sua mtkvari gaedineboda. amJamad vikipediis cnobiT aRi-

arebulia, rom sakasena utikis olqis Crdilo nawils erqva, Tanamed-

rove ganja-mingeCauris olqSi. mis iqiT gogarena mdebareobda, maSasa-

dame gogarena moicavda daaxloebiT Tanamedrove Saqis olqs da rogorc

iTqva is mtkvriT isazRvreboda, masa da pariadres Sua iberiuli olqi -

xorZena mdebareobda, maSasadame xorZena erT dros aRniSnul araqsis

dablobs moicavda.

rogorc aRiniSna, `meore iveria~ tao-basianisa da mis momijnave

regionSi mdebareobda araqsis mimarTulebiT vanis tbisaken.

armeniis iveriuli anu iberiuli zoli taodan vidre avanamde aR-

wevda. sxvadasxva, maT Soris berZnul wyaroTa (straboni, konstan-

tine porfirogeneti da sxva) cnobebiT is qristeSobamdec qarTvel-

Ta sacxovrebeli iyo da mis Semdegac.

Cvens naSromSi gamokvleulia, rom e.w. àrmeniis iberiuli zoli~

iyo istoriuli qarTuli regioni, romelsac qristeSobamde àrian-

qarTli~ ewodebida (rogorc aRiniSna, erT periodSi es teritoria

moicva iberiis Temma, bizantiis imperiis erTerTma administraciul-

ma erTeulma).

armeniis mier mitacebis Semdgomac es teritoria (taodan avanamde

da valaSkertamde mdebare miwa-wyli) garkveulwilad mainc ibere-

biT, e.i. qarTvelebiT darCa dasaxlebuli da amitomac mas àrmeniis

iberiuli zoli~ da iberiis Temi~ uwodes.

arian-qarTlis istoria aseTi yofila: daaxloebiT Zv.w. III sauku-

neSi armenielTa Zlieri talRis Semosvlis Semdeg istoriuli xorZe-

nesa da misi mimdebare regionis, anu arian-qarTlis mmarTveli zeda

fena (mefis Ze azos meTaurobiT) ufro CrdiloeTiT gadanacvlebu-

la, magram arian-qarTlis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili adgilzeve

darCa Tavisi iberiuli TviTSemecnebiT, Tumca maTi armenizaciis pro-

cesi gaRrmavda, gansakuTreiT Zv.w. II saukunedan, rac iberielTa es

8

miwa-wyali armenielTa mefeebma artaqsiam da zariadrem sabolood

miitaces. adgilze darCenili mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis armeniza-

cia sxvadasxva xarisxisa iyo sxvadasxva regionSi, zogan Rrma, zogan

ki zedapiruli.

miuxedavad amisa, saukuneTa Semdeg, da X s-Sic ki, konstantine por-

firogenetis cnobiT, araqsis marcxena sanapiros mxare kvlav ibere-

bis sacxovriss warmoadgenda da iberebis teritoriad iwodeboda.

Cveni kvleviT, Semdgomad imisa, rac Zv.w. II s-Si pariadres mTiane-

Tis kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena armenielebma iberebisagan miitac-

es (straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5), es vrceli regioni anu arian-

qarTli sam nawilad gaiyo, mTavari nawili moicva e.w. `didi armeniis~

olqebma - airaratma da e.w. `maRalma armeniam~, meore nawili _ klar-

jeTi, mcxeTis qarTlis saxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi moeqca, xolo misi

mesame nawili, romelsac bolo klarjeTisa-zRvispiri~ ewodeboda _

romaul-bizantiuri mitacebebis obieqti gaxda.

ase, rom arian-qarTlis sivrce danawilda, misi erTi didi olqi ar-

meniis saxelmwifos nawilad iqca, xolo zRvispireTi, Tavisi region-

ebiT, romaul-bizantiur sivrceSi moeqca.

ukve somxur olqad gardaqmnil airaratSi (romelic, Tavis dros,

arian-qarTlis umTavresi nawili iyo) araqsispira miwebis didi nay-

ofierebis gamo aRmocenda armeniis yvela dedaqalaqi, tigranoker-

tis garda (romelic gacilebiT samxreTiT mdebareobda).

aq (armeniis iberiul zolSi), qarTuli tomebis (taoxebis, fa-

sianebisa da aseve qald-xald-xalibebis) istoriul qveyanaSi, mi-

uxedavad misi armeniaSi moqcevisa, qveynis mosaxleobis mkvidri naw-

ili inarCunebda Tavis iberiul identobas. es kargad gamoCnda ar-

abul epoqaSi, roca aqaurma mosaxleobam, basiansa da aseve, mis me-

zobel taoSi, srulad aRidgina Tavisi namdvili erovnuli vinaoba

anu qarTveloba.

es gvaZlevs safuZvels varaudisa, rom qarTvelTa erTian xalxad

Camoyalibebis procesi dawyebuli iyo istoriuli iberiuli olqebis

dakargvamde saukuneebiT adre, Zv.w. VI-V ss-saTvis (da maTi saxelm-

wifo iyo arian-qarTli), amitomac ukve Camoyalibebulma qarTvelma

xalxma ucxo (anu armeniul) saxelmwifoSic SeZlo Tavisi erovnul-

9

qarTuli identobis dacva Zv.w. II saukunedan vidre ax. w. VIII s-mde da,

SemdgomSi (rogorc iTqva, arabobis Semdgom), ufro metic, man (arme-

niis iberiuli zolis mkvidrma qarTvelobam) erovnuli saxelmwifo-

ebriobac ki aRidgina taosa, basiansa da mimdebare mxareebSi.

unda vifiqroT, rom jer kidev xalibTa (qaldebis) vrcel miwa-

wyalze (sadac aRmocenda arian-qarTlis saxelmwifo), qristeSobamde

VI-V saukuneebSi formirda qarTveli anu iberieli xalxi sxvadasxva

qarTuli tomebis konsolidaciis Sedegad, am mosazrebis mamtkicebel

wyarod unda miviCnioT strabonis cnoba pariadres, xorZenasa da

gogarenas iberiulobis Sesaxeb. megasTenes cnoba pontos zRvis am

aRmosavleT mxareebSi iberTa cxovrebis Sesaxeb Zv.w. VI s-Si, nabuqo-

donosoris epoqaSi, hekatos miletelis (Zv.w. VI s.) cnoba qarTvelTa

konsolidaciis didi xarisxis Sesaxeb, roca is kolxebs mesxur toms

uwodebs da sxva.

pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena (jer kidev e.w. `didi ar-

meniis~ Camoyalibebamde) iberebisa iyo, ris Sesaxebac strabonma miuTi-

Ta (strabonis es cnoba Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi dasayrdenia, amitomac

Cven mas Zalze xSirad vaxsenebT).

rac Seexeba zogadadqarTul (qarTvelur) eTnoss, misi formireba

gacilebiT adre dawyebula xorZenas, gogarenas, pariadresa da mim-

debare olqebSi, romelTa teritoria emTxveva qaldebisa da im qarTu-

li tomebis vrcel sacxovriss, romelic qsenofontem aRwera Tavis

naSromSi.

rogorc iTqva, xorZena pariadredan mtkvramde iyo moqceuli, araq-

sispireTSi. mas Semdgom airarati ewoda (marTalia, amJamad xorZenad

miiCneva mcire olqi arzrumis regionSi, magram strabonis cnobaze

dayrdnobili Cveni mtkicebiT, is did teritoriaze, md. mtkvramde iyo

ganfenili. pariadres kalTebidan mtkvramde ganvrcobili iberebis is-

toriuli miwa-wyali araqsis xeobasa da Worox-evfratis saTaveebs moi-

cavda. is proqarTuli tomebis, maT Soris xalib-qaldebisa da fasian-

ebisa samSoblo iyo, iqve cxovrobdnen taoxebic. am miwa-wyalze qseno-

fontes dros sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebi saxlobdnen xalibebis saer-

To hegemonobiT).

10

Cans, kidev ufro adre, Zv.w. IX-VI ss-Si kolxebisa da xalibebis am

miwa-wyalze Camoyalibda erTiani, daunawevrebeli protoqarTuli eT-

nosi da mis safuZvelze Zv.w. VI-V ss-Si _ qarTveli xalxi. misi saxelm-

wifo arian-qarTli armenielTa Semosevebis gamo sabolood daiSala

pariadres, xorZenasa da gogarenas dakargvis Semdgom.

am erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos (arian-qarTlis) daSla-gauqme-

bam saTave daudo qarTveli xalxis kidev axal tomebad daqucmace-

bas, Camoyalibda zanebisa da svanebis jgufebi Zv.w. II-I ss-Si. am mo-

sazrebas exmianeba is faqti, rom am tomebis Sesaxeb wyaroebi cnobebs

am droidan iZlevian.

rogorc aRiniSna, qarTuli eTnosis dezintegraciis procesisaTvis

xeli unda Seewyo armeniuli tomebis Casaxlebas maT miwa-wyalze, rac

sabolood dasrulda Zv.w. II saukuneSi, roca armenielTa mefeebma

pariadre, xorZena da gogarena iberebs waarTves.

es iyo arian-qarTls samefos saboloo gaqroba.

iqamde erTi saukuniT adre, rogorc iTqva, arian-qarTlis mefis

Zem, Cans gamouvali mdgomareobis gamo, Tavisi saxelmwifos xerxema-

li, samxedro elita da zeda fenis erTi nawili, ufro CrdiloeTiT

gadaanacvala da Caasaxla Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze

egriswylidan-hereT-albaneTamde.

Zv.w. III-I aTaswleulebSi, Cans, ramdenjerme Sedga da jgufebad

daiSala e.w. protoqarTuli eTnosi matarebeli fuZeqarTuli enisa,

masSi Semavali tomebis konsolidacia-integraciisa da piruku pro-

cesebis Sedegad. am eTnosis SigniT, Cans mudam mimdinareobda axali

tomebis warmoqmnisa da Zvelebis gaqrobis procesi, Tumca mTlianobaSi

is Tavis identobas inarCunebda. rogorc aRiniSna, Zv.w. IX-VI ss-Si is

kidev erTxel Sedga.

pontospireTSi iberebis cxovrebas adasturebs Zv.w. VI s-is avtoris

megasTenes cnoba, romlis mixedviTac libiis mezobeli iberebis erTi

nawili VI s-Si mefe nabuqodonosorma ayara da daasaxla pontospireTSi.

`libiis~ qveynis qveS unda igulisxmebodes ara afrikis libia, aramedvanistbispireT-mcire aziaSi mdebare qveyana luvia~.

lursmul epoqaSi mcireaziis luvia cnobili saxelmwifo iyo, ro-

melic mdebareobda axlos im areebTan, sadac Semdgomi avtorebi kar-

duxebis sacxovriss miuTiTeben.

11

Tu megasTenesa wyaros `libia~ igive qveyana `luviaa~, maSin, Cans,

Zveli avtorebi miuTiTebdnen, rom nabuqodonosorma iberebi ponto-spireTSi Caasaxla ara afrikis anda dasavleTis libiidan, aramed mcire

aziis luviidan, rac realobasTan ufro axloa.

`luvia-lubaris~ qarTvelebTan kavSiris Sesaxeb weren epifane da

arqanjelo lamberti.

(arqanjelo lambertis mohyavs Zveli cnoba, rom lubari~ erqva qveyanasa

da mTas araratis regionSi, anu Zvel urartuSi. is wers _ `grigol kedrene

amtkicebs, rom kolxidelebi noes mesame Svilis iafetis Camomavlobisani

ariano, es azri me sarwmunod mimaCnia, radgan somxeTis mTebi, sadac noes

kidobani gaCerda, mxolod ramdenime dRis savalzea kolxidas daSorebuli...

es ambavi SeiZleba davasabuTod wmida epifanes mowmobiT. es wmidani Tavisi

wignis _ panarionis~ dasawyisSi, Semdegs wers- roca noes kidobani araratis

mTebze, somexTa da qarTvelTa (kardiensium) qveynis Sua, lubarad wodebul mTaze

gaCerda, gaCnda adamianTa pirveli sacxovrebeli, da iq dargo winaswarmetyvel-

ma noem venaxi da Seiqmna iqauri binadari~. aq SesaniSnavia Semdegi sityvebi

epifanesi: lubaris mTianeTi somexTa da qarTvelTa qveynis Sua~ (arqanjelo

lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, 2011, gv. 28 ).

lubari _ araratis maxlobel mTas erqva, kardienTa anu qarTvelTa qvey-

anaSi vanistbispireTSi, Cans luvia-libia qveyanasTan axlos).

amJamad, miCneulia, rom qaldea erqva trapezuntis samxreT mTian

regions, istoriulad ki, es qsenofontes naSromebidanac Cans, qaldebi

aRniSnulis garda gacilebiT did teritorias flobdnen, gadaSlils

karduxebidan vidre Sav zRvamde. am miwa-wyals (trapezuntidan) vu-

wodebT Cven qaldeas, xalibebis qveyanas (Sesabamisad Cveni qaldeas

qveS ar igulisxmeba mesopotamiis qaldea).

protoiberi xalxis tomebi karduxebi, qaldebi da xalibebi (qali-

bebi) Cans, naTesavurad ukavSirdebodnen urartus samefoSi dasax-

lebul xuritebsa da aseve im frigiul-mesxur tomebs, romelTac

brigebis saxeliTac icnobdnen, etimologiurad saxeli `iberi~ war-

moSobili unda iyos saxelisagan `brigi~ (brigi-berigi-beri-iberi;

brigi-rig-rg (ma-rg-ueli, ma-rg-ali) - gr (e-gr-isi, me-gr-eli, gur-

uli), brigi-grigi-georgi-georgien; an brigi-grigi-gogar/ena/-gugargi

(gugarqi), gargari, gagari da sxva).

12

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom `qaldevelebi~ _ qaldebi (xaldebi)

cnobili kolxebis Tanametomeni iyvnen, xolo, rogorc aRiniSna, heka-

tos miletelis Zalze mniSvnelovani cnobiT _ `kolxebi _ mosxuri

(mesxuri) tomia~.g. meliqiSvilis azriT _ xalibi qarTus dialeqturi varianti yofi-

la da momdinareobda uZvelesi, jer kidev daunawevrebeli erTiani

qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis droidan~ (Г. Меликишвили, Наири- Урарту, c. 411).

maT jgufs unda miekuTvnos sasperebic, romelTac protoqarTvele-

badac miiCneven, kolxebTan erTad. herodotes cnobiT Savi zRvidan

midielebamde mxolod isini (kolxebi da sasperebi) cxovrobdnen, maSas-

adame Zv. w. V saukuneSi, am arealSi somxebi jer kidev ar cxovrobdnen

(igulisxmeba araqsispireTi, Worox-evfratis saTaveebi, pariadres mTis-

wineTidan mtkvramde (gogarenamde) mdebare miwawyali), armeniuli tome-bis Casaxleba am miwawyalze aqemenidebis epoqisaTvis daiwyo da aleqsan-

dre makedonelis droisaTvis iqauri qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis sa-

frTxes qmnida, ramac, Cans aiZula aqauri mefis Ze azoni saxelmwifos

xerxemali (jaris, didebulebisa da xalxis erTi nawili) ufro Crdilo-

eTSi gadaeyvana da axali qarTuli saxelmwifo Camoeyalibebina. am dros

unda daekarga arian-qarTls araqsis xeoba ( Zv.w. IV s. bolosa da III s.

dasawyisSi, xolo pariadre, xorZena da gogarena Semdeg, Zv. w. II s-Si,

daukargavs).

megasTenesa da strabonis cnobebis urTierTSejereba uflebas gva-

Zlevs vifiqroT, rom somxebis Casaxlebamde trapezuntidan vanistbi-

spireTamde mcxovreb tomebs krebiTad iberebi erqvaT, radganac, me-

gasTenes cnobiT, aRmosavleT pontospireTi (e.i. istoriuli mxareebi

kolxeTisa) iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, xolo strabonis cnobiT pari-

adres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena iberebisa iyo.iberebiT Zalze didi areali yofila dasaxlebuli _ es iyo aRniS-

nul arealTan erTad samxreT kavkasia mimarTuli vanis tbisaken.

am regionSi mopovebuli arqeologiuri artefaqtebi miuTiTebs

erTiani kulturis arsebobis Sesaxeb, rac yarsis, TrialeTis, samTav-

ros, anisisa Tu artaanis midamoebSi mopovebuli masalidan Cans. xal-

ibebis epoqis arqeologiuri masala amas miuTiTebs _ `q. yarsis max-

13

loblad aRmoCnda brinjaos nivTebis ganZi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyi-

sisa, romelSic dasavlur da aRmosavlurqarTuli arqeologiuri kul-

turebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sagnebi erTadaa Tavmoyrili.~ (d. mus-

xeliSvili, aRmosavlurqarTvel tomTa gaerTianebani... macne, istori-

is seria, 2012, 2. gv. 31).

es miuTiTebs, rom imJamad, daaxloebiT Zv.w. V saukunisaTvis es

erTiani kulturis mqone xalxi jer kidev ar iyo dayofili e.w. aRmo-

savlurqarTul da dasavlurqarTul jgufebad, dayofis procesi unda

dawyebuliyo gacilebiT gvian, nawilobriv Zv. w. II saukunedan isto-

riuli arian-qarTlis miwa-wyalze. magram maTi diferenciaciis xarisxi

didi ar unda yofiliyo, radganac maT maleve SeZles erTiani qarTu-

li saeklesio kulturis Camoyalibeba, I-V ss-Si, istoriuli mcxeTis

qarTlis miwebze (Savi zRvidan albaneTamde). diferenciaciis axali

procesi unda dawyebuliyo VI saukunidan, erTiani qarTuli saekle-

sio kulturis Camoyalibebis Semdgom, erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis

(dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos momcveli qarTlis samefos) rRve-

vis kvaldakval yofil arian-qarTlSi mosaxleobis mkvidr fenas ad-

gilze darCenili iberebi qmnidnen.

sxva procesebi viTardeboda ukve armeniad wodebul yofil ibe-

riaSi, Zv.w II saukunis Semdgom, pariadresa xorZenasa da gogarenaSi

mcxovrebma iberebma, Tavisuflebis dakargvis pirobebSic ki, ukve ar-

meniad wodebul Tavis qveyanaSi, (somxeTSi) saukuneTa manZilze, gar-

kveulwilad SeZles qarTul-erovnuli cnobierebis SenarCuneba.

qristianobis ganmtkicebis epoqaSi, armeniaSi mcxovrebi iberebi IV

saukunidanve moeqcnen somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, rac maT ar-

menizacias apirobebda, saboloo armenizaciisagan Tavis aridebas isini

imiT cdilobdnen, rom iswrafodnen, raTa mieRoT is sarwmunoebrivi

orientacia, romelic istoriulad zogadqarTvelTa erovnul sarw-

munoebad iqca, es iyo qalkedonitoba anu marTlmadidebloba.

xelsayreli momentis dadgomisTanave, ax.w. VI s-Si, iberebiT dasax-

lebulma tao-basian-avanis anu meore iveriis~ olqma eklesiuri Tavis-

Tavadoba gamoacxada, gamijna ra Tavisi Tavi monofizituri dvinis

sakaTalikososagan da Tavis sarwmunoebad aRiara qalkedonitoba.

14

am regionis (ukve armeniis) mRvdelmTavarma, `avanis kaTalikosad~

saxeldebulma ioanem Seqmna qalkedonituri sakaTalikoso, Tavisi

TviTgamocxadebuli, axla ukve TavisTavadi saeklesio olqi (somxe-

Tis iveria anu armeniis iveriuli zoli) CamoaSora dvinis monofiz-

itur eklesias. da sanacvlod Seecada antioqiiis eklesiasTan dakav-

SirebiT samarTlebrivi saxe mieca Tavisi qmedebisaTvis, rac asaxa an-

tioqiurma wyarom. CvenTvis naTelia, rom antioqiur qronografSi ava-

nis sakaTalikosos iveriis sakaTalikoso~ ewodeba, da igulisxmeba meo-

re iveriis anu tao-basian-ararat-Sirakis, mimdebare olqebis anu somxe-

Tis iveriuli zolis qarTuli (iveriuli) mosaxleobis eklesia.

`...didsa Wirsa Sina arian qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa (e.i. me-

ore iveriis) soflebisani, rameTu dRiTgan netarisa anastasi mRvdel-

mowamisaTa (VI s-dan) ara kurTxeul ars maTda kaTalikosi-mTavarepisko-

posi siZnelisaTvis gzaTasa. xolo man (Teofilaqte antioqiis patri-arqma VIII s.) hyo kreba da ganaCina... raTa Sekrbebodnen episkoposni sam-

revlosa misisani (meore iveriisani) da akurTxevdnen kaTalikossa Jami-

Ti-Jamad... xeldasxmul hyo... erTi movlinebulTa monazonTagani, sax-

eliT ioane... amas antioqiis krebasa Sina gapatiosnda~ (q. c., I, gv. 226).

igulisxmeba rom anastasi mRvdelmowamis Tanamedrove ioane kogo-

vitelis Semdeg avanis (meore iveriss sakaTalikoso taxti daqvrive-

buli iyo, misi aRdgena aRarc miiCneoda saWirod, radganac somxuri

eklesia VII saukuneSi kvlav daubrunda qalkedonitobas da mxolod

VIII saukuneSi, 726 wlis somxur-monofizituri krebis Semdeg meore

iveriis iverebi kvlav gaemijnen somxur-monofizitur eklesias da

Txoves antioqias daxmareba, raTa mas kvlav aRedgina iverTa (e.i.

meore iveriis) qalkedonituri sakaTalikoso, aRsaniSnavia, rom am

dros konstantinopolSi xatmebrZoluri eresi mZvinvarebda, xolo

antioqiidan qristianebs xatTayvaniscemisaken mouwodebda ioane dam-

askeli. mniSvnelovania saxeli `ioane~, es avanis pirveli kaTaliko-

sisa da meore iveriis aRdgenili sakaTalikosos pirveli mRvdel-

mTavris saxeli iyo. aqedanac Cans, rom antioqia cnobda meore iveri-

is sakaTalikosos memkvidreobiTobas avanis sakaTalikososagan.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ am CanarTis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1906 wels

gamoTqva Tavisi mosazreba kirion II kaTalikosma, rom es monaTxrobi

15

exeboda samxreT saqarTvelos tao-basianis mxareebis saeklesio mow-

yobas. misi wyaroa efem mcires naSromSi (ùwyeba mizezsa qarTvelTa

moqcevisasa~,1959) gamoyenebuli cnoba amoRebuli xronografsa Sina

antioqias aRwerilsa~. Sav mTaze arsebuli am antioqiuri qronografiT

usargeblia XI saukuneSive nikon SavmTelsa da ufro adre VI s. is-

torikoss ioane malalas (episk. anania, saqarTvelos samociqulo ek-

lesiis istoria, 1998, gv. 93).

efrem mcires qronografidan gadmouweria _ `dReTa konstantine

skoris (741-775) mosaxelisasTa, antioqias patriarqobasa netarisa

Teofilaqtessa (744-751) movidnen qarTliT (iveriidan) mociqulad mon-

azonni orni da mouTxres netarsa Teofilaqtes, viTarmed didsa Wirsa

arian qristianeni mkvidrni qarTvelTa (iverielTa) soflebisani, rame-

Tu dRiTgan netarisa anastasi mRvdel-mowamisa antioqiel patriarqisa

(561-599) ara kurTxeul ars maTda kaTalikosi-mTavarepiskoposi siZnel-isaTvis gzisa, rameTu agarianTagan veravin ikadrebs slvad. xolo man

bWobiTa krebisaTa _ mTavarepiskoposTa, mitropolitTa da episkopos-

Ta TvisTa misca qarTvelTa (iverTa) protreptikoni, romel ars ganxs-

niTi, raTa TviT maTisa sazRvrisa episkoposTagan xelni daesxmodin

JamiTi-Jamad kaTalikossa qarTlisasa (e.i. meore iveriis kaTalikoss)...

da xelT-dasxmul yo erTi amaT orTa maT missa movlinebulTa monazon-

Tagani saxeliT ioane mis Jamsa kaTalikosad maTda~ (efrem mcire, ùw-

yeba mizezsa~... 1959, gv. 9).

somxeTis iveriuli nawilis saeklesio TavisTavadobisaken swrafva

marTalia Seanela arabTa Semosevebma, magram sabolood mainc ver Cak-

la. VII-VIII ss-Si tao-basian-airaratis qalkedonitoba daufaravi iyo.

VIII saukuneSi am mxaris, anu ìveriis~ avtokefaloba kidev erTxel

aRiara antioqiam, razec werda kirion II, 1906 wels.

Cvenma Tanamedrove istorikosma v. goilaZem wamoayena Tvalsazrisi,

rom is ìveria~, romelsac VIII saukuneSi antioqiam avtokefalia mi-

aniWa iyo àfxazeTis sakaTalikoso~, am mosazrebas garkveul etapam-

de mec vuWerdi mxars, magram Semdgomma Ziebam damarwmuna, rom swori

iyo wm. kirion II.

VIII saukuneSi antoqiam aRiara ara afxazeTis anda mcxeTis, aramed

`meore iveriis~ saeklesio avtokefalia. XVII saukuneSi amave antioqi-

16

uri cnobiT usargeblia antioqiel patriarq makarioss, oRond mas

iveriis mefe daviT kurapalati miaCnia afxazeTis mefed. amis mizezi

is unda iyos rom afxazeTSi Crdilokavkasiel afsua CerqezTa gaba-

tonebamde sityvebi àfxazeTi~ da ìveria~ sinonimebad miiCneoda da

zogad qarTvelTa samyaros ewodeboda.

makariosis cnobiT _ antioqiel patriarq Teofilaqtes dros mefe

daviTma antioqiaSi episkoposad xeldasasxmelad gagzavna mravali

pirovneba. gagzavnilebis didi nawili gzaSi yaCaRebma daxoces. ori

maTgani gadarCa... Teofilaqtem moiwvia kreba, romelzec gadawyda

afxazeTisaTvis (saqarTvelosaTvis, e.i. meore iveriisaTvis) daeniS-

naT damoukidebeli kaTalikosi...im pirobiT, rom igi moixseniebda

antioqiis patriarqebs... erTi maTgani ioane patriarqma kaTalikosad

akurTxa~ (v. goilaZe, qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, gv. 204). sxva-

dasxva, maT Soris iahia antioqielis cnobiT, mefe daviT kurapala-

tis karze namdvilad iyvnen pirvelmRvdelmTavrebi kaTalikosisa da

patriarqis wodebiT. savaraudoa, rom taos anu meore iveriis kaTa-

likosisa wodebis amaRlebisaTvis VIII saukunis Semdeg kvlav gaigzav-

na antioqiaSi delegacia, romelmac meore iveriis kaTalikoss pa-

triarqis wodeba moupova, misi saxelic tradiciuli ioane yofila,

marTlac Cvenamde moaRwia warweram eklesiis kedelze, romelSic

qarTlisa da aRmosavleTis patriarqi ioane ixsenieba. meore iverias

aseve àRmosavleTi~ erqva.

IX-X ss-Si meore iveriis~ qarTvelobam mTlianad aRidgina erovnul-

sarwmunoebrivi TavisTavadoba, rasac am mxareebSi mohyva qarTuli

kulturis aRorZineba da taos `qarTvelTa~ samefos daarseba, misi

gaerTianeba danarCen saqarTvelosTan da sabolood ki saqarTvelos

saxelwifoebrivi aRmavloba.

saqarTvelos siZlieris epoqaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos uwodebd-

nen `qvemo iverias~, xolo tao-basianis mimdgom vrcel regions _

`zemo iverias~, zemo qveynebs~, àRmosavleTs~. rac Seexeba aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos, is maT Soris (e.i. qvemo~ da zemo~ iveriebs Soris)

moqceuli centraluri regioni iyo da swored masTan SefardebiT

erqvaT am qveynebs `zemo~ da `qvemo~.

17

qarTuli teritoriebis es geografiuli saxelebi Seicvala XV-XVI

saukuneTa Semdeg, saqarTvelos danawevrebis Sesabamisad.mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelom dakarga `meore~ anu `zemo iveria~,

mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos daerqva zemo~ (zemo qveyana, zemo

mamulebi, zemo qarTli (mesxeTTan erTad), xolo `qvemo qarTli~,

daaxloebiT XV-XVI ss-Si, Tbilisis qvemoT mdebare miwebs ewoda (iqamde,

IX-XIV ss-Si, rogorc aRiniSna, qvemo mamulebi~, qvemo qarTli~, qvemo

saqarTvelo~ dasavleT saqarTvelos erqva).

gaqritianebis Semdeg (meoTxe saukunidan) dasavleT saqarTvelo

qarTlis saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, amitomac, 1990 wels kon-

stantinopolma am sazRvrebSi aRiara `saqarTvelos eklesiis uZve-

lesi avtokefalia~.

am gansazRvrebaSi umTavresia fraza _ uZvelesi avtokefalia~, rac

uZveles iurisdiqcias afiqsirebs Tavis sazRvrebSi.

Tuki dasavleT saqarTvelo konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyo

IV-X saukuneebSi, maSin, saqarTvelos eklesiis uZvelesi avtokefalia~

mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mimarT yofila kanonikuri.

aseTi Tvalsazrisic ki ucnobi iyo magaliTad XX s-is dasawyisSi

kirion meorisa da patriarq leonides epoqaSi, maSin ruseTis sinods

aseTi kuTxiT davac ar dauwyia, mxolod sabWoTa aTeisturma epoqam

Sva es problema, kerZod ki kiTxvis niSani daisva qarTuli eklesiis

uflebebze dasavleT saqarTvelos mimarT IV-X saukuneebSi.

rogorc aRiniSna, kiron II-is TvalsazrisiT VIII s-Si antioqiam av-

tokefalia mianiWa ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed `meore iver-

ias~, Sesabamisad, misi azriT, dasavleT saqarTvelo, IV saukunis Sem-

deg ara konstantinopolis, anda antioqiis, aramed mcxeTis eklesiis

iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda.rac Seexeba e.w. `meore iverias~, misi azriT, is garkveul perio-

damde somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda Tavis momcvel re-

gionTan erTad (anu yofili arian-qarTlis miwebTan erTad, airarat-

sa da imier tao-basianSi).

amis gamo, VI-VII saukunisaTvis, basian-airaratad wodebuli provin-

ciaSi SemorCenilma Zvelma iberebma inebes Tavis daRweva somxuri

saeklesio damokidebulebisagan, amis gamo gaemijnen somxuri eklesiis

18

gulis _ dvinis sakaTalikosos da damoukidebeli sakaTalikoso Camo-

ayalibes centriT avanSi.

misi anu avan-airarat-taos iveriis~ eklesiis avtokefalia antio-

qiis sapatriarqom pirvelad VI s-Si aRiara, marTalia mas dvinma ma-

leve Seuwyvita damoukidebloba, magram saeklesio Tavisuflebis idea

aRorZinda da arabobis dros, VIII saukuneSi, antioqiam kidev erTxel

mianiWa mas (am `iverias~) avtokefalia (axla ukve misi centri iyo ara

avani, aramed imier tao). swored mis avtokefalias Seexeba Cvenamde

moRweuli e.w. antioqiuri cnobebi iveriis eklesiisaTvis avtokefali-

is miniWebis Sesaxeb.

sruliad daviwyebuli vrceli qarTuli regionis _ `meore iveri-

is~ _ istoriasa da warsuls Seexeba wigni `arian qarTli~.

19

kari pirveli

arian-qarTlis istoria

Tavi I

arian-qarTlis xalxi da miwa-wyali

arian-qarTlis qveyana da sityva `qarTvelis~

etimologia

(qaldu-qaldueli-qarTueli)

sityva qarTveli~, miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, ukavSirdeba mcxeTis

sanaxebSi mdebare `qarTlis mTas~, romelze mcxovrebTac, mTis saxe-

lis Sesabamisad, ewodaT qarTvelebi~, Semdgom ki es saxeli TiTqos-

da ganivrco irgvliv mcxovreblebzedac.

sityva `qarTvels~ agreTve akavSireben sityvasTan `qarTa~, rac

SemosazRvrul adgils niSnavs. ZiriTadad aseTi iyo XX s. istori-

ografiis Tvalsazrisi.

ufro adrindel azrs gamoxatavs mixeil TamaraSvili: sayovelTaodmiRebuli TvalsazrisiT, adgilobrivi tradiciis mixedviT, saqarTve-

lo~ nawarmoebia sityvisagan qarTlos~, iafetis badiSiSvilis saxelis-

agan, romelsac wilad rgebia es mxare. mis Svilebs mamis saflavTan fici

20

daudiaT, rom mamis adgilsamyofels `qarTloss~, anu `qarTls~ uwo-

debdnen, mis saxelisuflebo miwebs ki _ saqarTvelos~ (m. TamaraSvili,

qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde, 1995, gv. 38).

TamaraSvilis wignis weris dros jer naklebad iyo cnobili `mo-

qcevaY qarTlisaY~ da amitom ucnobi iyo qveyana àrian-qarTli~, ma-

gram am wyaros kargad icnobda daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvrad miCneu-

li arsen beri, romlis Sromaze dayrdnobiTac sxvagvarad ixsneba

sityva qarTvelis~ etimologia. is wmida ninos cxovrebaSi qarTvel-

Ta warmoSobis Sesaxeb wers: `Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT ga-

mosulTani da ena maTi vuwyiT~. arsen beri iqve aRniSnavs, rom arian-

qarTlis mosaxleobas àrian-qarTvelebi~ erqva.

amasve aRniSnavs moqcevaY qarTlisaY~ da masSi gansxvavebulad war-

moidgineba qarTvelTa warmoSoba.

qarTvelebi, am wyaros cnobiT, ar Camoyalibebulan saqarTvelos

miwa-wyalze, e.i. qarTlosisagan, aramed farnavazis samefos Camoy-

alibebamde didi xniT adre, misi saxelmwifos samxreTiT arsebobda

qveyana àrian-qarTli~, romlis mcxovrebT, am wyaros mixedviTve,

erqvaT àrian qarTvelni~ anu `qarTvelni~.

wyaros cnobiT arian-qarTlis~ mefis Ze da xalxis nawili aleqsan-

dre makedonelis epoqaSi Camosaxlda Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi da

isini, amave wyaros cnobiT, gansaxldnen ara mxolod mcxeTis areal-

Si, aramed mTel istoriul saqarTveloSi - egriswylidan hereTamde.

axali qveynis mosaxleoba `qarTvelebad~ iwoda imis gamo, rom isini

`Svilni~ (STamomavlebi) iyvnen - arian-qarTliT gamosulTa~, anu arian-

qarTvelebisa, e.i. sityva qarTveli~ mcxeTis gadedaqalaqebamdec ar-

sebobda da erqva arian-qarTlis mosaxleobas.àrian-qarTlis~ saxelwodebis mqone qveyna ucnobi iyo `moqcevaY

qarTlisaYs~ xelnawerebis aRmoCenamde (XIX s. bolo (1888 w.) da XX s.

dasawyisi), Tumca ki es sityva (arian-qarTli) erTi-orjer ixsenieba

kidec Zvel wyaroebSi, magaliTad IV s-Si wmida nino Tavis cnobil

locvaSi brZanebs, rom arian-qarTlidan~ gamosuli qarTvelTa war-

marTi winaprebi RmerTis nacvlad kerpebs cemdnen Tayvans, XII s-Si

àrian-qarTls~ ixseniebs mematiane arsen beri da wers, rom Cven, qar-

Tvelebi, pirdapiri STamomavlebi varT àrian-qarTlis~ xalxisa,

21

qarTuli ena ki is enaa, romliTac metyvelebda àrian-qarTlis~ mo-

saxleoba.

`qarTlis cxovrebaze~ ufro Zveli wyaros, moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~

mixedviT, rogorc iTqva, àrian-qarTvelebi~ mefis Ze azonis meTau-

robiT, Tanabrad gansaxldnen egriswylidan hereTamde~. wyaro aRni-

Snavs: `da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoY, Ze arian-qarTlisa me-

fisaY, da mas miuboZa mcxeTai sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi

da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~ (Zveli qarTuli

agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv. 81).

egriswyali da crolis mTa _ sasazRvro niSnulebia azonis sax-

elmwifosi, isini azonis xalxis, anu arian-qarTvelebis axali gansax-

lebis sazRvrebicaa.

am wyaros mixedviT, egriswyalTan mcxovrebi egriselebi (anu dasav-

leT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba) da hereT-crolis mTas Soris mcxovre-bi (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos) mosaxleoba erTi xalxia _ àrian-qar-

TvelTa~ STamomavlobaa.

hereTi, egriswyali, somxiTi da mTa crolisa is sasazRvro werti-

lebia romelTa Sorisac cxovroben `qarTuelni~, maTi Zveli samSob-

lo ki arian-qarTli iyo.

maSasadame moqcevaYs~ mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleo-

ba (egriswyalTan mcxovrebni), aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxle-

obasTan erTad _ erTi xalxia da maTi saxeli qarTvelebia.

meore mxriv, am wyarosagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba qarTlis cxov-

rebis~ koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelebi~ qarTlosis STa-

momavlobaa, megrelebi egrosisa~ da a.S.

Zalze Rrma da sagulisxmo gansxvavebaa.

garkveulia, rom qarTlis cxovrebis is cnobebi, romelnic Seexe-

bian e.w. kavkasielTa da qarTvelTa eTnarqebis urTierTobas, Sedge-

nilia movses xorenacis ìstoriis~ gavleniT, albaT, monRolebis

Semdeg, radganac arsen beri XII s-Si eTnarqTa~ Teorias ar icnobda,

xolo `moqcevaY qarTlisaYsa~ aris I aTaswleulis wyaro, romelic

sinas mTazec ikiTxeboda IX-X ss-Si. `moqcevaYs~ cnobebi gacilebiT

uZvelesia, qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebuli ki ufro mogvianebiTaa Sed-

genili.

22

maSasadame, sityva qarTvelis etimologia aseTia: qarTveli~ _ ari-an-qarTvelTa~ STamomavals niSnavs. mas etimologiuri kavSiri ara aqvsarc sityva qarTlosTan~ da arc sityva qarTasTan~.

azonis Semosvlamde klarjeTi arian-qarTlis~ qveyanaSi Sedioda,

mas azonis mama marTavda, mis samxreTiT mdebare miwebTan erTad.

mematiane arian-qarTls im miwaze aTavsebs, romelic qristeSobam-

de VI-V ss-Si qaldebiT (xalibebiT) iyo dasaxlebuli, maT qveyanas

`qaldu~ erqva. aqedan unda davaskvnaT, rom qarTveli _ qaldus qvey-nis mcxovrebs unda niSnavdes (qaldu-qaldueli-qarTueli). Zvel-

qarTul wyaroebSi Cveni xalxis saxelia `qarTueli~ (da ara `qarTve-

li~), qaldu-qarTu-qarTueli.safiqrebelia, rom qaldus qveyanas aseve erqva saxeli àriani~,

mis mcxovrebT ki qalduelni anu qarTuelni, Sesabamisad arianis qvey-

nidan gamosul xalxs erqva àrian qarTuelni~ (etimologiurad, Ti-

Tqosda SesaZlebelia sityva `xorZenadan~ sityva arianis miReba -

xorZena, xorZiani, arZiani, ariani. Tu CavTvliT, rom rTuli Tanxmovan-

Tjgufi `rZ~ (rz) iSleba _ r~ da Z~ Tanxmovnebad, aseT SemTxvevaSi

sityva xorZenadan SesaZlebelia arianisa da arZianis miReba [arZe,

aRniSnul regionSi, cnobil qalaqs erqva arzrumTan axlos]) straboni

xorZenas iberTa qveynad miiCnevda, gogarenasa da pariadres mTianeT-

Tan erTad, romelnic armeniam miitaca qristeSobamde II saukuneSi.

qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb Zvelma qarTulma istoriografiam

wamoayena ori Tvalsazrisi.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT qarTveloba kavkasiaSi Camoyalibda

kavkasielTa saerTo winapar Targamosisagan, romlis Svilebma haosma,

qarTlosma da sxvebma saTave daudes kavkasiis sxvadasxva xalxebs.

gansxvavebulia moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixed-

viTac `qarTvelebi~ (àrian-qarTvelni~) Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

damkvidrebamdec erTi warmoSobis xalxi iyo da saqarTvelos sam-

xreTiT _ àrian qarTlSi~ cxovrobda.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ Teoriis mixedviT egriselebi, svanebi da

e.w. qarTebi STamomavalobaa arian-qarTlis xalxisa, radganac arian-

qarTlidan wamosulma mefis Ze azonma arian-qarTlidan wamoyvanili

mosaxleoba Tanabrad ganasaxla ègriswylidan hereTamde~ anu Tan-

amedrove saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.

23

arian-qarTlis eri

arian-qarTlis mdebareoba amJamadac kvlevis sagania.

n. xazaraZis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac mniSvnelovans uwodebs akad.

g. giorgaZe, arian-qarTli mdebareobda tao-basianis mxareebisaken.

`n. xazaraZis koncefciiT arian-qarTli, iseve rogorc mosxike klar-

jeTisa da mis samxreTiT mdebare tao-basianis mxareebis aRmniSvneli

termini iyo, ekleci-anZianZora-steri ki am didi regionis samxreT sazR-

varTan dRevandel erznjanis zeganze mdebare qalaqebi~ (g. giorgaZe,

n. xazaraZe. kavkasiur-axlo aRmosavluri krebuli, 2001, gv. 13).

rogorc aRiniSna, arsen beri, daviT aRmaSeneblis moZRvari, Tavis

`wmida ninos cxovrebaSi~ werda _ Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT

gamosulTani da enai maTi vuwyiT~.

I aTaswleulSi qarTveloba darwmunebuli yofila, rom isini iyvnen

àrian-qarTlidan~ gamosuli xalxis STamomavalni da agreTve ima-

Sic, rom qarTuli ena yofila igive ena, rac àrian-qarTvelTa~ ena

(maSasadame, maTi Tvalsazrisi gansxvavdeboda `qarTlis cxovrebis~

koncefciisgan, rom magaliTad, qarTuli ena TiTqosda saqarTvelo-

Si Camoyalibda sxvadasxva enebis aRrevis Sedegad).

`wmida ninos cxovrebis~, `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da `moqcevaY qar-

TlisaYs~ saerTo koncefcia SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT:

arian-qarTlis qveynidan Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi Camovida me-

fis Ze azoni Tavis samxedro elitis TanxlebiT, maT Seqmnes axali

saxelmwifo, magram wyarosave cnobiT, arian-qarTvelTa Camosvlamde

mkvidr, adgilobriv Zvel qarTul mosaxleobas, ukve hqonia saxelm-

wifos mowyobis niSnebi, hyavda mmarTvelebi da, dinastiac _ e.w. mcxe-

Teli mamasaxlisebis ojaxi. am ojaxis wevri farnavazi moaxerxebs

Camosuli samxedro aristokratiis elitis nawilis mimxrobas, mkvi-

drTagan ki jaris Seqmnas da SeebrZoleba azons. azoni marcxdeba da

gadadis Tavisi mamis qveyanaSi, anu àrian-qarTlSi~ _ wyarosve cno-

biT esaa klarjeTi da mis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebi (Sesabamisad,

tao, karini, basiani da a.S.). farnavazi aqac amarcxebs azons, laSqravs

arian-qarTlis samxreTis mxareebs punqt anZoreT - anZianZoramde da

brundeba Sin _ mcxeTaSi.

24

erTi sityviT, `arian-qarTlSi~ igulisxmeba vrceli qveyana tra-

pezuntidan (`zRvispira didi qalaqidan~) _ karnu-qalaqisa da anZian-

Zoras (dRevandel erzinjanis zegnis) CaTvliT.

es is mxareebia, romelTac erqvaT qaldea-speri-tao-basiani da misi

momijnave olqebi, is qveyana, sadac qsenofontem qarTveli tomebi

aRwera, qveyana, romelsac strabonis cnobiT hqonda mxareebi _ xorZe-

na, pariadre da gogarena, iberielebiT dasaxlebuli kuTxeebi, romel-

nic armeniam CamoaWra istoriul saqarTvelos qristeSobamde II s-Si.

Zv.w. II saukunemde es mxareebi Sedioda iberiaSi. miuxedavad isto-

riuli kataklizmebisa, is (speri-tao-basiani) X-XI ss-Sic iberebiTve

anu qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli (aristakes lastiverteci, isto-

ria, 1974, gv. 183).

parxaris mTa p. ingoroyvas azriT aris pontos mTebi md. kelkit

Cais SesarTavidan Ralisamde da dasavleT evfratamde. s. janaSias

azriT pariadre, skidisi da mosxis mTebi aRmosavleT pontos qedis

nawilebia (iqve, e. cagareiSvilis komentari, gv. 182).

tao-arzrumis regioni gvian drosac ki qarTvelebiT yofila dasax-

lebuli, amis Sesaxeb cnobas arqanjelo lamberti iZleva XVII s-Si. is

wers _ saqarTvelos samefo gavrcelebuli iyo iranis mxriT Tavrizam-

di da TurqeTis, anu ukeT vTqva, samcxis mxriT _ arzrumamdi. kolx-

idisaken ki saqarTvelos samefo aRwevda kafamdi, romelic xerson-

esSia. arzrumis qalaqis maxloblad axlac moipoveba qarTuli sofle-

bi. uwindel droSi TviT am qalaqSi ijda qarTveli episkoposi, arzru-

melad wodebuli. kolxidis gareT, afxazebisa da jiqebis qveynebSi,

mSvenieri taZrebi dganan qarTulad aSenebulebi da qarTulis zed-

warwerebiT, magaliTad anakofiaSi da biWvinTaSi aris kolxidis, guri-

isa da imereTis patriarqis sajdomi. iranis mxriTac, TviT Tavriza-

mde, rogorc qarTuli eklesiebis, ise qarTuli soflebis cxadi kva-

li dResac Cans~ (a. lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, 2011, gv. 29).

arian-qarTlis erTi nawili xorZenesa da pariadris mTianeTis kalTe-

bze unda yofiliyo ganfenili. klarjeTi, vaxuStis cnobiT, am mxa-

reebis nawili iyo (vaxuStis cnobiT Zvelad klarjeTSi Sedioda tao,

basiani, speri da maTi irgvlivi qveynebi).

25

strabonis cnobiT qaldebi xalibebis memkvidreebi iyvnen. iv. jav-

axiSvilis azriT, qarTvelebs uZveles xanaSi qaldiaSi unda ecxovraT

(ix. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli eris istoria, I, 1960, gv. 412).`moqcevaYs~ cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, qarTvelebi àrian-qarTvel-

Ta~ STamomavlobaa, xolo iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTvelTa winaprebi

Tavdapirvelad qaldeaSi cxovrobdnen. maSasadame qaldea _ àrian-

qarTlis~ nawili iyo. p. ingoroyvas azriT qaldea iyo samxreT kol-xeTis~ zogadi saxelwodeba (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv.

268). Tu es asea, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom arian-qarTlis nawili iyo sa-mxreT kolxeTi.

mociqulTa epoqaSi, I-II ss-Si iberia gaZlierda, imdenad, rom somex

mefeTa taxti zogjer qarTvelTa xelSi iyo, safiqrebelia, rom am

droisTvis iberiam armeniisagan ukanve daibruna CamoWrili xorZene

da gogarena, pariadres kalTebTan erTad, arabobis dros, Cans, rom

qarTvelTa somxebSi asimilacia Senelda da qarTvelobam am mxareeb-

Si, anu istoriul arian-qarTlSi garkveulwilad SeZlo qarTuli enisa

da eTnikuri vinaobis SenarCuneba, amas miuTiTebs is, rom arabobis

Semdeg swored aRniSnul mxareebis mosaxleobis didi nawili ara som-

xebad~ aramed `qarTvelebad~ acxadebda Tavs, imdenad, rom taoSi

Seiqmna kidec erovnuli saxelmwifo qarTvelTa samefos~ saxelwodeb-

iT, romelic gafarTovda vanis tbis mimarTulebiT.

Tu ara basili keisris SemoWra da taos qarTvelTa samefos~ dam-

arcxeba, albaT Zveli àrian-qarTli~ aRidgenda Tavis Tavs anu

qaldeadan vanis tbamde aRorZindeboda eTnikur qarTvelTa, am re-

gionis uZvelesi mkvidri mosaxleobis, saxelmwifo, qarTuli eniTa

da eklesiiT.

basili keisarma, Semdeg ki imperatorebma konstantinem, romonosma

da sxvebma gaafTrebiT ibrZoles qarTvelTa gasanadgureblad yofil

arian qarTlSi, romelsac imJamad iveria~ (iveriis Temi) erqva.

Tumca, bizantielTa Semdeg Turq-seljukebmac ki ver SeZles iq

mkvidri qarTvelobis saboloo mospoba, XII-XVI saukuneebSi arzrumi-

dan-yarsamde da mimdebare mxareebamde qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba

mainc arsebobda samcxe-saaTabagos saxelwodebiT, iqve mdebareobd-

nen qarTvel episkoposTa kaTedrebic _ karelisa, valaSkertelisa,

dadeSnelisa da sxvebisa.

26

unda davaskvnaT: tao-klarjeTi IX-X ss-Si ki ar `gaqarTvelda~

(rogorc es miiCneva qarTizaciis Teoriis mixedviT), aramed, am epo-

qaSi xorZenas, gogarenas da pariadres qarTvelobam aiRorZina Tavi-

si vinaoba, tao-klarjeTis `qarTvelTa samefos~ saxiT.

saboloo daskvna: azos epoqaSi qarTuli mosaxleobis nawilis Crdi-

loeTSi dasaxlebis Semdegac Zvel samSobloSi anu arian-qarTlSic

darCa maTi nawili da qarTvelebi iq kvlav agrZelebdnen cxovrebas.

arian-qarTlidan mosaxleobis erTi nawilis CrdiloeTSi gadasax-

leba iman ganapiroba, rom iqac maTi qarTveli Tanametomeni cxovrob-

dnen.

azonis mamis samefo

mkvlevari T. qemerteliZe eTanxmeba g. meliqiSvilsa da g. mam-

ulias, rom arian-qarTli sxva teritoriebTan erTad moicavda taosa

da spers (uTiTebs g. meliqiSvili saqarTvelos Zveli istoriisaTvis~,

rusul enaze, 1959, gv. 278; g. mamulia, klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da

saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi~, 1979, gv. 93).

misi azriT arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni iyo aqemenidebis same-

fos XVIII satrapiis erT-erTi mxaris mmarTveli, anda XIX satrapiis

gamgebeli (T. qemerteliZe. qarTlis iberiis samefos warmoqmnis

TariRis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumi narkvevebi, t. VI,

2000, gv. 31).

SesaZloa aleqsandre makedonelma azons XIX satrapiasTan erTad

Caabara mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveynis gamgeoba da am saxiT Camoay-

aliba Canasaxi axali savaraudo satrapiisa _ mcxeTis iberiisa.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnobiT azoni iyo ara mxolod aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli istoriuli saqarTvelos gamgebeli _ egris-

wylidan~ albaneTamde, anu dasavleT saqarTvelo (aRmosavleTTan er-

Tad) mis mier imarTeboda. aseve gadmogvcems `qarTlis cxovrebac~.

aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Semdeg 323-316 wlebSi mdi-

nare araqsis Sua welze Camoyalibda e.w. `araratis~ somxuri saxel-

27

mwifo. iqamde es teritoria, istoriuli arian-qarTlis erTi nawili,

qarTvelebiT _ qarTveluri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. qsenofonte

aq, araqsis xeobaSi, miuTiTebs fasianebisa da qaldebis, herodote _

alarodielebis cxovrebas. aq, Zv.w. VI s-is bolo meoTxedsa da Zv. w.

V s-Si alarodielebi da fasianebi saxlobdnen.

T. qemerteliZe wers _ md. araqsis xeobaSi somxuri eTnikuri ele-

mentis masobrivi SeRweva Zv. w. IV saukunis pirveli naxevrisaTvis aris

savaraudo~ (iqve, gv. 36).

arian-qarTlis momcvel am miwa-wyalze somxebs SeRweva dauwyiaT

qristeSobamde IV saukunis dasawyisSi.

albaT maT Semosevas Tu gaeqca arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni da Crdi-

loeTiT gadasaxlda.

arian-qarTlis samefos miwa-wyalze somxebs CamouyalibebiaT aseve

kidev erTi somxuri samefo mcire armenia~. is moicavda yofili XVIII

satrapiis teritorias, maT Soris taos nawils, spers, yara-sus zemo

dinebas (Zv.w. IV s-dan), iqamde am miwa-wyalze cxovrobdnen sasperebi,

matienebi da alarodielebi (safiqrebelia, rom mcire armeniis mkvidri,

adgilobrivi, qarTuli mosaxleobis eTnikuri saxe bolomde ar Secv-

lila da iq qarTvelebi kidev didxans cxovrobdnen, rasac miuTiTebs

faqtebi imisa, rom am regionis maxlobel, uSualod momijnave miwa-

wyalze VI-VII s-Si Camoyalibda `qarTvelTa samTavro~ (somexTa same-

fos SemadgenlobaSi), IX-X saukuneebSi damoukidebeli taos qarTu-

li samTavroebi, Semdeg `qarTvelTa samefo~. konstantine porfiro-

genetis cnobebidan Cans, rom X saukuneSic ki araqsis marcxena sanapi-

ros miwa-wyali iberebis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda, xolo arzrumi qar-

Tvelebs TaviaT qalaqad miaCndaT.

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT basiani qarTuli qveyana iyo. taos

mefe daviT kurapalatis warmatebuli laSqrobebi vanis tbis mima-

rTulebiT, da am mxaris mis samefoSi gaerTianeba miuTiTebs, rom

araqsis marjvena sanapiros mxareebSic qarTvelebi jer kidev cx-

ovrobdnen da armenielebSi maTi asimiliaciis procesi ar iyo das-

rulebuli. am mxareebSi qarTvelTa eTnikuri identobis SenarCuneb-

isaTvis mniSvnelovani iqneboda faqti imisa, rom am areals esazRvre-

boda mcxeTis iberiis saxelmwifo. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, rom I-II sauku-

28

neebSi gaZlierebuli iberia TviT somxeTis samefosac marTavda (fars-

man mefisa da misi Svilebis dros), rac àrmeniis qarTuli zolis~

mosaxleobisaTvis qarTuli identobis gadarCenisaTvis didi stimu-

li iqneboda.

maSasadame, yofil XVIII satrapiaSi Zv.w. IV saukunisaTvis ori som-

xuri samefo Camoyalibda _ e.w. araratisa da mcire armeniisa. XIX

satrapiac ver acda somxur batonobas _ berZenTa da romaelTa mier

`dasavleT armeniad~ wodebuli miwa-wyali moicavda md. Woroxis zemo

da Sua dinebaTa qveynebis garkveul nawils (maT Soris taosa da sp-

eris nawilebs) da mdinare araqsis zemo dinebis auzs. tao da speri,

rogorc basiani, didxans, TiTqmis XV-XVI saukuneebamde da Semdegac

kvlav eTnikuri qarTuli qveynebi iyvnen, armenizaciis procesi am

qarTul mxareebSi SedarebiT neli iyo.

aleqsandre makedonels XVIII satrapia samarTavad gadaucia miTren

iarvandianisaTvis, romelic airaratis mefe iyo (iqve, gv. 36), maSasa-

dame savaraudod arian-qarTlis nawilic masve gadaeca.

T. qemerteliZe fiqrobs, rom radgan azonis mamis iaredosis saxe-

li msgavsia iarvandisa, amitomac isini naTesavebi iyvnen. Cveni azriT

maT orives (iarvandsa da iaredoss) saxelebi erqvaT qveynis arianis~

saxelis mixedviT, kerZod am qveynis saxelis fuZe (e.i. àr~) gadaq-

ceula am qveynis mflobelis sagvareulo saxelad. marTlac XVIII sa-

trapiis mmarTvelTa sagvareulo saxeli yofila iarvandianebi, iar-

vand _ saxelSi fuZe-Ziris nawilia àr~ (i-ar-vand) iseve, rogorc

iaredosSi (i-ar-edos).

àr~ fuZis mqone saxelebi aRniSnul regionSi mravlad iyo. to-

ponimi da hidronimi - araqsi, arsiani, arcni, arzne, arzrumi, arTvi-

ni, artaani, artanuji, Tu aras vityviT karinsa da karze _ arian-

qarTlis qveynis saxelis (arianis) Zveli naSTebi.

g. meliqiSvilma gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom saxeli `somexi~ war-

momdgaria qveynis saxelisagan, `suxma~, romelic T. qemerteliZis

sityviT mdebareobda murad-sus dinebis CrdiloeTiT, dasavleT ar-

meniaSi. suxma-soxma-soxmi-somxi da aqedan somxiTi, somxiTari, somexi.

istoriulad ki suxmas xuritul qveyanaSi xuriti matienebi cxov-

robdnen.

29

rac Seexeba sakuTriv armenias, is aqemenidebis dros Sedioda XIII sa-

trapiaSi da mdebareobda vanis tbis midamoebSi, md. tigrosis zemodinebis regionSi md. boxtan-sus SesarTavamde. esaa qsenofontes aR-

mosavleTi armenia~.

T. qemerteliZis azriT azoni mcxeTaSi gamefda 323-322 wlebSi

Zveli welTaRricxvisa, xolo 301 wels is daamarcxa farnavazma ar-

taanSi.

farnavazma amis Semdeg ilaSqra mcire armeniaSi (Zveli arian-qarT-

lis nawilSi) da aiRo misi mTavari qalaqi anikemaxi anu anZianZori,

saidanac ekelecis gavliT Sevida klarjeTSi. man `arian-qarTlis~

miwa-wyalze anu azonis mamulSi ilaSqra anZianZoridan _ klarjeTam-

de (SesaZloa anikemaxi iyo is qalaqi, sadac Semdeg daarsda kamaxis

saepiskoposo kaTedra).

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidrni iwodebodnen ase _ azna-

urebi~ (e.i. azonis politikuri memkvidreebi, STamomavlebi). qarTl-

Si ormefobis Jams (Zv.w. II-I ss.) mxolod aqauri erisTavebi ixsenebian

aznaurebad, Semdeg `aznaurebi~ - wodebriv fenad iqca (iqve, gv. 36).

saxelebi aznauri da azoni erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli.

azoni mcxeTaSi 24 weli mefobda, T. qemerteliZe eTanxmeba sxvebs

da miiCnevs, rom 301 wels diadoqos antigones mokvlis Semdeg wina

aziis zedamxedvelobis ufleba mieniWa iqamde Trakiis gamgebels

lisimaqes. am droisaTvis selevkim ukan daibruna mesopotamiis gamge-

bloba. am cvlilebebma gavlena iqonia azonis bedzec. kerZod 301

wels misi mfarveli antigones mokvlis Semdeg azons aujanyda mcxe-

Tis mamasaxlisis Zmiswuli farnavazi (iqve, gv. 37). man orwliani brZ-

olis Semdeg mcxeTis taxti daiWira, mas mxars uWerda selevki, azons

ki lisimaqe. gamarjvebis Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, farnavazma azonis

mamuli qveyana anu arian-qarTli dalaSqra.

miiCneva, rom azonis mcire aziur warmoSobaze (istoriuli samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelodan) migvaniSnebs mis mier Semotanili gacisa

da gas kerpebi.

30

àzonis mamuli~

(yarsi, arzrumi, tao_basiani da mimdebare mxareebi)

arian-qarTli àzonis mamulad~ iwodeboda anu is (arian qarTli)

azonis mamiseuli qveyana, azonis mamis samefo iyo.

vaxuStis sityviT, azonis mamuli iyo tao-basian-arzrumis mxare

mimdebare teritoriebiT.

tao da mimdebare didi olqebi àzonis mamuli~ rom iyo, TviT

gviani drois osmalur wyaroebSicaa asaxuli.

vaxuStamde didi xniT adre, XVI s-Si, osmaluri samTavrobo wyaro

aRniSnul teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT Semdeg cnobas iZleva _ àqmdebare soflebis umravlesoba yandurals ekuTvnis, mcire nawili kiazonis Svilebad cnobili aznaurebisaa~ (`Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisTvis~, 1983, gv. 54). vaxuSti mTel am mxareebs

klarjeTs akuTvnebda.

wyaros mTargmnel-komentatori, c. abulaZe, aRniSnavs, rom vaxuS-

tis cnobiT, klarjeTi iyo ara farnavazis, aramed azonis mamuli,

anu arian qarTlis mefis, azonis mamis samefos nawili, romelic Sem-

dgom farnavazs iaraRis ZaliT daupyria.

amitomac vaxuSti aRniSnavda kidec _ xolo klarjeTi ara ars wiliamaTi, aramed farnaoz daipyra Semdgomad azonis sikvdilisa~ (q. c., IV,

gv. 657). maSasadame, klarjeTi-tao-basiani _ azonis mamuli mxare iyo

da is farnavazma SemouerTa mcxeTis qarTlis samefos (kerZod, klar-

jeTi). aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxuStismieri ganmarteba klarjeTisa gan-

sxvavdeba amJamad miRebulisagan, kerZod, vaxuStis cnobiT klarjeTSi

Sedioda taoca da qaldea-zRvispireTic.

rogorc iTqva, basian-taoSi aznaurebs àzonis Svilebs~ _ TviT

XVI s-Sic ki uwodebdnen.

aRniSnul `yanduralis mamulSi~ c. abulaZis azriT, ìvaraudebaarzrumis olqis aRmosavleT mxares mdebare yarsis olqis dasavleTinawili~ (es is mxarea, romelic grigol bakurianis Zem gadasca sa-

qarTvelos samefos). albaT, araa SemTxeviTi, rom am adgilebSi mde-

bareobs provincia saxelwodebiT azordi~.

arzrumTan, àzonis mamulTan~, istoriulad dakavSirebulia Sem-

degi mxareebi:

31

`1. baiberdi _ mdebareobs md. Woroxis piras arzrum-trapizonis

gzaze, arzrumidan 100 km-is manZilze. adre Sedioda arzrumis olq-

Si, axla ki giumuSxanes sanjayia.

2. erzinjani _ olqi evfratis dablobze, arzrumidan dasavleTiT

176 km manZilze

3. alaSkerti _ mdebareobs aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, aliris olqis

sanjayia da 72 sofeli eqvemdebareba, alaSkertSi, sofel CangalSi,

arseboda qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedra (ix. eqvTime TayaiSvili,

arqeologiuri eqspedicia kola-olTisSi da CangalSi 1907 wels,

parizi, 1938, gv. 78-80). ufro safiqrebelia, rom is iyo sxva qalaq _

`valaSkertSi~.

4. avniqi (abniqi) _ sofeli arzrumis olqis fasinleris (udris

basians) raionSi. Sua saukuneebSi ixsenieba avniqis cixe,

5. kavkasiZeebi _ taos feodalebi iyvnen da Sediodnen iSxnelis

samwysoSi. `sul sakavkasiZeo~ qarTlis kaTalikoss emorCileboda

6. ispiri (speri) _ mdebareobs md. Woroxis marjvena napirze. amJa-

mad arzrumis olqis erTerTi raionia.

7. olTisi (Turqulad olTi) _ axlandeli olTu, mdebareobs imi-

er taoSi, olTisis wyalze, daipyres osmalebma 1549 wels. amJamad

arzrumis olqis raionuli centria.

8. bingioli _ mTa, mis Crdilo kalTidan iRebs saTaves mdinare

araqsi.

9. basiani _ axlandeli fasinleri arzrumis olqSi, basianis cixe

osmaluri wyaroebis hasan kalea.

10. Cobanis xidi _ mdebareobs arzrumis olqSi, fasinleridan 15

km daSorebiT md. araqsis da kargafazaris SesarTavSi.

11. TorTumi _ arzrumis vilaieTis erT-erTi sanjayi.

12. iSxani _ amJamad arTvinis olqis sofeli.

13. fanaki _ igive bana, arzrumis olqis sofelia.

14. artaani _ mxare mtkvris zemo welze, Turqebma miitaces 1551

wels, amJamad yarsis olqSia.

15. kola _ igive `mcire artaani~, Turquli `gele~. adre Sedioda

yarsis vilaieTSi.

16. SavSeTi _ osmalebma daipyres XVI s-Si. amJamad aqvs ori Temi _

merie da imerxevi, Sedis arTvinis olqSi. SavSeTis raionSia istori-

uli tbeTi, axlandeli jevizli, winaT centri iyo saTleli.

32

17. artanuji _ mdebareobs artanujis wylis marcxena napirze,

arTvinis olqSi.

18. murRulis Temi maWaxlisa da maradidis TemebTan erTad Sedis

arTvinis olqis borCxas raionSi, iwodeba giogTaSad~ (cnobebi moce-

mulia wignidan Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis~,

Turquli dokumentebi TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT gamosca cisana

abulaZem, 1983, gv. 58).

aqedanac Cans, rom qarTuli basiani Seesabameba berZnul fasians,

Turqul fasinlers, mxares Teodosiopolisis anu arzrumis (karnu-

qalaqis) Zalze vrceli olqisa, romelSic ispiric da baiberdic Se-

dioda, Cans, istoriuli ziganas CaTvliT, romlis adgilas amJamad

gumuSxanea.

ziganas olqSi Sedioda fasisis, anu fasidis samitropolito Tavisi

4 saepiskoposoTi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom araqsis piras amJamadac mdebareobs q. fasinleri,

romelsac c. abulaZis rukis mixedviT, Seesabameba basiani, anu qala-

qi basiani amJamad iwodeba fasinlerad.

am qalaqze, anu q. basianze gadioda ZiriTadi gza, romelic olTis-bana-artaanis gavliT javaxeTSi Sedioda. am gzas wyaroebSi `qarTlisgza~ ewodeba. es gza mocemulia c. abulaZis rukaze (iqve, gv. 31). mxarisdidi kldianobis gamo is erTaderTi ZiriTadi gza iyo. amJamadac es gzaumTavresia. misi erTi monakveTi artaanidan SavSeTis gziT (artaan-ar-tanuji) uerTdeba Woroxsa da Sav zRvas.

am gziT unda gaevlo artaanidan _ artanuj-SavizRvisaken, petrasken

mimaval xosros, radganac n. adoncis cnobiT, is Teodosiopolisidan,

anu arzrumidan (basianidan) gaemgzavra petraSi. es gza, c. abulaZis

sityviT, iyo `ZiriTadi samarSruto gza~ (iqve, gv. 30).rogorc iTqva, fasisi erqva md. araqss k. porfirogenetis sityviT.

p. ingoroyvas azriT, fas, fasisi niSnavs wyals, mdinares, fasiani ki

wylian mxares, marTlac, basianis mosazRvre, mis samxreTiT mdebare

`bingioli~ iTargmneba rogorc `aTasi tba~ (iqve, gv. 30). `aTasi tbi-

Ta~ da mdinareebiT mdidari mxare marTlac wyliani, wyaluxvi unda

yofiliyo.

33

xalibTa qaldus qveyana~ arian-qarTlis

safuZveli

( moqcevaY qarTlisaYsa~ da strabonis cnobebi)

yvelaze uZvelesi qarTuli wyaros `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ mixed-

viT Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare arian-qarTlis me-

fis Ze azonma safuZveli Cauyara `qarTlis samefos~. es momxdara

qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebSi.

gvaqvs Tu ara romelime ucxouri wyaro, romelic gvaZlevs cnobebs

imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT qristeSoba-

mde V-IV saukuneebSi namdvilad arsebobda raime qarTuli saxelm-

wifo, SeeZlo Tu ara iq mcxovreb mravalricxovan qarTul tomTagan

erT romelimes sxva tomebis konsolidacia da erTian saxelmwifod

Camoyalibeba?

aRniSnul epoqaSi iyo Tu ara romelime tomi gamokveTilad Zlieri?

Cven gvaqvs aRniSnuli epoqis saistorio wyaroebi, esaa qsenofon-

tes, strabonisa da sxvaTa cnobebi, romelTa dayrdnobiTac SesaZle-

belia msjeloba aRniSnul sakiTxze. esenia:

1. qsenofontes naSromi kiropedia _ romlis mixedviTac xaldebi

(xalibebi) iyo didi xalxi, fasianebi maTi gavlenis sferoSi Sediod-

nen, xalibebi fasianTa qveynis samxreTiTac ki ibrZodnen, Sesabamis-

ad isini vrcel teritorias akontrolebdnen _ trapezuntis maxlo-

beli qedebidan, vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde.

2. strabonis cnobiT xalibebi didi xalxi iyo, radganac maTi

winaprebi troaSic ibrZodnen _ imJamindel xalibebs erqvaT aseve

aliZonebi (alazonebi). xaldebis anu xalibebis _ Tanametomeni iyvnen

karduxebi. isini vanistbispireTidan vidre SavizRvispireTamde cxov-

robdnen. kardux-xaldebis qveyana iyo erTi xalxis qveyana, romelic

n. adoncis sityviT somxebma or nawilad gakveTes.

3. megasTenes cnobiT iberebi nabuqodonosorma gadaasaxla libii-

dan SavizRvispireTSi. aq `libiis~ qveS unda igulisxmebodes ara af-

rikis libia, aramed qveyana luvia~, romelic vanistbispireTSi mde-

bareobda. iberebi igive karduxebi unda iyvnen, romelTa erTi nawili

nabuqodonosorma vanistbispireTidan gadaasaxla Savi zRvispireTSi.

34

am gadasaxlebiTa da Tanametome xalibebisa da karduxebis urTierT-

SereviT safuZveli unda Cayroda `arian-qarTlis~ samefos. Tavis

mxriv, Cans, karduxebs mosxebis nawilad miiCnevdnen.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaY~ wers _ da Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa mov-ida aleqsandre mefe yovlisa qveyanisa... da Tana-hyvanda aleqsandresmefesa azoi, Ze arian qarTlisa mefisa, da miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad dasazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisada warvida~ (`moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli li-

teraturis Zeglebi~, I, 1964, gv. 81).

qarTli, rogorc am wyarodan Cans, jer kidev ar ewodeboda im

qveyanas, romelSic Camoyalibda axali saxelmwifo da romlis mefe-

dac dasva aleqsandre makedonelma azo. yovel SemTxvevaSi masze me-

matiane wers, rom azo iyo `pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina~ (iqve, gv. 82),

e.i. ara qarTlisa, aramed mcxeTisa, iqamde qarTli azonis mamis same-

fos erqva (arian-qarTli). qarTli mcxeTis qveyanas azonis dros ewoda.

samefos sabolood Camoyalibebis Semdeg _ qarTlis mefe azons uwo-

des, magram, rogorc iTqva, Tavdapirvelad is iyo mefe mcxeTas Sina~,

mcxeTa iyo dedaqalaqi, axali saxelmwifosi. am axali saxelmwifos

sazRvrebi aseTi iyo _ egriswyali, hereTi, somxiTi da mTa crolisa(amJamad md. egriswyali gaedineba Tanamedrove afxazeTSi da is Cans

iyo md. RaliZga, bediasTan), farnavazi ukve am sazRvrebSi moqceuli

qarTlis mefe iyo.

qarTlis samefos hereTis sazRvarTan dakavSirebiT albaT, azosa

da farnavazis Jams hereTi ar ewodeboda Tanamedrove samxreT ka-

xeTs (bodbes qveyanas), rogorc miiCnevs sabWouri saistorio skola,

aramed hereTi mdebareobda mis gareT.

marTlac, rodesac farnavazma qarTlis samefo dayo administraci-

ul erTeulebad, Tanamedrove samxreT kaxeTSi mdebare kxoeTi~ (ku-

xeTi), romlis mTavari qalaqi iyo bodisi (bodbe) kaxeTis saerisTa-

voSi Seiyvana (iqve, gv. 89), maSasadame bodbe iyo ara hereTSi, aramed

kuxeTSi.

wyaros somxiTi~, gulisxmobs armeniis qveyanas, esaa qarTlis same-

fos samxreTi sazRvari, Crdilo sazRvarze `mTa crolisa~ mdebare-

obda. xolo klarjeTi jer kidev ar Sedioda farnavazis samefoSi, is

kvlavindeburad azos mamis arian-qarTlis samefos nawili iyo.

35

rogorc iTqva am saxelmwifos Tavdapirvelad `qarTli~ ar erqva,

aramed mas qarTli mas Semdeg ewoda, rac azom arian-qarTlis~ same-

fodan Camoiyvana mosaxleoba saxelwodebiT àrian-qarTvelni~, da

isini ganasaxla mTel Tavis saxelmwifoSi egiswylidan hereTamde,

somxiTidan _ crolis mTamde. maSasadame, azos arian-qarTvelni~ dau-

saxlebia rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. am xalx-

is saxelma `qarTvelni~ misca saxelwodeba axali saxelmwifos xalxs

_ `qarTvelni~, xolo TviT saxelmwifos `qarTlis samefo~ daerqva,

radganac misi damaarsebeli àrian-qarTlis mefis Ze azo~ iyo. am

saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdeg ukve arsebobda ori `qarTlis same-

fo~, erTi iyo samxreTiT da mas àrian-qarTli~ erqva, meore ki iyo

CrdiloeTiT da misi dedaqalaqi mcxeTa iyo.

mcxeTaSi gamefebis Semdeg èse azoY warvida arian-qarTlad, mamisaTvisisa, da warmoiyvana rva saxli da aTni saxlni mama-mZuZeTani da daj-da Zvel mcxeTas. da Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da gaim, da eseiyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina azoY, Ze arian qarTvelTa mefisa da mokv-da. da Semdgomad misa dadga farnavaz~ (iqve, gv. 82).

Camoyalibda axali qarTlis samefo (mcxeTisa), xolo Zveli qarT-

lis samefo (àrian-qarTli~) gaurkvevel viTarebaSi aRigava pirisa-

gan miwisa. vin iyo misi mosaxleoba, sad mdebareobda is an ra bedia

ewia mis xalxs?

am kiTxvebs pasuxi gasca XII saukuneSi arsen berma, romelic daviT

aRmaSeneblis moZRvari yofila.

is werda, rom Zveli arian-qarTlis mosaxleoba iyo eTnikuri qar-

Tveloba da maT àrian-qarTvelni~ erqvaT. daviT aRmaSeneblis epo-

qis saqarTvelos ersa da Zvel àrian-qarTlis~ ers Soris pirdapiri

genetikuri memkvidreobiTi kavSiri yofila.

arsen beri wers _ `Cven Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosul-Tani da enaY maTi vuwyiT~. maSasadame, qarTuli enac ki arian-qarTvel-

Ta ena yofila, maTi STamomavlebi _ qarTveloba iyo.

Cveni TvalsazrisiT arian-qarTlis samefo realurad arsebobda dais warmoadgenda xalibebis (igive xaldebis) saxelmwifos, romelmacSeZlo daaxloebiT Zv.w. 401-330 wlebSi taoxebis, makronebis, fasianeb-isa da sxva qarTuli tomebis Tavis irgvliv konsolidacia da amis safuZ-

velze saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba.

36

401 wels xalibebis (xaldebis) tomi Tavisi TvaliT ixila qseno-

fontem, romelic saTaveSi edga berZenTa aTi aTas kacian razms, ro-

melic babilonidan saberZneTisaken mieSureboda.

es laSqroba Tavis or naSromSi anabazissa da kiropediaSi asaxa

qsenofontem. man gaiara fasianebis, xalibebisa da sxva qarTuli tome-

bis qveynebi. misi cnobiT xalibebi _ yvelaze meomari da saxelovani

xalxi iyo sxva tomTa Soris.

`kiropediisa~ da anabasisis~ cnobaTa urTierTSejerebiT irkveva, romxalibebs//xaldebs, romelic yvelaze ufro meomar da mamac xalxad iT-vleboda ara mxolod im mxareSi, aramed im tomTa Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec elinebma gaiares (Gyr., III, 2,7; Anab., IV. 7.15), Tavisi hegemoniada satomo saxeli samxreTiT sakmaod Sors gaevrcelebinaT~ (g. WeiSvili,

Zveli berZnebis TvaliT danaxuli istoriul-geografiuli procesebi

(qsenofonte da misi `kiropedia~, analebi, 2001, N1, gv. 10).

qsenofontes mtkicebiT qaldebi (xaldebi) omis JiniT iyvnen Sepy-

robilni (Gyr., III, 2,7), isini ibrZodnen da xSirad imarjvebdnen kidec.

fasianebis qveyana _ xaldebis gavlenis qveS iyo moqceuli, isini

akontrolebdnen Woroxis xeobasa da zRvispireTs.

ucxo TvalisaTvis qaldebi (xaldebi) Candnen dampyroblebad, ro-

melnic arbevdnen somxur soflebs, magram, rogorc Cans, isini (xal-

ibebi, igive xaldebi) Tvlidnen, rom piriqiT, somxebi SeiWrnen maT

miwa-wyalze, ukanonod waarTves saxnav-saTesi miwebi da gadaaqcies

mTagoriani qveynis mcxovreblebad, sadac saxnav-saTesi farTobebis

arqonis gamo siRaribeSi cxovrobdnen. amitomac, xaldebi iZulebulni

iyvnen Tavs dasxmodnen im somxur soflebs, romelnic maT yofil

miwa-wyalze amoizardnen. somxebi midiel-sparselTa mxardaWeris

gareSe aseT warmatebas ver miaRwevdnen. sparselebma daimorCiles

somxebi, xalibebi ki maTTan SedarebiT Tavisufalni iyvnen.

sparseTis imperiaSi somxebi imperiis erTgul xalxad iqcnen, mSvi-

dobian mcxovreblebad, miwis muSebad, romelTac imperiisaTvis Se-

mosavali mohqondaT. es somxebi fasianebis qarTuli tomis samxreTiT

cxovrobdnen. fasianebi ki, rogorc iTqva xaldebis gavlenis sfero-

Si moeqcnen, xaldebi fasianTa qveynis samxreTiT somxur soflebs

arbevdnen. amis gamo sparseTis Sahi SeSfoTebuli iyo (fasianebi araqsis

(fazisis) xeobaSi cxovrobdnen).

37

`kiropediis~ Tanaxmad, kiros didma (558-529) armeniis damorCilebis

Semdeg xaldebze galaSqreba gadawyvita (iqve, gv. 9).

xaldebis danaSaulad iTvleboda SeWra sparseTis imperiis sazRvre-

bis SigniT (radganac armenielebi ukve imperiis mcxovreblebad iTvle-

bodnen). am armenielebis dacva ki, SahebisaTvis mniSvnelovani saqme

iyo, ara erTi da ori Taobis manZilze.

SemdgomSi sparselebs gadauwyvetiaT armenielebsa da xaldebs

Soris mSvidobianoba CamoegdoT orive mxaris ekonomikuri interese-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod xaldebisaTvis SeuTavazebiaT daemuSave-

binaT armenielTa mier xeldebuli saxnav-saTesi savargulebi, ris

sanacvlodac armenielebs SeeZlebodaT uSiSrad eZovebinaT Tavian-

Ti saqoneli xaldebis mTebis saZovrebze.

orive mxare daTanxmebula, magram realurad xaldebs ar Seuw-

yvetiaT ganmaTavisuflebeli omebi armenielTa winaaRmdeg da qseno-

fontes Tavisi TvaliT uxilavs fasianebis samxreTiT gaveranebuli

somxuri soflebi.

fasianebi, Cans, aSkarad Tu farulad mxars uWerdnen xaldebs arme-

nielebTan omisas, radganac fasianebi sparselebma armenielebs dau-

qvemdebares. fasianebi da xaldebi am saqmeSi konsolidirebulni Canan.

`fasianebis qveyana, romelic formalurad dasavleT armeniis sa-

traps tiribazs ekuTvnoda (Anab., VII, 8, 25) faqtiurad xalibebis gav-

lenis qveS moeqca, ufro samxreTiT xalibebi somxuri miwebis moTare-

SebiT kmayofildebodnen~ (iqve, gv. 10).

fasianebis samxreTiT aTobiT kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli gaveraneb-

uli somxuri soflebi. teritoria sparselebis TvalTaxedviT somxebs

ekuTvnoda, magram xalibebs es miwa-wyali Tavis sakuTrebad miaCndaT,radganac somxebis dasaxlebamde iq TviTon cxovrobdnen, amitom somxe-

bi maT miwaze SemoWril mtrad esaxebodaT, amiT iyo gamowveuli xalibe-

bis Tavganwiruli omebi armenielebis winaaRmdeg.

fasianebi arzrumis arealSic cxovrobdnen da araqsis anu fazisis

xeobaSic, sadac Semdeg qarTuli provincia basiani iyo ganfenili

(arzrumidan qalaq agramde), mis samxreTiT, armenielTa mier dakave-

bul miwebze (TiTqmis vanis tbamde) SemdgomSi, mravali saukunis Sem-

deg, qarTuli saxelmwifos ganvrcobas (daviT III kurapalatis dros X

38

saukuneSi), Cans, safuZvlad edo iq SemorCenili mkvidri, Zveli, adg-

ilobrivi qaldeur-xaliburi warmoSobis mosaxleobis qarTul-erov-

nuli TviTSemecneba. erTi sityviT im mxareebis mosaxleobas X saukuni-

saTvisac ki jer kidev SemorCenili hqonda Tavisi qarTuli Zirebis ma-

xsovroba, qarTuli identobis elementebi.

qsenofontes dros taoxebisa da fasianebis konsolidacia Tavis

irgvliv namdvilad SeeZlo xalibebis mebrZol da imJamad gamarjve-

bul toms.

g. WeiSvilis TvalsazrisiT qsenofontes dros Tavisufali xali-

bebi Woroxis xeobaSi cxovrobdnen~ (anabazisi, IV, 7.15-17, iqve, gv. 9),

miiCneva rom isini TorTomis xeobaSic cxovrobdnen, radganac aqaa

xoronimi `xaldoZori~ (iqve, gv. 9).

g. WeiSvilis azriT, xaldoZori~ moicavda baiburTis mxares anu

im qveyanas, sadac qsenofontes mixedviT skviTinebi cxovrobdnen~

(iqve, gv. 9).

xaldebis sacxovrisi im teritorias moicavda (Woroxidan basian-air-aratis samxreTamde) sadac arian-qarTlis samefos arseboba moiazreba.es, SeiZleba iTqvas, sxa teritoriebTan erTad Semdgomi mesxeTia Tavi-si tao-basianiT Tu Woroxis xeobiT.

`eTnonimi xaldi~ ZvelberZnebisaTvis xalibis~ sinonims warmoad-

genda~ (iqve, gv. 9).

xaldebi rom saxelganTqmuli meomari xalxi iyo, amas strabonic

adasturebs _ misi cnobiT xaldebi trapezuntis zRvispireTis Ziri-Tadi xalxi iyo.

strabonis cnobiT amisodan trapezuntamde zRviT iyo 2200 sta-

dioni, xolo trapezuntidan fazisamde 1400 stadioni. amisodan tra-

pezuntamde zRviT jer herakleasa da iazonis koncxebia, Semdeg ko-

tiora (farnakia) da kerasunti, romelsac mosdevs trapezunti da

trapezuntisTanave kolxida _ trapezunti, mere kolxida, sadRac aqveazigopolisad wodebuli punqti~ (XII, III, 17).

(zigopolisi _ ziganaa, trapezuntis samxreTSi, istoriul kolxi-

daSi, sadac SemdegSi lazTa episkoposebis erTerTi kaTedra iyo).

ai, am viwro sanapiros zemoT~ (e.i. trapezuntis samxreT mTianeT-

Si) cxovrobdnen qarTuli tomebi, da maT Soris strabonis mier gamor-

Ceuli qaldebi.

39

straboni wers, rom cnobili dasaxlebuli punqti zigopolisi kol-

xidaSi Sedioda.

strabonis rukaze zigopolisi ewodeba Semdgom ziganas, romelic

trapezunt-Teodosipolisis SemaerTebel gzaze mdebareobda. bizan-

tiur periodSi zigana qaldeas TemSi Sedioda. es iyo strabonis kolxi-

da (e.i. trapezuntis samxreTi da samxreT aRmosavleTi mxare _ tra-

pezunt-rize-xofas regioni da ara dasavleT saqarTvelo).

straboni wers _ `trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxovroben

tibaranebi, qaldebi da sanebi, romelTac uwin uwodebdnen makronebs,

aqvea mcire armenia, am adgilebis axlos cxovroben apaitebi, uwindeli

kerkitebi. am adgilebze gadaWimulia skidise, kldovani mTa, romelic

uerTdeba mosxur mTebs, romlebic kolxidis zemoT mdebareoben. mwver-

valebi uWiravT heptakometebs. pariadre sidenesa da TemiskirasTan

mdebare adgilebidan mcire armeniamde vrceldeba da hqmnis pontosaRmosavleT napirs~ (straboni, XII, III, 18).

strabonisve cnobiT iberebis Tavdapirveli, Zveli sacxovrisi, ode-

sRac moicavda pariadres kalTebs, xorZenesa da gogarenas, romelnic

maTgan miitaca armeniam.

maSasadame, pariadre odesRac iberebis qveynis nawili iyo, paria-

dre ki Temiskisadan iwyeboda (amJamindeli Terme). strabonis dros

es mxareebi kvlav qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, zemoTCamoTv-

lili tibaranebiT, qaldebiT, sanebiT (makronebiT), apaitebiT (ker-

kitebiT), heptakometebiT (mosinikebiT) da sxvebiT, Tumca am miwa-

wyals ukve armeniis nawilad miCnevdnen.

imis gamo, rom es iberebi (e.i. pariadres kalTebze mcxovrebi tomebi)

armeniam Zv. w. II s-Si CamoaSora iberias, isini aRmoCndnen iberiis

samefos gareT, Sesabamisad, erovnulad daucvelni.

am tomTa Soris straboni, rogorc iTqva, aRniSnavs qaldebis si-

Zlieres da maT miuZRvna Tavisi Sromis arc Tu mcire nawili. kerZod

strabonis azriT qaldebis winaprebi imdenad cnobili xalxi iyo,

rom monawileobdnen troas omSi da maT axsenebs homerosi.

straboni wers _ exlandeli qaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebod-

nen, ufro amaT Soris mdebareobs farnakia, romelsac zRvidan aqvs Se-

mosavali, pelamidebis Werisagan, xolo miwidan iRebs liTonebs, exla

40

rkinas, uwin vercxlsac, saerTod am adgilebSi sanapiro metismetad

viwroa, radgan iqve, zemoT aRmarTulia liTonebiT savse da tyiani mTe-bi, muSavdeba ki cota. momTamadneebi Tavs irCenen liTonis mopovebiT,

xolo mezRvaurni _ mebadurobiT... vfiqrob amaT (xalibebs) axsenebs

poeti (homerosi) _ aliZonebad, katalogSi~, paflagonielebis Semdeg:

`xolo odiosi da epistrofosi mouZRodnen aliZonebs, Soreuli ali-

bedan, sadac aris vercxlis sabado~ (str. XII, III, 20).

strabonis azriT qveyana xalibe anu alibe iyo qaldebis (xalibeb-

is) sacxovrisi `skepsiselic fiqrobs, rom saxeli Seicvala da ali-

bebidan miviReT xalibebi~ (iqve, XII, III, 20).

homerosi `alizonebs (aliZonebs) uwodebs xalibebs... zogni weren

alazonebs, zogni ki amazonebs. ... es aixsneba weriTi cvlilebiT, radgan

[efore] wers ase: `xolo alazonebs mouZRodnen odiosi da epitropo-

si~... (str. XII, III, 21-22).

straboni ekamaTeba maT, vinc fiqrobda, rom troelTa dasaxmare-

blad ar mosulan mdinare halisis gadaRmidan mcxovrebni, amitomac

strabonis epoqis erT-erTi cnobili mkvlevari roca fiqrobda, rom

haliZonebis sacxovrisi ar unda moeTavsebinaT md. halisis gadaRma,

straboni mas ar daeTanxma da gaakritika.

straboni mis Sesaxeb wers `ra mizezis gamo ar cnobs, rom md. hali-

sis gadaRmidan mosuliyo romelime mokavSire... ra daabrkolebda mo-

suliyo gaRma qveynidan, romelic aris levkosirebis iqiT... me vfiqrob,

rom araferi daabrkolebda, radgan arc egre Sors iyvnen, rom Zneli

yofiliyo iqedan mosvla~.

qaldebis Zvel qveyanas (xalibe, alibes) miucia saxeli qaldebi-

saTvis _ alazonebs ki saxeli miuciaT cnobili tomisaTvis _ ama-

zonebisaTvis (aseve qaldebisaTvis).

rogorc qaldebis, ise amazonebis sacxovrisi isazRvrebda md.

TemiskirasTan, sidenesTan, farnakiasTan axlos.

orive (qaldebi anu alazonebi da amazonebi) saxelganTqmuli meo-

mari tomi iyo.

strabonis rukaze, romelic Tan erTvis 1964 wels gamocemul mis

rusul Targmans, alizonebis (anu alazonebis) sacxovrisi kerasus-

farnas qvemoT mTianeTSia gansazRvruli pariadres qedis kalTaze.

41

straboni wers _ `farnakiisa da trapezuntis maxloblad mdebare

adgilebs zemoT arian tibarenebi da qaldeebi, vidre mcire armeniamde.

es ki sakmaod mdidari qveyanaa, mas iseve, rogorc sofenes, mudam ga-

nagebdnen Tavisi dinastebi, maTi qveSevrdomebi iyvnen qaldeebi da

tibarenebi, ise, rom trapezuntamde da farnakiamde vrceldeba maTi

xelisufleba, xolo rodesac gaZlierda miTridate evpatori, is gaxda

kolxidisa da yvela amaTi batoni~ (str. XII, III, 28).

rogorc vTqviT Zv. w. II s-Si armeniam iberiisagan miitaca pariadre,

amitomacaa, rom pariadresTan mcxovrebi tibarenebi da qaldeebi mcire

armeniis dinasts eqvemdebarebodnen trapezuntidan _ farnakiamde.

miTridate evpatorma es mmarTveloba Tavis xelSi aiRo da is kolxi-

dis mmarTvelic gaxda. es kolxida iwyeboda trapezuntis aRmosavle-

TiT, anu trapezunti erTmaneTisgan hyofda mcire armeniis dinaste-

bis miwas da kolxidas.

trapezuntidan _ farnakiamde (daaxloebiT Tanamedrove trab-

zonidan _ ordumde) mcxovrebi tibarenebi da qaldebi mcire armeni-

is gamgebel arqelaes epyra. strabonis dros is Secvala misma qvriv-

ma piTodorosma. kolxida rom trapezunts esazRvreboda Cans am uka-

nasknelis sagamgeblo teritoriis sazRvrebidan _ tibarenebi da qal-

debi kolxidamde, farnakiamde da trapezuntamde upyria piTodoross,

romelic Wkviani qalia~ (str. XII, III, 29).

strabonis dros saxelovani qaldebi ukve dasustebulebi iyvnen,

isini Zlierebi iyvnen ori-sami saukuniT adre 401-330 wlebSi. qseno-

fontes cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, isini Zalze Zlierni iyvnen da Tavi-

anT gamgeblobas taoxebsa da fasianebzec avrcelebdnen.

kvleva aCvenebs, rom lazTa (e.i. alazonTa) saxelovani tomis sax-

eli qaldebs ukavSirdeba.

Sesabamisad arasworia, XX s-is istorikosTa TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos-

da Tavdapirvelad lazebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen, saida-

nac isini VII-VIII ss-Si trapezuntis regionSi gadasaxldnen.

araviTari wyaro ar arsebobs am mosazrebaTa dasamtkiceblad. es

mxolod varaudebia, maSin, rodesac straboni qaldebs pirdapir akav-

Sirebs alazonebTan.

42

saxeli alazoni (igive lazoni) safuZvelia satomo saxelisa lazi.

es saxeli _ lazi _ konkretulad bolo droisaTvis arc erT toms ar

erqva, magaliTad arzrumelebi lazebs uwodebdnen trapezuntis re-

gionSi mcxovrebT, da piriqiT, trapezuntelebi arzrumelebs. aqedan

Cans, rom lazonia, lazTa qveyana zogadad erqva vrcel regions,

sadac odesRac qaldebis xelisufleba vrceldeboda.

saxelisagan _ lazi _ unda iyos warmoSobili saxelebi arze, ara-

zani, arzena, arzes qveyana. es saxeli karduxebis mezobel qveyana _

`alzTanac~ unda iyos dakavSirebuli. saerTod karduxebisa da qalde-

bis saxelebis identurobac maniSnebelia maTi eTnikuri naTesaobisa.

karduxebi _ qsenofontes epoqaSi qaldebis msgavsad Zlier meomre-

bad iTvlebodnen.

strabonis cnoba iberielTa miwebis

armenielebis mier mitacebis Sesaxeb

(pariadres kalTebi, xorZene da gogarena)

straboni wers: mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis patara qvey-ana gafarTovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad. isini iyvnenantioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg ki mefeebi gaxd-

nen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo, CamoaWres ra irgv-liv mcxovreb xalxebs olqebi. kerZod, iberebisagan miitaces pariadresmTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene, romelic kiris meore mxaresaa, xali-bebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres kareniti da qserqsene, mcire armeniis mo-sazRvre nawilebi~ (straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5).

antioqos didis sardlebi artaqsia da zariadri magneziis brZo-

laSi qristeSobamde 188 wels antioqosis damarcxebis Semdeg mefee-

bi gaxdnen da brZolebiT gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo, ker-

Zod iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogare-

ne anu istoriuli arian qarTlis miwa-wyali, azonis mamis mamuli.

pariadres adgilsamyofeli cnobilia, xolo cnobas gogarenes adg-

ilsamyofelis Sesaxeb TviTon iZleva straboni. gogarena da gugarqi

43

ar iyo erTidaigive qveyana, kerZod gugarqi somxur wyaroebSi erqva

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogadad, ufro xSirad ki qvemo qarTls,

mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze. misgan gansxvavebiT gogarene mdebare-

obda ara mtkvris marjvena, aramed marcxena sanapiroze, anu mtkvris

iqiT, meore mxares~ _ rogorc ambobs straboni _ `sakasenas Semdeg~.

gogarena mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze unda veZioT, am Ziebis dros

Cven gamogvadgeba strabonis cnoba `Sua iberiis~ Sesaxeb. Sua iberia

SemosazRvruli iyo kavkasiidan gamomavali samxreTisaken mimarTuli

qedebiT. Cveni kvleviT strabonis `Sua iberia~ qarTlis cxovrebis

`Sua qarTlia~, igive Sida qarTli SemosazRvruli suramisa da qarT-

lis samxreTisaken mimarTuli qedebiT. Tu arsebobda termini Sua

iberia, cxadia arsebobda aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi iberia, romel-

Ta mimarTac maT Soris moqceuli qveyana Suad, anu Sua iberiad iwode-

boda. aqedan gamomdinare aRmosavleT iberia unda rqmeoda Sida qarT-

lis momijnave kaxeTis regions. gogarena mis iqiT, anu kaxeTis mom-

ijnave mtkvris iqiT mdebare miwa-wyals unda rqmeoda anu Saqisa da

yabalas regionebs, dRevandel Saqisa da oguzis (varTaSenis) raio-

nebs, mingeCauris wyalsacavis iqiT. Cven es kvleva gvesaWiroeba, raTa

ganvsazRvroT xorZenas adgilsamyofeli, romelic arian qarTlis

guli, centraluri nawili unda yofiliyo.

xorZena, rogorc strabonis cnobidan Cans, pariadres mTiswineTsa

da gogarenas Sua mdebareobda. anu pariadresa da mtkvars Sua, radga-

nac mtkvris iqiT ukve gogarena iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, xorZena Ziri-

Tadad araqsis marcxena sanapiros qveyanas erqva mtkvramde, araqsis

saTavesTan gvianobamde SemorCa saxeli mcire provinciisa _ xorZiana.

Zv.w. II saukuneSi, xorZena vrceli qveyana iyo, araqsis saTavedan

mtkvramde gadaWimuli. maSasadame, pariadredan mtkvramde _ xorZe-

nas mTiani qveyana mdebareobda.

marTlac, araqsis marcxena sanapiros qveyana didxans iyo qarTve-

lebiT dasaxlebuli. konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT sazRvrad

iberebsa da bizantielebs Soris X s-Sic ki mtkvari ido, erevnis qve-

yanas Sua saukuneebSic ki, zogierTi somexi mwerali `saqarTvelos~

uwodebda, basianisa da taos qarTvelobis Sesaxeb TviT somxuri wya-

roebi miuTiTeben, romelic qvemoTaa mocemuli.

44

maSasadame, artaqsiasa da zariadres iberebisagan miutacniaT paria-

dres kalTebis garda, araqsispireTi mtkvramde anu xorZene, mtkvris

iqiT ki gogarene.

es qveynebi qmnidnen arian-qarTls.

mitacebis Semdgom am mxareebSi daiwyo qarTvelebis armenizacia,

sxvadasxva saukuneSi sxvadasxva donisa.

armenizaciis procesi Senelda IX-X saukuneebSi. ganaxlda XI sauku-

neSi bizantiis imperatorebis basili II-isa da sxvebis iberiaSi omebis

Semdeg (im epoqaSi am mxareebs iberia erqva, xolo dRevandel saqarTve-

los im epoqaSi afxazeTad moixsenebdnen).

SavizRvispireTis regioni (igulisxmeba rogorc dasavleT saqarTve-

lo ise qaldea-arzrumis regioni), jer kidev qristeSobamde IV-III sauku-

neTa cnobebiT _ qarTvelebiT yofila dasaxlebuli babilonis mefe

nabuqodonosoris droidan (Zv. w. 604-562).

am informacias iZleva megasTene _ Zveli berZeni mwerali IV-III ss.

is wers pontos zRvis marjvena mxares nabuqodosoris mier iberTa

dasaxlebis Sesaxeb.

iberebi nabuqodosors libiidan SavizRvispireTSi gadmousaxlebia.

rogorc es mravaljer aRiniSneba am naSromSi, libiis qveynis qveS

unda igulisxmebodes vanistpispira qveyana luvia, romelic gaZliere-

buli iyo Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebSi, es qveyana am droisaTvis frigiul-

mesxuri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic Cans IV-III saukunisaTvis

ukve iberebad miiCneodnen.

iqamdec, saukuneebiT adre, d. musxeliSvilis daskvniT, es, area-

li, romlis gulsac arzrumis plato warmoadgenda, qarTvelebiT

iyo dasaxlebuli, sadac maTi saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebi sauku-

neTa manZilze erTmaneTs cvlida.

is wers, taoelebis cnobili saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba _ dia-

oxi (daiane), romelmac iarseba Zv. w. XII-VIII ss-Si, VII saukunisaTvis

Secvala xalibebis xalitum da Semdeg VI s-Si sasper-iberebma (d. musxe-

liSvili, aRmosavlel qarTvel tomTa gaerTianebani qarTlis same-

fos warmoqmnamde, macne, istoriis seria, 2012, 2, gv. 32).

maTi memkvidre iyo arian-qarTli, romelic IV-III ss-Si armenielTa

Setevis obieqtad iqca, Cans amis gamo mefis Ze azonma Tavisi samxe-

45

dro elitiT qarTvelebiTve dasaxlebul CrdiloeTis mxareebSi ga-

daitana saxelmwifos centri (armazSi).

arian-qarTlis qarTvelobisaTvis rTuli dro dadga, Tumca isini

TavianT erovnul vinaobas saukuneTa manZilze inarCunebdnen. arzrum-

tao-basianis regioni iveriad iwodeboda I aTaswleulSi da didxans

Semdegac.

azo-farnavazis Sidadinastiuri brZola

azo-farnavazis epoqis ori qarTlis samefodan arian-qarTls ufro

ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebrioba hqonia da ufro Zlieri yofila

samxedro-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, vidre mcxeTis qarTli.

Crdilo anu mcxeTis qarTlsac hqonia garkveuli saxelmwifoe-

briobis Canasaxebi: `mcxeTeli mamasaxlisis~ saxiT, romlis uzenae-

sobas cnobdnen sxva adgilobrivi didebulebi.

mcxeTis qarTlis dapyrobis Semdeg azons CrdiloeTis qarTvelTa

saxelmwifo mtkiced Camouyalibebia, magram Semdgom iq dawyebula

dinastiuri omi.

miiCneva, rom azo-farnavazis omi Sidadinastiuri brZolis niSniT

mimdinareobda, da rom farnavazi da azo saerTo dinastiuri saxlis

sxvadasxva ganStoebebs ganasaxierebdnen, romelTa Soris ufros-um-

crosobis principiT uflebebi da samarTavi teritoria iyo danawile-

buli (m. surgulaZe, bagrationTa samefo saxli, 1995, gv. 19). amave

saxlis wevri unda yofiliyo aseve egrisis erisTavi quji.

46

vaxtang gorgasali istoriuli

arian-qarTlis miwa-wyalze

msgavsad farnavazisa, vaxtang gorgasalmac ilaSqra istoriuli

samxreT iberiis miwa-wyalze, azonis mamulSi~. Cans, vaxtangis mizani

iyo iberiisaTvis daebrunebina is miwa-wyali, romelic strabonis

cnobiT Zv.w. II saukuneSi armeniam Camoacala iberias (gogarena, xorZene

da pariadres kalTebi).

qarTlis cxovrebis cnobiT farnavazma qristeSobamde III saukune-

Si ilaSqra `azonis mamul~ klarjeTSi da ufro samxreTiT.

vaxuStis cnobiT, rogorc iTqva, klarjeTi moicavda ara mxolod

erT mxares, aramed uvrceles regions qaldea-trapezuntidan Woro-

xamde.

anZianZora istoriuli saqarTvelos sazRvarze mdebareobda.

sazRvars istoriul iberiasa da saberZneTs Soris mematiane aTav-

sebs anZianZorasTan (igive anZoreTTan) _ `warvida farnavaz da mo-tyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekleciT Semoiqca~ (q. c.,

I, gv. 23).

sad mdebareobda anZianZora? g. meliqiSvili amasTan dakavSirebiT

wers _ qarTlis samefos teritoriis samxreT-dasavleTiT ganvrco-

bas eTanxmeba wyaros cnoba farnavazis mier mcireaziuli olqebis

anZianZorisa da ekelecis (antik. wyaroebis akilesena, sofenas Crdi-

loeTiT evfratze mdebare olqi) dalaSqvraze (saqarTvelos istoriis

narkvevebi, I, 1970, gv. 455).

maSasadame, wyaros cnobiT farnavazis dros iberiis (qarTlis same-

fos) sazRvari gadioda anZianZorasTan, istoriul xorZenesTan, amiTCveni wyaro (q.c.) amarTlebs strabonis cnobas, rom Zv.w. II saukunem-

de iberiaSi (e.i. farnavazis samefoSi) Sedioda xorZene, gogarena da

pariadres kalTebi.

farnavazis Semdgom iberiis samefos daukargavs es teritoriebi,

magram maT dasabruneblad brZola grZeldeboda. amas miuTiTebs vax-

tang gorgaslis iq laSqroba: `waremarTa vaxtang Sesvlad saberZne-Tad... warvida vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna gzasa qalaqni samni: anZore-Ti, ekleci da steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa zRviskidesa~ (q. c., I, gv. 160).

47

teqstidan Cans, rom vaxtangis dros aRniSnuli adgilebi ukve somx-

eTsa da pontoSi Sedioda, maSin roca farnavazis dros `sazRvari~

qarTlis samefosa da `saberZneTs~ Soris anZianZorasTan gadioda.

maSasadame, es teritoriebi iberias didi xnis dakarguli hqonda vax-

tangis dros, magram iqaur (e.i. xorZenesa da pariadres kalTebis)

mosaxleobas qarTuli eTnoidentoba da qarTuli enis codna jer

kidev SenarCunebuli rom hqonda sxva gamokvlevebidan Cans:

VII s-is somxeTSi olqi saxelwodebiT `xorZiana~ (es unda iyos

`xorZene~) mdebareobda karinTan (karaxpol-karnuqalaq-arzrumTan),

mis samxreT-dasavleTiT daaxloeboT 70 km. daSorebiT.

xorZianasa da karins Sua mdebareobda mananaRis (manralis) olqi

mardaRis (mardaliis) gverdiT.

xorZianasTan axlos, mis samxreT dasavleTiT daaxloebiT 40 km-Si

mdebareobda olqi saxelwodebiT _ anZiti. es unda iyos qarTuli

anZoreTi-anZianZora (sadac ilaSqres farnavazma da vaxtangma). pro-

vincia anZitSi tbasTan axlos iyo cixe-simagre egeRi (egeri). amave

saxelis qalaqi egegi (egeri) karin-arzrumTanac iyo. am qalaqis sax-

eli (egegi) egrisis saxels unda ireklavdes. istoriuli samxreT egrisi

am areals moicavda trapezuntis CaTvliT.

olq xorZianaSi gaedineboda amave egr~ saxelis mqone mdinare ege-

giki~ (mius gaili). xorZianaSi iyo cnobili punqti _ artalesi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom amJamindel TurqeTSi Zveli olqis anZitis adg-

ilas mdebareobs administraciuli olqi _ elazigi. sityvaSi elazi-

gi (elaziRi)~ vfiqrob SesaZlebelia gamoiyos fuZe-Ziri `lazi~. sa-

xeli `lazi~, am mxareebisaTvis ucxo ar iyo. XI s-is dasawyisSi kon-

stantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia am mxareebsac moicav-

da. aq axlos iyo lazikis eparqiis kerCanisis, xaxis, bizanasa da sxva

saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.

bizanasa da arzrums Soris mdebareobda olqi mananaRi anu manra-

lia (manarali), mas mardaRis (mardalis) olqisagan yofs `megeduxgis

mTebi~, am mTebs n. adonci xalxalis mTebs uwodebs, romelic manra-

liasa da mardalias erTmaneTisagan hyofda.

rogorc Cans, am mxareebSi eguleboda vaxtang gorgaslis cxovreb-

is avtors `saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa~, somxurad bizanas

48

olqs ewodeba _ `ekegiaci~, es unda iyos vaxtangis cxovrebis ekleci.

am olqSi rukebze moniSnulia eklesia saxelwodebiT _ surb grigor~.

xorZena, rogorc iTqva, strabons iberebis istoriul qveynad mi-

aCnda, romelic armeniam miitaca. iqauri mkvidri iberebis armeniza-

cias xeli gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo am mxareSi somxuri eklesiis ga-

Zlierebam. sabednierod vaxtangis dros qarTuli TviTSemecneba jer

kidev Zlieri yofila am mxaris sasuliero pirTa Sorisac ki, rac

kargad Cans vaxtangis cxovrebaSi.

sxvaTa Soris, xorenacis istoriaSic aris garkveuli miniSneba im-

isa, rom xorZenasa da taronis samRvdeloebam icoda qarTuli ena.

magaliTad, movses xorenaci wers _ `rac Seexeba mesrops, igi wavida

qarTvelTa qveyanaSi da madlis zegardamo miniWebiT maTac Seuqmna an-

bani vinme jalasTan erTad, romelic berZnuli da somxuri enebidan

Targmnida. xels uwyobdnen imaTi mefe bakuri da mose episkoposi. manSearCia bavSvebi, gahyo isini or jgufad da moZRvrebad dautova Tavisi

ori mowafeTagani _ ter xorZenaci da muSe taronaci~ (movses xorena-

ci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 224). maSasadame, qarTveli bavSvebi

dayves or jgufad, raTa maT SeeswavlaT qarTuli anbani qarTuli

wmida werilis sakiTxavad. maT qarTuli enis mcodne maswavleblebi

esaWiroebodaT, aseTni ki yofilan xorZeneli mRvdeli (ter xorZenaci)

da taroneli muSe.

xorZene-taronis axlo mxareebSi qarTuli enis codnas isic miu-

TiTebs, rom v.goilaZis kvleviT iqve, arc Tu daSorebiT, q. edesa-

urhaSi yofila didi qarTuli kolonia Tavisi saganmanaTleblo kere-

biT. rukaze qalaqi edesia-urha mdebareobs olq andzitTan axlos,

mis samxreTiT 70-80 km. daSorebiT. vaxtang gorgasals didi moZRvris

grigolis~ saflavis mlocveli mRvdlebi Zalze daexmarnen sarwmu-

noebrivi da politikuri sakiTxebis rkvevisas.

sabolood unda vTqvaT, rom armeniis mier mitacebul mxareebSi

didxans darCa qarTuli enis codna da qarTuli toponimebi (egri-

egrisi, iberia da sxva).

49

arian-qarTlis aCrdili

wm. grigol parTelis, somexTa ganmanaTleblis, cxovrebaSi aRniS-

nulia, rom mis mier qristianoba ganivrco mTel armeniaSi, qalaq

sataladan, xaldiisa da klarjeTis siaxlovidan _ masquTebamde, kaspi-

is sazRvar paitakaranamde, somexTa qalaqamde, amididan nizibinis

siaxlovidan korduenas CaTvliT midiamde.

kerZod, gaunaTlebia 16 samTavro _ angelTa saxlis mTavari, alz-

niqTa didi pitiaxSi, korduqis qveynis mTavari, gargaris qveynis

pitiaxSi, utielTa qveynis mTavari, zaravandisa da heris mxareTa

mTavari da sxvebi.

am siidan Cans, rom grigols uRvawia istoriul arian-qarTlis

miwazec, radganac es miwa-wyali grigolis dros ukve didi xnis mita-

cebuli iyo armeniis mier (Zv.w. II s-dan), da amitom mis mier ganaTle-

buli mTeli mosaxleoba ar iyvnen eTnikuri somxebi, Tumca ki maTi

olqebi armeniaSi iyvnen moqceuli.

magaliTad, utielebi _ albanelebi iyvnen sxva wyaroebis mixed-

viT, heris mTavris qveS Tu igulisxmeba Cveni istoriuli mxare here-

Ti _ arc misi mosaxleoba iyo somxuri. aseve qsenofonte karduxebs

ar miiCnevda somxebad, piriqiT, isini sxva avtorebis mier qarTvelTa

winaprebad miiCneoda. etimologiurad gargari da gugarqi msgavsia

da albaT eTnikuradac gargarelebi Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebi unda

yofiliyvnen, radganac fuZe `grg~ _ qarTvelTa eTnofuZea, misganaa

nawarmoebi ara marto sityva gugarqi, aramed gurzen~, gurj~, geor-

gien~ da qarTvelTa sxva eTno-saxelebi.

angelTa~ fuZeSic qarTuli eTnofuZiseuli Tanxmovanebia _ gl~

(gr) _ rac uyuradRebod ar unda darCes, miTumetes, rom is sityve-

bis _ manglisis, algeTis da sxva fuZeebSic gvaqvs.

iv. javaxiSvils kardu~ da tomis saxeli karduxi~ erTi etimologi-

isad miaCnda. kardu~, qarTu~ _ sityva qarTuelis~ safuZvelia. mis-

ganve unda iyos mcxeTis samefos saxeli `qarTli~.

episkoposi ibirbzxua, romelic agaTangelozis cnobiT wm. grigols

iverielTaTvis ukurTxebia, unda yofiliyo ara mcxeTis iveriis episko-

posi, aramed episkoposi armeniis iveriisa, tao-arzrumis momijnaved

50

mdebare miwa-wylisa anu istoriuli arian-qarTlis nawilisa, mis gver-

diT trapezuntis mimarTulebiT mdebareobda lazebis qveyana, romlisepiskoposic, am cnobiT, masve (wm. grigols) ukurTxebia, xolo klarje-

Ti, Tavisi zRvispiriT, ara wm. grigolis, aramed, wmida ninos sagan-

manaTleblo areals warmoadgenda somxuri wyaroebis cnobebiTve.

51

Tavi II

wyaroebis da literaturis mimoxilvaistoriuli arian-qarTlis miwaze mcxovrebi

qarTuli tomebis Sesaxeb

qsenofonis kirosis anabasisi~

(qsenofoni, kirosis anabasisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklobedia I, 2010)

qsenofontem (daaxl. Zv.w. 430-355) Tavisi berZenTa 10.000 kaciani

laSqriT 401 wels gaiara qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze, misi mizani iyo

Savi zRvis navsadgurebiT jari samSobloSi daebrunebina. mas ar surda

omi am tomebTan, aramed mxolod maTi teritoriis gavliT zRvasTan

misvla, magram 10.000 kacs kveba esaWiroeboda.

qsenofonte mzad iyo produqti SeeZina da am tomebis winamZRolebs

Txovda misTvis bazari gaexsnaT, magram Tu ki bazars ar uxsnidnen,

iZulebuli iyo ebrZola da sursaTi ise moepovebina.

saerTod, mTeli es miwa-wyali ukve sparseTis imperias hqonda dapy-

robili, sparseTis Sahebi ki mxars uWerdnen iq mcxovreb armenielebs,

radganac armenielebi saxelmwifos mSvidobiani mcxovrebni iyvnen,

xolo qarTuli tomebi (karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, taoxebi, mak-

ronebi, kolxebi, drilebi, mosinikebi, tabarenebi da sxvebi) sparselebs

ebrZodnen TavianTi miwa-wylis TavisuflebisaTvis.

jer midielebma, imJamad maTi mxedarTmTavris kirosi meTauro-

biT, Semdeg ki sparselebma moaxerxes am teritoriis saukeTeso sax-

navi miwebidan qarTvelTa tomis gandevna (kerZod ki xalibebisa) da

maT adgilebze armeniel miwaT-moqmedTa Casaxleba, rac, Cans qseno-

fonis meore wignidan, romelic kirosis sadideblad dawera (kiro-

pedia).

52

armenielebsa da qarTvel tomebs Soris daZabuloba iyo saxnav-

saTesi miwebis gamo, magram radganac sparseTi mpyrobeli qveyana iyo,

is Tanxebs ar iSurebda raTa armenielTa jari gaeZlierebina, rom-

lis meSveobiTac wesrigs amyarebda aRniSnul teritoriaze. am jar-

Si, qarTveli tomebis warmomadgenlebsac qiraobdnen. magaliTad

taoxebi da xalibebi dasavleT armeniis mmarTvelis, mefis megobar

tiribazis jarSi msaxurobdnen moqiravneebad (qsenofoni, kirosis ana-

bazisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, 2010, gv. 137).

qsenofonte TviTve wers, rom armenielebisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTu-

li tomebi _ karduxebi, taoxebi da qaldebi ar emorCilebodnen

sparselebs.

is wers: `Tu bazars ar gvixsnidnen, Cven TviTon movipovebdiT sur-

saTs, magram ara Tavxedobis, aramed aucileblobis gamo. karduxebs,

taoxebs da qaldebs, Tumca isini mefes ar emorCilebian da Zalian sa-SiSnic arian, Cven mtrad movekideT, radgan bazars ar gvixsnidnen da

sursaTis warTmeva aucilebeli gaxda~ (qsenofoni, kirosis anabazisi,

iqve, gv. 137).

aRniSnuli tomebidan mxolod fasianebi da hesperitebi daimor-

Ciles sparselebma da maT mmarTvelad zemoT aRniSnuli tiribazi

dauniSnes (maTi miwebi saukeTeso iyo saxnav-saTesad).

`xolo karduxebi, xalibebi, qaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosi nikebi,

koitebi da tibarenebi ki damoukidebelni iyvnen~ (qsenofoni, kirosis

anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, eniklopedia I, gv. 137).

berZenTa jari gaemarTa CrdiloeTisaken da vanis tbis siaxloves

mis samxreT-dasavleTiT jer SexvdaT qarTvelTa tomi, romlis sax-

eli iyo _ karduxebi~.(saxeli `karduxi~ sityva `kardu~-saganaa miRebuli, xolo `xi~ _

mravlobiTobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsia. `kardu~ _ iyo saxeli xalx-

isa, romlisaganac nawarmoebia aseve saxeli `qarTu~ da sityva `qar-

Tueli~, e.i. `qarTus~ qveyneli. kardu da qarTu erTi fuZea, amito-

mac miiCneva, rom karduxebi _ qarTuli tomi iyo, romelic ebrZoda

maT qveyanaSi SeWril armenielebs da maT mfarvel sparselebs).

karduxebma ifiqres, rom sparselTa mefis megobari qsenofonte

da sparselTa mefis samsaxurSi myofi misi 10.000 kaciani jari ar-

53

menielTa mxardamWeri laSqari iyo. amitomac maT medgrad ibrZoles

berZenTa am jaris winaaRmdeg, ufro metic, bevrs ecadnen qsenofon-

te da laSqris meTaurebi, magram karduxebma piradi, sasaubro kon-

taqtic ki ar daamyares maTTan.

Semdeg saukuneebSi, karduxebma armenizacia-gasomxebisagan mainc

ver SeZles Tavis dacva, Tumca, armeniaSi SemdgomSic iTvleboda,

rom somxeTis provincia `korduk~-Si (kordvacis qedis samxreTiT,

vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT), `kordik verin~-Si, `kordik mijin~-

Si da `kordik nerkin~-Si mcxovrebi tomebi _ ar iyvnen armenielebi,

maT tomobrivi sxvaoba hqondaT armenielebisagan.

karduxebis qveyanaSi Sesvlamde qsenofontes acnobes _ `mTebze

mimavali gza CrdiloeTiT romaa mimarTuli, karduxebTan migiyvanT,

isini cxovroben mTebSi, meomari xalxia da sparsTa mefes ar emorCilebi-

an. maT Tavs daesxa am mefis asoc aTasiani (120.000) jari da maTgan ukan

aravin dabrunebula (karxudebis mTebi miuvalia)~ (qsenofoni, kiro-

sis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I, 2010, gv. 118).

aseve qsenofontes uTxres _ `elinma jariskacebma gaiges rom Tu

isini SeZleben karduxebis mTebis gadalaxvas da mdinare tigrosis saT-

aveebze misTvlas, mivlen armeniaSi~ (iqve, gv. 119).

karduxebis qveyanasa da armenias erTmaneTisagan sazRvravda mdinare

kentriti (iqve, gv. 120).

berZenma jariskacebma brZoliT gaiares karduxebis qveyana, qse-

nofonte wers, rom karduxebs hqondaT _ `mravalricxovani da mSve-

nieri saxlebi, savse sursaTiT. iq Rvino ise bevri iyo, rom siliT amole-

sil ormoebSi hqondaT Senaxuli~ (iqve, gv. 120).

karduxebi laSqrobisas da marSirebisas mRerodnen _ Cqara wavid-

nen raRac simRerebis mReriT~ (gv. 121).

elinebma gadalaxes md. kentriti, meore napirze ukve armenia iwye-

boda. armeniis sparselTa samxedro xelisufals Tavis jarSi daqirave-

buli hyavda qarTuli tomebi xaldebisa da mardebis jariskacebi _

`isini iyvnen orontisa da artuxis moqiravneebi~ (iqve, gv. 121). mag-

ram maT (armeniul jars), saboloo jamSi berZnebTan ar uomiaT, ubra-

lod, akvirdebodnen maT moZraobas.

54

karduxebi ebrZodnen armenielebs, amitomac md. kentritis gadal-

axvis Semdeg rac berZnebma 5 farsangi (25 km) `iares armeniaSi vakeadgilze, aq karduxebTan omis gamo mdinaris axlos ar iyo soflebi~

(iqve, gv. 122).

Semdeg miadgnen did sofels, sadac satraps sasaxle hqonda, aqedan

10 farsangis (50 km) Semdeg iyo mdinare tigrosis saTave, aqedan 15

farsangSi (75 km) miadgnen md. teleboass, romlis napirebzec mrava-

li sofeli iyo, xolo qveyanas erqva dasavleT armenia, misi mmarTve-

li iyo mefis megobari tiribazosi (iqve, gv. 122).

aqedan berZnebma dablobze iares 15 farsangi (75 km) da miadgnen

soflebiT savse teritorias, isini elodnen rom Tavs daesxmodaT

tiribazi, romelsac Tavis jarSi hyavda moqiravneebi `xalibebi da

taoxebi~ (iqve, gv. 123). aqedan iares kvlav 75 kilometri da miadgnen

md. evfrats, romelic gadalaxes am mdinaris (e.i. evfratis) saTavis

axlos.

aqedan Sevidnen dablobSi, radganac zamTari idga, iares TovlSi

50 km da miadgnen erTerT sofels, aqedan 20 stadionSi (daaxl. 2 km-

Si) mdebare soflebSi ganawildnen mosasveneblad. maT uxvad miiRes

sasmel-saWmeli da sufrasTanac `maT barbarosul samosiani armeni-

eli biWunebi emsaxurebodnen~ (iqve, gv. 125). Semdeg SeekiTxnen sof-

lis Tavkacs, ra qveyana iyo es? man ki miugo, rom es iyo armenia~

(iqve, gv. 125). ikiTxes romeli iyo mezobeli qveyana, upasuxes _ `me-

zobeli qveyana _ Tqvan man _ xalibebisaa, da iqauri gzac miaswavla~ (iqve,

gv. 126).

aqedan Cans, rom qarTul tomebs _ karduxebsa da xalibebs Soris

armenielTa SeWris gamo qveyanas ukve `armenia~ erqva, Tumca unda

vifiqroT, rom iqauri mkvidri mosaxleoba ZiriTadad armenizebuli

qarTvelebi iyvnen.

aRniSnuli gziT Sevidnen `mezobel~ anu xalibebis qveyanaSi.

amis Semdeg miadgnen md. araqss, romelsac qsenofonte `fasiss~

uwodebs (aRsaniSnavia, rom aTasxuTasi wlis Semdegac, X s-Si, kon-

stantine porfirogeneti araqss kvlav `fasiss~ uwodebda, romelic

imJamadac sazRvari iyo armenielebsa da iberebs Soris). araqsis xe-

obaSi somxebi ar cxovrobdnen.

55

àmis Semdeg, md. fasisis gaswvriv, elinebma iares Svidi gadasavali,

dReSi xuT-xuTi farsangi~ (iqve, gv. 126). e.i. sul gauvliaT 35 farsan-

gi, rac 175 km-ia. amis Semdeg kidev 10 farsangi (50 km) uvliaT da

mividnen adgilas romelic vakeze eSveboda, sadac maT daxvdnen xalibe-

bi, taoxebi da fasianebi (fasiselebi)~ (iqve, gv. 126). e.i. im gziT, romelic

miaswavles xalibebis qveyanaSi, Semdeg ki fasianebis qveyanaSi.

e.i. fasisis gaswvriv maT uvliaT sul 45 farsangi anu 225 km. See-

brZolnen qarTvel tomTa laSqars, gaimarjves da Sevidnen taoxebis

qveyanaSi.

fazisis anu araqsis gaswvriv aRniSnuli 225 km xalibebis qveyana

yofila (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna) _ armeniis qveynidan berZnebi xal-

ibTa qveyanaSi Sevidnen, gaiares 225 km da miadgnen taoxebis qveyanas.

taoxebis qveyanaSi berZnebma gaiares 30 farsangi (150 km). aqedan Cans,

rom qsenofontes dros araqsis xeoba da Woroxis saTaveebi ar iyo

somxebiT dasaxlebuli.

taoxebis erT-erTi cixe-simagris aRebis dros èlinebi sazare-

li sanaxaobis mowmeni gaxdnen _ qalebi isrodnen bavSvebs ufskrul-

Si da TviTonac Tan mihyvebodnen, amgvaradve iqceodnen mamakacebic~

(iqve, gv. 128)

es Tavganwirva qarTvelebisa, samSoblosa da piradi Tavisuflebis

SesanarCuneblad, miagavs ebraelTa Tavganwirvas masadas cixe-sima-

gris dacvis dros ax. w. 70 wels, am ambidan TiTqmis 500 wlis Semdeg.

aqedan berZnebma iares 50 farsangi (250 km) kvlav xalibebis miwa-

wyalze. aqedan Cans, rom im tomTa Soris, romelTa qveyanazec maT

iares, yvelaze mravalricxovanni xalibebi iyvnen da, amasTanave, didi

miwa-wylis mqonni. am arealze _ araqsze da Woroxze _ somxebi ar

cxovrobdnen.

qsenofonte wers _ `Semdeg iares Svidi gadasavaliT ormocdaaTi

farasangi xalibebis miwa-wyalze. isini umamacesni iyvnen im tomebs

Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec gaiares. xalibebi xelCarTul brZolaSi

ebmebodnen elinebs~ (iqve, gv. 128).

àmasTanave mRerodnen da rokavdnen maSin, roca mteri maT uyureb-

da~ (qsenofoni, kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia I,

2010, gv. 128).

56

xalibebisagan amis gamo `elinebma veraferi waiRes da ikvebebodnen

isev im pirutyviT, romelic taoxebs waarTves~ (iqve, gv. 128).

amis Semdeg berZnebi mividnen mdinare harpasosTan da Sevidnen

skviTinebis qveyanaSi, vakeze iares 20 farasangi (100 km) da Sevidnen maT

soflebSi. amis Semdeg gaiares kvlav 20 farasangi da mividnen `did,

mdidar da mWidrod dasaxlebul qalaqSi~, romelsac erqva gimniasi.

aqedan iares 5 dReRame da mividnen mTamde (misi saxeli iyo Teqe-

si), saidanac Canda Savi zRva.

aqedan gziT Sevidnen makronebis qveyanaSi, sadac gaiares 50 km da

miadgnen mdinares, romelic makronebis qveyanas skiTinebis (skviTineb-

is) qveynisagan yofda.

meore mxares meomari makronebi idgnen. berZenTa Soris aRmoCnda

tomiT makroni mona, romelmac SeZlo Suamavloba da berZnebi makro-

nebs daumegobra.

makronebis qveyanaSi iares sami dRis ganmavlobaSi kolxebis qvey-

anamde. kolxTa laSqari daamarcxes da Sevidnen soflebSi, sadac Taf-

lis fiWi Wames, romelTac maT didad avno, meore dRemde mTvralebs

hgvandnen da fexze dgoma ar SeeZloT.

aqedan berZnebma gaiares kolxebis soflebSi 35 km. da mividnen

zRvasTan mdebare trapezusSi _ mWidrod dasaxlebul elinur qalaq-

Si, romelic sinopelTa dasaxleba iyo kolxebis qveyanaSi, pontos

evqsiniosis sanapiroze. aq, kolxebis soflebSi elinebma daaxloebiT

30 dRe dahyves~ (iqve, gv. 131) `da anadgurebdnen kolxiss (e.i. kolx-

eTs)~ (iqve, gv. 131).

imJamad kolxebis qveyanSi mdebareobda trapezunti.

qsenofonte ganarCevs `baris kolxebs~ da mTis kolxebs. pirvele-

bi berZnebs ar ebrZodnen. aqedan Seesivnen drilebis qveyanas. drilebi

iyvnen pontospireTis yvelaze meomari xalxi~ (iqve, gv. 132). (drilebi,

Cans SemdgomSi TrialeTSi gadasaxldnen).

trapezusidan berZnebi elinur qalaq kerasuss miadgnen sinonel-

Ta dasaxleba kolxebis qveyanaSi zRvis sanapiroze~ (iqve, gv. 133). e.i.

trapezuntica da kerasusic kolxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen.

berZenTa jari kerasusTan orad gaiyo _ erTi jgufi gemebiT zR-

viT gaemgzavra (Cans trapezuntidanac gemebiTve micuravdnen), meo-

57

rem ki xmeleTiT ganagrZo gza da miuaxlovdnen `mosinikebis sazR-

vars~ (iqve, gv. 133).mosinikebis tomi or mtrul jgufad iyo gayofili _ piriqiTel

mosinikebs mtrobdnen piraqeTa mosinikebi. piriqiTelebma samxedro

kavSiri Sekres berZnebTan piraqiTelebis dasamarcxeblad.

meore dRes isini movidnen `erTi mTliani xisagan gamoTlili sama-

si naviT. TiToeul navSi sam-sami kaci ijda~ (iqve, gv. 134). isini dair-

azmnen da erTma maTganma simRera wamoiwyo, danarCenebma ritms fexi

auwyes da win gaswies~ (iqve, gv. 134).

isini berZnebTan erTad ekveTnen TavianT mter Tanatomelebs,

romelTac qalaqis dasaufleblad eomebodnen. maTi mefe am qalaqSi

erT maRal adgilas mdgar xis koSkSi (mosinosSi) ijda. is xanZris

dros ar gamovida koSkidan da daiwva meore mefesTan erTad, romel-

ic sxva koSkSi ijda. mosinikebs aRmoaCndaT puris didi maragi, am-

forebSi ki damarilebuli delfinis xorci. hqondaT uamravi maragi:

kakali, qoni, Rvino. gamarjvebulma berZnebma es aRebuli qalaqi Ta-

vianT megobar mosinikebs gadasces. aq ramdenime qalaqi iyo erTmane-

Tisagan 80 stadioniT daSorebuli (16 km). mdidar mosinikebs hyavdaT

moxarSuli wablis Wamisagan dasuqebuli bavSvebi `ganazebulebi da

metismetad TeTrebi~ (iqve, gv. 136).

qarTuli tomebi TeTrkanianebi iyvnen.

amis aRniSvna saWirod migvaCnia, radganac Zv. w. VI-V ss. cnobebiT

kolxebi Savkanianebad~ an muqkanianebad~ aRiwerebian, magram ukve V

s. bolodan kolxTa aRmweri mwerlebi, romelTac piradad naxes isi-

ni, aRar weren kolxTa muqkanianobis Sesaxeb.

mosinikebic TeTrebi iyvnen.

qsenofonte wers _ `isini cdilobdnen yvelas Tvalwin SekavSire-

bodnen heterebs, romlebic elinebs Tan mihyavdaT, radgan aseTi iyo

maTi adaTi. yvelani _ mamakacebica da qalebic _ TeTrkanianebi iyvnen...

sajarod akeTebdnen imas, rasac sxvebi ganmartoebiT sCadian... saku-

Tar Tavs elaparakebodnen, TavisTvis icinodnen da moyvebodnen xolme

rokvas, sadac ar unda yofiliyvnen~ (iqve, gv. 136).

berZnebma mosinikebis qveyanaSi rva staTmosi iares da mividnen xal-

ibebTan, isini cotani iyvnen, emorCilebodnen mosinikebs da upirate-

58

sad rkinis damuSavebiT irCendnen Tavs, aqedan elinebi mividnen tibare-

nebTan. tibarenebis qveyana ufro vake iyo. maT zRvis sanapiroze gamagre-buli dasaxlebebi hqondaT~ (iqve, gv. 137).

`elinebma or dReSi mSvidobianad gadalaxes es qveyana da mividnen

kotioraSi, elinur qalaqSi, sinopelTa mier tibarenebis qveyanaSi

daarsebul axalSenSi~ (iqve, gv. 137).

xalibebi, rogorc qsenofontes aRweridan Cans berZnebs Sexvdnen

3 adgilas, karduxebis Semdeg, armenielTa qveynis gadalaxvis Semdeg

da mosinikebis mezoblad zRvis sanapiroze (es ukanasknelni sustebi

iyvnen, danarCen or adgils mcxovrebni ki kargi meomrebi).

amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom is qveyana, romelnic armenielebs

eWiraT md. kentritidan araqsamde _ Tavdapirvelad xalibebis anu

qaldebisa iyo, da isini gagrZelebiT cxovrobdnen kotioradan araqsam-

de da kentritamde. isini, Cans, armenielebs daumarcxebiaT da amit-

om xaldebsa da armenielebs Soris didi omi iyo gaCaRebuli, rogorc

es qsenofontes meore naSromidan _ kiropediadan Cans, sabolood,

xalibebi mxolod zRvis piras darCnen, danarCeni maTi sacxovrisi

araqsidan kentritamde armenielebma daiWires.

rogorc iTqva, md. kentritidan berZnebma gaiares 25 km _ dausax-

lebel armeniaSi, 50 km-is Semdeg iyo tigrosis saTave. 75 km-is Sem-

deg miadgnen md. teleboass _ es iyo dasavleT armeniaSi. aqedan iares

dablobze 75 km, Semdeg kvlav gaiares 75 km. da miadgnen md. evfrats,

misi saTavis axlos. Semdeg dablobze iares 50 km. aq kvlav armeniis

qveyana iyo. aqedan iwyeboda xalibebis qveyana, miadgnen md. araqss

(faziss) (araqsis xeoba xalibebisa iyo imJamad), aq fasisis gaswvriv

iares 225 km. xalibebis qveyanaSi da miadgnen taoxebis qveyanas. taox-

ebis qveyanaSi iares 150 km. aqedan berZnebma kvlav 250 km iares kvlav

xalibebis miwaze da miadgnen md. harpasoss da Sevidnen skviTinebis

qveyanaSi, aqve vakeze iares 100 km amis Semdeg kvlav iares 100 km da

miadgnen qalaq gimniass. aqedan iares 5 dRe-Rame da miadgnen mTis

mwverval Teqiss, saidanac Canda zRva. aqedan iares 50 km da miadgnen

makronebis qveyanas, am qveyanaSi iares sami dRe-Rame da miadgnen kolx-

ebis qveyanas. iares 35 km da Sevidnen qalaq trapezusSi, da Semdeg

kerasusSi. es qalaqebi kolxeTis qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen. kerasus-

59

idan Sevidnen mosinikebis qveyanaSi. iares `rva staTmosi~ da mividnen

`sust xalibebTan~, aqedan Sevidnen tibarenebis qveyanaSi, gadalaxes

or dReSi da mividnen qalaq kotioraSi _ tibarenebis qveyanaSi daarse-

bul axalSenSi~.

aqedan berZnebi gaemarTnen md. fasisisaken _ qsenofontes strat-

egosebma uTxres _ `umjobesia fasisisaken gacurva, raki xomaldebi

arian, fasianTa qveynis dapryoba. iq maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda~

(iqve, gv. 137).

es bolo winadadeba Zalze abnevs mkvlevarebs, radganac qseno-

fonte md. fasiss axsenebs or adgilas. erTi fasisi iyo araqsi, said-

anac berZnebma gaWirvebiT CaaRwies zRvamde, amitomac isini, cxadia,

ukan aRar dabrundebodnen. amitomac Tavisi naSromis bolos nax-

seneb md. fasisis qveS qsenofonte sxva romeliRac mdinares gulisx-

mobs, romelsac aseve fasisi erqva.

qarTveli mkvlevarebi fiqroben rom es meore fazisi iyo md. rio-

ni, rasac Cven ar viziarebT, Cveni azriT qsenofonte am meore mdinare

fazisSi gulisxmobs md. kelkitis zRvasTan SesarTavs. aq zRvis napi-

ras koncxebs erqvaT heraklesa da iazonis koncxebi. mis axlos amJa-

madac arian punqtebi `fasinlerisa~ da `pazaris~ saxelwodebiT. md.

kelkitis SesarTavi marTlac axloa q. kotiorasTan da aqeTken iyo

samSoblosken mimavali berZnebis gza.

davajamoT qsenofontes jaris mier ganvlili gzis sigrZe _

md. kentritidan armeniis qveyanaSi berZnebma iares 25 km + 50 km +

75 km + 75 km (evfrati) + 50 km (araqsi) da miadgnen xalibebis qveyanas

araqsTan. e. i. armeniaSi sul iares 275 km.

Semdeg xalibebis qveyanaSi md. araqsis piras iares 225 km.

Semdeg taoxebis qveyanaSi 150 km,

da kvlav xalibebis qveyanaSi Sevidnen, sadac 250 km iares, mi-

adgnen md. harpasos,

da Sevidnen skviTinebis qveyanaSi, sadac iares 200 km qalaq gim-

niasamde. aqedan iares 5 dRe mwverval Teqisamde.

aqedan 50 km-Si mdebareobda makronebis qveyana, aq iares 3 dRe

da miadgnen kolxebis qveyanas, iares 35 km da miadgnen q. tra-

pezuss.

60

e. i. md. kentritidan trapezusamde berZnebma gaiares 275 km + 225

km + 150 km + 250 km + 200 km + 5 dRe + 50 km + 3 dRe + 35 km = 1185 km

+ 8 dRe.

Tu erT dRis gavlas berZnebi moundnen 20-30 km maSin 8 dReSi

isini daaxloebiT 200 km-s gaivlidnen, rac jamSi Seadgens sul 1385

km, anu daaxloebiT 1400 km.

maSasadame, qsenofontes jarma iara ase: is Sevida karduxebis qvey-

anaSi Tanamedrove qalaq mardinTan axlos (TurqeTSi), iara Tanamed-

rove qalaq elazigis mimarTulebiT (amJamadac ki gza am mimarTulebiT

midis), aq jarma gadalaxa tigrosis erT-erTi Senakadi, romelsac

erqva kentriti, da miadga dasavleT armeniis qveyanas. am mdinaris

gadalaxvis Semdeg SemoxvdaT meore mdinare teleboasi (es unda iyos

Tanamedrove md. murati). amis Semdeg gaagrZeles gza armeniaSi da

miadgnen md. evfratis saTaves (es unda iyos evfratis Senakadi, romel-

sac amJamindel Turqul enaze ewodeba md. peri (Peri)) da Tanamedrove

qalaq tekmanTan axlos miadgnen md. araqsis anu fasisis saTaves da

iares mis gaswvriv, aq hqondaT SebrZoleba xalibTa, taoxTa da fa-

sianTa gaerTianebul laSqarTan da Sevidnen taoxebis qveyanaSi. taox-

ebis qveynidan gadavidnen Zliermeomari xalibebis (qaldebis) qveya-

naSi da miadgnen md. harpasoss, es unda iyos md. Woroxi. aq iyo skvi-

Tinebis qveyana da maTi qalaqi gimniasi (sadRac baiberdsa da giumiSx-

anes Soris), aqedan jari Sevida makronebis qveyanaSi, saidanac dain-

axes zRva, zRvis pirze ki kolxebi cxovrobdnen, maT qveyanaSi iyo

qalaqi trapezusi, aqedan laSqravdnen axlos mcxovreb drilebs. tra-

pezusidan jaris erTi nawili gemebiT, sxvebi ki fexiT gaemarTnen

kerasusisaken (giresuni), gaiares mosinikebis da susti xalibebis qvey-

anaSi, q. kotiorasTan miadgnen tibarenebis toms da gadawyvites ge-

mebiT da fexiT kelkitis SesarTavTan misvla, sadac fasianebi cx-

ovrobdnen da aietis STamomavali mefobda.

n. adonci pirdapir wers kidec, rom karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi,

fasianebi da sxva tomebi armeniis Tavdapirveli mosaxleni iyvnen,

Semdgom maT miwa-wyalze (daaxloebiT Zv.w. VI saukuneSi) SeiWrnen

armenielebi da or nawilad gayves es qarTuli mosaxleoba, kerZod,

armenielebi dasaxldnen maTi qveynis centrSi, amis gamo rogorc

61

samxreT ise Crdilo armeniaSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, kerZod

samxreT armeniaSi _ kordus xalxi, Crdilo armeniaSi iverebi, dasav-

leT armeniaSi ki qald-xalibebi.qarTuli miwebis es mtacebloba, strabonis cnobiT Semdegac gagr-

Zelebula, roca armeniam qristeSobamde II saukuneSi iberebisagan

miitaca piriadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena _ vrceli miwa-wya-

li dasavleT da Crdilo armeniisaken.

karduxebi da xalibebi (xaldebi) qarTvelTa tomebi, rom iyo, amis

Sesaxeb sxva uZvelesi wyaroebic werdnen.

kerZod megasTene werda, rom nabuqodonosorma iberTa xalxis erTi

nawili gadaasaxla libiidan pontos zRvis sanapiroze, iqamde ibere-

bi libielTa mezobelni yofilan.

rogorc iTqva, aq `libiis~ qveS igulisxmeba ara afrikis libia,

aramed vanis tbasTan mdebare lursmuli damwerlobis epoqis qveyana

`luvia~.luvia vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda, iq sadac

Semdgom karduxebi cxovrobdnen.

luvielTa mezobeli iberebis (anu karduxebisa da qaldebis) naw-

ili nabuqodonosors pontos zRvispireTSi gadausaxlebia.

am mosazrebiT Tu xsnidnen Zveli avtorebi faqts imisa, rom kar-

duxebsa da qaldebs (xaldebs), xalibebs da qaldevelebs (pontospireT-

Si mcxovrebT) erTidaigive satomo saxelebi, erTi zne-Cveulebebi

hqondaT (da Cans erTi enac).

qarTvelTa winapari qaldevelebi (xalibebi, igive alazonebi) kar-

duxebis Tanametomeebad miiCneoda, miuxedavad teritoriulad maTi

urTierTdaSorebisa.

qsenofontes uTxres, rom karduxebis qveyana aRwevda md. kentri-

tamde da tigrosis saTaveebamde. Semdeg ki armenia iwyeboda. Cven

zemoTaRniSnuli toponimikidan gamomdinare unda vifiqroT, rom

armenielebis SemoWramde xalibebis anu qaldebis qveyana iwyeboda

karduxebis mezoblad (amis naSTia toponimi alznik (Zveli alzis qvey-

nis saxelidan) da aRwevda SavzRvamde dasavleTiT da SesaZloa, aR-

mosavleTis mimarTulebiT, kaxeTis mdinare alaznamde, anu vanis

tbidan kavkasiis mTebamde kardus anu qarTvelTa Zveli qveyana iyo

ganfenili.

62

adoncis sityviT, rogorc iTqva, qarTvelTa am Zveli qveynis Sua-

gulSi SeiWra armeniuli tomebi (daaxloebiT qristeSobamde VI sauku-

neSi) da orad gayo qarTvelTa qveyana, amitomac rogorc armenielTa

samxreTiT, ise CrdiloeTiT qarTuli provinciebi mdebareobdnen.

eseni iyvnen _ somxebis samxreTiT mcxovrebi karduxebi da alznikis

xalxi, somxebis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi qarTlis mosaxleoba, somxe-

bis dasvleTiT mcxovrebi qaldeas xalxi _ lazebi. adoncis mosazre-

ba amJamad ignorirebulia somxur istoriografiaSi, magram is xsnis

arsebul Zvel faqtebs.

qarTuli qveynis uZveles centrSi armenielTa damkvidrebis ga-

mo qsenofontem bunebrivia jer qarTuli tomebis (karduxebis) qveyana

gaiara, Semdeg es centri, romelsac ukve armenia erqva, Semdeg ki

CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo dasavleTiT mas isev qarTuli tomebi Se-

xvda.

qsenofontes gza

1. qsenofonts jer Sexvda karduxebis mTebi, Semdeg ki tigrosis

saTave (qsenofoni, kirosis anabazisi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklope-

dia I, 2010, gv.119);

2. jer md. kentriti, mere md. tigrosis saTave (iqve, gv. 122);

3. md. kentriti `sazRvravs armenias karduxebis qveynisagan~ aqaris veli (iqve, gv. 120);

`xaldebi Tavisufalni da mamacni arian~ (iqve,gv. 121);

md. kentriti unda iyos md. tigrosis erTerTi Senakadi anda misi

erTi nawili. oRond q. elazigis mimarTulebiT. esaa armeniisa da

karduxebis sazRvari.

4. mdinaris meore napiric vakea. mdinaridan 50 km-Si aris tigro-

sis saTave.

5. tigrosis saTavidan 15 farasangSi (1 farasangi 5 km.) _ 15 X 5 km.

= 75 km.) aris meore mdinare _ teleboasi. mis gayolebazea dasavleT

armenia.

63

teleboasi unda iyos md. muratis _ arawanis Senakadi.

6. aqedan 15 farasangi X 5 km. = 75-Si iyo md. evfrati

7. md. fazisi (araqsi) xalibebis qveyana.iares md.fazisis gaswvriv 7 X 5 farsangi. 7 X 25 km. = 175 + 10 X 5

km. + 50 km. = 225 km. daeSvnen vakeze.

8. taoxebis qveyana 30 farsangi X 5 = 150 km.

9. xalibebis qveyana meorejer.

10. md. harparosi (Woroxi).

11. skviTinebi 20 X 5 km. = 100 km.

12. skviTinebi qalaqi gimniasi.

13. 5 dRe zRvis gamoCenamde.

14. makronebi mdinaremde 50 km.

15. mdinare sazRvravda makronebsa da skviTinebs.

16. 3 dRis gza.

17. kolxebi.

18. maTgan 2 farsangi X 5 = 10 km-Si _ trapezunti.

qsenofonte qaldebis Sesaxeb

da arian-qarTli

istorikosma g. WeiSvilma ganixila qsenofontes Sroma `kirope-

dia~, rogorc wyaro saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis.

Tavis am SromaSi (`kiropedia~), qsenofonte iseve, rogorc Tavis-

save `anabasisSi~ aRwers berZenTa 10.000 kaciani razmis laSqrobas

qarTuli tomebiT dasaxlebul mxareebSi Zv. w. 401 wels.

kerZod maT gaiares fasianebis, taoxebis, xalibebis da skviTinebis

qveynebi (g. WeiSvilis dakvirvebiT _ eTnonimi xaldi~ Zveli berZneb-

isaTvis `xalibis~ sinonims warmoadgenda~ (`analebi~ 2001, gv. 9).

yvela am tomTa qveynebs armenielebi esazRvrebodnen, romelnic

TandaTanobiT miiwevdnen samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken farTo fron-

tiT da aviwroebdnen qarTul tomebs, erekebodnen maT ufro Crdilo-

eTis mimarTulebiT, kerZod saxnav-saTesi miwebi xalibebs aRar dar-

64

CaT, radganac ukve mTebSi cxovrobdnen armenielTa am miwolis Se-

degad.

Tavis mxriv, yvela es tomi da gansakuTrebiT xaldebi (igive xali-

bebi) Tavdauzogavad ebrZodnen armenielebs saarsebo sivrcis dasabru-

neblad, armenia, Tavis mxriv, ukve dapyrobili iyo sparsTa mier, amis

gamo sparseTis Sahi kiros didi xalibebis armenielebze (armenielTa

soflebze) Tavdasxmas ganixilavda, rogorc sakuTari imperiis sazRv-

rebSi SeWras.

amitomac kiropediis~ Tanaxmad kiros didma (558-529) armeniis da-

morCilebis Semdeg xaldebze galaSqreba gadawyvita, raTa mSvidoba

Camoegdo somxebsa da maT mezobel xaldebs Soris~ (iqve, gv. 9)

qsenofontes Tanaxmad kiros didma Seariga armenielebi da xalde-

bi urTierTdaTmobaTa gziT.

g. WeiSvili wers _ kiropediisa~ da anabasisis~ cnobaTa urTierTSe-jerebiT irkveva, rom xalibebs//xaldebs, romlebic yvelaze ufro meo-

mar da mamac xalxad iTvleboda ara mxolod im mxareSi, aramed im tom-

Ta Soris, romelTa miwa-wyalzec elinebma gaiares, Tavisi hegemonia da

satomo saxeli samxreTiT sakmaod Sors gaevrcelebinaT~ (iqve, gv. 10).

xaldebi igive qaldebia, etimologiurad Cans karduxebis da qalde-

bis saxelebi msgavsia:

`kardu~ anu `qardu~ `qald~ unda iyos. es fuZe aqvs qarTvelTa

TviTsaxelwodebasac _ `qarTu~.

qsenofonte qaldebis anu xaldebis sacxovrisisa da gavlenis didi

ganvrcobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs kiropediaSi _ misi sityviT fasianebi

qaldebis gavlenas ganicdidnen, _ Tu gavixsenebT, rom fasianebis

sacxovriss SemdgomSi basiani ewoda, is didi teritoria iyo, moicav-

da Semdgomi arzrumisa da yarsis provinciebs da kidev ufro gaS-

lili iyo aRmosavleTiT _ valaSkertamde. aseTi didi arealis kon-

troli mxolod Zlier da meomar toms SeeZlo. fasisis anu araqsis

xeoba fasianebis iyo qaldebTan erTad.

g. WeiSvili wers _ fasianebis qveyana, romelic formalurad dasav-

leT armeniis satraps _ tiribazs ekuTvnoda, faqtiurad xalibebis

gavlenis qveS moeqca, ufro samxreTiT xalibebi somxuri miwebis mo-

TareSeobiT kmayofildebodnen~ (analebi, N1, 2001, gv. 10).

65

Tu rukas davxedavT, vnaxavT, rom xalibebi Zv. w. V saukuneSi cdi-lobdnen ekontrolebinaT is miwebi, romelic TiTqmis 1500 wlis Sem-deg Tavis samefos SemouerTa qarTvelTa mefe daviT kurapalatma XsaukuneSi. es is iberiis miwebia Tavisi xorZeneTi da pariadres kalTe-biT, romelic Zv. w. II s-Si iberias waarTva armeniam.

unda vifiqroT, rom Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebSi iberiulma tomebma qalde-bis meTaurobiT SeZles konsolidacia da saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba,romelsac àrian-qarTli~ erqva, romlis mosaxleobamac SeiZina erisniSnebi, sakuTari eniTa da tradiciebiT.

yovel SemTxvevaSi arsen beri werda, rom qarTuli ena _ is enaa,

romelic arian-qarTlis samefoSi iyo ganvrcobili Cven Svilni varT

maT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da enai maTi vuwyiT~. anu qarTuli

ena arian-qarTvelTa ena yofila swored im teritoriaze, romelsac

xalibebi akontrolebdnen qsenofontes sityviT _ esaa fasianis vrceli

qveyana, aseve xorZene da pariadres kalTebi.

qaldebis sacxovrisi TviTon pariadres da mosxebis mTianeTi unda

yofiliyo. rogorc vTqviT straboni qaldebs aseve uwodebs àla-

zonebs~, aqedan unda iyos warmoSobili satomo saxeli lazi. maTi es

TviTsaxelwodeba areklili unda iyos im vrcel regionSi, romelsac

qaldebi akontrolebdnen. rogorc iTqva, aq Cven gvxvdeba qalaqebi

erTi da imave fuZe-dasaxelebis mqoneni _ arzrumi (erzrumi), arzin-

jani (erzinjani), arze (awre) da sxva, aseve konstantine porfiroge-

netis sityviT artanujis qveyanas arzeni erqva.

Cemi azriT fuZe àrz~ miRebuli unda iyos qaldebis saxelwode-

bidan àlazoni~, àlaz~ anu àraz~ _ es fuZe am regionSi mraval

saxelSi gvxvdeba da yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli, TviT mdinare

araqsic ki àrazi~ erqva. àraz~-idan unda iyos arze, arzrumi, arz-

injani, arze (arwe) da sxva. amave regionis samxreTiT qalaq elazigis

saxelic mas unda ukavSirdebodes. aRsaniSnavia, rom Semdgomi elazigis

mxareebSi, romelsac anZianZora erqva, ilaSqra mefe farnavazma, roca

is ibrZoda arian-qarTvelTa mefis memkvidreobisaTvis. amave mxareebSi

ilaSqra aseve vaxtang gorgasalma. me vfiqrob, da Cans kidec, rom

farnavazi ibrZoda qarTlis saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gansamtkiceblad.

es sazRvari qarTlis cxovrebis avtors azonis mamiseuli memkvidre-

obis aRweris dros aq eguleboda.

66

rogorc iTqva, strabonis cnobiT, qaldebs aseve erqvaT saxeli _

àlizonebi~, àlazonebi~. qaldebs namdvilad rom erqvaT es saxeli

Cans uamravi toponimidan, romelic aRniSnuli sityvis fuZidan ga-

momdinareobs alaz~(laz), araz~, arz~.

rogorc iTqva, es saxelebi àraz~ da àlz~ mdinareebs, soflebs,

qalaqebsa da provinciebsac ki erqvaT pontospireTidan vidre vanis

tbamde da kaxeTis mdinare alaznamde. magaliTad, erT-erTia pro-

vinciis saxelwodeba alznik~ (somxurad _ aRZnik~), romelic swored

karduxTa qveynis mezoblad mdebareobda da vrclad iyo gadaWimuli

e.w. covkis tbidan kordvacis mTebamde (provincia kordukamde), e.i.

karduxebis qveynamde vanis tbis samxreT-dasavleTiT, amJamadac ki

covkis tbasTan axlos Zvel qalaq melitenes (galatias) _ alazigi

hqvia, romlis fuZeSic laz~-i zis.

am `laz~ _ `raz~ fuZidanaa gamomdinare ufro wvrili provinciis

saxeli àrzni~, romelic uSualod emijneboda karduxebis qveyanas,

kerZod ki `korduks~. am `laz-raz~ fuZidanaa gamomavali mdinareTa

saxelebi arawani~, `razdani~ da SesaZloa aseve _ alazani~. rogorc

iTqva, klarjeTsac arzena erqva

arawani _ vanis tbis sanapirodan iwyeba da muratis saxelwodebiT

q. elazigTan evfrats uerTdeba. mis samxreT sanapiroze iwyeba ti-

grosis saTaveebi.

qaldebma am regionSi, romelic SemosazRvruli iyo qalaqebiT _

Tanamedrove elazigiTi da Zveli valaSkertiT, olqma, romelSic Se-

diodnen md. kelkitis saTaveebi, md. xartiSi, nawilobriv yizil-ir-

maki, Semdgomi arzrumi da artaan-artanuji, Seqmnes qveyana qaldu~,

igive qarTu~, igive arian-qarTli. misgan ufro CrdiloeTiT Camoya-

libda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba da misi STamomavlobaa qarTveli

xalxi.

ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia kidec, rom svanebis, megrebisa da

danarCen qarTvelTa winare samSoblo qaldu~ _ qarTu iyo, Cans Camoy-

alibebuli mebrZol tom qaldeelTa mier, romelTac Semdgom laze-

bi ewodaT.

sabolood, Cven SeiZleba aseTi saxiT warmovidginoT qarTveli

eris Camoyalibeba _ wyaroTa Tanaxmad nabuqodonosorma liviis gver-

67

diT mdebare iberiidan iberielebis nawili gadaasaxla da daasaxla pon-

tos zRvispireTSi~, rogorc ramdenjerme iTqva, aq naxsenebi `livia~

aris ara afrikis libia, aramed vanis tbis piras mdebare Zveli qvey-

ana luvia~, xolo iberielebi ki igive karduxebi, qalduebia, romelnic

liviis gverdiT cxovrobdnen. am kardux-iberielebis nawili gada-

saxlda SavizRvispireTSi da iwodnen qaldebad (xaldebad) _ xalibe-

bad. amave dros SavizRvispireTis amave regionSi uwyveti nakadis saxiT

Semodiodnen sxva qarTveli tomebi pontospireTidan.

am qarTuli tomebis (fasianebis, hespertebis, taoxebis, mosinikeb-

isa da sxv.) konsolidacia SeZlo meomarma da Zlierma tomma kardux-

ebisa, ramac safuZveli Cauyara arian-qarTlis saxelmwifos, romlis

memkvidreoba farnavazis dros miiRo `qarTlis samefom~.

strabonis cnobebi laz-alazonebis Sesaxeb

lazebis saxelis etimologiuri ZiebisaTvis, vfiqrob mniSvnelo-

vani informaciaa strabonis geografiaSi. kidev erTxel unda aRiniS-

nos, rom is qaldebis toms uwodebs alazonebs, zogjer ki alizonebs.

straboni Tavisi geografiis XII wignis mesame TavSi vrclad

msjelobs Tavisi am cnobis dasamtkiceblad da am sakiTxze polemi-

kas umarTavs mraval Zvel cnobil avtors, sabolood askvnis rom mis

dros mcxovrebi qaldebis Zveli saxelia xalibebi, igive alibebi da,

rom, saerTod homerosis dros alibe erqva qveyanas TemiskarasTan.

alibes xalxs ki erqva _ alizonebi an alazonebi. am saxelisagan war-

modgeba sityva amazonebi.

sabolood straboni iRebs qaldebis saxels _ alazonebs da wers _

`zogni weren alazonebs, zogni _ amazonebs, adgil alibedan~ (str. XII,

3, 21) an `Soridan xalibedan~ (XII, 3, 23).

straboni wers _ exlandeli qaldebi, Zvelad xalibebad iwodebod-

nen, amaT Soris mdebareobs farnakia. misi Semosavalia Tevz pelamideb-

is Wera da aseve miwidan liTonebis (axla rkinis, Zvelad vercxlis)

68

amoReba. saerTod am adgilebSi sanapiro metismetad viwroa, radgan iqve,

zemoT aRmarTulia liTonebiT savse, tyiani mTebi~ (XII, 3, 19);

`am adamianebs uwin erqvaT alibebi xalibebis nacvlad... homerosi

alizonebs uwodebs xalibebs~ (straboni, XII, 3, 20). homerosi wers _

alizonebs.

`zogni weren alazonebs, zogni ki amazonebs~ (XII, 3, 21) _ ambobs stra-

boni.

straboni miiCnevs, rom cnobili amazoni qalebi qaldebis toms

ekuTvnoda, is etimologiurad sityvebs qaldebs, xalibebs, alibes,

alazonebs da amazonebs erTmaneTs ukavSirebs, roca aRwers qaldeb-

is tomis sacxovriss trapezuntTan.

amJamad miiCneva, rom saxelwodebaSi _ `lazika~, sufiqsi `ka~ _

somxuria da am sufiqsiT es sityva sxva somxuri geografiuli sax-

elebis msgavsadaa nawarmoebi (magaliTad, rogorc korCaika), berZne-

bi lazebis qveynas zogjer lazonias, uwodebdnen.

Cveni daskvniT lazebis saxeli (laz) qaldebis Zveli saxelisagan -

`alazonisaganaa~ miRebuli, am saxelSi fuZe-Ziria laz~. am mosazre-

bas strabonis cnoba adasturebs.

`laz-raz-arz-arze~ fuZe-ZirebiT lazTa anu qaldTa vrceli qvey-

nis mravali toponimi da hidronimia nawarmoebi.

69

alazonebi da georgebi Crdilo da samxreT

kavkasiaSi strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebiT

strabonis cnobiT alazonebis tomi cxovrobda Savi zRvis rogorc

samxreT, ise Crdilo sanapiroze.

alazonebis tomis erTerTi sacxovrisi mdebareobda Savi zRvis

samxreT sanapiroze _ sinopsa da trapezunts Soris.

straboni alazonebs xalibebis (qaldebis-xaldebis) tomis winapre-

bad miiCnevda.

xaldebi anu qaldevelebi, Semdgom Wanebad iwodnen, xolo qaldea

_ qarTvelTa yvela tomis saerTo samSoblod iqna miCneuli.

qarTvelebs ucxoelebi georgebs an gurjebsac uwodebdnen. george-

bis tomi Zveli wyaroebis cnobebiT, cxovrobda aseve Crdilo kavka-

siaSi.

CvenTvis sainteresoa, rom strabonis cnobiT saxeli `georgi~ da

aseve `alazonebis~ saxeli erqva yirimidan Savi zRvis Crdilo sana-

piroze mcxovreb tomebsac.

maSasadame, Savi zRvis orive sanapiroze, erTmaneTis pirispir teri-

toriebze _ rogorc yirimis mxareSi, aseve mis mopirdapire sinop-

trapezuntis mxareSi cxovrobdnen `alazonebi~ da aseve `georgebi~.

isini orive am teritoriaze, erTimeoris gverdigverd cxovrobdnen.

yirimis mimdebare mxareSi mcxovrebi xalxis `georgebis~ Sesaxeb

straboni wers: «Народность херсонесцев называлась «Георгами» вбуквальном смысле этого слова, потому, что скифское племья, живушеенад ними, было кочевым» (Страбон, География, книга VII, 4,6). (Страбон,География, изд. «Наука» , Л. 1964, стр. 284).

e.i. xersonelTa xalxi iwodeboda georgebad, am sityvis pirdapiri

gagebiT, radganac skviTuri tomi, maT maRla mcxovrebi, iyo momTabare~

(str. VII, 4,6).

sityva georgi _ miwis muSas niSnavs. e.i. xersonebis georgebis tomi

miwaTmoqmedi iyo da amitom ewoda es saxeli, rasac SeiZleba albaT

ar daveTanxmoT, radganac momTabareTa gverdiT vrcel teritoriebze,

mravali miwaTmoqmedi xalxi cxovrobda da maT georgebi~ ar erqvaT,

miT umetes, rom sxva antikuri avtorebi (magaliTad, plinius ufro-

70

si) georgebis toms Crdilo kavkasiaSic aTavsebdnen, Tu aras vityviT

iqve mcxovreb qarTvelebze, aseve georgebad saxelwodebulebze,

romelTa saxeli georgi~ eTnikuri TviTsaxelwodeba iyo.

yirimSi georgebis gverdiT cxovrobda aseve alazonebis tomi _

straboni wers: «...Называя скифов, что живут над Борисфеном - «Алазонами»(Страбон, География, XI, 3, 21) Страбон, География, издательство «Наука»,Ленинград, 1964, стр. 516).

maSasadame, strabonisave cnobiT georgebi da alazonebi Savi zRvis

orive sanapiroze cxovrobdnen _ erTmaneTis pirispir.

`georgebis~ tomebi cxovrobdnen 1) yirimTan, 2) Crdilo kavkasiaSi

da 3) samxreT kavkasiaSi.

`alazonebi~ cxovrobdnen 1) ponto-trapezuntis mxareSi da 2) aseve

Crdilo kavkasiaSi.

rogorc georgebi, ise alazonebi qarTvelebis winaprebi arian,

kerZod, strabonis cnobiT, alazonebi erqvaT xalibebs anu qaldebs

(xaldebs), qaldea (qaldu) _ qarTvelTa saerTo pirvel samSoblod,

miiCneva, saidanac qarTvelTa yvela jgufi warmoiSva. saxeli georgebi

ki saerTod qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. amitomac SeiZleba vifi-

qroT, rom, radganac zRvis orive erTmaneTis mopirispire sanapiroze

cxovrobdnen es tomebi, isini iyvnen erTi xalxi da am xalxiT iyo

dasaxlebuli kavkasiis orive mxare yirimis CaTvliT.

plinius ufrosis cnobiT `georgebi~ CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi cx-

ovrobdnen. Crdilo-aRmosavleT evropis, yirimisa da Crdilo kavkasiis

areebs Seexeba plinius ufrosis cnoba sxvadasxva iq mosaxle tomeb-

is Sesaxeb, romelTa Soris georgebic~ ixseniebian.

plinius ufrosi wers: `maT gverdiTaa skviTebi, kimerielebi, kis-seebi, antebi, georgebi da amazonebis tomi. es ukanasknelebi cxovroben

kaspiisa da hirkaniis zRvamde~ (Плиний старший, Естественная история,книга VI, XIV. 35. rus.enaze).

miCneva, rom es georgebi `georgilebis~ saxeliT ixseniebian pom-

ponius melasTanac (I.13) da ar aris gamoricxuli maTi kavSiri aseve

Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovreb gegar-gargarebTan.

Cveni kvleviT, sityvis fuZe-Ziri `ggr~ warmoadgens qarTvelTa

anu georgebis eTnofuZes da maszea agebuli sxvadasxva qarTuli

71

tomisa da maTi qveynis saxeli, esenia _ ègrisi~, àrgveTi~, `guria~,

`gogari~, gugarqi~ da sxva, aseve mas (am eTno fuZe `ggr~-s) efuZneba

qarvelTa aRmniSvneli ucxouri saxelebi _ gurj, georgien, gurzan,

gruzin da sxva. aqedan gamomdinare pliniusis _ georgebi qarTvelTa

tomis aRmniSvneli unda iyos, strabonis cnobiTac iberebs Crdilo-

kavkasiaSi eTnikuri TanamonaTesaveni hyavda. pliniusisave cnobiT

gegar-gagarebi, amazonebi da georgebi Crdilo kavkasiaSic cxovrobd-

nen. aq amazoni igive tomi unda iyos, romelic àlazonad~ iwodeba

strabonTan.

lazebi da svanokolxebi ptolemaiosTan

klavdios ptolemaiosi (90-168) Tavis geografiul saxelmZRvanelo-

Si moixseniebs kolxeT-iberiis qalaqebs, mTebsa da mdinareebs.

`mdinare koraqsi _ axloa kolxidasTan da iberiasTan, iqedan gadis

albaniasTan saerTo sasazRvro xazi. [aziis sarmatiis sazRvari] samxre-

TiT _ evqsanis pontos nawili mdinaremde koraqsi, da aqedan kolxeTis,iberiis da albaniis [sasazRvro] xazi gadis kaspiis zRvamde~ (ptole-

maiosi, antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 356, a).

1. ptolemaiosi axsenebs mdinare koraqss, mis saTaves, mTa koraqss

da koraqsis mTebs.

sad, romel regionSi uaxlovdebodnen erTmaneTs kolxida, iberia

da albania sadac miedineboda koraqsi?

kolxida moicavda md. Woroxis dasavleT sanapiros qveyanas tra-

pezuntamde. Woroxis mTianeTis CrdiloeTiT iberia mdebareobda.

Woroxis mTianeTis aRmosavleTis mxares gadaWimuli qedebi albane-

Tamdec aRwevda. vfiqrob rom ptolemaiosi gulisxmobs karCxal-ar-

sianis regions, es sxva monacemebidanac Cans.

is wers _ `mTa koraqsi, romliTac mTavrdeba kolxeTisa da iberiis

gavliT wamosuli mTebi, kavkasionad wodebuli da aseve hirkaniis zRvis-

ken mimavali kavkasiis mTis ganStoeba, masac kavkasosi ewodeba~ (iqve,gv. 356, b).

72

vfiqrob, koraqsisa da kavkasosis mTebis moZebnisaTvis Cven unda

veZioT Tu sad uerTdeba erTmaneTs kolxeTidan da iberiidan wamo-

suli mTebi kaspiis zRvisaken mimarTul mTebs. erTaderTi aseTi ad-

gilia kvlav karCxal-arsianis mTianeTi, Cans masze wers kidec av-

tori `masac kavkasosi ewodeba~. anu mcire kavkasionSia mTa koraqsisa,

karCxal-arsianis mTianeTSi. aseTSemTxvevaSi koraqsebis mTebi~ mar-

Tlac axloa `miTridates qveyanasa~ da amazonebis~ tbasTan, rogorc

wers avtori (ptolemaiosi, geografiuli saxelmZRvaneli, wigni V,

Tavi VIII, 17-25, iqve, gv. 456, g).

Sesabamisad, mdinare koraqsi unda iyos karCxal-arsianis mTiane-

Tidan gamomavali romelime mdinare, magaliTad aseTebia aWariswya-

li, maWaxela, imerxevi, ligniswyali da sxva. is wers _ mdinare kora-

qsis saTave: aqedan gadis kolxeTze mimdebare sazRvari~ (iqve, gv. 356, g).

maSasadame, Cemi azriT koraqsis mTebi aris karCxal-arsianis mTiane-

Ti, sadac gadioda kolxeTis sazRvari, xolo mdinare koraqsi am mTebSi

iRebda saTaves.

VII s. somxur geografiaSi sarmatia~ ewodeba aseve dasavleT saqar-

Tvelos, klavdios ptolemaiosTanac dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvi-

spireTi sarmatiis nawilad moiazreba _ sazRvari samxreTiT. evqsinis

pontos nawili mdinaremde koraqsi da aqedan kolxeTis, iberiis da al-

baniis sasazRvro xazi gadis hirkaniis anu kaspiis zRvamde~ (antikuri

kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 356,a).

Cveni kvleviT, kolxeTisa da iberiis saerTo sazRvari gadioda

arsianis qedze. kolxidis Crdilo sazRvari gadioda md. Woroxis

SesarTavis regionSi. Woroxis marjvena sanapiros mimdebare mxare

ukve sarmatiad miiCneoda. Cans amitomac wers ptolemaiosi _ `kolx-ida SemoisazRvreba CrdiloeTiT sarmatiis zemoaRniSunli nawiliT

dasavleTiT ki mdinare koraqsidan moyolebuli fasisis ukiduresi

mxaris nawiliT _ evqsanis pontos Semdegi aRwerilobis Sesabamisad:

dioskuriasi, md. hiposis SesarTavi, md. kianeosis SesarTavi, siganeosi,

neapolisi, aia polisi, md. qariustoris SesarTavi, md. fazisis SesarTavi

qalaqi fazisi~ (iqve, gv. 356, d).

Cveni kvleviT q. dioskuria mdebareobda dRevandel qalaq surmenes-

Tan axlos (trapezuntsa da rizes Sua), e.i. mis CrdiloeTiT zRvis-

73

pirze iyvnen md. hiposi, md. kianeosi, siganeosi, aiapolisi, md. fazi-

sis SesarTavi da qalaqi fazisi. md. fazisi ki md. Woroxia. aq gad-

mocemulia imJamindeli saxelwodebebi mdinareebisa da punqtebisa

Tanamedrove surmenedan _ md. Woroxis (e.i. fazisis) SesarTavamde.

qalaqebi dioskuria, siganeosi, neapolisi, aia polisi da qalaqi fazisi

ptolemaiosis dros Tanamedrove surmenedan vidre Woroxamde mde-

bareobdnen.

2. ptolemaiosis mixedviT q. fasisi (fazisi) Zalze axlos mdebar-

eobda armeniasTan `q. fasisi, xolo samxreTiT _ aqedan miniSnebuli

xazis gayolebaze da momdevno didi armeniis nawili~... (iqve gv. 356,d).

kolxeTi `aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba iberias, kavkasiis mTebis

gaswvrivi zRvrebis SemaerTebeli xaziT~ (iqve).

rogorc iTqva, Cven kolxidad miviCnevT miwa-wyals md. Woroxidan

TiTqmis trapezuntamde, kolxidis nawili iyo aseve Woroxis xeoba

arsianis qedamde. amitomac kolxidas aRmosavleTidan esazRvreboda

iberia, romelic marTlac aqve, arsianis qedis iqiT iwyeboda (artaa-

nis olqi). aqve iberiaSi mdebareobda qalaqi artanisa (qarTul wyaroeb-

Sic mas hqvia `qalaqi artanisa~ _ anu artaanis qalaqi: ptolemaiosic

iberiis qalaqTa Soris mas (artanisas) asaxelebs.

am teritoriaze (e.i. trapezuntidan Woroxamde) cxovrobdnen

ptolemaiosis lazebi, maT siaxloves ki manralebi da ekrektikes qvey-

nis mosaxleni.

ptolemaiosi wers: kolxeTis zRvis mimdebare midamoebSi mkvidro-

ben lazebi, zemoT ki _ manralebi da ekrektikes qveynis mosaxleni~

(ptolemaiosi, antikuri kavkasia~, 2010, gv. 356,d).

Cveni kvleviT straboni, TiTqmis ptolemaiosis epoqaSi, miiCnevda,

rom `kolxidis sanapiro~ erqva zRvispirs Tanamedrove surmenedan

trabzonamde (e.i. dioskuriidan trapezuntamde). amitomac Cans,

ptolemaiosic `kolxidis zRvas~ uwodebda amave sanapiros momcvel

zRvispirs. e.i. ptolemaiosis mier naxsenebi `kolxidis zRvis mimde-

bare midamoebis~ qveS igulisxmeba trapezuntis samxreTi mTianeTi,

romelic am `zRvis~ pirispir mdebareobs. vin arian ptolemaiosis

mier naxsenebi lazebi~, romelnic cxovrobnen trapezuntidan _ sur-

menamde da rizemde, kolxidis zRvis midamoebSi? pasuxisaTvis sain-

74

teresoa strabonis cnoba, rom aRniSnul miwa-wyalze, trapezuntis

mTianeTSi cxovrobdnen qaldebi, maT straboni uwodebs `xalibebs~da aseve àlazonebs~.

etimologiurad, rogorc aRiniSna, sityvebi àlazonebi~ da `la-

zebi~ erTi warmoSobisa unda iyos. lazikas berZnulad `lazonic~

erqva. amitomac ptolomeosis da strabonis alazonebi~ da `lazebi~

erTsa da imave toms _ qaldebs unda miuTiTebdes. straboni vrclad

msjelobs, imis Sesaxeb, rom troelTa dasaxmareblad berZnebTan omis

dros xalibebis winapari alizonebi (igive alazonebi) mividnen troa-

Si _ `Soridan xalibedan~ (strab. XII, 3,20-22). is vrclad msjelobs,

da am Tavis Tvalsazriss mravali magaliTiT amtkicebs. homerosi

wers _ xolo odiosi da epistrofosi mouZRodnen alizonebs, Soreu-li alibedan, sadac aris vercxlis sabado ...unda Seicvalos daweriliSoreuli xalibedan... es aixsneba weriTi cvlilebebiT~ (straboni, XII,

3, 20-22).

strabonis qarTveli mTargmnelebi àlizonebis da alazonebis~,

nacvlad weren aliZonebi~, alaZonebi~, aseve amaZonebi~, maSin roca

rusul TargmanebSi weria amazonebi, alazonebi, alizonebi. mTeli

saerTod, yvelgan iwereba amazonebi da ara amaZonebi. Tu berZnul

`Zetas~ wavikiTxavT, rogorc Z~ maSin ptolemaiosTanac sityva lazi~

unda wavikiTxoT _ `laZi~, magram misi qarTveli mTargmneli wers _

`lazi~ _ ptolemaiosi wers _ `kolxidis zRvis mimdebare midamoebSimkvidroben lazebi, zemoT ki manralebi da ekrektikes qveynis mosaxle-ni~ (àntikuri kavkasia~, 2010, gv. 356,d).

rogorc aRvniSneT, ptolemaiosis lazebi cxovrobdnen kolxidis

zRvasTan~, anu `kolxidis sanapirosTan~ Tanamedrove surmene-tra-

pezuntis mTianeTSi, istoriulad aq yovelTvis cxovrobdnen qalde-

bi, aq iyo `qaldeas Temic~, aq iyo cnobili qalaqebi zigana da argi-

ropolisi (vercxlis qalaqi), aq unda yofiliyo vercxlis is saba-

doebi, romelic strabons xalibebis qveyanaSi eguleboda. misi azriT,

rogorc vTqviT xalibebi da qaldebi erTi xalxi iyo da maT agreTve

àlazonebic~ erqvaT. ptolemaiosis lazebi _ swored es xalxi unda

iyos. qaldeas provinciis maRla, qveynis siRrmeSi, n. adoncis sityviTmdebareobda samxreT egrisis provincia `manralia~, Teodosopolio-

sis samxreT-dasavleTiT 40-iode kilometrSi.

75

ptolemaiosis ekrektikes qveyanac~ aqve, samxreT egrisis romelime

nawili unda yofiliyo, maSasadame, ptolemaiosi gvaZlevs cnobebs I

saukuneSi Teodosopolios _ arzrumidan vidre trapezuntamde mde-

bare qveynis mosaxleTa Sesaxeb _ kerZod ki ekrektikes, manraliisa

da lazTa qveynebis mosaxleTa Sesaxeb. rogorc vTqviT _ esenia tra-

pezuntis samxreTiT mdebare mxareebi, surmenes anu dioskuriis mar-

jvniv zRvispirze mdebare punqtebi da mdinareebi aRwerilia md.

Woroxamde, romelsac is faziss uwodebs, Sesabamisad qarTuli Targ-

manis teqstSi CarTul ganmartebas, TiTqosda md. hiposi aris cx-

eniswyali, Cven ar veTanxmebiT, _ md. hiposi ptolemaiosis aRweriT,

an uSualod Caedineboda zRvaSi trapezuntsa da Woroxs Sua, anda is

iyo Woroxis Senakadi. aseve, misi qalaqi siganeosi an trapezuntsa da

Woroxs Sua mdebareobda zRvispirze, anda iyo cnobili qalaqi ziga-

na imave regionSi.

3. iberiis sazRvrebi ptolemaiosTan aseTia _ CrdiloeTiT sarma-

tia, dasavleTiT kolxidis aRniSnuli xazi~ (karCxal-arsianis regio-

ni), samxreTiT didi armenia _ kolxididan~ (kolxida da didi armenia

misTvis erTmaneTis gverdiT mdgomi qveynebia) iberiis qalaqTagan

mis mier naxsenebi artanisa, unda iyos artaanis qalaqi _ romelsac

qarTuladac artanisa erqva, q. Zalisa _ aRmoCnda arqeologiuri kv-

levaTa Sedegad sofel ZalisasTan. armaktika ki armazad miiCneva.

4. mosxuri mTebi~ anu mosxebis mTebi~ mravaljer ixsenieba ptole-

maiosTan didi armeniis aRwerisas.

`didi armenia SemoisazRvreba: CrdiloeTiT kolxidis nawiliT da

iberiiTa da albaniiT mdinare kirosis gaswvrivi zemoTxsenebuli xazis

mixedviT. dasavleTidan ...kapadokiis pontos gaswvriv kolxidamde mosx-uri mTebis xaziT... armeniis mTaTagan ganTqmulia e.w. mosxuri mTebi,

romlebic gadaWimulia kapadokiis zemoT mdebare nawilis gaswvriv da

pariadresis mTa... armeniis mxareebia: mosxur mTebTan _ kotarZene, mas

zemoT boqasad wodebuli mxare, md. kirosis gaswvriv _ torasene da

totene. md. araqsis gaswvriv kolTene da mis qvemoT sodukene, paria-

dresis mTasTan sirakene da sakapene...~ (antikuri kavkasia, 2010, gv. 356).

ptolemaiosis aRweridan Cans, rom mas dafiqsirebuli aqvs is mdgo-

mareoba, rac Seiqmna mis Semdeg, rac armeniam iberias CamoaWra vrce-

76

li teritoriebi pariadres kalTebi, gogarena da xorZena. amitomac

man armeniaSi Seiyvana mosxuri mTebi _ ese igi mTaTa sistema karCal-

arsianidan vidre Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebamde.

sabolod, ptolemaiosi sarmatias uwodebs dasavleT saqarTvelos

zRvispirs, kolxidas _ teritorias Woroxidan trapezuntamde (surme-

nemde), sadac cxovroben lazebi da manralebi, kolxidis nawilad

Tvlis Woroxis xeobas arsianis qedamde, sadac, karCxal_arsianis

mTianeTSi eguleba koraqsis mTa da md. koraqsi, aqve iwyeba mosxuri

(mosxebi) qedi. da aqvea q. artanisa _ iberiaSi.

es adgili misTvis mniSvnelovani geografiuli wertilia, saidan

avlebs Sesabamis xazebs qveyanaTa adgilmdebareobis gansasazRvrad.

5. svanokolxebis~ toms ptolemaiosi asaxelebs pontos gaswvriv~

sxva tomTa CamonaTvalis bolos _ ...pontos gaswvriv _ aqavelebi, ker-

ketebi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi~... (antikuri kavkasia, gv. 356,g).

maSasadame, svanokolxebi cxovrobdnen henioxebis qvemoT.

strabonis mixedviT henioxebi cxovrobdnen pitiuntamde (pitiam-

de), romelic Cveni kvleviT daaxloebiT Seesabameba Tanamedrove punqt

pazars (ardaSen-aTinasTan). aq Turme, ptolemaiosis cnobiT, mTianeTSi,

cxovrobdnen svanokolxebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi Seumowmebe-

li cnobiT, aTinasTan mcxovrebi lazebi dResac Tavis Tavs svanebs~

uwodeben da TavianT lazur kilos `svanurad~ miiCneven.

dasavleT saqarTvelos sanapiros ara mxolod ptolemaiosi da som-

xuri geografia uwodebdnen sarmatias, aramed mravali sxva avtoric.

iq mcxovreb da zemoT CamoTvlil qarTvel tomebsac skviTebs~ uwo-

debdnen. amis ZiriTadi mizezi unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTve-

los mxaris naklebi Seswavla imJamindel mecnierTa mier. TviT ptole-

maiosic ki mas uwodebs ucnob qveyanas~, anda ucnob miwas~. is wers _

`iqauri meridianis gaswvriv, vidre ucnob miwamde~ (iqve, gv. 356,b). anda

`sarmatias ikaveben _ ucnobi miwis mimdebare hiperboreeli sarmate-

bi...~ (iqve, gv. 356,g) da a. S.

dasavleT saqarTvelo I aTaswleulSi Savi zRvis donis mkveTri

amaRlebis gamo geografiulad rTuli regioni iyo, amitomac Sesas-

wavlad Zneli.

77

istoriul arian-qarTlSi mcxovrebi tomebi

(qsenofontes (Zv. w. V-IV ss.) cnobebis T. miqelaZiseuli kvleva)

konstantinepolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia XI s-is dasawyis-

Si vrceldeboda trapezuntidan vanis tbamde, anu moicavda istori-

uli arian-qarTlis miwawyals, ganvixiloT literatura ZvelTaganve

iq mcxovreb tomTa istoriisa da administraciuli mowyobis Sesaxeb.

konstantinepolis sapatriarqos eparqiebi lazikaSi, rogorc aRin-

iSna, moicavda qaldiisa da iberiis Temebis mniSvnelovan nawils.

iberiis Temidan (tao, basiani, karini da sxva olqebi) iyvnen cno-

bili saeklesio da saxelmwifo moRvaweebi ioane, eqvTime da giorgi

maSenebel-mTawmidelebi, Tornike erisTavi, grigol bakurianis Ze,

zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposi da sxvani, romelTac Tanamedrove

somexi mecnierebi miiCneven eTnikur somxebad (qalkedonit somxe-

bad), ufro metic, mosaxleobas aRniSnuli mxareebisas miiCneven im

somxebad, romelTac miiRes qalkedonituri sarwmunoeba, ris gamoc

TiTqosda isini `gaqarTveldnen~. qarTveli mecnierebis erTi naw-

ilic iziarebs Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnuli mxareebi

eTnikuri somxebis istoriuli samSoblo iyo da gvian saukuneebamde

somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc qsenofontes

cnobili Txzuleba anabasisi~ uCvenebs am mxareTa momcveli vrceli

teritoria, istoriulad qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

qristeSobamde daaxloebiT 400 wels berZnebis aTi aTasi kacisa-

gan Semdgarma jarma gaiara is miwa-wyali, romelTac SemdgomSi iberiis

da qaldeas Temebi moicavdnen. es regioni mdebareobda vanis tbidan

trapezuntamde, romelsac rogorc iTqva, istoriulad somxebis miwa-

wylad miiCneven, Cveni kvleviT ki am miwa wyals iq armenielTa dasax-

lebamde arian-qarTli erqva.

qsenofontes cnobiT aRniSnuli teritoria somxebze ufro metad,

qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, metic, somxebiT saerTod ar

iyo dasaxlebuli araqsis saTaveebi da misi xeobis udidesi nawili,

aseve Semdegdroindeli arzrumis (karinis), yarsis (vanandis) da basi-

anis (fasianis) mxareebi, Woroxis saTaveebi da SavizRvispireTi (zi-

gna-trapezuntis mxarec).

78

qsenofontem Tavisi jariT gaiara Tanamedrove dasavleT qurTis-

tanis mTianeTi, mividnen md. tigrosis saTaveebTan (misi Senakadis

md. biTlis-sus saTaveebi), Semdeg gaiares ki md. evfratis (murad-

sus) marcxena Senakadi md. yara-su (teleboasi), Semdeg kartevan-daRis

qedis gadasasvleliT miuaxlovdnen evfratis saTaveebs, gaiares va-

laSkertis veli da miuaxlovdnen md. fasisis (araqsis) vels, Semdeg

ki gahyvnen am mdinares (fasiss) saTaveebisaken. iqidan Sevidnen taoSi

(taoxebis qveyanaSi) da mividnen Woroxis saTaveebTan, gayvnen Woroxs

(xalibebis qveyanaSi), sadRac Tanamedrove sof. orjoxTan gadalaxes

igi (T. miqelaZis TvalsazrisiT), Semdeg ki mkveTrad Secvales mima-

rTuleba da samxreT-dasavleTiT ganagrZes gza, miadgnen Tanamed-

rove zigans, aqedan Sevidnen trapezuntSi, Semdeg ki ganagrZes mog-

zauroba q. kerasuntamde da kotioramde (T. miqelaZe, qsenofontis

anabasisi, 1967, gv. 33-54). am gzis gavlas 8-9 Tve moundnen.

qsenofontem Tavisi jariT, Tavisive cnobiT, babilonis brZolis

adgilidan kotioramde sul gaiara 620 farasangi anu 18600 stadioni

(1 farasangi udris 5 km-s, xolo 1 stadioni _ 179,2 metrs), maSasadame

gauvliaT 3100 km, mTeli am samiaTas kilometriani grZeli gzis ume-

tesi nawili berZnebma qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze iares, sakuTriv

armeniaSi ki SedarebiT naklebi. kerZod, babilonis brZolis adgil-

idan berZnebi jer Sevidnen karduxTa qveyanaSi, aqedan armeniaSi,

romelic or nawilad iyofoda, aRmosavleT armenia tigrosis zemo

welze mdebareobda, mas zogierTi istorikosi miiCnevs dariosis meTv-

ramete satrapiad, iq somxebTan erTad qarTul tomad miCneuli hes-

peritebic (anu herodotes sasperebic) cxovrobdnen. dasavleT arme-

nia ki aRmosavleT evfratis (Tanamedrove murad-sus) auzSi mdebar-

eobda. T. miqelaZis azriT dariosis me-18 satrapias dasavleT arme-

nia Seesabameba, radgan dasavleT armeniis sardali tiribazi hesperteb-

sac marTavda (ix. iqve, gv. 123). fasianebic aqve cxovrobdnen. am uka-

nasknelTa qarTveloba Cveni avtorebis mier aRiarebulia. aRniSnu-

li tiribazis jaric qarTvel tomTa mier ivseboda, tiribazs da-

qiravebuli hyavda xalibebi da taoxebi. armeniis gadalaxvis Semdeg

berZnebi Sevidnen taoxebis, xalibebis, skviTinebis, makronebis, kolxe-

bis, drilebis, mosinikebis, tibarenebis qveynebSi. trapezunti _ kol-

xeTis qveyanaSi mdebareobda.

79

aqedan vidre armeniamde uvrcelesi miwa-wyali, romelsac, rogorc

aRiniSna, SemdgomSi qaldiasa da iberiis Temebi ewoda, dasaxlebuli

iyo qarTuli tomebiT.

isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom babilonidan armeniamdec, kerZod qur-

Tistanis mTianeTSi, qarTvelebad miCneuli karduxTa tomi cxovrobda.

swored maT Sexvdnen pirvelad qsenofontes berZnebi. karduxebis

qveyanas armeniisagan gamoyofda md. kentriti (Tanamedrove boxtan-

Cai). qsenofonte maT karduxebs uwodebs, plutarqe (da sxva zogier-

Ti mwerali) ki gorduenebs. evsevi kesarielis cnobiT noes kidobnis

naSTebi korduebis mTebSi moipoveboda. am sityvebis (karduxi, gor-

dueni) fuZiseuli forma aris kardu, gordu, kordu. iv. javaxiSvi-

lis mosazrebiT saxelwodeba qarTveli~ kardu~ sityvisaganaa miRe-

buli. imave azrs gamoTqvamda n. adonci (iqve, gv. 117). am sityvis

mawarmoeblebi xi~ da en~ sufiqsebi sadaurobisa da krebiTobis aRm-

niSvnelebi arian (kaxi, kolxi, javaxi _ Wani, zani, svani, fasiani, mak-

roni, tibareni, skviTini). g. meliqiSvilis azriT karduxebi muSqebis

erT-erTi tomi iyo, kerZod karduxebis _ gorduenebis saxelwodebas

ukavSirebs frigiis dedaqalaqis saxels `gordioni~ da frigiis di-

nastiur saxels `gordia~ (iqve gv. 119). Cveni azriT qarTvelTa sax-

elwodebebSi (qarTveli, megreli, guruli, margveli, gurj~, geor-

gien~) fuZeebi `gr~ _ `rg~ imave warmoSobisaa.

rogorc iTqva, dasavleT armeniis Semdeg berZenTa jari fasianTa

qveyanaSi Sevida _ araqsis saTaveebTan. saqme isaa, rom qsenofonti da

sxva mravali berZeni avtori konstantine porfirogenetis CaTvliT

fasiss uwodebda araqss. Tumca isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom Woroxsac

fasiss uwodebdnen, ise, rogorc sxva ramdenime mdinares. araqsis

xeobis fasianebs T. miqelaZe kolxur tomad miiCnevs. fasianebis qvey-

anas qarTulad basiani erqva (lazikis eparqiis erTerTi umTavresi

nawili basiansac moicavda). Tu fasianelebi kolxuri tomi iyo,

lazikad saxeldeba Semdeg saukuneebSi vrceli miwa-wylisa trape-

zuntidan valaSkertis CaTvliT moulodneli ar aris.

T. miqelaZes kolxuri eTnikuri elementis buded miaCnia ara dasav-

leT saqarTvelo, aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo da wers anti-

kuri wyaroebis aietis samefoc iqaa saZiebeli. Woroxisa da fasis-araq-

80

sis saTaveebTan kolxuri tomis fasianebis arseboba kidev erTi mZlavri

sabuTia am mosazrebis sasargeblod (T. miqelaZe, qsenofontis `anaba-sisi~, 1967, gv. 127).

Sav zRvaSi Semdinare ramdenime mdinaresac, rogorc iTqva, fasisi

erqva. berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT mdinare fazisi mZlavrad Seed-

ineboda zRvaSi, TiTqosda is vardeboda zRvis wyalSi~. fasisis berZne-

bi aRwerdnen ara rogorc Waobis mdinares, romelic mdored da mZ-

imed Seedineba zRvaSi, rogorc vTqviT md. rioni, aramed Woroxis

msgavs mTis mCqefare, wyaluxv mdinared. erTi berZeni avtori werda

`argo axla fasisSi dgas... raodeni Zala aqvs mis vardnas pontoSi~ (iqve,

gv. 126). T. miqelaZis ganmartebiT sityva fasisi berZnulidan Semo-

sula qarTulSi. fasisi, berZnuli `RmerTis~ saxeli iyo, mis erT-

erT vaJs erqva kolxi. Zv.w. III s. aleqsandrieli mecnieris mneasis

TqmiT `kolxebma Tavisi saxeli miiRes kolxisagan, romelic fasisisvaJi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 126). maSasadame, fasianebis saxeli kolxebs ukav-

Sirdeba, kolxebis eTnobude T. miqelaZis TqmiT, rogorc aRvniSneT,

iyo samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo, mas T. miqelaZe amatebs fasis-

araqsis saTaveebsac, e.i. fasianTa qveyanas (istoriul basians). basi-

ani amasTanave mesxebis qveyana iyo. anu kolxebi da mesxebi erT eT-

nosad warmoisaxa. Cans, amitomac qsenofontemdec hekatos mileteli

mesxebs kolxur tomad miiCnevda. basianelebs, iseve, rogorc maT me-

zobel taoelebs rogorc somxebi ise berZnebi VII-X saukuneebSi iverebs

(iberebs) uwodebdnen. es miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom winare qarTveleb-

is diferenciacia dRes cnobil qarTl-kaxelebad da megrelebad moxda

mogvianebiT epoqaSi, kerZod, pirvel aTaswleulSi. aqamde isini eT-

nikur erTobas qmnidnen. maSasadame, ar momxdara `Tubal-kainuri

tomebis~ (megrelebis) qarTizacia, rogorc n. mari fiqrobda, radga-

nac zogadqarTuli eTnikur-erovnuli erTobis diferenciacia gvian

saukuneebSi daiwyo. amas unda miuTiTebdes prokofi kesarielis cnobe-

bi lazebis qarTulenovnebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, lazuri sityva qu-

TaTisi~, sinamdvileSi Zveli qarTulia). maSasadame, kolxebi iseTive

frigieli warmomavlobis (e.i. mesxuri) tomia, rogorc vTqviT kar-

duxebi. maSasadame, lazikis anu iveriis Temis ZiriTadi eTnosi iyo

qarTveloba (jer kidev aradiferencirebuli) da ara somxebi, Tumca

81

ki fasianebis qveyanas qsenofontec armeniis nawilad miiCnevs. maSas-

adame, fasianebis qarTuli tomi qristeSobamde moeqca politikur

armeniaSi, Tumca ki Tavisi erovnul-qarTuli identoba gvianobamde

SeinarCuna.

fasianebis Semdeg berZnebis aRniSnuli jari taoxebis qveyanaSi

Sevida, anu Semdegdroindel taoSi. x~ _ mravlobiTobis mawarmoebe-

lia, taoelebs anu taoxebs urartueli wyaroebic icnoben diauxis

saxeliT. Zalze sainteresoa, rom T. miqelaZis TvalsazrisiT aia-

kolxeTis qveS, SesaZloa diauxis gaerTianeba igulisxmeba. `mxaris

toponimikam da argonavtebis miTis analizma dagvasmevina sakiTxi imis

Sesaxeb, rom, erTis mxriv argonavtebis miTSi aietis samefos saxiT,

xolo meores mxriv herodotesTan aia-kolxeTis saxiT daiaenis gaer-

Tianeba xom ar airekla. g. meliqiSvilma taoxebi hesperitebs daukav-

Sira~ (iqve, gv. 128).

Cveni TvalsazrisiT qarTuli wyaroebis arian-qarTlis qveS ig-

ulisxmeboda tao-basianis mxareebi, arian-qarTvelTa mefis Zes azo-

ni~, azo~, azove~ erqva, anu aia-kolxeTis saxiT taos qveynis asaxvis

SesaZleblobebi izrdeba imiT, rom argonavtebis meTaursac igive

saxeli `iazoni~ erqva. rac albaT Soreuli gamoZaxilia, areklili

qarTuli wyaroebis mier. T. miqelaZis azriT hesperitebi md. tigro-

sis saTaveebTan (sispiritSi) cxovrobdnen, amitomac ar eTanxmeba g.

meliqiSvils, rom taoxebi igive hesperitebi arian. diauxis anu di-

aienis gaerTianeba samxreTiT Tanamedrove erzrumamde vrceldebo-

da. SemdegSic qarTuli tomebi aqve cxovrobdnen. qsenofonte ixsenebs,

rom taoxebi, xalibebi da fasianebi erTad ibrZodnen mtris winaaRm-

deg. es momxdara md. araqsTan (fasisTan) axlos (iqve, gv. 79).

taoxebis Semdeg qsenofontes jari md. harpasosTan (T. miqelaZis

azriT WoroxTan) xalibebis qyveyanaSi Sesula (iqve, gv. 41). xalibebi

rkinis mwarmoeblobiT ganTqmuli qarTuli tomi iyo.

iqidan samxreTisaken Semobrunebuli berZnebi skviTinebis qveyana-

Si Sesulan. Tanamedrove q. baiberdTan axlos yofila skviTinebis

dedaqalaqi gvimniasi. Tanamedrove ziganas uReltexilidan berZnebs

zRva daunaxavT.

82

ziganasa da trapezunts Soris berZnebi makronebis qveyanaSi Sesu-

lan. iv. javaxiSvili makronTa satomo saxels ukavSirebda eTnikur

terminebs margali, megreli. marTlac, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebi an-

dria pirvelwodebulis mogzaurobis Sesaxeb trapezuntis sanaxebs

uwodeben sofeli megrelTa~, SesaZloa berZnul wyaroSi ewera qveyana

makronebisa~, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sityva lazika~ qarTul-

Si iTargmneboda, rogorc `sofeli megrelTa~. strabonis dros mak-

ronebi sanebis saxels atarebdnen (straboni, XII, 3, 18). aRsaniSnavia,

rom qsenofontes mixedviT sxvadasxva tomebi iyvnen kolxebi da mak-

ronebi. kolxebi trapezuntidan ordumde kotioramde cxovrobdnen,

d. miqelaZis azriT makronebisa da kolxebis qveynebs erTmaneTisgan

md. maCka-dere hyofda (T. miqelaZe, qsenofontes anabazisi, gv. 44).

kolxebis qveyanaSi trapezuntis garda kerasuntic mdebareobda.

orive qalaqi sinopis koloniad iTvleboda. kerasunti Tanamedrove

giresunad moCanda. kerasuntis samxreTiT strabonis sityviT zRvis

sanapiroze mdebareobda koncxi iazonia (iqve, gv. 46), rac miuTiTebs,

rom argonavtebis miTis kolxida ufro trapezuntis mxareebisaken

anu samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSia saZiebeli, e.i. iq, sadac qseno-

fontes dros kolxebi cxovrobdnen da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

T. miqelaZe wers rom qsenofontes cnoba kolxebis qveynis trape-

zunt-kerasuntis regionSi arsebobis Sesaxeb ueWvelia, radganac es

Tavisi TvaliT ixila man (iqve, gv. 135). iyvnen mTieli kolxebic, isini

berZnebs SeebrZolnen (iqve, gv. 138), maTi mezoblebi iyvnen drilebi,

qarTuli tomi, romlis saxeli unda JRerdes `TrialeTis~ saxelSi.

SesaZloa rogorc kolxebi, ise drilebic ufro CrdiloeTiT gada-

saxldnen Semdeg saukuneebSi. maT garda CrdiloeTiT, T. miqelaZis

azriT, gadasaxlebulan svanebic, berZnebi drilebis Semdeg mosini-

kebs Sexvdnen. ar aris gamoricxuli SesaZlebloba, rom mo-sin~ sax-

eli gadmocemdes svanur saxels `aris masala, romelmac SeiZleba

svanebis samxreTidan mosvla dagvidasturos~ (iqve, gv. 138). bolos

berZnebi tibarenebs Sexvdnen megrel-Wanur toms T. miqelaZis azriT,

Tumca mecnierTa erTi nawili maT iberebTan akavSirebs. aqedan isic

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom iberebi da megrel-Wanebi erTi eTnosi, gaud-

iferencirebeli erTiani xalxi iyo qsenofontes dros, Tumca ki to-

83

mebad dayofili. ufro adre Tubal-tabalebad cnobili tibarenebis

somxeTSi gansaxlebis sazRvari md. Terme-Caimde aRwevda. es unda

iyos cnobili Termodonti, sadac Temestiosis sityviT kidev erTi

fasisi yofila. aq q. fasisis akademiaSi uswavlia mas.

aqedan Cans, rom trapezuntidan vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde, qse-

nofontes cnobiT, umetesad qarTuli tomebi binadrobdnen, romelnic

politikurad armeniaSi Sediodnen. Tumca armenia sparseTis samefos

erT-erT olqs warmoadgenda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukuneSi taoeli, basianeli da mimdebare ad-

gilebis qarTvelebi moqiravneebis saxiT msaxurobdnen bizantiur jar-

Si (ix. kopaliani, bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierToba XI s-Si), msgav-

sadve qsenofontes epoqaSic qarTveli tomebis erTi nawili aqemeni-

duri sparseTis jarSi moqiravneebad msaxurobda~ (T. miqelaZe, dasax.

naSr. gv. 57).

qarTvel tomTa erTianobis Sesaxeb unda miuTiTebdes maTi sato-

mo saxelebis fuZeebis identuroba. magaliTad, kard (karduxebi),

xald, qald (xaldebi), xalibebis Wanuri tomi T. miqelaZis azriT

cxovrobda md. halisis auzidan md. Woroxamde. md. kelkiti, da ara

md. rioni, unda igulisxmebodes im mdinare fasisad, saiTkenac ga-

curva isurves berZenma jariskacebma, raTa daepyroT fasianTa qvey-

ana, sadac maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda~ (iqve, gv. 113). md. kelki-

tis axlos iyo cnobili Termodonti, sadac Temestiosis sityviT

kidev erTi q. fasisi yofila. es meore md. fasisi md. kelkiti unda

iyos. masze mdebare qalaqsac fasisi erqva, xolo masze mcxovreb

xalxs ki `fasianebi~.

sabolood unda iTqvas, rom konstantinopolis sapatriarqos

lazikis eparqia istoriulad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelT-

ac eTnikur-erovnuli vinaoba SeunarCunebiaT saukuneTa manZilze,

amitomac uwodes bizantielebma mis nawils XI s-Si `iberiis Temi~.

84

iberTa tomi `luvias qveyanaSi~ anu libiaSi

(n. xazaraZiseuli kvleva frigiul-qarTuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb

(Zv. w. VIII-IV ss.) wignSi ZvelaRmosavluri da

qarTvelologiuri Ziebani 2001~)

homerosis ìliadaSi~ ixseniebian frigielebi, rogorc troelTa

mokavSireebi.

miiCneva, rom iliada Zv.w. XIII-XII saukuneebis istoriul viTarebas

asaxavs, Tumca amJamad fiqroben, rom ìliadas~ avtors Zv.w. X-IX ss-

Si unda ecxovra, xolo poemis literaturuli gaformeba Zv.w. VI-s-

mde grZeldeboda.

qsanTos lidielis miTiTebiT frigielebi mcire aziaSi troas omis

(Zv.w. XIII-XII ss. mijna) Semdeg movidnen (strabo, XIV, 5, 39).

amJamad fiqroben, rom frigielebi mcire aziaSi Zv.w. X s-is Sem-

deg, ufro IX-VIII ss-Si movidnen.

frigiis uZvelesi dedaqalaqis gordionis yorRanebi qronologi-

urad Zv.w. VIII-IV ss-Si eqceva (n. xazaraZe, `ZvelaRmosavluri da qar-

Tvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001, gv. 10).

qsenofonte (Zv.w. IV) werda: `didi~ frigiisa da `helespontis~

frigiis anu erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli ori politikuri erTeu-

lis Sesaxeb. `didi frigia~ _ kapadokiasa da lidias Soris iyo moq-

ceuli (iqve, gv. 22).

troada _ helespontis frigiis Semadgeneli nawili iyo (strabo,

II, 5,31). mas `mcire frigiasac~ uwodebdnen. aq mefobda midasi. Sem-

deg, es qveyana galatielebis xelSi gadasula (strabo, VIII, 1,2).

muSqebis qveynis mezoblad Tabalis qveyana mdebareobda (gv. 39).

muSqebis, igive frigielTa mefe miTa megobrobda Tabalis mefesTan.

Tabalis mezobeli iyo qveyana `que~.

muSqebi igive musqebi ixsenebian asurul warwerebSi.

bibliaSic ìavani, Tobeli da meSexi~ erTad ixseniebian, iavani _

berZnebis winaprad, Tobeli da meSexi-qarTvelebisa. meSexi da muSqe-

bi erT xalxad miiCneva.

Tabalis qveyana didi kapadokiis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareob-

da (iqve, gv. 43).

85

frigielebs TavianTi anbani hqondaT _ Zveli frigiuli~, is Zveli

berZnulisgan warmomdgarad miiCneva, kerZod, dasavluri berZnul-

idan. Tavis mxriv, berZnuli anbanis formireba finikiuridan daiwyo

Zv.w. IX s-dan, xolo arqauli berZnuli anbani Camoyalibda Zv.w. VIII s-

Si. Tavidan Camoyalibda `aRmosavluri~ da `dasavluri~ berZnuli

anbani. aRmosavlurisgan Seiqmna klasikuri berZnuli anbani.

muSqebis qveyanaSi gaedineboda md. halisi (galisi, yizil-irmaki).

SesaZloa am mdinaris saxelis gamo halisis regionSi mcxovreb muSqebsdaerqvaT haliZonebi~ (alizonebi, alazonebi), romlebsac troas omSi

miuRiaT monawileoba homerosis TxrobiT. strabonis mtkicebiT ki

es alizonebi Semdgom xalibebad iwodnen, maT aseve qaldebsac uwo-

debdnen. sityva qaldi saxel `qarTvels~ dadebia safuZvlad.

frigias `muSqebis qveyana~ ewodeboda. Zv.w. VIII s-Si. frigiis same-

fos mWidro kontaqtebi hqonia kilikiasTan da maxlobel qveynebTan

sakuTari saxeli `gordi~ _ frigiuli warmomavlobisad miiCneva.

`gurdi~ _ `gordi~ rqmevia Til-garimus mefes.

cnobilia, rom gordiosi~ frigiis mefeTa dinastiuri saxelwodeba

iyo. gord~ Ziriani toponimebi (`gordioni~, `gorduteixosi~, gor-

doruniosi~, `gordukome~, manegordusi~ da sxv.) sakmaod gavrcele-

buli iyo didi frigiis teritoriaze (iqve, gv. 74).

gordu-teixosi~

gordo-runiosi~

`gordu-kome~

`man-gordu-si~

Cans, frigias erqva ara `gord~, aramed `gordu~ (gordo), aqedanve

SeasaZloa iyos qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba gordueli, anu qor-Tueli-qarTveli, an, rogorc iTqva, `galato~-dan.

saxelebi xalitu~-qalidu, gordu da galato qarTu~-s identuria,Sesabamisad maTgan unda iyos dakavSirebuli saxeli _ qarTueli.

es galato~-c SesaZloa iyo evropidan Semosuli imave frigieleb-

is Soreuli Tvistomni galebi. cnobilia, rom mcire aziaSi gvian Se-

mosul `galebs~ `galato~-ebi ewodaT.

SesaZloa gordusganaa nawarmoebi pontospira xaldebis saxelic.

xaldebi-xalduebi (qaldebi-qalduebi) Zvelad xalibebad iwodebod-

nen strabonis cnobiT.

86

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiTaa saintereso saxelwodeba _ luvia~, rad-

ganac is emsgavseba megasTenesTan naxseneb qveynis saxels _ `libia~,

romlis mezobladac iberebi cxovrobdnen. Tu ki libiis qveS ig-

ulisxmeba ara afrikis qveyana, aramed qveyana luvia~, vanis tbasTan,

maSin iberebis Zveli sacxovrisis Sesaxeb Tavdapirvel wyarosTan

gveqneba saqme.

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Semdgom gvianxeTebis warwerebis periodSi,

mcire aziaSi aRmoCenilia luviur-ieroglifuri warwerebi. isini

TariRdebian Zv.w. VIII-VI saukuneebiT. am warwerebSi Cans, rom luvia-Si, luviis gverdiT arsebobda `muskebis qveyana~ _ suverenuli poli-tikuri erTeuli.

frigielTa teritoriaze luvias~ qveynis gverdiT an luvias~ qvey-nis sazRvrebSi yofila moqceuli muskebis qveyana~ IX-VIII ss-Si (n. xaza-

raZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001, gv. 129).

aq sainteresoa, rom etimologiurad saxeli `luvia~ axloa libia-sTan~. Zveli berZnuli da aseve somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT babilonis

mefe nabuqodonosorma Tavisi qveynidan ayara da pontospireTSi

daasaxla `iberTa tomi~, romelic iqamde libiasTan~, libiis qveynis

gverdiT cxovrobda. unda vigulisxmoT, rom qronologiuri Tanx-

vedris gamo aq naxsenebi iberTa~ tomi unda iyos is muSqebi~, romelniccxovrobdnen luvias qveyanaSi~ anu libiaSi.

aqamde, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnul libias aigivebdnen afrikasTan

da berZnul cnobas ugulebelyofdnen.

Tu luvia igive libiaa, xolo iberebi aRniSnuli muSqebi, luviis

qveyanaSi mcxovrebni, aRmoCndeba, rom saqarTvelos istoriisTvisrealuri axali wyaro iqna mopovebuli.

asuruli wyaroebiT, muskebi mniSvnelovani xalxi iyo, imdenad mniS-

vnelovani, rom sxva xalxebis sacxovriss muskebis qveynis mixedviT

gansazRvravdnen, magaliTad, asurul lursmul warwerebSi ixsenieba

sxvadasxva xalxi (tabalebi, tuna, tuxan, que), romlebic `dasavle-

Tis muskebis~ gverdiT cxovrobdnen (gv. 137). muskebis qveyanas~ aseve

ewodeboda mTiani mxare~.

`ieroglifur-luviuri ena lursmnuli luviuris axlo monaTe-

savea. luviurTan erTad indoevropuli enebis anatoliur (xeTur-

luviuri) jgufis luviur qvejgufs qmnis~ (gv. 145).

87

ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebi, rogorc iTqva, moixseneben musqe-

bis qveyanas~. erT-erTSi luviis mbrZanebeli ambobs: `me ganmadides

egvipteSi, babilonSi, muSqebis da sirielebis qalaqebSi~ (gv. 149),

aqedan Cans, rom muSqebi TavianTi mniSvnelobiT dganan egvipteleb-

is, babilonelebis da sirielebis gverdiT.

i. diakonovis azriT, muSqebis, igive musqebis saxelwodebas, rogorc

wesi, ukavSireben frigielebisa da qarTuli tomis _ mosxebis saxel-

wodebas. ufro metad _ mosxebisa, Tumca aris cda, daukavSiron pro-

tosomxebs (gv. 161).

erT-erTi luviuri miTis Tanaxmad, mokvdav-aRorZinebadi RvTaeba

telefinus simbolo (niSani) aseTi iyo: eias xeze unda CamoekidaT

misdami msxverplSewiruli cxvris tyavi (sawmisi), anu, oqros sawmi-

sis miTi ara mxolod kolxeTSi, aramed ufro adre luvia-muSqebis

qveyanaSi iyo cnobili.

gvianxeTuri xanis (Zv.w. IX-VIII ss.) samefo samTavroTa da maT Soris

Tabalisa da muSqebis qveynis panTeonSi yvelaze popularuli iyo

TarxunTi _ tarxunTi _ `cis RvTaeba~. etimologiurad am sityvas-

Tan axloa qarTuli `tarosi~, magaliTad. qarTul miTebSi amiranis

sacolis yamaris mama caSia, cis meufea, romelsac tarosis Secvla

SeuZlia, kerZod, wvimis moyvana.

saerTod, yamaris xasiaTi miagavs argonavtebis miTis kolxeTis

mefis asulis medeas xasiaTs, kerZod, yamari medeas msgavsad Rala-

tobs Tavis ojaxs, Tavis mamas da mihyveba amirans. argonavtebis mi-

Tis siuJetis mixedviT iasons daedevneba medeas mama, am dros medea

exmareba iasons da akvlevinebs Tavisianebs, aseve, msgavsad _ yamari

exmareba amirans, raTa man mamamisi (e.i. sakuTari mama) moklas _ maR-

la nu ki scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa, daeWrebian ZarRve-

bi daecemian Zirosa~ _ urCevs yamari amirans, Tu rogor moklas mamami-

si. yamaris mama ambobs amis gamo: `uyure bozsa qalasa qmari irCia

mamasa~ da swored aseTivea medeas xasiaTi. SesaZloa, is berZnuli

miTebi, romelnic kolxeTis Sesaxeb SeiTxza _ mosxebis (muSqebis)

qveyanasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.

marTlac, mosxebi _ kolxuri tomia~ _ werda am epoqasTan yvelaze

axlos mdgomi qristeSobamde VI saukunis avtori hekatos mileteli.

88

Cans, nabuqodonosoris mier pontospireTSi luvia-libiis mezobe-

li iberebis anu igive muSqebis gadmosaxlebis dros (Tu maT mier

adgilmonacvleobisas) maT kavkasiaSi Tan wamoiRes Zveli miTebic.

aRsaniSnavia, isic, rom rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mokvdav-aRorZine-

bad RvTaebas _ telifinu erqva, ivane javaxiSvilis rkveviTac, sva-

neTSi erT-erTi ritualis dros warmoTqvamen telefias saxels _

`melia-telefia~. Tu es asea, unda vTqvaT, rom svanebi, iseve rogorc

sxva yvela qarTuli tomi, muSqebis _ mosxebis memkvidreebi arian.

Cans, mosxebi~ igive kolxebi, igive qaldebi iyo, is eTnosubstrati,

romeliTac Camoyalibda qarTveli xalxi da romlidanac warmoiSva

qarTvelTa tomebi e.w. qarTebi~, zanebi~ da svanebi~.

Zveli avtorebis zogierTi cnobiTac, iberebisa da SavizRvispire-

Tis tomebi balkanuri warmoSobisaa, iazonis STamomavlebi arian, es

SeiZleba migviTiTebdes, rom balkaneTidan da mcire aziidan frigiul-

mesxuri tomebis dena ukan, kavkasiisaken, grZeldeboda didxans.

lazebi g. gozaliSvilis mixedviT

`yvela qarTveli tomis samSoblo... qaldia iyo~ (iv. javaxiSvili.

qarT. eris ist. 1951, t. I, gv. 424).

Zv. w. VI-IV saukuneebisaTvis q. sinopes regioni dasaxlebuli yofi-

la xalibebiT, romelnic aq, ZiriTadad, metalurgebi iyvnen.

`stefane bizantielis mier CamoTvlil oTx saukeTeso jiSis fo-

lads Soris ori aRiniSneba saxelwodebiT _ xalduri da sinopuri~

(g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 22).

zRvispirze xalibebis qalaqebi yofila stamena (hekate miletelis

cnobiT) da geneti (skilaqs kariandeli), mosinikebis qalaqi yofila

navsadguri zefiriusi. Tumca ki yvela zRvispira qalaqi berZnulad

(elinurad) iTvleboda, maT Soris q. fazisi da q. trapizoni.

I s. mwerali ponponius mela wers _ `paflagonielebis mezobel

xalibebs aqvT qalaqebi amisosi da sinope, agreTve xalibebisaa md. hal-isi da Termodoni~ (iqve, gv. 27).

89

xalibebi paflagoniis tomadac ki iTvleboda. Zveli welTaRri-

cxvis III s-is avtoris likofonis sqoliasti wers _ aris paflagoniaSitomi xalibebi, romelTaganac, rogorc Cans, pirvelad iqna mopovebuli

rkina~ (iqve, gv. 33). qsenofonte sinopesac paflagoniaSi aTavsebda _

`sinopelebi paflagoniaSi cxovroben~ _ werda is (iqve, gv. 34).

homerosic xalibebs paflagonielebis maxloblad ixseniebs _ iq

vkiTxulobT _ ùZRodnen haliZonT kvalad odiosi da epistrofe

Soreuli alibebis mxridan, sadac vercxlis samSobloa~ (iqve, gv. 38).

sityva àmazoni~ _ strabonis cnobiT, sityva `halizonidan (`hal-

iZoni~), yofila warmoSobili. s. yauxCiSvilis daskvniT _ haliZoneb-

Si igulisxmebian is xalibebi, romelnic ZvelTaganve liTonTa da-

muSavebiT iyvnen cnobilni~ (iqve, gv. 39).

xalibebi mdinare halisTan anu galisTan (RalisTan) cxovrobdnen,

mis marjvena sanapirodan iwyeboda maTi sacxovrisi. g. gozaliSvilis

TvalsazrisiT ki, xalibebi md. halisis orive mxareze cxovrobdnen,

rom es mdinare maT qveyanaSi gaedineboda (iqve, gv. 42). strabonis

cnobiT ki mravalricxovani xalibebi cxovrobdnen rogorc zRvis pir-

ze, ise Sua xmeleTze~, e. i. mcire aziis SigniT (iqve, gv. 44). e.i. rogorc

sinopesTan, ise xmeleTis SigniT~. isini aseve Termodontanac cxov-

robdnen _ oRond sxvisi qveSevrdomobis qveS.

`xmeleTis SigniT~ mosaxle xalibebi Zlier xalxad iTvleboda,

rogorc iTqva, es xalibebi homerosTan `haliZonebad~ ixsenebian,

zogjer straboni maT alazonebs uwodebs. sityva alazonidan unda

iyos warmoSobili sityva lazi, romelic am mxareTa mosaxleobas erqva

uZvelesi xnidanve (alaz-oni=lazi).

homerosis cnobiT alibebis qveyanaSi vercxlis sabado moipove-

boda, marTlac qaldeas TemSi, romelic ZiriTadad zemoT aRniSnul

teritorias moicavda, moipoveboda vercxli da mis dedaqalaqsac ki

àrgiokastroni~ erqva (anu vercxlis qalaqi).

troas omSi monawile xalibebis anu alibebis (alizonebis) winamZRo-

li yofila _ odiosi, odi ki qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis erT-

erTi RvTaebis saxeli yofila (iqve, gv. 47). mravali mkvlevari daaskv-

nis, rom homerosis àlibe~ da Semdgomi `xalibe~ _ erTi da igivea

(iqve, gv. 63) alibebs ki aseve alazonebi erqva, saidanac, rogorc vTqviT

90

warmoSobili unda iyos SemdgomSi aq gavrcelebuli satomo saxeli

`lazi~, maSasadame lazebi _ xalibebis STamomavlebi yofilan, da laze-bis Tavdapirveli saxeli _ xalibebi yofila.

antikuri cnobebis safuZvelze irkveva, rom xalibebis erTi naw-

ili zRvis sanapirosTan cxovrobda, meore ki samxreTiT, mTian raion-

ebSi Woroxis saTaveebTan (iqve, gv. 64).

zRvispira xalibebi erT dros, qsenofontes cnobiT mosinikebs

emorCilebodnen, da rkinas (an vercxls) amuSavebdnen mZime SromiT,

magram Sua xmeleTis xalibebi kargi meomrebi iyvnen, magaliTad, spar-

selTa sardal tiribazs isini Tavis jarSi hyavdaT daqiravebuli,

`xalibebi da taoxebi~ qsenofontes berZenTa jars SeebrZolnen.

ZvelTaganve taoxebi yvelaze ufro msxvil politikur gaerTianebas

qmnida samxreT kavkasiaSi diauxis epoqaSi, xalibebi maTi Tanafardi

didi tomi yofila (iqve, gv. 66). isini iyvnen mravalricxovanni da

ekonomikurad uzrunvelyofilni qsenofontes cnobiT. sparselTa

qveSevrdomoba Tavidan aucilebia zogierT qarTul toms, qsenofon-

te wers _ `karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosini-

kebi, ketebi da tibarenebi damoukidebelni arian~ (iqve, gv. 70).

im azrs, rom xalibebi mravalricxovani, meomari tomi iyo iziarebs

straboni, amitomac, rogorc iTqva, ueWvel faqtad Tvlida, rom

homerosi ixseniebs xalibebs Tavis katalogSi _ `aliZonebis~ sax-

eliT paflagonielebis Semdeg (iqve, gv. 72).

apolonios rodoseli xalibTa miwas usazRvros~ uwodebs (iqve, gv.

72). xalibTa vrceli samTavro orad gayo armenielTa SemoWram maT miwa-

wyalze. `xalibTa samyaro SeizRuda da gaiTiSa~ (iqve, gv. 74).

xalibebs aseve xaldebi _ qaldebi erqvaT. qristeSobamde VII s-SiSavizRvispireTSi muSkebis teritoriis CrdiloeTiT xaldebis (qalde-

bis) msxvili gaerTianeba Camoyalibebula (iqve, gv. 74). is ixsenieba

asurul wyaroebSi.

xaldebis CrdiloeTiT Savi zRva iyo gadaWimuli, samxreTiT ki

isini arzumamde aRwevdnen, Tumca sxva wyaroebiT pariadres mTis

kalTebzec cxovrobdnen. maT gaerTianebas `xalitu~ erqva. g. meli-

qiSvili SeniSnavs _ xaldi~ SeiZleba iyos qarTu~-s dialeqturi vari-

anti da momdinareobdes uZvelesi, jer daunawevrebeli erTiani qarTu-

91

li eTnikuri jgufis arsebobis droidan~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate

pontoeli, 1965, gv. 78).

qaldebi da xaldebi erTidaigive xalxi iyo strabonis cnobiTac

(iqve, gv. 78).

CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania i. diakonovis Tvalsazrisi imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom xalibebi igive lazi xalxia da xalibebi lazebis

winaprebi unda yofiliyvnen, radganac Cvenc aseve miviCnevT da mogv-

yavs Zvel avtorTa cnobebi amis samtkiceblad.

kerZod `i. diakonovi xalibebze wers: `piotrovskim daamtkica,

rom xalibebi arian an iberiuli xalxi sanebi (Wanebi) anda lazebi~

(iqve, gv. 79).

piotkovskis es mosazreba gamouTqvams wignSi `pontospira xalde-

bi da urartu~ (1940, aseve wignSi ` urartus istoria da kultura ~ (gv.

326-331), (iqve, gv. 79).

maSasadame, i. diakonovisa da piotrovskis azriT xalibebi igive la-

zebi arian.

i. diakonovis TvalsazrisiT xalibebi lazebis winaprebi arian.

rogorc aRiniSna, TviTon sityva alazoni~, romelsac xalibebs stra-

boni uwodebs iZleva saSualebas misgan miRebuli iqnas sityva _ lazi

Semdegi gziT _ `alaz-oni~ (oni sufiqsia) _ alaz=laz.

rogorc aRvniSneT, i. diakonovisa da piotrovskis azriT, xalibe-

bi da lazebi erTi xalxi iyo (И. М. Дьяконов, Заметки урартской эпигра-фике. с. 111; VI, 52. «Эпиграфика Востока» VI, 52. Пиотровский, ПрипонтийскиеХалды и Урарты, «Краткое сообмение инс. матер. культуры Ак. Наук. СССР»,V, 1940, misive, История и культура Урарту, c. 326-331).

maT mosazrebas g. gozaliSvili eTanxmeba, amitomac maTi Tvalsa-

zrisi moiyvana Tavis wignSi (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli~,

1965, gv. 79).

Tvalsazrisi, rom xaldebi da lazebi erTi xalxia, Cemi naSromis-

aTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan is miuTiTebs, rom lazebi ZvelT-

aganve cxovrobdnen sinop-trapezuntis (trapezusis) regionSi, mis

samxreTis mTianeTSi. es mosazreba kardinalurad gansxvavdeba sabWo-

Ta epoqis qarTveli istorikosebis mtkicebisagan, rom lazebi Tavda-

92

pirvelad dasavleT saqarTveloSi cxovrobdnen da Semdego, kerZod VIII

saukunisaTvis (arabobis epoqaSi) gadasaxldnen trapezuntis mTianeT-Si. Cven ki vamtkicebT da am mtkicebas vuZRvniT aseulobiT gverds, rom

lazebi Tavdapirveladve cxovrobdnen trapezuntis regionSi, iqve mde-

bareobda lazTa saepiskoposo kaTedrebi VI saukunidanve, ziganasi, sai-

sianisa, rodopolisisa da petrasi (da ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi), sa-

bWoTa epoqis qarTveli istorikosebis Tvalsazrisi, rom lazebis

Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, aRiarebuli iqna

saistorio mecnierebis mier da TviT amJamindeli ucxoeli mkvle-

varebic ki Tvlian, TiTqosda lazebi arabobis epoqaSi gadasaxldnen

rionis auzidan samxreTiT da damkvidrdnen trapezuntis mTianeTSi

(magaliTad, karpovi da sxvebi), magaliTad, konstantinopolis sapa-

triarqos eparqiebis erT-erTi Tanamedrove istorikosi miiCnevs, rom

rionis xeobidan lazebis samxreTiT gadasaxlebis gamo rodopoli-

sis kaTedra Tanamedrove varcixidan gadatanili iqna trapezuntis

mTianeTSi, Cven ki miviCnevT, rom lazebi Tavdapirveladve cxovrobd-

nen am mTianeTSi da Sesabamisad lazikis eparqiis rodopolisisa da

sxva kaTedrebi Tavdapirveladve mdebareobdnen trapezuntis mTianeT-

Si da maT funqcionireba Sewyvites Teodosiopolisi-trapezuntis

mxareebSi arabobis Setevis Semdeg.

g. gozaliSvili, rogorc aRvniSneT, eTanxmeba Tvalsazriss xali-

bebisa da lazebis igiveobis Sesaxeb da wers _ homerosis haliZonebi

unda niSnavdes zanebs _ Wanebs, strabonis mowmobiT, rom homerosi al-

izonebs uwodebs xalibebs~ (straboni, XII, III, 20), rom xalibebi da xal-

ibTa mosaxleoba Savi zRvis sanapiroze da mcire aziis garkveul

raionebSi Zveladve arsebobda, amis damadasturebelia TviT md. hal-

isis saxelwodeba da is faqti, rom aqaur xalxTa Soris ixsenieba

xalxi Haliwa (iqve, gv. 79).

maSasadame, xalibebi da lazebi erTi xalxi iyo. zRvis sanapiros

xalibebi Zvel wyaroebSi xan xaldebad da xan xalibebad arian moxse-

niebuli~ (iqve, gv. 78). xalibi, rogorc iTqva g. meliqiSvilis azriT

`qarTus~ dialeqturi varianti yofila da momdinareobda uZvelesi,

jer kidev daunawevrebeli erTiani qarTuli eTnikuri jgufis arsebo-

bis droidan (Г. Меликишвили, Наири - Урарту, c. 411).

93

maSasadame xalibisagan miRebulia saxelebi lazi da qarTu. aqedan

gamomdinare lazi da qarTu Tavdapirveladve, erTi xalxi iyo da is

xalibebisagan momdinareobda.

xalibebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT erTiani eTnosis saxiT, romel-

Ta tomebi iyvnen karduxebi, lazebi da Semdgomi qarTlis samefos

mosaxleoba (am ukanasknelis saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia far-

navazis epoqaSi momxdara).

a. svaniZis azriT mcire aziis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba iyo eTniku-

rad erTgvarovani da qarTul tomebTan eTnikur erTgvarovnebas qmni-

da (А. Сванидзе, Материалы по истории алародийских племет, 1937, c. 30).Semdeg saukuneebSic zRvis sanapiros mTianeTi kvlav qarTuli to-

mebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

anonimuri periplusiT pontos samefo dasaxlebulia tibarenebiT,

sanikebiTa (WanikebiT) da kolxebiT. misi mezobeli mxareebi ki agreTve

barbarosebs ekuTvniT (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965,

gv. 82). am cnobidan Cans, rom Wanebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomebi

yofilan trapezuntis regionSi (pontoSi). n. maris varaudiTac q.

sinope ZvelqarTul samyaros ekuTvnoda da Savi zRvis mTel samxreT

sanapiros sinopidan anapamde Wan-megrelebiT dasaxlebulad miiCnev-

da~ (iqve, gv. 84).

maqsimovas daskvniT orduSi (yof. kotiora, romelic amisodan Sors

ar iyo) da anatoliis sxva raionebSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri naS-

Tebi analogiuria kolxur-yobanur kulturis naSTebisa (iqve, gv. 85).

es unda iyos xalibebis metalurgiuli kulturis naSTebi, Sesabamis-

ad unda vivaraudoT, rom xalibebi cxovrobdnen aseve samxreT da

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic, samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalibebis anu

qarTvelebis saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia, rogorc iTqva far-

navazis epoqaSi momxdara qarTlis samefos miwa-wyalze _ egris-wyal-klisuridan albaneTamde.

bizantielebma im teritorias, romlis centralur nawils q. ami-

sosis olqi warmoadgenda _ `qaldiis Tema~ uwodes _ is SemdgomSi

`trapizonis imperiad~ iwoda. ufro adre iqauri qarTuli tomebi

aseve kolxebadac iwodebodnen, qristeSobamde VI s-Sic `mesxebi _

kolxur tomad~ iwodeboda hekatos miletelis mier.

94

meSexebi warmoadgendnen gabatonebul xalxs~ Crdilo siriaSi, ta-

vrsa da kapadokiaSi _ xaxanovis azriT (А. Хаханов, Древнеишие пределирасселения грузин по малой Азии, 1903, Тифлис, c. 2). el. maieris azriT

`berZnuli wyaroebiT tibarenebs SemdgomSi ewodaT kapadokielebi

da kataonebi~ (g. gozaliSvili, gv. 93).

misive azriT, mesxebi da tibarenebi am raionis ZiriTadi mosaxle-

oba yofila, xolo ravlinsonis azriT mosoxebi warmoadgendnen (ka-padokiis) mosaxleobis substrats klasikur epoqaSi~(iqve, gv. 93). md.

halisispira mosaxleobas haliZonebad _ halisis Wanebad icnobdnen~

_ wers g. gozaliSvili (iqve, gv. 94).

mcire aziis teritoriaze dRemde Semonaxuli toponomikuri masa-

la mxolod qarTulis saSualebiT ixseneba (iqve, gv. 98).

`trapzonis regioni lazebis uZvelesi samSoblo iyo. am qalaqs

lazebi tramtras (tamtras) uwodebdnen~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate


al. svaniZis azriTac haliZonebi da zanebi erTi xalxi iyo, romlebicmd. galisTan (halisTan) cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 101).

sparseTis XIX olqSi mcxovrebi mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi, mo-

sinikebi da marebi erTnairad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli _ erTobas qmni-

dnen (iqve, gv. 115).

alazonebis saxels straboni amazonebs ukavSirebda. SesaZloa es

meomari qalebis tomi _ xaliburi warmoSobisa iyo, Cans am tomis

saxeli qald~ etimologiurad sityva qals~ daukavSires ucxoelebma_

`qald-qal~, qal~ ki qarTulad dedakacs aRniSnavs. amazonebi mosini-

kebisa da xalibebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen (iqve, gv. 119).

amazonebi md. TermodontTan cxovrobdnen, Temiskira _ amisosis

raionSi (iqve, gv. 127).

sicilisa da garTobis moyvaruli tibaranebic xalibebis mezoblebi

iyvnen (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 119).

g. gozaliSvils mohyavs ioane ceces (XII s.) cnoba, rom am mxareebSi

mcxovrebi `kolxebi _ lazebad iwodebian~ (iqve, gv. 120). maSasadame,

kolxebic xaliburi-qalduri tomi iyo. mesxebi, rogorc iTqva, Tavis

mxriv `kolxuri tomi~ iyo megasTenes cnobiT. iq mcxovrebi tomebi

erTi eTnowarmoSobisa iyo, magram maT trapezuntis regionSi ver

SeZles erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi konsolidacia.

95

g. gozaliSvili daskvniT _ erT enaze metyveli es masa (e.i. qarTuli

tomebi) romelTa samxreTi frTa eWiraT mosxebs, did sivrces moicav-

da, pariadres frTa eWiraT maT moZmeebs _ xalibebs, romelnic Semdgom-Si Wanebisa da lazebis saxeliT iyo cnobili~ (iqve, gv. 3).

g. gozaliSvili kidev erTxel imeorebs, rom lazebi Tavdapirve-

ladve sinop_trabzonis regionSi cxovrobdnen da isini xalibebi iyvnen

da isini herodotes dros saspeirebad da kolxebad iyofodnen.

saspeirebis saxels `sper~-Tan akavSireben.

speridan _ kapadokiis CaTvliT qarTuli tomebis uZvelesi sacx-

ovrisi yofila.

antioqiis arqiepiskoposi evstrate, romelic 390 wels gardaicv-

ala wers _ daasaxles obelma _ Tobelebi, axlandeli iberebi. osox-

ma _ mesxenebi, axlandeli kapadokielebi~ (iqve, gv. 161).

wm. eqvTime mTawmideli (963-1028), wm. maqsime aRmsareblis (VII s.)

naSroze dayrdnobiT axsenebs qarTul tomebs _ `herni, megrelni

(lazoi), tibarelni, kolxelni~ (iqve, gv. 164).

konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT kapadokielTa pirveli wina-

pari `mosxi~ (mesxi) yofila (iqve, gv. 165).

md. galisi (halisi) muSkebis sacxovrisi iyo uZveles dros, amave

mdinareze, rogorc iTqva Semdeg xalibebi cxovrobdnen.

g. gozaliSvili wers _ `f. bilabelis gamokvleviT, xeTebis sax-

elmwifos daRupvis Semdeg, mis aRmosavleT nawilSi _ SemdgomSi rom

kapadokia ewoda _ Seiqmna muSkebis saxelmwifo halisisa da zemo tigras

Soris. k. betci ambobs, rom Zveli aRTqmis meSexi da Tubali muSkebi

(mosxebi) da tabalebi arian, romlebic kimerielTa Semosevam Savi

zRvis samxreT sanapirosaken gandevnao~ (iqve, gv. 166).

r. reonhardis varaudiT `dRevandeli qarTvelebis winaprebi Zve-li mosxebi da asurul wyaroebSi cnobili muskebi erTi da igiveni ari-an~ (iqve, gv. 166).

g. Rafancianis azriT Zv. w. XII saukunis Semdeg mcire aziaSi balka-

neTidan SeiWrnen frigielebi, lidielebi, likielebi da sxva tomebi,

maT miaTvlian aseve muSkebsac (iqve, gv. 166).

muSkebi _ indoevropeli tomi yofila, xolo qarTuli mesxebi _

kavkasiuri. Tu muSkebi da mesxebi erTidaigive iyo, maSin qarTvelebi

(mesxebi) indoevropelebi yofilan.

96

gr. Rafancianis azriT, ezekielis (592-570) naxsenebi mosoxebi da

tabalebi qarTuli warmoSobisani iyvnen (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate


muSkebisa da mesxebis igiveobis azrs eTanxmeba i. diakonovi (iqve, gv.

167). Tumca arc amJamadaa damtkicebuli es azri. mxolod zogierTe-

bi miiCneven, rom muSkebi ara frigielebi, aramed mcire aziuri tomi

iyo (iqve, gv. 168).

muSkebi i. diakonovis azriT asirelebisa da urartuelebis mezob-

lebi iyvnen, berZnebi maT frigielebs uwodebdnen (iqve, gv. 169).

mosxebis qarTvelobas kargad adasturebs qristeSobamde VI s. av-

toris hekatos miletelis cnoba (fr. 188) _ `mesxebi _ kolxuri tomia,

matienebis mezoblad cxovroben~ (iqve, gv. 169), TviT matienebi q. gor-

diis mezoblad cxovrobdnen. `rogorc cnobilia q. gordi frigiis

dedaqalaqi iyo~ (iqve, gv. 169) mesxebis tomi kapadokiis uZvelesi

mosaxleoba yofila, da iq Zvelad frigiis samefo mdebareobda.

muSkebisa da mesxebis igiveobas ar eTanxmeba s. kakabaZe _ asureli

muSkaiebi _ ganvaSoroT qarTvel mesxebs~ (`mnaTobi~, 1963, #1, gv. 187).

qarTuli mesxebi ki kolxuri tomi yofila, rogorc iTqva, hekatos

miletelis cnobiT.

md. halisze _ muSkebis Zvel sacxovrisSi, Semdgom Wanebi (xalibe-

bi) cxovrobdnen, amitomac g. gozaliSvili maT aigivebs. xolo movs-

es xorenaci, kabadokiasa da mis dedaqalaqs _ mazakas ukavSirebda

iberebsa da mis mmarTvel mihrdats.

straboni kapadokiis nawils _ mosxikes uwodebs. aseve ioseb fla-

viusi, romelic wers _ mesxebi axla kapadokielebad iwodebian~ (iqve,

gv. 175). kapadokiaSi xeTebis Semdeg xedaven tibarenebs da mosxebs,

aqve iyvnen es tomebi IX-VII ss-Si. muSkebi meletinamde da tigrosamde

cxovrobdnen. aseve md. evfratis saTaveebamde tabalebis mezoblad.

tibarenebi strabonis dros md. halisamde cxovrobdnen. kapadokie-

li iyo wm. nino da aseve wm. giorgi.

mosxebis, xalibebisa da iberebis gansaxlebis areali erTmaneTs

faravda. pontospireTisa trabzon-vanistbispireTis areali Tu erTi

avtoris mier xalibebiTaa dasaxlebuli, meore avtori aq mosxebs

xedavs, mesame avtori _ iberebs.

97

magaliTad, plutarqe Tavis pompeusis~ biografiaSi werda _ kavka-

sionis qedis garSemo mcxovreb tomTa Soris yvelaze ufro udidesnialbanelebi da iberebi arian. iberTa tomi mosxur mTebamde da pontom-

de aRwevs. am tomebis gavliT gaemarTa pompeusi somxeTidan miTridates

winaaRmdeg~ (plutarqe, pompeusi~, gv. 34).

Tu iberTa tomi pontomde aRwevda, maSin mosxuri mTebic ibere-

biT yofila dasaxlebuli, radganac jer mosxuri mTebia, Semdeg ki

pontospireTi.

gelasi kesarieli miuTiTebs, rom pontospireTi _ iberebiT da la-

zebiT iyo dasaxlebuli _ is wers tyve qalis (wm. ninos) ìmave xanaSi

RmerTis mcneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma

iberebma da lazebma~ (s. yauxCiSvili, mimomxilveli~, 1926, #1, gv. 55).

romaeli mwerali rufinusi kidev ufro azustebs da iZleva cnobas,

rom iberebi pontos gaswvriv mcxovrebi tomi iyo, is wers _ ìberTanaTesavi, romelic pontos areSi binadrobs~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarT.

eris istoria, I, 1951, gv. 205).

g. gozaliSvili miiCnevs, rom radgan iberebi igive tabalebi arian,

maTi cxovreba da ganvrcoba pontos zRvamde bunebrivi iyo. amas miu-

TiTebdnen kidec sxvadasxva wyaroebi _ saeklesio mwerali sokratec

imaves wers _ ès iberni pontos zRvasTan binadroben~ (g. gozaliS-

vili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 182).

g. gozaliSvili wers, rom berZnul-romaul mwerlobaSi arsebob-

da termini _ `pontos iberia~ (iqve, gv. 182, k. grigolia _ iberiis

samefoni, `moambe~, 1961, #3, gv. 330).

`pontos iberiis~ qveS unda igulisxmebodes qarTuli wyaroebis ari-

an-qarTli~.rogorc aRiniSna, plutarqes cnobiT iberTa tomi zRvis sanapirom-

de vrceldeboda, xolo gelasis cnobiT pontoSi iberebi da lazebi

cxovrobdnen. es bunebrivia, radganac maT erTi saerTo winapari _

xalibebi (qaldebi) hyavdaT, xolo mesxebi, kolxur tomad miiCneoda,

amitom isic imave warmoSobisa iyo. amitomac werda rufinusi rom

iberebi `pontos areSi~ binadroben, xolo sokrate _ ìberebi pontos

zRvasTan binadroben~ (iqve, gv. 183). amitom, TviT berZnuli wyaroeb-

is cnobiT, eTnikurad iberi iyo evagre pontoelic (341-399).

98

xalibebi da muSkebi (lazebisa da iberebis winaprebi) urartuli

wyaroebiTac erTad cxovrobdnen. Zv. w. VII s-is urartus mefis rusa

II-is warweraSi naTqvamia, rom muSkebis CrdiloeTiT xalitus (xali-

bebis) qveyana mdebareobda (iqve, gv. 190), xolo meSexi da Tubali wm.

bibliaSic erTad ixseniebian (Tubalebi igive iberebi arian ioseb

flaviusis cnobiT).

es tomebi yvela wyaros cnobiT samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken mii-

wevdnen, amitomac erTmaneTs faravdnen, sabolood ki qarTlis same-

fo~ daaarses farnavazis epoqaSi.

wyaroTa mixedviT is tomebi, romelnic uwindel wyaroebSi samxre-

Tis raionebis mosaxleobad iTvlebodnen, axla CrdiloeTiT moCanan.

lazebis Sesaxeb n. mari TurqeTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg wers _ Wanebi

TavianT Tavs uwodeben lazebs~ (g. gozaliSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 194).

lazebis sacxovrisis Sesaxeb TviT saqmeSi Caxeduli lazebis si-

tyviT isini cxovrobdnen sinopidan da samsunidan trapezuntis re-

gionis CaTvliT. n. marisaTvis mis Tanmxleb lazs favzi-beis uTq-

vams, rom `konstantinopolSi lazebs uwodeben SavizvispireTis mcx-

ovrebT, samsunelebsac da sinopelebsac. sinopelebi lazebad moixse-

nieben samsunelebs, samsunelebi ki trapezuntelebs~ (iqve, gv. 194).

maSasadame, md. galisis (halisis) sanapiroebidan trapezuntis re-

gionis CaTvliT mosaxleoba lazebad iwodeboda.

es faqti kidev erTxel gviCvenebs, rom xalibebi SemdgomSi mar-

Tlac lazebad iwodnen, radganac swored md. galisidan iwyeboda

xalibebis sacxovrisi, amasTanave xalibebis anu qaldebis saxeli ewo-

da kidec lazebiT dasaxlebul olqs bizantielTa mier, es iyo qal-

deas Tema~, rogorc cnobilia am miwa-wyalze xalibebis garda cxov-

robdnen sanebi da sxva qarTuli tomebi, Cans erT periodSi moxda

kidec xalibebisa da sanebis (Wanebis) konsolidacia (anda isini Tavi-

danve erTi xalxi iyo) da amis Sedegad am xalxs daerqva ori saxeli,

is erTdroulad iyo lazic da Wanic. saxeli lazi miRebulia xali-

bebis saxelisagan `alazoni~ (alizoni), xolo Wani `sanebis~ tomis

saxelisagan.

lazebis anu Wanebis sacxovrisi md. galisidan (halisidan) vrcelde-

boda trapezuntisaken. fiqroben, rom alazonebis (alizonebis) saxe-

99

li md. galiss ukavSirdeba Tu asea Tavdapirveli saxeli iqneboda

galazonebi an halazonebi. n. mari werda am lazebis anu igive Wanebis

sacxovrisis Sesaxeb _ adre Wanuri tomis mosaxleobas ufro farTo

teritoria eWira _ md. yizil irmakamde. am mdinaris Tavdapirveli

saxeli `halisi~ ixseneba Wanuridan da niSnavs mdinares~ (iqve, gv.

194). maSasadame n. mari fiqrobda rom md. halisi (galisi) iyo qarTu-

li sityva Relesagan~ miRebuli saxeli _ `Relisi~ _ Ralisi (Rele _

patara mdinare).

g. gozaliSvili marTebulad SeniSnavs _ `dasturdeba homerosisa

da strabonis cnobebi halizonebisa da xalibebis Sesaxeb, rom hali-

zonebi zanebi-Wanebi iyvnen~ (iqve, gv. 194).

am daskvnidan SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom sityva `zani~ erTi

nawilia erTiani sityvisa `alizoni~. da is (`zani~) miRebulia saxe-

lisagan `alizoni~ (alazoni). bizantiur samyaroSi trapezuntis re-

gionis erT nawils _ `lazoni~erqva (aqedan _ lazi).

sxvadasxva wyaroSi lazebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomad moixse-

nieba, magram, Cans, is erTi xalxi iyo. saerTod `kolxi~ _ sazogado

saxeli unda yofiliyo zRvispireTis qarTuli tomebisa, maT Soris

mesxebisac, radaganc hekatos mileteli, rogorc iTqva, mesxebs _

kolxur tomad miiCnevda _ `Wanebis _ lazebis (kolxebis) mosaxleoba

iyo trapezuntis olqis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba, romelic trapezun-

tidan dasavleTiT Sors vrceldeboda~ (iqve, gv. 194).

TviT bizantiis imperiis Zlierebis xanaSi _ VI s-Si Wanebi SeWrilan

kapadokiaSi, kilikiaSi da siriaSi (ioane galalas (491-578) cnobiT).

xaldebisa da Wanebis igiveobas mose xorenelis cnobac adastu-

rebs, sadac Wanebis qveyana moxseniebulia, rogorc Waniuki, xalti

(iqve, gv. 195).

Wanebisa da xaldebis igiveobaze wers g. meliqiSvilic _ `samxre-

Tis mimarTulebiT antikur dros cxovrobda qarTuli tomi xaldi-

xalibebi, rogorc cnobilia saxeli `xaldi~ (qaldi) organuladaa

dakavSirebuli dasavlur qarTul, kerZod Wanebis mosaxleobasTan.

Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba saxelwodebebi

`xaldi~ da `Wani~ (iqve, gv. 196).

100

rogorc iTqva Wanebi TavianT Tavs lazebs uwodebdnen. meomari

Wanebis qveynis damorCileba mxolod iustinianes dros SeZlo bizan-

tiis imperiam VI s-Si. iqamde es tomi _ sruliad damoukidebeli iyo.

535 wels gamocemul Tavis novelaSi iustiniane siamayiT acxadebda,

rom Wanebis damorCileba RmerTma romaelebs mxolod mis mefobaSi

mianiWa (iqve, gv. 195).

Wanebi, g. gozaliSvilis cnobiT, cxovrobdnen trapizonis dasav-

leTiT da ara aRmosavleTiT, is wers _ `Wanuri mosaxleoba trapi-

zonis dasavleTiT Sors iyo mofenili~ (iqve, gv. 195), Tumca iv. javaxi-

Svilis sityviT trapizoni Tavisi olqiT `lazebis anu Wanebis~ mo-

saxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli,

1965, gv. 125).

g. meliqiSvilis mtkicebiT xaldebis saxeli Wanur mosaxleobasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, Zvelsomxur wyaroebSi variantebis saxiT gamoiyeneba

dasaxelebebi _ `xaldi~ da `Wani~.

Wanebi, igive lazebi, igive xaldebi anu xalibebi yofilan Tavian-

Ti warmomavlobiT, cnobilia, rom wyaroTa miTiTebebiT xalibebis

ZiriTadi gansaxlebis areali samxreTiT _ trapizonis regionSi mde-

bareobda, amitomac, aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc iTqva, umarTebu-

lod Cans sabWour istoriografiaSi miRebuli daskvna, rom lazebis

Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi iyo dasavleT saqarTvelo, saidanac isini

trapizonisaken gadasaxldnen arabobis epoqaSi VII-VIII ss-Si.

bizantiuri `Tema qaldea~ Seqmnes ara dasavleT saqarTvelodan

arabTa epoqaSi gadmosaxlebulma lazebma, aramed, iq istoriulad

mkvidri xalibebis (qaldebis) STamomavlebma, romelnic lazebad anda

Wanebad iwodebodnen.

VIII s-Si Seqmnili Tema xaldias (qaldeas)~ qalaqebi yofila trapi-

zoni, xeriani, erzinjani, baiburTi, argiokastroni (Turqebma giumiSxa-

ne uwodes) (`vercxlis qalaqi~, aq iyo vercxlis maRaroebi), qaldiis

qalaqs baiburTs nusxebSi paiperi ewodeba (iqve, gv. 197). qarTulad

am Temas erqva `qveyana xaldiisa~ (qaldiisa).

n. adonci mtkiced dgas im poziciaze, rom Wanebi Zvel dros iwode-

bodnen xaldebis (qaldebis) saxeliT, is wers _ `Wanebi Zvel drosxaldebad iwodebodnen. maT garda iq mravali tomi cxovrobda. Wanebis

VI s-Si gaZlierebis gamo am qveyanas Wanika uwodes~ (iqve, gv. 198).

101

iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT `yvela qarTveli tomebis samSoblo... qal-

dia iyo~ (qarT. eris ist. 1951, t. I, gv. 424).

iv. javaxiSvilis es Tvalsazrisi Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tu qaldea

anu xalibebis qveyana iyo yvela qarTuli tomis samSoblo (e. i. svanebis,

megrel-Wanebis, qarTl-kaxel-imerel-mesxebisa da sxva), maSin yvela qar-

Tuli tomi xaliburi warmoSobisa yofila. anu xalibebi dvrita da

safuZvelia saidanac yvela qarTuli tomi warmoSobila.

g. gozaliSvili exeba qaldeas TemSi mcxovreb adgilobrivi warmo-

Sobis didebulebs, romelnic aq saukuneTa manZilze liderobdnen da

umaRles samoxeleo Tanamdebobebs flobdnen, samwuxarod, maT Soris

daundobeli brZola iyo gaCaRebuli da erTmaneTs anadgurebdnen.

eseni yofilan Semdegi sagvareuloebi _ sqolaria, mizimati, kava-

siti, Wanixiti, komaxiti (g. gozaliSvilis azriT am gvarebSi SeiZleba

amovicnoT WaniSvili (Wanixiti), komaxiZe (komaxiti) da sxv.`TviTeul am sagvareulos Zvel xaldiaSi TvalsaCino adgili da

roli ganekuTvneboda _ magaliTad, kavasitebis sagvareulos ekuTvn-

oda Semdgomi giumiSxane da xaldiis sxva mniSvnelovani punqtebi,

kavasitebis xelSi yofila trapizonidan arzrumis mimarTulebiT mde-

bare miwa-wylis olqi, romelzec saerTaSoriso gza gadioda. amito-

mac kavsas naxevrad damoukidebeli sagvareulo xaldiis istoriaSi

TvalsaCino rols TamaSobda. misi warmomadgenlebi yofilan xaldi-

is dukad, hqoniaT didi domestikisa da didi logoTetis wodebebi,

saerTod, uspenskis sityviT, xaldiis didi duka warmoadgenda samxe-

dro da samoqalaqo gubernators, magram realurad qaldiis pirobe-

bidan gamomdinare (geografiuli garemo, mudmivi omianoba) mas gaci-

lebiT meti gavlena hqonda saimperatoro karze (iqve, gv. 200).

aseve didi gavlena hqonda Wanixitebis sagvareulos, maT ekuTvno-

daT qaldiis cixe-simagre Wanixi (Wanka) da macuka (maWuka). hqondaT

imperiis didi mejinibeTuxucesis wodeba.

aseTive mniSvnelobis iyo gabraTa (gabaraSvilTa) sagvareulo.

xaldiis cnobili cixe-simagre kamaxa (komaxa) iyo komaxitebis sag-

vareulos xelSi. komaxas cixes zogjer kemaxasac uwodebdnen. gamah-

madianebis Semdegac qaldiaSi Wanur sagvareuloebs didi Zalaufle-

ba darCaT (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, 1965, gv. 200).

102

g. gozaliSvili miiCnevs, rom qaldiis TemSi Sediodnen paiperti

(baiberTi), gaZiura, kolonia, azrumi da mosaxleobis or mesamedze

meti lazebi anu Wanebi iyvnen (iqve, gv. 201). romlebic mudam ibrZod-

nen TavisuflebisaTvis.

g. gozaliSvili, rogorc iTqva, ar eTanxmeba Teorias lazebis

rionis xeobidan qaldeaSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb, amitomac wers _

`lazur-Wanuri aq imTaviTve sufevda, rom xalibebi, tibarenni, mosvin-

ikebi, drilebi da svanebi swored lazur-Wanurs laparakobdnen, rom

yvelani isini qarTul erovnebas ekuTvnodnen~ (iqve, gv. 203).

am kuTxiT Zalze mniSvnelovania g. gozaliSvilis daskvna (riTac

kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom lazebi qaldeaSi ar gadmosaxlebulan

rionis xeobidan VIII-IX ss-Si, is wers _ VIII-XI saukuneebSi ara Cans, rom

am mxriv raime mniSvnelovani cvlileba momxdariyos, piriqiT, am qvey-

nis mier saxelwodeba xaldiis SenarCuneba miuTiTebs iqauri eTnikurielementis statikurobaze~ (iqve, gv. 203).

am mosazrebas kidev ufro amtkicebs Semdegi fraza _ `im terito-

riaze, sadac pontos samefo ivaraudeba, Wanur-lazuri mosaxleoba

uwyvetad arsebobs~ (iqve, gv. 203).

g. gozaliSvili Tavisi vrceli kvlevis Sedegad sabolood askvnis

_ `pontos samefos mosaxleobis ZiriTad elements mesxur-Wanur-

lazuri da sxva qarTveli tomebi Seadgendnen, rom pontos samefo

iyo qarTvel tomTa saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba~ (iqve, gv. 203).

maSasadame, misi mtkice TvalsazrisiT lazebi trapezuntis olqSi

gadmosaxldnen ara rionis xeobidan VIII-IX saukuneebSi, rogorc miiC-

nevs sabWoTa epoqis istoriografia, aramed mkvidrni iyvnen uxsova-

ri droidanve _ isini lazebad iwodebodnen da ZiriTadad gamahmadi-

andnen, xolo lazi qristianebi berZnul Tems Seekedlnen _ berZne-

bad iqcnen.

es lazebi igive xaldebi iyvnen. amitomac, gozaliSvilis azriT,

magaliTad 1370-90 wlebSi daweril wm. evgeniosis cxovrebaSi, romelic

1200 wlis ambebs exeba trapizonis dukas ioane xaldi~ ewodeba (iqve,

gv. 206) im xalxis saxlis mixedviT, romelic iq cxovrobda, radganac

trapizonis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleoba lazebi iyvnen mis im-

peratorebs `kolxTa mefeebs~ uwodebdnen (iqve, gv. 207).

103

aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi mosaxleoba saqarTvelos~ uwodeb-

da md. xartuSis sanapiros teritorias~, xolo ericovis cnobiT _ md.kisgimis marcxena sanapiro cnobilia giurjistanis saxeliT, aqaa xam-

Sini~ (iqve, gv. 208). adoncis TqmiT _ Wanebi cxovrobdnen md. xartu-

Sis aRmosavleTiT _ ardasisa da giumiSxanes sazRvrebidan dawyebu-

li TviT xemSinamde, ekavaT ra amgvarad mTeli parxaris zegani~ (g.

gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli~, 1965 gv. 208).

saerTod ki, Wanur-lazuri mosaxleoba trapizonisa da misi olqis

ZiriTad masas Seadgenda imTaviTve da TviT XX s-mde~ (iqve, gv. 202).

isini ZiriTadad asimilirdnen berZnebsa da TurqebSi (gv. 202).

iv. javaxiSvilic ar eTanxmeboda rionis xeobidan lazebis trab-

zonisaken gadasaxlebis Teorias, is amasTan dakavSirebiT wers _ qar-

Tvelebs ar SeeZloT trabzon-samsunis mxareebSi `TavianTi ena-kavebi

raime gziT gaevrcelebinaT~, radganac qarTvelebs (qarTul saxelmwi-fos) `aq arasodes ubatonia, Tamar mefis laSqrobis garda~, is daaskv-

nis _ aq lazur-Wanuri laparaki exlac ismis, es mxolod imis damamtki-

cebeli da momaswavebeli sabuTia, rom lazur-Wanuri iq imTaviTve sufe-

vda, rom xalibebi, tibarenebi, mosvinikebi, drilebi da svanebi swored

lazur-Wanurs laparakobdnen, rom yvelani isini qarTul erovnebas

ekuTvnodnen~ (iv. javaxiSvili, `qarTveli eris istoria~, I, gv. 415,

1951, iqve, gv. 203).

Zalze mniSvnelovania iv. javaxiSvilis daskvna, romlidanac Cans,

rom lazebi arabobis Semdeg ar gadasaxlebula trabzonis regioneb-

isaken. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc iTqva, ucxour gamocemebSic gamoCn-

da Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda lazebi trapizonisken gadasaxldnen ara-

bobis epoqaSi, xolo iqamde rionis xeobaSi iyo maTi sacxovrisi.

g. gozaliSvili wers _ `uZvelesi droidan mokidebuli pirvelw-

yaroebi erTxmad adastureben pontos samefos arealSi Wanur-lazuri

da saerTod, qarTul tomTa uwyvet arsebobas~ (iqve, gv. 203).

TurqeTSi inglisis konsuli palheri Tavis mTavrobas atyobineb-

da, rom trapizonis vilaieTSi yizil-irmakidan (Zveli md. halisidan)

punqt `SekveTilamde~ or milionamde adamiani cxovrobda. TviTon

trapizonis vilaieTi iyofoda oTx sanjayad (olqad) _ 1. lazistani;

2. trapzonis olqi; 3. Waniki; 4. giumiSxane (iqve, gv. 204). aRsaniSnavia,

104

rom VII saukunis `somxuri geografia~ samxreT egriss (egrs), aseve

oTx olqad yofda, TiTqmis imave saxelwodebiT (lazivi, Wanika, egeri,manrali). samxreT egrisis sazRvrebi TiTqmis eTanadeboda XIX s-is

trabzonis vilaieTis sazRvrebs.

es vrceli qveyana ZiriTadad lazebiT (WanebiT) iyo dasaxlebuli,

magram maT ar gaaCndaT TavianTi nacionaluri identificirebis un-

ari, ar hqondaT erovnuli TviTSemecneba (Tumca tomobriv doneze

nawilobriv gaaCndaT), amitomac isini religiuri niSnis mixedviT

akuTvnebdnen TavianT Tavs sxvadasxva erovnebas, kerZod mahmadiani

lazebi _ Turqebad iwodebodnen, qristiani lazebi _ berZnebad. iyvnen

aseve armenizirebuli lazebic (giumiSxanelebi), isini Tavdapirve-

lad somxuri eklesiis mrevlad gadaiqcnen, Semdeg ki gamahmadiand-

nen (xemSinebi).

ucxoeli mecnieris e. maieris daskvniT lazebi iyvnen STamomavalni

xalibebisa _ xalibebis STamomavalni romaul xanaSi Wanebad da laze-

bad iwodebian~ (Ed. Meyer, Gesch. d.Altertums. Zweiter Band. Stuttgart. 1893,gv. 293, ix. iqve, gv. 226).

imave Tvalsazriss,rogorc iTqva, iziarebda i. diakonovi (iqve, gv.

226). is emxroboda Tvalsazriss, rom xalibebi lazebis winaprebi iyvnen

da aseve aviTarebda azrs, rom amierkavkasiis xalxebs axlo aRmosav-

leTis xalxebTan genetikuri kavSiri gaaCniaT (iqve, gv. 226).

maSasadame, gamoCenili ucxoeli mecnierebi e. maieri, i. diakonovi

da piotrovski miiCnevdnen, rom lazebi xalibebis pirdapiri memkvi-

dreebi iyvnen. iv. javaxiSvili, g. gozaliSvili da sxvani ar miiCnevd-

nen, rom lazebi trapezunt-pontos regionSi gadmosaxldnen rionis xe-

obidan (dasavleT saqarTvelodan) arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg _ VII-VIIIsaukuneebSi.

105

adelle billisa da o. lorTqifaniZis

gansxvavebuli mosazrebani kolxeTis Sesaxeb

Cvens eramde VI-IV ss-Si kolxuri erovnebis~ arsebobas imiT amtki-

cebs Cveni zogierTi mecnieri, rom TiTqosda Zv.w. VII-VII ss-Si Camoya-libda axali Zlieri damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli, mTelantikur samyaroSi farTod cnobili kolxeTis samefo, romelsac hero-dote axlo aRmosavleTis didi monarqebis _ midiisa da aqemenidebisiranis gverdiT ixseniebs~ (qse, t. 5, gv. 596).

sinamdvileSi, msgavsi istoriuli faqtis Semcveli cnobebi hero-

dotesTan ar gvxvdeba.

herodote Tavis Txrobas iwyebs TqmulebebiTa da miTebiT, mefis

asul evropes motacebis eposis (miTis) gadmocemis Semdeg mogvi-

Txrobs, rogor moitaces argonavtebma medea `kolxidaSi~. amis sana-

cvlod `kolxTa mefem gagzavna eladaSi mociquli~ (herodote, I, 2).

ase, rom kolxTa mefe~ herodotesTan da saerTod berZnul wyaroeb-

Si mxolod miTebTanaa dakavSirebuli, `kolxTa mefe~ an `kolxeTis

mefe~ sxvagan arsad aRar gvxvdeba herodotes vrcel TxzulebaSi,

Tumca ki kolxeTs sakmaod xSirad ixseniebs.

amasTan dakavSirebiT evropeli mecnieri adelle billi wers _

`cdebian qarTveli mecnierebi, roca kolxeTis samefos arsebobasfaqtad miiCneven! kolxeTi samefod moixsenieba mxolod argonavtebiseposSi, straboni samefo dinastis arsebobas mxolod iberis aRwerisasmoixsenebs da ara kolxeTis aRwerilobisas~ (adelle billi, saqarTve-

loSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva, boni, 2003 w. krebulSi `amirani~,

IX2, monreali-Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 55-62).

ucxouri istoriografia miiCnevs, rom kolxeTi ar iyo erTi eT-

nosi, amasTan dakavSirebiT evropeli mecnieri wers _ qarTveli mec-nierebi cdebian, roca sityva kolxeTiT~ eTnoss aRniSnaven, kolxeTigeografiuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda berZnul wyaroebSi!~ (adelle

billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva, boni, 2003 w. kre-

bulSi amirani~, IX2, 2003, gv. 55-60). rogorc Cans, es cnobili faqtia

dasavleT evropuli samecniero wreebisaTvis, am sakiTxis Sesaxeb wers

evropeli mecnieri, romelmac piradad Seiswavla qarTvel mecnier-

Ta mosazrebani aRniSnul sakiTxze.

106

is ufro adreul xanasac exeba da wers _ `kulxa ar iyo Tanamed-rove saqarTvelos teritoriaze, rom kolxeTic mxolod nawilobrivSeiZleba davukavSiroT dasavleT saqarTvelos. Zveli berZnuli kol-xeTis pirvandeli mniSvneloba moicavs ara mxolod urartul kulxas,aramed zogadad Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiro teritorias,kerZod, ki dRevandeli TurqeTis sinopsa da trapizons Soris. berZnu-li kolonizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba agreTve kolxeTiscnebis gagebac _ herodote aRniSnavs, rom mdinare fazisi (rioni) war-moadgens kolxeTis CrdiloeT sazRvars. kolxeTi dasaxlebulia sxva-dasxva tomebiT, maT Soris mosxebiT, makronebiT, mosinikebiT, TviTkolxebiT, marebiT, tibaranebiT da sxva tomebiT, kolxeTi araa erTieTnosi~ (adelle billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva,

boni, 2003 w. krebulSi “amirani~, IX 2, 2003, gv. 55-60).

herodotes epoqaSi semituri tomebi CrdiloeTiT ufro vrclad

iyvnen gansaxlebulni, vidre Semdgom. magaliTad, herodotesTan si-

rielebsa da paflagonielebs Soris sazRvrad md. halisi iTvleba,

romelic istoriul kolxeTTan axlos miedineboda.

evropeli mkvlevari exeba Teorias egviptelebisa da dasavleT

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis e.w. erTi warmoSobis~ Sesaxeb da msjelobs

_ herodotes kolxebi kanis feris, Tmis saxeobisa da enis mixedviT

semituri an qamituri tomia da ara indoevropelebi. is CamoTvlil

tomebs semitebs ukavSirebs da amasTanave Tavdapirvel kolxebs akav-

Sirebs ara evropul, aramed muqkanian rasasTan. is wers _ `cxadia,rom kolxebi egviptelebi arian... radgan kolxebi Savgvremanebi arianxuWuWTmianebi... egviptelebsa da kolxebs ena msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTis~

(herodote, VII, 72).

mecnierebisaTvis kargadaa cnobili, egviptelebi evropelebisagan

gansxvavdebodnen rasobrivad kanis muqi feriTa da Tmis safariT.

aseve kargadaa cnobili isic, rom amJamindeli kavkasiuri rasa~ (Sesaba-misad dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba) ganekuTvneba samxreT evropulrasas da araviTar SemTxvevaSi muqkanian semitur an qamitur rasas. ami-

tomac herodotes kolxebi~ rasobrivadac ki gansxvavdeba TanamedrovedasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobisagan.

meore berZeni avtori straboni aseve sagangebod aRwers kolxeTs.

strabonis mixedviT qristeSobamde I saukuneSi kolxeTi warmoadgen-

107

da krebiT saxels mTeli samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTisa _

trapizonidan _ pitiuntamde. am epoqis berZnuli wyaroebiT kolxeTiar aRniSnavda eTnoss, aramed berZnul wyaroebSi sityva `kolxeTi~

geografiuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba.

rogorc Cans, es cnobili faqtia dasavleT evropuli samecniero

wreebisaTvis, am sakiTxis Sesaxeb wers evropeli mecnieri, romelmac

piradad Seiswavla qarTvel mecnierTa mosazrebani aRniSnul saki-

Txze da rogorc aRiniSna, is wers _ `qarTveli mecnierebi cdebian,

roca sityva kolxeTiT~ eTnoss aRniSnaven, kolxeTi geografiuli mni-

SvnelobiT ixmareboda berZnul wyaroebSi!~ (adelle billi, saqar-

TveloSi aRmoCenil samarxTa kvleva, boni, 2003 w. krebulSi `amira-

ni~, IX2, 2003, gv. 55-60).

evropel mecnierTa es Tvalsazrisi mTlianad eTanadeba Zvel qar-

Tuls (qarTuli wyaroebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar icnobs kol-

xeTs), qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi mudam xazgasmiT miTiTebuls, rom

dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar cxovrobda adgilobriv-kolxuri eTnosi,

rom aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelo istoriulad mudam erTi eT-

nosiT, erTi xalxiT, erTi erovnebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da es iyo qarTve-

li xalxi, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos saerisTavoebSi mcxovrebi mo-

saxleoba imTaviTve qarTveli xalxis ganuyofeli nawili iyo _ igu-

lisxmeba _ gurulebi, egriselebi, margvelebi, Takverelebi Tu sva-

nebi, bunebiTi qarTvelebi da, amitom, maT qarTizacia~ ar esaWiroe-

bodaT, TviTve iyvnen e.w. `qarTebic~ da qarTvelebic. amis axsnas

iZleva iv. javaxiSvili, miaCnia, rom qarTvelTa uZveles samSobloSi

karduSi erT erad iyo formirebuli Semdegdroindeli svanebi, Wane-

bi, megrelebi da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. isini imTavi-

Tve erTi erovneba, erTi qarTveli eri iyvnen.

Tu arsebobda `kolxeTis samefo~ _ TavisTavadi saxelmwifo, cxa-

dia, aq SesaZlebeli iyo kidec `kolxebis erovnebis~ formireba,

rogorc amas miiCnevs sabWouri istoriografia.

namdvilad arsebobda `kolxeTis samefo~?

Tanamedrove evropis istoriografia ambobs _ kolxeTis samefo

ar arsebobda _ wyaroebiT es ar dasturdeba, amitomac, werda kidec

evropeli mecnieri, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT _ `cdebian qarTveli

108

mecnierebi, roca kolxeTis samefos arsebobas faqtad miiCneven! kolxe-

Ti samefod moixsenieba mxolod argonavtebis eposSi, straboni samefodinastis arsebobas mxolod iberis aRwerisas moixsenebs da ara kolxe-

Tis aRwerilobisas~ (adelle billi, saqarTveloSi aRmoCenil samarx-

Ta kvleva, boni, 2003 w. krebulSi “amirani~, IX2, monreali-Tbilisi,

2003, gv. 55-62).

is kvlav imeorebs _ cdebian qarTveli mecnierebi, rodesac kolx-

ur TeTrs~ kolxeTis samefos arsebobis damadasturebel faqtad miiC-

neven~ (iqve, gv. 60).

Tanamedrove evropuli istoriografiis msgavsad, Zveli qarTuli

istoriografia saerTod ar icnobs kolxeTis samefos~.

Cveni winaprebi dabejiTebiT amtkicebdnen, rom dasavleT da aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba erTi eri (erovneba) iyo. amito-

mac Seqmna man erTiani saxelmwifo farnavazis dros da Semdeg.

amJamad arsebobs ori Teoria qarTveli eris Camoyalibebis Sesax-

eb. pirveli aris ZvelqarTuli, romelic amtkicebs, rom dasavleT

da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba erTian ers warmoadgenda

qristeSobamde saukuneebiT adrec, meore ki aris e.w. `qarTizaciis~

Teoria, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebobda

kolxuri da `qarTis~ erovnebebi da am ukanasknelma SeZlo axali

erovnebis formireba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX s-mde moRvawe saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis

mamebi da mematianeebi arasdros iziarebdnen qarTizaciis Teorias

da maTTvis swored pirveli Teoria warmoadgenda WeSmaritebas.

109

àrian-qarTlis~ sakiTxisaTvis

(giorgi qavTaraZe, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa

da eTnologiis instituti)

ariani

cnoba qarTvelTa Tavdapirveli samSoblos arian-qarTlis~ Sesaxeb

uZveles qarTul matianes `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ Semounaxavs.

am cnobiT, qarTlSi gamolaSqrebulma aleqsandre makedonelma mcxe-

TaSi mefed masTan xlebuli arian-qarTlis mefis Ze _ azo daadgina.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ X s-is Satberduli xelnaweris mixedviT _

`Tana-hyvanda aleqsandres mefesa azoY, Ze arian-qarTlisa mefisaY da

mas miuboZa mcxeTaY sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi, da

egris wyali, da somxiTi da mTaY crolisa da warvida~.

èse azoY warvida ar[i]an-qarTlad, mamisa T/vi/sisa da warmoiyvana

rvaY saxli da aTni saxlni mamamZuZeTani, da dajda Zuel mcxeTas da

Tana-hyvandes kerpni RmrTad _ gaci da ga, da ese iyo pirveli mef/e/

mcxeTas Sina azoY, Z/e/ arian-qarTvelTa mefisaY~...

wmida ninos sityviTac, kerpebi gaci da ga `RmrTad hqondes mama-

Ta TquenTa arian-qarTliT~.

daviT aRmaSeneblis sulieri moZRvris arsen beris (mas arsen iyal-

Toelad miiCneven), ninos cxovrebis~ metafrasuli redaqciis avtoris,

ganmartebiT:

`Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT gamosrulTani

da enaY maTi uwyiT, da yovelni mefeni qarTlisani amaT mefeTa Svi-

lis-Svilni arian~;

am citataSi samjer aris xazgasmuli arian-qarTlis~ mosaxleobis

qarTuli xasiaTi:

1. qarTvelebis uSualo memkvidreobiTi kavSiri (`Svilni varT~)

àrian-qarTlidan~ wamosul mosaxleobasTan;

2. qarTuli enis àrian-qarTlidan~ Semotana (ènaY maTi uwyiT~);

3. qarTlis mefeTa memkvidreobiTi kavSiri àrian-qarTlis~ same-

fo karTan (àmaT mefeTa Svilis-Svilni arian~).

110

a. svaniZe arian-qarTls mtkvrisa da arezis (araqsis) SuamdinareTSi

aTavsebda; aqedan varaudobs qarTlSi samefo dinastiis imigracias.

misi azriT, es movlena dakavSirebuli unda iyos somexi mxedarT-

mTavrebis _ artaqsiisa da zariadris mier warmoebul dapyrobebTan.

yuradRebas ipyrobs e. TayaiSvilis dakvirveba, romlis mixedviT,

saxeli `ariani~ `moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ qronikis Semdgenels amouRia

apokrifuli xasiaTis nawarmoebidan, romelsac qarTul teqstSi quabi

saganZuri~ ewodeba da romelic IX saukuneze ara ugvianes xanaSi Ses-

rulebul Targmans warmoadgenda asuruli Txzulebis _ `ganZTa qva-

bis~ savaraudod VI saukunis erT-erTi redaqciisa. masSi vkiTxulobT:

`xolo dReTa TaraYsaTa, J (90) welTa cxovrebisa misisaTa, gamoCnda

brZaneba yovelsa adgilsa, sofelsa, romelsa hrqvian ariani, romeli

aRaSena iraYs, Zeman eberisaman, da iyo kaci mdidari friad, da moku-

da, da esua mas Ze da Seqmna kerpi oqrosa da aRmarTa saflavsa zeda

mamissa Tvisisasa~.

nabuqodonosori (g. qavTaraZe)

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba cnobas babilonis mefis nabuqodonosor

II-is (Zv. w. 605-562 ww.) mier afrikisa (libiisa) da pirenes naxevarkun-

Zulis (iberiis) dalaSqvrisa da iqidan wamoyvanili tyveebis pontos

gadaRma mdebare iberiaSi, anu kavkasiaSi dasaxlebis Sesaxeb, romel-

ic, TviT klasikuri xanis mweralTa miTiTebis Tanaxmad, miewereboda

mcireaziel berZens, istorikoss, geografossa da diplomats, `in-

dikis~ avtors megasTenes (daaxl. Zv. w. 350-290 ww.).

es cnoba metad popularuli iyo ara mxolod ZvelberZnul da

romaul literaturaSi, igi gavrcelebuli iyo aRmosavleTSic, ker-

Zod siriul da somxur literaturaSi, iTvleba, rom megasTenesTan

gvxvdeba yvelaze adreuli cnoba kavkasieli iberebis Sesaxeb.

megasTenes zemoT moyvanili cnoba SavizRvispireTSi iberebis dasav-

leTidan gadmosaxlebis Taobaze Semonaxulia evsebi kesarielis (daaxl.

263-339 ww.) TxzulebebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT pirvel rigSi uTiTeben

111

mis mier 314-318 ww. daweril nawarmoebs saxarebisadmi winamomzade-

bas~, sadac naTqvamia: `vpove me agreTve abidenosis TxzulebaSi asu-

relTa Sesaxeb~ nabuqodonosorze Semdegi: megasTene ambobs, rom nabu-

qodonosori herakleze ufro Zlevamosili iyo, libiasa da iberiaze

gailaSqra, daeufla da maTi nawili pontos marjvniv daasaxla~.

ramdenime wliT ufro adre, 308-311 ww. daweril qronikebis~ pir-

vel wignSi _ `qronografia~ evsebi kesarieli aseve gadmogvcems _

àbidenosi nabuqodonosors herakleze Zlevamosilad miiCnevs, rode-

sac wers Semdegs: megasTene ambobs, rom nabuqodonosori herakleze

Zlevamosili iyo, maT Tavisi jarebi Sors libiamde da iberiamde

miuSva. daipyro es qveynebi da maTi mosaxleobis nawili evqsinis zRvis

marjvena napirze daasaxla~.

ebrauli warmomavlobis romael istorikosTan, ioseb flaviusTan

(daaxl. 37-95 ww.) _ TxzulebaSi ìudevelTa siZveleni~ gvxvdeba me-

gasTenes cnoba nabuqodonosoris dasavluri laSqrobis Taobaze, aq

araferia Tqmuli am ukanasknelis mier dasavleTis iberebisa da li-

bielebis pontos marjvniv anu aRmosavleTiT gadmosaxlebis Taoba-

ze; naTqvamia mxolod da mxolod is, rom megasTene indikis~ IV wign-

Si cdilobs yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino gaxados heraklesTan Sedare-

biT nabuqodonosoris meti gambedaoba da miRwevaTa sidiade, vinaid-

an man libia da TviT iberia daipyro.

ax. w. VIII saukunis meore naxevrisa da IX saukunis dasawyisis bizan-

tieli mematiane georgios sinkelosTanac Semonaxul megasTenes frag-

mentSi libiis didi nawilisa da iberiis dapyrobazea saubari.

movses xorenacTan vkiTxulobT: àmis Sesaxeb abidenosi ambobs:

`Zlevamosilma nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Ronieri

iyo, Sehyara jari da miaRwia libielTa, agreTve [i]verielTa qvey-

nebs, Semusra da daimorCila isini, maTi erTi nawili wamoasxa iqedan

da pontos zRvis marjvena mxares daasaxla~. [i]veria qveynierebis

dasavleT sazRvarze mdebareobs~.

`qronikebis~ somxuri Targmanis qarTuli versia g. meliqiSvilis

mixedviT, Semdeg saxes Rebulobs: `Zlevamosilma, ambobs igi (abide-

nosi, _ g. m.), nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze Zlieri iyo,

laSqris Sekrebis Semdeg miaRwia libielTa da iverTa qveynebs da

112

sZlia, daamxo, daimorCila isini. maTi erTi nawili man gadaasaxla

pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze (da) iq daasaxla~

konstantine VII porfirogenetis TxzulebaSi imperiis mmarTvelo-

bis Sesaxeb~ (dawerilia 984-952 ww. Soris) Semonaxuli cnoba, rom

TiTqos X s-is Sua xanebis kavkasiel iberebs (anu qarTvelebs) Tavi

ierusalimidan wamosuli xalxis STamomavlebad miaCndaT, am cnobis

Tanaxmad: `iberielebi mogviTxroben, rom maTi tomi ierusalimidan

aris warmoSobili da, rom isini wamovidnen ierusalimidan RvTis

brZanebis momaswavebeli sizmrebis CvenebiT da daesaxlnen sparseTis

mxareebTan, e.i. qveyanaSi, sadac amJamad mkvidroben... vinaidan iberi-

elebi, rogorc TviTve amboben, STamomavlobiT ierusalimidan ari-

an, amis gamo maT aqvT didi siyvaruli misi da uflisa ieso qristes

saflavisa da gansazRvrul droebSi uxvad ugzavnian fuls wminda

qalaqis patriarqsa da iqaur qristianebs~.

damaxasiaTebelia agreTve misi Semdegi sityvebi: iberielebi uwo-

debdnen Tavis-Tavs daviT mefisa da winaswarmetyvelis naTesavs da

aqedan yovladwminda RvTismSoblis naTesavsac, radgan isic daviTi-

sagan aris warmoSobili~.

113

xalibebi (g. qavTaraZe)

qsenofontis anabasisis~ monacemebiT, taoxebi da xalibebi sparse-

Tis mefes ar emorCilebodnen, savaraudoa, rom maT, amave dros (xal-

ibebis meTaurobiT) saerTo tomobrivi gaerTianeba unda hqonodaT

Camoyalibebuli.

xalibebi da taoxebi rom dasavleT armeniis sparsel satraps ar

eqvemdebarebodnen (garda qsenofontis anabasisSi aqemenianTa impe-

riaSi berZenTa gzaze mdebare qveynebsa da tomebs Soris maTi dausaxe-

leblobisa) mowmobs agreTve tiribazis jarSi maTi calke _ moqiravee-

bad~ moxseniebac, gansxvavebiT sakuTriv tiribazis meomrebisagan,

vinaidan, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom dasavleT armeniis mmarTvels _

tiribazs Tvisive qveSevdromebi daeqiravebina.

xalibTa qveyana da armenia aSkarad arian erTmaneTTan dapirispire-

buli dasavleT armeniis erT-erTi soflis mamasaxlisis mier qseno-

fontisaTvis naTqvam sityvebSi, rom win, berZenTa gzaze, mdebare

armeniis mezobeli qveyana xalibebs ekuTvnodaT.

speris adgilmdebareoba yvelaze ufro uaxlovdeba im terito-

rias, romelic skviTinebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

rogorc viciT, qsenofontisa da misi Tanamemamuleebis gza, xali-

bebis qveynis gavlis Semdeg _ md. harpasosidan (gaigivebulia md.

WoroxTan) makronTa qveynamde (q. trapezuntis samxreTiT) _ skviTineb-

is miwaze gadioda. skviTinebis qveynis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvris

SesaZleblobas, upirveles yovlisa, unda iZleodes maTi umniSvnelo-

vanesi qalaqis _ gvimniasis mdebareoba q. trapezuntis samxreTiT

ganlagebuli mTebis gadaRma 5 dRis saval manZilze, rac, rogorc

fiqroben, daaxloebiT Tanamedrove q. baiburTis sanaxebs anu isto-

riul spers unda Tanxvdebodes. skviTinebis qveynis SuagulSi q. gvim-

niasis mdebareobas mowmobs is garemoeba, rom berZenTa msvlelobis

gzaze, rogorc am qalaqamde, aseve, misi gavlis Semdegac, skviTineb-

is teritoria sakmaod did farTobze iyo gadaWimuli.

114

xorZene _ arian-qarTli (g. qavTaraZe)

flavius arianes informaciiT, Zv. w. 329/328 w. centralur azieli

`xorazmielebis~ mefe farasmanesi 1500 mxedris TanxlebiT eaxla

aleqsandres md. oqsis (Tanamedrove amu daria, centralur aziaSi)

napirTan da moaxsena, rom igi cxovrobda kolxebisa da amaZonelebis

mezoblad da mzad iyo daxmareboda mas, Tuki aleqsandre gadawyvet-

da im tomebis damorCilebas, romlebic saxlobdnen pontos evqsi-

nosamde (anu Sav zRvamde) gadaWimul mxareSi.

aleqsandrem xorazmielebis~ mefes miugo, rom imJamad mas ar hqon-

da dro da saSualeba pontosken gasalaSqreblad, magram aziis dapy-

robisa da helespontosa da propontidisis gavliT saberZneTSi dab-

runebis Semdeg, igi mTeli Tavisi sazRvao da samxedro Zalebis daxma-

rebiT Rrmad SeiWreboda pontoSi da mxolod maSin dasWirdeboda

mas farasmanesis daxmareba.

erTi ram, vfiqrob, cxadia: arianes teqsti exeba SavizRvispireTs

da ara centralur azias: garda imisa, rom masSi moxseniebuli arian

kolxebi, amaZonelebi da eqvsinis ponto, amasve unda mowmobdes TviT

aleqsandres sityvebi, rom mxolod helespontosa da propontidisis

gavliT saberZneTSi dabrunebis Semdeg (e.i. Soreuli laSqrobidan

gamobrunebis Semdeg), gaemarTeboda igi pontosken da amisaTvis gam-

oiyenebda rogorc saxmeleTo, aseve sazRvao Zalebs. es ukanaskneli

SeniSvna _ `sazRvao Zalebis gamoyeneba~ _ SeuZlebels gaxdida cen-

tralur aziaSi mis ukan dabrunebas da, Sesabamisad, iq myofi faras-

manesisaTvis daxmarebis gawevas. safiqrebelia, rom anatoliis Crdi-

lo-aRmosavleT nawilSi qarTuli matianeebis qarTvelTa pirvelsa-

cxovrisia~ saZebari, da kolxebTan da amaZonelebTan mebrZoli fara-

smanesis qveyanac.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom Tu erTi mxriv, arianes

mier moxseniebuli xorazmielTa mefe farasmanesi aleqsandres daxma-

rebas elodeboda Tavisi mezoblebis _ kolxebisa da amaZonelebis _

winaaRmdeg, meore mxriv, qarTuli da somxuri matianeebis cnobiT,

aleqsandre didma qarTlSi mosvlis Semdeg am qveynis mmarTvelad

Tavisi `proteJe~ (azo/azoni Tu mihrdat/miTridate) daadgina.

115

arsebobs SesaZlebloba cneba xorZenes~ gavrcobisa ufro vrcel

teritoriaze, masSi nawilobriv tao-klarjeTis moqcevis xarjze.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom kola-artaanisa da tao-

klarjeTis gamyofi arsianis qedi (dRev. iazlinjam daRlari) giorgi

merCulis X s-is hagiografiul nawarmoebSi, `cxovreba wm. grigol

xanZTelisa~ moxseniebulia `xorasunTa mTaTa~ saxelwodebiT: rameTu

odesme zafxulisa Jamsa mTaTa maT xorasunTa gardamovidoda igi da

mis Tana Zmani. da ixiles adgili marjve da purisa Wamad dasxdes~.

amrigad, SesaZlebeli Cans, rom flavius arianes `aleqsandres

laSqrobis~ teqstSi xorazmielTa mefis farasmanesis saxels iberiu-

li mxaris _ xorZenes mmarTveli iyos amofarebuli, miT umetes, rom

saxeli `farasmanenis~ xSirad aris dadasturebuli iberiaSi.

aseT SemTxvevaSi ar aris gamoricxuli, rom arianes informacia da

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ cnoba azos Sesaxeb, romelic aleqsandre di-

dis daxmarebiT gamefda mcxeTaSi, erTi da imave movlenis gamoZax-

ili yofiliyo.

amiT asrulebs g.qavTaraZe Tavis kvlevas.

Cveni azriT sainteresoa cda etimologiurad ganvixiloT mosazre-

ba, rom sityva `ariani~ efuZneba sityvas _ `xorZena~.

xorazmi _ xorzene _ xorasun _ xarian _ arian

xorZene _ xarZian _ arZian _ arian _ (Sdr. xorZene-xorene _ aqedan,

xorenaci)

an

xorZene _ arZian (aqedan, arZe)

xorZene-arian

116

iberebi xotenesa da akiliseneSi

(n. xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001)

somxeTis olqebi xotene da akilisena istoriulad iberebis sa-

cxovrisi yofila. isini jer kidev qarTuli olqebi iyvnen apianesa

da strabonis epoqaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, swored ase gadmogvcems

apiane.

CvenTvis es momenti imiTaa saintereso, rom aRniSnuli olqebi

SemdgomSi lazikis samitropolitos nawilebi gaxdnen, axlos mde-

bareobdnen karinis, anu Teodosiopolis olqTan, iberiis TemTan.

ufro metic, Cven albaT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xotene da akilisena

Teodosiopolisis olqis miwa-wylis nawils Seadgendnen, mis Semoga-

ren regions, konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi misi soflebisa da

dabebis mosaxleobas TavdadebiT icavda qarTvelTa samefos laSqari

eTnikuri Tanalmobierobis gamo. iberebi aq ara mxolod apianes dros,

aramed basili II bulgarTmmusvrelis epoqaSic cxovrobdnen.

apiane am mxareTa iberebis Sesaxeb wers _ miTridatem Seusvenebliv

sirbiliT iara da daaxloebiT meoTxe dRes gadalaxa evfrati, xolo Sem-deg sami dRe idga da aiaraRebda imaT, vinc masTan erTad iyo, an mas uerT-

deboda, Semdeg SeiWra xoteneSi, armeniaSi. iq man ukuagdo xotenebi da

iberebi, romlebic mas isrebiTa da SurdulebiT abrkolebdnen da ga-

davida mdinare afsarosze... miTridatem zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara~

(apiane, miTridates omebis istoria, 1959, gv. 195).

imave ambavs aRwerda straboni, kerZod, miTridatem gadalaxa evf-

rati, sadac iyo akilisenes wyaluxvi mTa, qarTulad albaT `wyalux-

vi~ JRerda rogorc `fasis mTa~, `fasisi~, radganac p. ingoroyvas

kvleviT, uxvwylian qveyanas fasisi erqva, sityva fasisidanaa albaT

`basianis~ provinciis saxelic.

straboni wers _ `pompeusis mier devnili miTridate aq gamoiqca,

pontos samefos am ukidures kuTxeSi, daipyro dasteirasTan akileseneswyaluxvi mTa, maxloblad iyo evfratic, romelic sazRvravda akile-

senes mcire armeniisagan da aq cxovrobda manam, sanam alyaSemortymu-

li iZulebuli ar gaxda gaqceuliyo mTebis gadaRma kolxidaSi da iqidan

ki bosforSi~ (strabonis geografia, 1957, gv. 212).

117

n. xazaraZe azustebs, Tu sad mdebareobda es raionebi _ Tu stra-

bonisa da apianes moyvanil cnobebs erTimeores SevudarebT, Tan afsa-

ros-Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebs Soris xotene-xorZenes mravali

mecnieris mier gaziarebul lokalizacias gaviTvaliswinebT, SesaZloa

davuSvaT, rom akaliseneSi mdebare cixe-simagre dasteira pariadris

mTebis (anu tao-speris) samxreTiT ganlagebul regionSia saZiebeli, pon-

tos samefosa da didi armeniis sazRvarze, iq, sadac kolxeTSi (pontos-

pireTSi) mimavali is gza gadioda, romliTac Zv.w. I saukuneSi pompeu-

sisgan devnilma miTridatem da misma qveiTma jarma isargebles, xolo

gvian vaxtang gorgasalma da misma laSqarma~ (n. xazaraZe, ZvelaRmo-

savluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001, gv. 368).

lazikis eparqiis erTi nawili, romelic aRniSnul regionebsac

moicavda, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mier miCneulia azonis mamis same-

fod, anu arian-qarTlis samefos erT nawilad. aq brZoliT Sesula

mefe farnavazi, Semdeg ki vaxtang gorgasali.

vaxuStis cnobiT, klarjeTi azonis mamiseuli samefos, anu arian-

qarTlis nawili iyo. Sesabamisad, klarjeTis samxreTiT mdebare mxaree-

bic arian-qarTlis samefos nawilad miiCneoda. klarjeTis samxreTiT

ki tao-speri, aRniSnuli xorZene, akilisene da sxva mxareebi iyo.

maSasadame, azonis mamis qveyana iyo tao, speri, xorZene da mimdebare

mxareebi.

azonisa da farnavazis omisas farnavazi SeiWra azonis mamul same-

foSi swored aRniSnul mxareebSi. isini, imJamad ukve `saberZneTis~

sasazRvro nawilad miiCneoda. azons `berZnebi~ uWerdnen mxars, ar-

taanis naqalaqarSi `iqmna brZola didZali da moswydes orgniTve

uricxvi. xolo iZlivnen berZenni farnavazisagan. ivltoda banaki maTi

da mokles azon da uricxvni spani maTni mosrnes da tyve qmnes da warvi-

da farnavaz da motyuena sazRvari saberZneTisa anZianZora da ekeleciT

Semoiqca. movida klarjeTs, daipyra klarjeTi da warmovida mcxeTad~

(q.c. I, gv. 23).

ekeleci da anZoreTi (anZiaZora) aseve ixsenieba vaxtang gorgas-

lis cxovrebaSi, roca is, rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa odindel istori-

ul samSobloSi, anu arian-qarTlis miwebze ibrZoda.

118

kerZod, es brZola mimdinareobda Semdgomi Teodosiopolis (kari-

nis) _ trapezuntis arealze, anu swored iq, sadac lazikis eparqia

Camoyalibda.

vaxtang gorgaslis laSqari `moadges cixe-qalaqsa, romelsa erqva

karaxpola, xolo aw ewodebis karnu-qalaqi da brZodes mas... warvida

vaxtang pontos da moaoxrna gzasa qalaqni samni: anZoreTi, ekeleci da

steri da moadges laSqarni pontosa qalaqsa didsa zRvis kidesa~ (q. c.,

t. I, gv. 123).

qalaqi steri aris dasteira.

mkvlevarTa azriT, zRvis kidis didi qalaqi~ trapezuntia, maSas-

adame, aRniSnuli qalaqebi karnu-qalaqsa (Teodosiopolissa) da tra-

pezunts Soris iyvnen.

anZianZoraSi ars saflavi didi moZRvrisa grigolisa~ (iqve, gv. 160).

trapezuntsa da Teodosiopoliss istoriulad aerTianebda gza

saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisa, romelic Sav zRvas sparseTTan aerTebda,

am or qalaqs Soris iyo, rogorc miiCneva, istoriuli xotenas da

axlos akilisenes provinciebi, romelnic arian-qarTlis miwa-wyalze

mdebareobdnen da miTridates, konstantine porfirogenetisa da ba-

sili II bulgarTmmusvrelis epoqaSi qarTvelebiT iyvnen dasaxlebulni,

Tumca ki ukve qveyanas armenia~ ewodeboda, ris gamoc mkvidri qarTu-

li mosaxleoba armenizaciis procesisagan Tavis garidebas cdilob-

da, maT Soris konfesiuradac.

qarTuli `ekeleci~, sadac farnavazs azonis mamuli qveyana egule-

boda, da sadac ibrZoda vaxtang gorgasali, strabonis akilisena yofi-

la (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 364). is, e.w. maRal somxeTSi~ mdebar-

eobda, evfratis xeobaSi q. erizasTan (erzinka). masa da Teodosiopo-

liss Soris unda yofiliyo strabonis mier naxsenebi akilesenes wya-

luxvi mTa~, sadac miTridate cota xans cxovrobda, aqve xotenebi da

mkvidri iberebi SeebrZolnen isrebiTa da SurdulebiT.

xotene zogi mecnieris mier xorZened miiCneva (iqve, gv. 367).

iqve, tao-speris samxreTiT yofila pariadres mTebi, romelic mi-

Tridatemde sul cota xnis win armenielebma iberebs waarTves.

am Zveli qarTuli adgilebis, anu arian-qarTlis dasabruneblad,

rogorc iTqva, ubrZoliaT _ farnavazs, Semdeg _ vaxtang gorgasals,

119

Semdeg, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ibrZodnen daviT didi kurapalati dasaqarTvelos mefe giorgi I.

aq, Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, `lazikis samitropolitos~ iurisdiq-

cia gavrcelda da aqve mdebareobda iberiis Temi~, aq iyo im iberTa

(da ara somexTa) qalkedonituri saepiskoposoebi, romelnic konstan-

tinopolis iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen. Sesabamisad, am adgilebis

e.w. somxur-qalqedonuri saepiskoposoebis mrevlis umetesoba eTniku-

ri qarTvelebi iyvnen, Tumca met wilad eklesiurad somxurenovanni.

n. xazaraZe mosxebis qveynis Sesaxeb (Zv. w. I s.)

(n. xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiuri Ziebani~, 2001 w.)

argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTia ara rionis dablobi, aramedsamxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo (Woroxis auzi)

straboni wers: mdinareebis fazisis, glavkosisa da hiposis `maRla(zemoT) mosxebis qveyanaSi mdebareobs levkoTeas samlocvelo, friqs-

es mier agebuli da misi samisno, sadac verZs ar swiraven msxverplad.odesRac is mdidari iyo, xolo Cvens dros igi farnakes mier da cotamogvianebiT, miTridate pergamonelis mier iqna gaZarculi~ (XI, 2,17).

n. xazaraZes ase gadmoaqvs _ `mdinareebis maRla _ zemoT~, `maRal

adgilze~, e.i. mTaSi ganlagebuls niSnavs (gv. 21).

`mosxebis qveyanas~ straboni meorejerac axsenebs: mosxebis qveya-

na, romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi misi nawiliaqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs~ (XI, 2, 18).

samlocvelo ki ar aris samad gayofili, aramed mosxebis qveyana.

misi erTi nawili armenielebs daupyriaT, xolo ori danarCeni Tavis-

ufal nawilTagan erTi iberebis, meore ki kolxebis xelSia.

n. xazaraZis kvleviT `mosxebis qveyana~ mdebareobda ara dasavleTsaqarTveloSi, e.w. istoriul kolxeTSi~, aramed samxreT saqarTvelo-

Si _ istoriul mesxeTSi.is ikvlevs sxvadasxva epoqis wyaroebs da askvnis _ `straboniseu-

li mosxikes~ (mosxebis qveynis) moTavsebas istoriuli mesxeTis adgil-

120

ze ufro gviandeli xanis (Zv.w. I _ ax.w. III ss) werilobiTi wyaroebic

uWeren mxars~ (n. xazaraZe, `ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTveluri Zie-

bani~, 2001 w. gv. 222).

Tu `mosxebis qveyana~ _ istoriuli mesxeTia da misi erTi nawili

kolxebis xelSia moqceuli strabonis Tanaxmad, maSin kolxeTi aris ara

dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed trapizonis mxare _ e.w. lazistanis aR-

mosavleTi teritoria, kerZod ki Woroxis xeobis zRvispira nawili e.w.

bolo klarjeTisa zRvispiri da TviTon klarjeTi. radgan istoriul

mesxeTs dasavleTis mxridan sazRvravda swored md. Woroxis xeobis

erT-erTi qedi, romelsac lazistanisa ewodeba.

istoriuli mesxeTis erTi nawili rom armenielebis mier iyo dapy-

robili strabonis epoqaSi, es Zveli qarTuli wyaroebiTacaa cno-

bili. kerZod, pariadres kalTebis CamorTmevis Semdgom iberiasa da

armenias Soris sadavo iyo basiani da tao mtkvris saTaveebamde.

xolo ZvelqarTuli wyaroebis cnobiT, klarjeTis momijnave is-

toriuli mesxeTis mxare artaani _ ZiriTadad mudam iberiaSi Sedio-

da, isaa erTaderTi qarTuli regioni, romelic erTdroulad emi-

jneboda lazistans, qarTlsa da somxeTs.

n. xazaraZe askvnis _ `geografiis XI, 2,17-Si, iseve, rogorc XI,

2,18-Si moxseniebuli `mosxebis qveyana~ (`mosxike~) istoriuli mesxe-

Tis teritoriazea saZiebeli (iqve, gv. 222).

strabonis `fazisi~ am SemTxvevaSi namdviladaa Woroxi.

n. xazaraZec ase fiqrobs strabonis `mosxikes~ adgilmdebareobis

dadgenis dros. `fazisis saTaved warmodgenilia ara fazis-rionis

saTave, aramed Worox-fazisisa (armenia) (iqve, gv. 212). strabonisa da

pliniusis mixedviT, kolxeTis mdinare fazisis Senakadebi arian glav-

kosi da hiposi, (Strabo, XI, 2,17, XI, 3,4, Plin, NH, VI, 13), klavdios ptole-

maiosi glavkoss uwodebs mdinares, romelic likosTan erTad erTvis

afsaros-Woroxs (Ptolem, V, 10,3).pliniusis mixedviT, fazisis saTave mosxebis mTebSia. Woroxis saT-

avec mesxebiT yofila dasaxlebuli.

`mosxuri mTebidan~ n. xazaraZis kvleviT, momdinareoben mesxeTis

mdinareebi: Woroxi da misi Senakadebi TorTumi da bana-fanaskerti.

pliniusis cnobis amgvar interpretacias mxars uWers Semdegic: so-

121

lini (ax.w. III s.), romlis Txzuleba ZiriTadad pliniusis naSromis safuZ-

velzea dawerili, fazisis, araqsisa da evfratis saTaveebs erTad ixse-niebs. solinis azriT _ henioxuri mTebi araqss gadmoRvrian, mosxu-

ri ki _ faziss. araqsi saTaves iRebs evfratis saTaveebTan axlos~,

raki solini mogviTxrobs erT garkveul regionSi ganlagebuli da

ara erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli mdinareebis saTavebze, SeiZleba da-

vaskvnaT, rom fazisis~ saxelwodebiT solini aRniSnavs ara kolxeTis

mdinare fazis-rions, aramed mesxeTis mdinare fazis-Woroxs (Woroxis

saTavis siaxlove araqsis da evfratis saTaveebTan saeWvo ar aris (n.

xazaraZe, gv. 223).

n. xazaraZe aseve miiCnevs: istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriaze mosx-

ebis qveynis Zieba gamarTlebulia kornelius tacitusis (ax. w. I-II ss)

im CvenebiTac, romlis Tanaxmad mosxebis miwa-wyali armeniis mezo-

bladaa moTavsebuli (cnobaSi naTqvamia, rom mosxebi Tavs esxmian

armeniis miyruebul adgilebs).

straboniseuli `mosxikes~ zemoT SemoTavazebul lokalizacias

eTanxmeba mosxebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Zv.w. IV-V saukuneebis

berZnuli wyaroebis monacemebic (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 223).

n. xazaraZe eTanxmeba T. miqelaZes da wers, rom friqses anu lev-

koTeas taZari, saZebnia samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriul qar-

TlSi, xolo argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi saZebnia ara rionis

dablobze, aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (Woroxis auzSi) _

`istoriul samreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. friqses sa-

xelTan dakavSirebuli Zeglisa da qveynis Ziebis sasargeblod lapara-

kobs T. miqelaZis is sayuradRebo Teoriac, romlis Suqze argonav-

tebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi, ukeT aia-kolxeTi, saZiebelia ara rionis

dablobze, aramed samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Wo-

roxis auzSi~ (n. xazaraZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 224).

marTlac, n. xazaraZis kvlevis Tanaxmad _ `straboni friqsesa da

argonavtebis Txzulebis gmirebis (iazoni, medea, medosi, armenosi da

sxva) samoqmedo asparezad warmogvidgens ara rionispira kolxeTs,

aramed mis farglebs gareT (samxreTiT) mdebare regions.

am TvalsazrisiT Semdegi cnobebia sayuradRebo: strabonis Tanax-

mad, friqsesa da iazonis laSqrobis Zeglebi mravlad moipoveba.

122

geografosi wers: friqsess miuTiTeben kolxeTisa da iberiis sazR-

varze, xolo iazonisas _ bevrgan armeniis, midiis da maT mezoblad

mdebare qveynebis adgilebSi~ (I, 2,39), straboni azustebs: `iberiaSi

aris erTi patara qalaqi friqsopolisi, axlandeli idessa, kargad

gamagrebuli adgili kolxeTis sazRvarze~ (XI, 2,18). eratosTeneze

(Zv.w. III s.) dayrdnobiT straboni gvamcnobs, rom iazonma `dastova

xomaldi, rodesac kolxebisagan midioda da armeniasa da midiamde

xmeleTiT ilaSqra~.

armeniaSi iazonis yofnaze mis saxelze agebuli taZrebi lapara-

koben (XI, 13,10). iazonma TiTqos araqss kalapoti Seucvala (XI, 14,13).

misi Tanamgzavri armenosi armeniis eponomia (XI, 4,8), TanamgzavrTa-

gan dasaxldnen akiliseneSi, uwin sofenebis gamgeblobaSi rom iyo,

zogic sispiritisSi, armeniis sazRvrebs iqiT, strabons midiis sax-

elwodeba medeasa da misi vaJis medosis saxelidan gamohyavs.

argonavtebis Tqmulebis gmirebis moqmedebis regioni samxreTidan

esazRvreba `mosxikesaTvis~ navaraudev miwa-wyals. `mosxikes~ uSua-

lod emezobleboda farnakes da miTridate pergamonelis sabrZolo

areals, amitomac SeZles maT levkoTeas gaZarcva istoriuli mesxe-

Tis samxreTiT.

argonavtebis Tqmulebis gmirebi armeniasa da midiaSi gadasulan

uSualod kolxeTidan, maT iberia rom gaevloT, straboni mogvcemda

Sesabamis cnobas (iseve, rogorc mogvca cnoba friqses taZris iberi-

aSi arsebobis Sesaxeb). es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom argonavteb-

is kolxeTi araa dasavleT saqarTvelo, saidanac armeniaSi Sesasvle-

lad maT iberia unda gaevloT. magram Tuki kolxeTi _ trapizon-

Woroxis xeobaa, iqedan armeniaSi Sesvla SesaZlebeli iyo sxvadasxva

gziT, maT Soris ufro cnobili iyo Semdgom artanuj-artaanad wode-

buli gza, romlis erTi mTavari toti Sedioda armeniaSi, iqidan ki

midiaSi. aranakleb cnobili iyo trapizon_Teodosopolis gza.

n. xazaraZe, iseve, rogorc XX saukunis zogierTi sxva qarTveli

mkvlevari, xSirad laparakobs strabonis cnobebis uzustobebisa da

winaaRmdegobebis Sesaxeb (dasax. naSromi, gv. 211, 216), magram am SemTx-

vevaSi, Tuki strabonis fazisad CavTvliT Woroxs, misi `uzustobani~

Semcirdeba. magaliTad, fazisis saTave armeniaSia~ (im epoqaSi Woroxis

123

saTave armeniaSi iyo), faziss erTvis glavkosi da hiposi~ _ wers

straboni. Tuki glavkosad CavTvliT artanujiswyals liganis xe-

vTan axlos (Sdr. like~, likani, liganisxevi _ likes axsenebs ptole-

maiosi, romelic glavkosTan erTad erTvis Woroxs), aqac strabonis

ùzustoba~ mcirdeba.

straboni wers: magaliTad, fazisze curva SeiZleba sarapanamde~

(XI, 2,17). Tu Cven gavbedavT da davZlevT tradiciul Tvalsazriss

da CavTvliT, rom sarapana ar aris imereTis Sorapani da sarapanad

CavTvliT Woroxis romelime sanaosno navsayudels (magaliTad ar-

Tvins), maSin aRar visaubrebT strabonis uzustobebis~ Sesaxeb, radgan

Woroxi d. baqraZis cnobiT namdvilad iyo sanaosno arTvinamde (masze

200-ze meti brtyelZira navi dacuravda, romliTac Woroxis xeobis

saqoneli _ daxerxili ficrebi da produqtebi gadahqondaT Savi zRvis

portebSi da piriqiT _ Savi zRvis portebidan ZiriTadad marili da

msubuqi saqoneli gahqondaT arTvinamde).

toponimi Sorapani qarTul samyaroSi mravlad meordeba, magali-

Tad, `Sorapani~ erqva qalaq ozurgeTs XV saukuneSi istoriuli at-

lasis mixedviT. straboni wers iberiaSi oTxi Sesasvlelia: erTi aris

kolxuri cixe-simagre sarapanze da masTan arsebul viwroebze, romel-

zec fazisi momdinareobs, swrafi da xmauriani miemarTeba kolxidaSi,

romelzec 120 xidiT gaivleba mixveul-moxveulobis gamo. mravali na-

kadulebiT warmoiqmneba (fazisi) zemoT mdebare mTebSi, mravali nak-

adulisagan, xolo dablobSi Rebulobs sxva mdinareebs, romelTa Soris

aris glavkosi da hiposi, gavsili da sanaosnod gamosadegi Cadis pon-

toSi~ (XI, 3,4).

Tu Woroxi (an misi Senakadi) _ fazisia, xolo kolxida _ `klarje-

Ti da bolo klarjeTisa _ zRvispiria~, iberiaSi Sesasvleli namd-

vilad miuyveba Savi zRvidan md. Woroxs, adis arTvinamde da Semdeg

Sedis viwro xeobaSi, romelSic Semdgom artanuji aigo, artanujidan

ki Sedis iberiaSi, anu artaanSi _ kandridis, anu skandis gziT.

Tu am mosazrebas gaviziarebT, strabonis ùzustobac~ aRmoifx-

vreba. Tu fazisad CavTvliT rions, maSin namdvilad straboni aR-

moCndeba àrazusti~, radganac daWaobebul dablobze mimdinare da

deltebian napirebian rionze amJamadac ki SeuZlebelia 120 xidis

124

ageba, magram Tu CavTvliT, rom fazisi aris Woroxi misi Senakadebi,

romelnic miedinebian kldeTa Soris viwro xeobebze, romlebzec is-

toriulad iyo gadebuli mravali Zveli TaRovani xidi (erT-erTi

artanujTan, sxvebi mimdebare xeobebis wylebze), maSin aRar CavTv-

liT àrazustad~ strabons.

glavkosad da likosad ki SesaZlebelia Woroxis Senakadebi CavTval-

oT, rogorc aRiniSna _ upirvelesad liganis xevi, radganac Woroxis

qveyanas arTvinTan axlos istoriulad `ligani~ erqva _ aq unda yo-

filiyo md. likosi, like. aq axlac aris md. liganis xevi~ (artanujis

mxares). cnobilia, rom erT-erTi like gaedineboda trapezuntis mxa-

res, magram, rogorc etimologiac miuTiTebs _ sxva mdinare amave

saxelwodebiT _ like (likani-ligani) liganis olqSic gaedineboda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli mdinareebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb

amJamad erTiani azri ar arsebobs, ZiriTadad maT Tvlian md. rionis

Senakadebad, aseT SemTxvevaSi straboni Zalze àrazusti~ Cans.

Tu md. hiposs miiCneven cxeniswylad an md. kodorad, an md. lagvaSad

(afxazeTSi) da a.S. xolo fazisad miiCneven md. yvirilasa da md. rio-

nis Sua da qvemo dinebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi straboni namdvilad àra-

zusti~ gamoCndeba. magaliTad, SeuZlebeli xdeba levkoTeas taZris

adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra, radganac igi mdebareobda aRniSnuli

mdinareebis maRla, e.i. maRal adgilze, zemoT da ara Sors an moSore-

biT (n. xazaraZe, gv. 219), amitom Tvlidnen levkoTead zogi mecnieri

awyurs, zogi noqalaqevs, zogi sairxes, zogi vans, xucubans. zogi mas

aTavsebs kolxeTSi, zogi iberiaSi, zogi kintriSis xeobaSi, adigensa

da sxvagan maSin, roca strabonis mixedviT levkoTea `mosxikeSi~ _

mosxebis qveyanaSia. es unda iyos, rogorc iTqva, artaanis mxare,

romelsac uerTdeba klarjeTidan _ artaanSi anu kolxeTidan iberi-

aSi Semavali istoriuli gza. aRsaniSnavia, rom am mxreebSi, kerZod

javaxeTSi, axlac aris sofeli koTelia, romlis saxeli emsgavseba

saxel levkoTeas.

n. xazaraZe wers: s. janaSias azriT, cxeniswyalTan hiposis gaigiveba

`nakleb sando Cans~, xolo yvirilasTan glavkosisa `savsebiT sacil-

obelia, Tu hipo cxeniswyalia, maSin bunebrivi iqneba davaskvnaT, rom

glavki rionia~ (s. janaSia, fasidi, Sromebi, II, gv. 180). g. meliqiSvili

125

tolobis niSans svams glavkosisa da zemo rions Soris. iseve, rogorc

s. janaSia, gamoricxulad Tvlian yvirilasTan glavkosis gaigivebas.

o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, ufro marTebulia glavkosi identificir-

ebuli iqnes rionis marcxena SenakadTan md. sulorTan. n. lomouri

md. glavkoss aigivebs dRevandel md. olTi-CaisTan, xolo likoss _

dRevandel md. TorTumTan. n. xazaraZe dasaSvebad Tvlis n. lomouris

azrs (n. xazaraZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 228).

Cveni azriT, rogorc iTqva, glavkosi da likosi saZebnia im ar-

ealSi, sadac artanujiswyali uerTdeba Woroxs, artanujiswyalis

SesarTavia liganisxevi. eseni SesaZloa iyvnen glavkosi da likosi

(anda amave arealSi Woroxis sxva Senakadebi), xolo hiposi amave ar-

ealSia saZebni, kerZod, arTvinidan zRvis mimarTulebiT Woroxis

marcxena wyaluxvi Senakadebidan erT-erTi.

saqme isaa, rom Zvel avtorebs, rogorc Cans, ainteresebdaT ara

Woroxis, e.i. fazisis vrceli xeoba mTlianad (es nawili armeniaSi

Semavalad miiCneoda), aramed misi mxolod is nawili, romelic moicavda

fasisTan erTad glavkossa da hiposs (da iqve myof sxva mdinareebs),

radganac mxolod am nawils moicavda kolxida-iberia-armeniis dam-

akavSirebeli saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza, romelzec SemdgomSi

aigo artanujis cixe-simagre, masSi ki konstantine porfirogenetis

cnobiT, Sediodnen (cxadia, aRniSnuli gziT) vaWrebi iberiidan, ar-

meniidan, siriidan. am gziT SesaZlebeli iyo samxreT kavkasiis mTeli

tvirTebis gadazidva Savi zRvis portebSi da piriqiT, bizantiuri

saqonlisa mcire aziaSi vidre siriamde, Tu ar CavTvliT Tbilisur

da kavkasiur saqonels.

rac Seexeba md. Woroxs, rogorc Cans, mas zemowelSi erqva akamf-

sisi, SuawelSi boasi, xolo (md. artanujiswylis) qvemoT zRvamde _

fazisi, masve, an mis maxlobel mdinares, Cans. afsarosic erqva _

afsirtes, medeas Zmis, mkvlelobis adgilis saxelis mixedviT, is am

mdinaris SesarTavTan (da ara rionTan) mouklavT.

radganac kolxeTis (Semdegdroindeli lazikis) adgilmdebareo-

bis gansazRvrisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba `mesxebis qveynis~

lokalizacias, moviyvanoT uZvelesi cnobebi mesxTa (mosxTa) Sesaxeb.

hekatos mileteli (VI s. qristeSobamde) ixseniebs maT. stefane bizan-

126

tielis (VI s. Cveni welTaRricxviT) eTnikaSi~ vkiTxulobT `hekatos

miletelis Tanaxmad, mosxebi kolxuri tomia da cxovroben matieneb-

is mezoblad~. nana xazaraZe wers _ hekatos miletelis warmodgeniT

termin kolxis~ gavrcelebis areali moicavda md. Woroxis SesarTa-

vidan samxreTiT mdebare regions. saqme is aris, rom matienebis to-

mis md. Woroxis maRla (CrdiloeTiT) ganvrcobis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar

arsebobs~ (iqve, gv. 258).

kolxebis md. Woroxis SesarTavis samxreTiT cxovrebis Sesaxeb

cnobas gvaZlevs herodote, romelic wers, rom md. TermodontTan

mcxovrebma sirielebma da maTma mezobelma makronebma `mxolod ax-

laxan~ iswavles kolxebisagan winadacveTa (II, 104). md. Termodonti

ki miedineba trapezuntis samxreTiT. javaxiSvilis azriTac, `winaT

kolxebi Termodontis axlos cxovrobdnen~ (iqve, gv. 267). qsenofon-

tis cnobiTac (IV s. qristeSobamde) kolxebis toms ekuTvnoda teri-

toria md. Woroxis samxreTiT, trapezuntis raionSi (iqve, gv. 268).

avtori likofroni (III s. qristeSobamde), romlis komentarebi ioane

ceces ekuTvis, werda, rom kolxebs agreTve uwodebdnen aziel skvi-

Tebs~ da levkosirielebs~ (iqve, gv. 268), maSasadame, kolxebi ar iyo

erTi tomi, aramed krebiTi saxeli sxvadasxva modgmis tomebis, maT

Soris, semituri warmoSobis levkosirielebisa, kolxebia mesxebic,

romelnic Woroxis xeobaSi cxovroben.

kolxuri brinjaos nawarmi Zv.w. XIV-XII ss-Si anatoliaSi farTod

gavrcelda (ordus ganZi (1926), sxva mraval adgilas aRmoCenili brin-

jaos ganZi, maT Soris arTvinis (Woroxis xeobaSi). nana xazaraZis kv-

leviT mosxuri mTebi~, romlebic strabonis warmodgeniT kolxeTis

samxreT sazRvarze mdebareobda, saZiebelia trapezuntis Crdilo-

eTiT... straboni trapezuntsa da kolxeTs Soris arc erT sxva eTni-

kur an geografiul saxelwodebas ar ixseniebs~ (iqve, gv. 310). stra-

bonis mowmobiT skidise, kldovani mTa~ mosxur mTebs uerTdeba (iqve,

gv. 311), skidisi da Semdgomi avtorebis skanda~ saxelebi emsgavsebi-

an erTmaneTs.

strabonis Tanaxmad, mtkvars armeniaSi aqvs saTave, magram igi maS-

inve Semodis iberiis dablobSi (XII, 3,2) anu kolas olqis samxreTi

somxeTs hqonda mitacebuli, xolo artaani _ iberiaSi iyo.

127

`mosxuri mTebi~ n. xazaraZes eguleba mtkvris saTaveebTan axlos.

mtkvar-Woroxis wyalgamyofi qedebis adgilas (esaa arsianis da misi

mimdebare qedebi). mtkvris saTaveebis samxreT-dasavleTidan stra-

bonis cnobiT somxebma daipyres iberiis teritoriebi _ `pariadres

kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene (romelic mtkvris gadaRma aris)~ Zv. w. II

saukuneSi (XI, 14,5). strabonisve cnobiT pariadres mTianeTi yofila

wyliT mdidari da tyiani, aq iyo mowyobili meti wili ganZsacavebisa,

pompeusis mier devnili miTridate aq gamoiqca, Semdeg iZulebuli

gaxda gaqceuliyo mTebis gadaRma _ kolxidaSi, iqidan ki bosforSi.

unda vigulisxmoT, rom man gadalaxa arsianis qedi da Semdegdroin-

deli artanujis gziT Sevida Woroxis xeobaSi ukuagdo xotenebi da

iberebi, romlebic mas isrebiTa da SurdulebiT abrkolebdnen da

gadavida md. afsarosze~, _ wers apiane. n. xazaraZis kvleviT, Semdgom

amave gziT usargeblia vaxtang gorgasals, roca man Woroxis xeo-

bidan (klarjeTidan) _ artaanis gavliT mcxeTaSi dabruneba gadaw-

yvita (iqve, gv. 368).

maSasadame, strabonis mier naxsenebi mdinareebi fasisi, glavkosi,

hiposi mdebareobdnen Woroxis xeobaSi, berZnebi lazikas~ uwodebd-

nen im qveyanas, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi erqva `klarjeTi,

bolo_klarjeTisa zRvispiri~. aqvea, istoriuli mesxeTi _ n. xaz-

araZis kvleviT.

unda iTqvas, rom klarjeTi /artanujis mxare/ iyo is mesamedi

mesxeTisa, romelic strabonis sityviT, mis dros kolxebis xelSi

yofila moqceuli.

128

p. ingoroyva mesxeT-kolxeTis Sesaxeb (I s.)

p. ingoroyva wers _ `aRsaniSnavia, rom mesxeTis istoriuli teri-

toriebidan kolxebis satomo saxelTan dakavSirebulia saxelwodeba

ara marto klarjeTis (kolarjebis, kolarebis) mxarisa, aramed mesxe-

Tis zogierTi sxva raionebisa. mag. mesxeTis mxareTa Soris mtkvris saTa-

veebSi mdebare raioni _ kola (kora), romelsac ukavSirdeba satomo sa-

xeli kolxi (kolaeli), variantebis formiT koraxi~. plinius sekundes

cnobiT, md. mtkvris saTaveebis mTebis saxeli yofila koraxi~. kolas

ukavSirdeba mdinaris saxelic kori~, koros~. ase erqva mtkvars stra-

bonis cnobiT. mesxebis Sesaxeb uZvelesi cnoba, romelic ekuTvnis anti-

kuri xanis berZen mwerals qristemde VI saukunisas hekate miletels _

mesxebis tomi kolxebTanaa dakavSirebuli (fragmenti 188)~ _ (p. ingor-

oyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 438).

kolx-mesxebis am miwa-wyalze arsebobda ori lazika, erTi saxelm-

wifoebrivi warmonaqmni iyo, meore ki saeklesio erTeuls warmoad-

genda. pirvels erqva lazikis samefo~, meores ki lazikis samitropo-

lito. isini sxvadassxva teritoriebze mdebareobdnen erTmaneTis

mezoblad.

lazikis samefo moicavda miwa-wyals Woroxis SesarTavidan da

zRvispiridn arsianis qedamde (mas qarTul wyaroebSi erqva _ `klar-

jeTi _ bolo klarjeTisa _ zRvispiri~).

lazikis samitropolito, rogorc aRiniSna, XI s-Si trapezuntis

qaldebis garda, mesxebis tomiT dasaxlebul miwa-wyals moicavda vanis

tbis mimarTulebiT.

rac Seexeba lazikis eparqiebs, isini VI saukunisaTvis ara lazikis

samefoSi, aramed sul sxva mxares, qaldea-lazikaSi lokalizdebian,

kerZod regionSi trapezuntidan arzrumis (Teodosiopolisis) mima-

rTulebiT, XI saukunisaTvis, gafarToebis Semdeg, lazikis samitro-

polito moicavda teritorias trapezuntidan zigana-Teodosiopol-

vanis tbisaken.

n. adoncis cnobiT aq, qaldebis miwaze, Semdegdroindel zigana-

giumuSxanes regionSi mdebareobdnen lazikis cnobili saepiskopo-

soebi (zigana, saisini, rodopolisi, petra).

129

p. ingoroyva sityvebs `kolxsa~ da `klarjs~ erTmaneTTan akav-

Sirebs, is ase msjelobs _ `qarTulSi bolokidurs èli~ enacvleba

bolokiduri àri~. ase magaliTad _ odiSeli _ odiSari, cxumeli _

cxumari, opizeli _ opizari, olTiseli _ olTisari, kolaeli _

kolari~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1957, gv. 437).

èl~ _ àr~ _ gamoxatavs imaves, rasac daboloeba `xi~

kolari _ kolaeli _ kolxi

àmrigad, saxelwodebani kolxi~, kolaeli~ da kolari~ identurni

arian~ (iqve, gv. 437).

aseve rTuli bgerisagan rj~, miiReba cal-calke `r~ da j~. r _ rj.

kolari _ kolarji _ klarji

àmrigad, yvela es saxelwodebani `kolxi~, `kolaeli~, `kolari~

da `kolarji~ (klarji) erTi da igive satomo saxelis dialeqturi

sxvaobaa~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1957, gv. 438).

`daboloeba xi~ gamoxatavs imave Sinaarss, rasac daboloeba eli~

(p. ingoroyva, gv. 437).

p. ingoroyva wers _ `satomo saxelebSi, romlebic bolovdeba

bolokiduriT xi~, fuZe-sityva aRniSnavs qveyanas, xolo daboloeba

`xi~ gamoxatavs imave Sinaarss, rasac daboloeba èli~ (p. ingoroyva,

giorgi merCule, 1957, gv. 437). karduxi, taoxi, kolxi, javaxi da sxv.

e.i. karduxi = kardueli = qaldueli=qarTueli

kolxi = kolaeli = kolarji = klarji

Tu istoriuli lazikis samefo klarjeTs moicavda, maSin Semdgo-

mi, bagrationebis epoqis, klarjeTis saxelmwifoebrioba lazikis

saxelmwifoebriobis gagrZelebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT.

130

Zvel berZen-marTlmadidebel episkoposTa

ganmartebani qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb

Tesalonikeli arqiepiskoposi evstate (evstaTiosi) ganmartavs ho-

merosis (Zv. w. VIII s.) iliadas~ adgilebs qarTvelebTan dakavSirebiT,

homerosi Tavis iliadaSi wers _ troas omSi `halizonebs mouZRod-nen odiosi da epistrofosi, Soreuli alibedan, saidanacaa vercxlissawyisi~ (II, 856-857).

arqiepiskoposi evstate ase ganmartavs am adgils homerosidan _

`halizonebi xalibebs uwoda (homerosma), xalibebs hqondaT ganTqmulivercxlis sabadoebi, axla ki aqvT rkinisa. geografosi ambobs, rom zo-gierTni nacvlad àlizonebisa~ weren àlazonebi~ anda òlizonebi~(antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, 2010, gv. 49).

rogorc geografosis~ (Cans igulisxmeba straboni), ise arqiepisko-

pos evstates TvalsazrisiT xalibebi monawileobdnen troas omSi da

maT aseve ewodebodaT àlazonebi~.alazonebi aris sawyisi sityvebisa: lazonia~ (ase erqva olqs tra-

pezuntis maxloblad) da `lazi~ (ase erqva toms aseve trapezuntis

axlos mcxovrebT), xolo xalibebi igive qaldebi, qaldeas qveynis

mcxovrebni arian. ase, rom qaldebi (saidanac warmomavlobs sityva

`qarTueli~) aseve iwodebodnen lazebadac. qaldebi da lazebi erTixalxi iyo. qaldebi da lazebi (qarTvelebi) mudam erTad ixseniebod-

nen mweralTa mier.

igive arqiepiskoposi evstate aseve wers erT-erTi qarTuli tomis

_ gargarelebis Sesaxeb. am tomis saxeli (gargari) imiTaa saintereso,

rom misgan unda iyos warmomavali qarTuli provinciis gugaris sax-

eli (gugarqi), sityvis fuZe eTanadeba qarTvelTa eTno fuZes _ ggr~

(egrisi, argveTi, guria...). gargar _ gugar _ ggr (ar veTanxmebiT

Tvalsazriss TiTqosda gugarqis saxeli modis skviTuri tomis `go-

gis~ saxelisagan).

homerosis sxva adgilis komentarSi evstate wers _ `monaTxrobiirwmuneba imasac, rom gargarelebi _ im xalxis saxelia, romelic ama-zonebTan iyo kavSirSi~ (iqve, gv. 50).

amazonebi _ misive sityviT, ara marto meomari qalebis, aramed

qaldebis tomis meomari mamakacebis saxelic iyo, romelnic Cacmu-

131

lobisa da grZeli Tmebis gamo zogierTs Turme qalebad warmoedgi-

naT. SesaZlebelia isic, rom sityva qaldi~ berZnebs uTargmnes kidec

qarTuli enis Sesabamisad. saxeli qali~ dedakacs ewodeba, d (t, T) _

mravlobiTobis niSania, anu Tarjimnis mier berZenTaTvis saxeli qal-

di~ qarTulidan iTargmna ase _ qalebi~. saerTod ki, berZnebs eTnoni-

mebs, hidronimebsa da toponimebsac uTargmnidnen. magaliTad, grZel-

TavianTa tomis saxeli ase uTargmnes _ `makrokefalebi~, uTargmnes

aseve tiliWamiebisa~ da girCismWamelTa~ tomebis zedmetsaxelebic.

saerTod, iv. javaxiSvilis kvlevebiT, qaldu anu qaldi iyo im qvey-

nis saxeli, saidanac, rogorc is werda, warmodgebian qarTvelebi, la-

zebi da svanebi~, anu qaldu _ qarTvelTa uZvelesi saerTo qveynis

saxeli iyo.

qaldus qveynis mcxovrebT, imJamad qaldebi anu xaldebi erqvaT.

Tesalonikeli arqiepiskoposis evstrates ganmartebiT ki qalde-

bi igive alazonebi, lazebi arian. anu qarTvelTa saerTo samSoblos

saxeli alazoniac~ yofila (rogorc iTqva aqedan unda iyos saxelebi

arze, arzena (alzena-lazena-lazivi-lazika), arzena-arsiani, arazani

da sxva).

klimens aleqsandrieli (II-III ss.) miiCnevs, rom pontoszRvispireT-

Si iberiis mezobeli da maxlobeli amazonebi iyo ara maincdamainc

qalebis tomi, aramed zogadad qaldebisa, is wers _ `iberiis maxlo-

blad qalebi mamakacur saqmes ewevian saxlSi da mSobiarobis drosac

ar toveben saqmes. qali yvelaze mZime samuSaos drosac ki mSobiare aiy-

vans xelSi Cvils da saxlSi Seyavs. qalebi aq arafriT ar Camouvardebi-

an mamakacebs, saxls darajoben, nadiroben, saqonelsac darajoben~

(iqve, gv. 369). anda wers _ `amazonebi _ skviTuri tomi, vaJkacuri, ma-makacuri tomi kolxebis mezoblad~ (iqve, gv. 369).

xalibebis anu qaldebis Tanametomenive iyvnen maTgan moSorebiT

mcxovrebi karduxebi, igive kordielebi.

es iyo araratis maxlobeli areali, iq, sadac gaCerda noes kido-

bani, amitomac evsevi kesarielic (IV s.), saeklesio istoriis mamac,

exeba am sakiTxs _ evsevi kesarieli wers _ armenielTa qveyanaSi, kor-

dielTa mTebze axlac aris SemorCenili mcireodeni naSTi im xomaldi-

sa~ (antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, gv. 383).

132

noes kidobani ara armeniaSi, aramed araratis mTebze - kordielTa

anu qarTvelTa winaprebis qveyanaSi SeCerda.

karduxebis anu kordielTa qveyana daaxloebiT Zv. w. VI s-Si arme-

nielebma daipyres, amitomac iqauri qarTvelebi armeniaSi~ mcxovrebni

aRmoCndnen.

Zv. w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi vanis tbis piras erTmaneTis mezobeli qvey-

nebi iyvnen luvia (igive livia) da iberia (iberieli xalxis Zveli

samSoblo). aqedan Cans, iberielebi (igive iverielebi) nabuqodonosors

ufro CrdiloeTiT pontos zRvispireTSi gadausaxlebia.

gadasaxlebis sakiTxs exeba evsevi kesarieli, is wers _ `abidenes

TxzulebaSi asirielTa Sesaxeb aseTi ram sweria nabuqodonosorze: _

`megasTenesi ambobs, rom nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze met

Zalas flobda, libiisa da iberiis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da daipyro ra

es qveynebi, nawili mosaxleobisa pontosis marjvena mxares daasaxla~

(evsevi kesarieli, evangeluri Semzadeba, IX, 41,1, iqve, gv. 383).

evsevi kesarieli imeorebs Zvel cnobebs, rom iberiuli xalxis

erTi nawili Zv. w. VI s-Si samxreTis samSoblodan ufro CrdiloeTiT

_ SavizRvispireTSi dasaxlda. Cans, Tavissave TanametomeebTan Zvel

kolxeTSi. hekatos miletelis cnobiT, Tavis mxriv, kolxebi da mosxe-

bic erTi xalxi yofila.

igive evsevi kesarieli sxva naSromSi miiCnevs, rom mosoxisagan war-

moiSvnen mosinikebi (mosoxebi da mosinikebi erTidaigive tomia), xolo

sanebi igive sanigebi arian, isini erTi xalxia. is wers _ `mosoxi,

saidanacaa mosinikebi... sanebi, romelTac sanikebsac uwodeben, pontom-

de arian dasaxlebulni. aq afsarosi da sebastopolisi, kavsolimani da

fasisi uerTdebian erTmaneTs. es tomebi trapezusamde arian gansaxle-

buli~ (iqve, gv. 384-385). CvenTvis sasaxeloa, rom am tomebis cxovre-

bas saxelovani saeklesio moRvaweebi Seexnen.

basili didi (IV s.) axsenebs md. faziss _ qarTveli xalxis gansax-

lebis erTerT ZiriTadi regionis mTavar mdinares. is Tavis `eqvsTa

dReTaSi~ wers fasisi, romelic kavkasiis mTebidan moedineba da mrava-

li sxva mdinare CrdiloeTidan evqsinis pontisaken miedineba~ (basili

didi, cxra homilia eqvsdRiurze, III, 6, iqve, gv. 381).

133

berZnebi da, Cans, qarTvelebic, mraval mdinares uwodebdnen fa-

siss. berZnuli Sexedulebis Sesabamisad wmida, sufTa da sasmelad

saukeTeso mdinaris wyali SeiZleboda wodebuliyo fasisad. aseve,

zogierTi kvleviT, fasisi ewodeboda wmida, saukeTeso, gansakuTre-

buli xarisxis zeTsac. md. fasisis sanapiroebic, Sesabamisad lamazi

unda yofiliyo, xolo hava am mdinaris napiris saukeTeso. maSasa-

dame, Waobis umoZrao, Slamiani wyali ar SeiZleboda fasisad wode-

buliyo.

am regionSi SesaniSnavi mTis wylebis simravlis gamo, fasisic mravali

iyo. magaliTad, araqsi saTaveebSi fasisad iyo wodebuli. aseve md.

Woroxi, Cqari da sasmelad vargisi mTis mdinare, aseve fazisad unda

yofiliyo wodebuli mdinare likosic anu kelkiti, romelsac Ter-

meCaic ewodeba (Zveli Termodonti) da aqve iyo qalaqi Temiskira, es

mdinare kolxebis Zveli mosaxleobis qveyanaSi gadaedineboda, aq ixi-

la qsenofontem tibaranebi da xalibebi. es mxareebi imJamindel arme-

niasTan axlos mdebareobda. Cans mis Sesaxeb wers Temistiosi (IV s).

is wers: me, keTilo Wabuko, mWermetyveluri sityvebi movimke... pon-

tos sanapiroze, fasisis maxloblad axlacaa Termodoni, amazonTa sag-

miro saqmeebi da Temiskirioni... kolxTa da armenielTa Soris...~ (anti-

kuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, I, gv. 393). aqve wers, rom iq `sadac Te-

saliidan mosuli argo poetebma ganadides~, unda iTqvas, rom amJama-

dac q. TermesTan (e. i. Zvel TermodonTan) axlos aris heraklesa da

iazonis koncxebi, Zvelad, Cans fiqrobdnen rom argom aq daisadgura.

stefane bizantioneli (VI s.) Tavis eTnikaSi wers qarTul tomTa

Sesaxebac _ `amazonebi _ TermodontTan mkvidri qalTa tomi~ (iqve,

gv. 409).

`...amarantebi _ kolxuri tomi, romelTa qveynidan moedineba fasi-

si... araqsi _ armeniis mdinare... afsilebi _ skviTebis tomi, lazebis me-

zobeli arianes mixedviT... beqeiri _ skviTuri tomi... biZerebi _ tomi

pontosze, aris biZerTa navsadguric... gargarebi, tomi, romelic xor-

ciel kavSirSia amazonebTan... gargarene... gogarene _ adgili kolxTa da

iberTa Soris... dardaiebi _ kavkasiasTan mkvidri tomi... dia _ VII qalaqi

skviTiaSi, fasisTan, dioskuriasi _ qalaqi pontosis midamoebSi, romel-

sac sebastopolissac uwodeben, adre mas ewodeboda aia... drile _ dasax-

134

leba trapezusTan... heptakometebi _ skidises mTaze mosaxleni, biZereb-

sac uwodeben... zigebi _ bosporosTan, Cans maTia zigopolisic trape-zusTan ...Temiskira _ qalaqi TermadonTan... koraqsebi. kolxebi tomi

kolebis maxloblad (koraqsTa kedeli, koraqsTa qveyana)... kvita _ kol-

xuri qalaqi, aris sxvac skviTiaSi, aris ori kolxuri da evropuli, aris

qalaqi kvitaioni kretaze... kolebi = kavkasiasTan mkvidri tomi, qveyana

_ kolike... lazebi _ skviTuri tomi, aris sofelic arianosis mixedviT

_ Zveli lazike... makronebi _ dRevandeli sanebi... mosxebi _ kolxuri

tomi. matienebis mezobeli... sanigebi _ abazgebis mezoblad mkvidri skvi-

Turi tomi... tibarenia _ qalaqi pontosTan, xalibebisa da mosinoikebis

mimdebare... gulmodgined misdeven TamaSsa da sicils da amas udides

bednierebad miiCneven, maTi mezoblebi arian xalibebi da levkosirie-

lebi... taoxebi _ pontosis Sidamxris mkvidri tomi, zogierTebi maT

taoebs uwodeben... fasisi _ aias qalaqi, kolxidis mdinare fasisTan.daarsebulia miletelebis mier, aris sxva mdinare fasisic _ taprobane-

Si... qaldeebi, tomi kolxidis maxloblad... xalibebi _ pontosis mida-

moebSi, mdinare TermodontTan mcxovrebi tomi, maTze evdoqsosi wers

_ xalibebis qveynidan gaaqvT rkina, romelsac aqeben wrTobisaTvis ga-

mosadegobis gamo~. homerosi maT halizonebad ixseniebs katalogSi

paflagenielebis Semdeg _ halizonebs ki odiosi da epistroposi uZRo-

daT, Soridan mosulni _ alibedan, sadac aris vercxlis sabado~, anu

Secvlilia damwerloba _ `Soridan xalibedan~, xalibebs samxreTiT

armeniebi esazRvrebian~... (stefane bizantieli, antik. kavkasia, en-

ciklopedia, gv. 418).

taos, basiansa da mimdebare mxareebs rogorc berZnebi, ise somxebi

`iberia~, `iverias~ uwodebdnen da maT mcxovreblebs ki qarTvelebs,

iverielebs uwodebdnen.

patkanov-maris TeoriiT TiTqosda es mxareebi Tavdapirvelad som-

xebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic SemdgomSi qarTvelebad gadaiqc-

nen e. w. `qarTizaciis~ procesis Sedegad, romelic iqaur somexTa

mier qalkedonituri sarwmunoebis miRebam gamoiwvia.

am Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba Zvel avtorTa cnobebi, romelnic

zemoT iyo moxmobili da gulisxmobs qarTuli tomebis Tavdapirve-

ladve cxovrebas ara mxolod taosa da basianSi, aramed ufro

135

samxreTiTac vanis tbidan vidre trapezuntamde, Tumca arsebobs

pirdapiri cnobebic. erTerTia magaliTad VI s-is avtoris stefane

bizantielis naSromi eTnosTa Sesaxeb, kerZod masSi naTqvamia, rom

òbarene~ erqva evfratsa da mtkvars Soris moqceul teritorias anu

taosa da basianis mxareebs.

òbarene~ etimologiurad igive ìberiaa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom am da

mis momijnave mxareebs ìber~ fuZiT mravali saxelwodeba arsebob-

da, romelTac sxvaganac vexebiT.

stefane bizantieli wers _ òbarene _ armeniis nawili, romelic

emijneba mdinare evfrats paralelurad mimdinare mdinare kiross (mt-

kvars). maT ixseniebs kvadratosic `parTikis~ meeqvse wignSi: `mdinare

kirosis gaswvriv mkvidroben obarenebi da otenebi _ armeniis didi naw-

ilis mosaxleni~ (iqve, gv. 418). aq, Cans, laparakia taos, basianisa da

mimdebare mxareebis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. maTi saxeli iberia, maTi

qveynis saxeli Sesabamisad _ obarenea. iber-obarene.

aRniSnul da sxva Zvel marTlmadidebel avtorTa cnobebi ar eT-

anadeba e.w. qarTizaciis Teoriis~ ideas, TiTqosda Crdilo armeni-

is mosaxleobis nawili qarTizaciis~ Sedegad gaqarTvelda, piriqiT

es teritoriebi istoriuli arian-qarTlis ZiriTadi nawili, Sesabam-

isad, imTaviTve qarTuli iyo.

136

Tavi III

istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwaze somxurisaxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis daarseba

(wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva)

Zv. w. II s-Si armenielTa mier mitacebuli

iberielTa miwebi strabonis cnobiT

imiertao, basiani da sxva qarTuli olqebi VI-VII ss-Si somxeTis

SemadgenlobaSi imyofebodnen, somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.

VIII-IX ss-dan iwyeba am regionis saocari feriscvaleba, misi mosax-

leoba gamodis somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciidan da Sedis qarTuli

eklesiis wiaRSi. am faqtma Camoayaliba umarTebulo Teoria, rom

TiTqosda moxda am regionis mkvidri somxuri mosaxleobis qarTiza-

cia~-gaqarTvelebma mas Semdeg, rac isini qarTuli eklesiis iuris-

diqciaSi aRmoCndnen.

Cveni kvleviT, es regioni uZvelesi droidanve qarTvelebiT iyo da-

saxlebuli, radganac arian-qarTlis nawils warmoadgenda Zv. w. II s-

dan armeniis mier dapyrobils.

is armeniisagan gaTavisuflda ZiriTadad aRniSnul VIII-IX ss-Si.

misma mosaxleobam SeZlo qarTuli identobis SenarCuneba da Semdeg

ki warmoCena.

am faqts straboni miuTiTebs.

misi es cnoba faqtiurad gamouyenebelia, amitomac Cven is xSirad

mogvyavs. straboni wers: `mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis pat-ara qveyana gafarTovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad. isini

iyvnen antioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg ki me-

137

feebi gaxdnen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo, CamoaWres

ra irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebs olqebi. kerZod, iberebisagan miitacespariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene, romelic kiris meore mx-

aresaa, xalibebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres kareniti da qserqsene, mcire

armeniis mosazRvre nawilebi~ (straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5).

armenielebma iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene

da gogarene anu istoriuli arian qarTlis miwa-wyali, azonis mamis

mamuli. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, cnobas gogarenes adgilsamyofe-

lis Sesaxeb TviTon iZleva straboni.

gugarqisgan gansxvavebiT gogarene mdebareobda ara mtkvris mar-

jvena, aramed marcxena sanapiroze, anu mtkvris iqiT, meore mxares~-

rogorc ambobs straboni.

rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, strabonis cnobiT, gogarene mtkvris

marcxena sanapiroze unda veZioT da es cnoba dagvexmareba xorZenes

adgilsamyofelis gansazRvrisas, is strabonis cnobidanve Cans, rom

pariadresa da gogarenas Soris mdebareobda. radganac gogarenas

sazRvravda md. mtkvari, amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom xorZene pari-

adresa da mtkvars Soris mdebareobda da is (xorZene), unda iyos is-

toriuli arian-qarTlis ZiriTadi nawili, esaa teritoria pariadresa

da mtkvars Soris, araqsis xeobiTurT.

mitacebis Semdgom am mxareebSi daiwyo qarTvelebis armenizacia,

sxvadasxva saukuneSi sxvadasxva donisa.

armenizaciis procesi Senelda IX-X saukuneebSi da amave dros aq

daiwyo qarTuli identobis daufaravi warmoCena da aRorZineba.

138

dasavleT armeniis eTnikuri saxe (Zv. w. II s-dan)

(n. adoncis kvleva wignSi _ armenia iustinianes epoqaSi,

1908, rus. enaze)

bizantiis imperiis administraciul olq `dasavleT armeniaSi~

moeqca is qarTuli mxareebi, romelnic jer kidev qristeSobamde

armeniam CamoaWra iberias, pariadres mTis mimdebare qveyana da xor-

Zenes nawili.

strabonis cnobiT am mxareebTan erTad iberebisagan gogarenac

miutacebia somxeTs. marTalia, qarTvelTa samefom gogarena ukan

daibruna, magram aRniSnuli mxareebi (pariadres mTis mimdebare qvey-

ana da xorZene) aRarasodes dabrunebia saqarTvelos.

aseTi politikuri gadanawilebis Sedegad, bizantiur epoqaSi, am

mxareebSi mcxovrebi mkvidri qarTvelebi ormxriv asimilacias gan-

icdidnen. erTdroulad isini cxovrobdnen bizantiaSic da mis olq

`armeniaSic~, am qarTvelebs Sesabamisad hqondaT ormagi _ berZnuli

da somxuri politikuri da kulturuli zewola.

amis Sedegad cxadia, mimdinareobda qarTvelebis asimilacia, ma-

gram, sabednierod, es procesi sakmaod mcire xans gagrZelda, imde-

nad, rom rodesac tao-klarjeTis samefom da Semdgom gaerTianeb-

ulma saqarTvelom Tavisi politikuri sazRvari vanis tbamde miita-

na _ iqaur qarTvelebs jer kidev axsovdaT TavianTi eTnikur-erovnu-

li vinaoba.

vinaobaaRorZinebuli qarTvelebi qmnidnen kidec erovnul qarTul-

qalkedonur saepiskoposoebs am `somxur~ qveyanaSi, romelTac Cveni

Tanamedrove somexi istorikosebi somxur-qalkedonur~ saepiskopo-

soebs uwodeben, magram n. adoncis kvlevac ki aCvenebs, rom dasavleT

armenia _ qarTuli warmoSobis qveynebisa da mosaxleobisagan Sedge-

boda.

n. adoncis sityviT, somxuri zewolis Sedegad mkvidri qarTuli

mosaxleobis erTi nawili, jer kidev qristeSobamde qarTuli miwebis

mitacebis dros, daZrula Tavisi sacxovrisidan da ufro Crdilo-

eTiT gadasaxlebula _ «к северу были оттеснены также колхи, мосхи идругие народности» (n. adonci, gv. 395).

139

`am duRilSi Camoyalibda somexTa nacionaluri saxe~ _ wers n. ad-

onci (iqve, gv. 395).

somxuri erovneba, misi sityviT, Camoyalibda qristeSobamde ram-

denime saukuniT adre _ somxuri erovnebis maformirebeli frigieleb-

is (balkanelebis), aseve arameuli tomebisa da armeniaSi istoriulad

mkvidri adgilobrivi qarTveluri tomebis _ mosxebis, matienebis,

sasperiebis, alaridielebis da sxvebis urTierTSereviT.

n. adoncs mohyavs strabonis cnoba, rom antioqos didis (223-187)

orma mxedarmTavarma artaqsiam da zariadram erTmaneTs Soris gainaw-

iles armenia da gamoacxades damoukidebloba, Tumca somexTa mefeebi

iqamdec iyvnen cnobilni.

n. adonci wers _ somxuri erovneba formirda sxvadasxva tomebisa

da aseve sxvadasxva rasebis elementTa urTierTSereviT. aqemenidTa

teritoria, romelsac Semdgom armenia ewoda, dasaxlebuli iyo sxva-dasxva erovnebebiT, somxebTan erTad. am Sav zRvamde gadaSlil msxvil

sparsul satrapiaSi cxovrobdnen matienebi, sasperiebi da alarodebi.

qserqses laSqrobisas armenielebi frigielebTan erTad idgnen, xolo

alarodebi da sasperiebi erTad, maTTan gverdiT _ mosxebi da tibarene-

bi, makronebi, mosinikebi, marebi da kolxebi, utielebi da mikebi _ er-

Tad. 10 aTasi berZnis ukan daxevis dros _ fasianebisa da esperitebis,

e.i. saspeirebis, aseve taoxebis miwa _ ukve armeniad iTvleboda da sxva

armeniisagan gansasxvaveblad dasavleTi ewodeboda. mmarTveli anu sa-

trapi erTi nawilisa iyo tiribazi, meorisa _ oronti (qsenofonte, ana-

bazisi, III, 5,17, IV, 3,4 da 4,4, VII 18,25). mezobeli tomebi am dros sarge-

blobdnen damoukideblobiT, kerZod _ karduxebi, xalibebi, qaldeebi,

makronebi, kolxebi, mosinikebi, koiotebi da tibarenebi (iqve, VII, 8, 25).nawilobriv an mTlianad es erovnebebi iqcnen mkvidr mosaxleobad im

teritoriisa, romelic Semdgom eWira armenias~ (n. adonci, gv. 394).

rogorc vxedavT, TviT adoncis cnobiT, kolxebi, karduxebi,

qaldeebi da sxva qarTvelTa winapari tomebi iyo mkvidri mosaxleo-

ba dasavleT armeniisa, maT srul asimilacias somex xalxSi aferxeb-

da romis da bizantiis imperiis siaxlove armeniis centralur naw-

ilTan, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom dasavleT armenia ume-

teswilad aRniSnuli imperiebis xeldebuli qveyana iyo.

140

Zalze sainteresoa n. adoncisave cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom somxeTis

Zveli mkvidri mosaxleoba, CamoTvlili tomebi, iyvnen erTi war-

moSobisa, maT hqondaT `sisxlis siaxlove~ (n. adonci, armenia ius-

tinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze gv. 394).

rogorc erovnebebi am tomTagan mravali gaqra istoriis asparezi-

dan, magaliTad, alarodebi, saspeirebi, taoxebi, fasianebi, magram maTi

saxelebi daerqvaT maT yofil sacxovris qveynebs, rac asaxa geografi-

ulma saxelwodebebma _ airarati, speri, tao, basiani (iqve, gv. 394).

maSasadame, n. adoncis azriT _ airarati _ alarodielebis, speri _

saspeirebis, tao _ taoxebis, xolo basiani _ fasianebis qveyana iyo.

es momenti imiTaa saintereso, rom konstantinopolur noticieb-

Si lazikis eparqiaSi gvxvdeba saeparqio saxelwodebani _ fasiani da

sxva saxelebi _ fas, bas fuZeebiT. maSasadame, isini, n. adoncis mo-

sazrebiT, basianis qveyanaSi mdebareobdnen. marTlac, pravoslavnaia

enciklopedias statiis `somexi qalkedonitebi~ TandarTul rukaze

spersa da basianSi mravali eparqiaa aRniSnuli konstantinopolis

sapatriarqos trapezuntis samitropolitoSi.

n. adoncis mixedviT, zariadras da artaqsias dros Camoyalibda

erTiani somxuri ena, romelic xelmisawvdomi iyo mTeli xalxisaTvis,

es gadamwyveti momenti iyo somexi xalxis formaciisa (iqve, gv. 395).

iberebs im dros armeniam waarTva pariadres mTiswineTi _ tao da

speri, xorZena da gogarena, xalibebisa da mosinikebisagan miitaca

kareniti da darusena, aseve sxva xalxebisagan miwebi (iqve, gv. 395). am

epoqaSi, n. adoncis sityviT _ CrdiloeTisaken iqnen gandevnilni aseve

kolxebi, mosxebi da sxva xalxebi~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epo-

qaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 395).

somxeTs miusakuTrebia aseve kapadokiaSi mcxovrebi kataonebis

miwebi.

saerTod, kapadokielebs siriul samyaros miakuTvneben, berZnebi

maT sirielebs uwodebdnen _ kerZod, TeTr sirielebs sxvebisgan gan-

sasxvaveblad. kapadokia eTnikurad semitebs ukavSirdeboda (iqve, gv.

395). strabonis cnobiT, sirielebi cxovrobdnen babilonidan evqsi-

nis pontomde anu Sav zRvamde (iqve, gv. 396).

141

n. adonci fiqrobs, rom somxebi ori rasis _ semiti arameelebis

(romelTac semiti kapadokielebi enaTesavebodnen) da frigielebis

urTierTSereviT Camoyalibdnen, aseve SeZles sxvadasxva adgilobrivi

xalxebis asimilireba (iqve, gv. 396).

ioseb flaviusi kapadokielebs mesxebad miiCnevda.

n. adoncis sityviT, Tavdapirvelad armenia dasaxlebuli iyo sxva-dasxva satomo jgufebiT _ karduxebiT, mosxebiT, saspeirebiT da sxva.Zv.w. VII s-Si kimerielebis Semosevam Tavisi sacxovrisidan daZra frigie-li somxebi, maT gadalaxes evfrati da Seuties adgilobriv mosaxle-obas, romelTa nawili darCa CrdiloeTSi, nawili ki samxreTSi. maT Suamcxovrebi damorCilebuli zoli Seeria gamarjvebul frigiel somxebs.Semosulebisa da mkvidrebis urTierTSereviT Seiqmna somxuri erovneb-is birTvi~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze,

gv. 398).

n. adonci SeniSnavs, rom somxeTis samxreTiT da CrdiloeTiT mcx-ovrebi kardu-karduxi-kordusioni-gorduen-qarTu-qarTueli-qarTve-li _ erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis xalxis saxelia (n. adonci, armenia ius-

tinianes epoqaSi, 1908, gv. 398, SeniSvna 1).

amasTanaveo, wers adonci _ amJamad uaryofilia mosazreba TiTqos-

da karduxebi qurTebis winaprebi iyvnen. qurTebi Zvelad ixseniebo-

da sxva saxeliT~ _ da ganagrZobs armeniis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT

mcxovreb tomTa saxelebis msgavsebaTa Sesaxeb msjelobas _ Crdilo-eTiT cxovrobdnen xalibebi, samxreTiT xaldebi, strabonTan ixseniebaori olqis saxeliT _ sasperitebi, erTi speri _ Woroxze (herodotessasperitebi, qsenofontes _ esperitebi), xolo meore _ samxreTSi, ti-grosis axlos _ Tanamedrove Supria. yvela am xalxebma tigran didis

imperiaSi SeZles gaerTmniSvnelovneba imdenad, rom mTeli mosaxle-

oba laparakobda saerTo (somxur) enaze (gv. 399).

saerTo-erovnuli enis SemuSaveba gardamtexi etapi iyo im qveyni-

saTvis, sadac iqamde aseTi simravle iyo tomebisa da erovnebebisa

(gv. 399).

adamianis mdgomareoba sxvadasxva tomobriv garemoSi albaT isa-

zRvreboda sisxlismieri naTesaobiT ama Tu im sagvareulos mimarT.

n. adoncis cnobiT, somxurma sagvareulo saxelwodebebmac ki Sein-

arCunes Tavisi pirvelqarTuli warmomavloba.

142

magaliTad, cnobili sagvareulos xorxorunebis sagvareulo tit-

uli iyo `malxazi~, rac saerTod mflobels, Tavads niSnavs. es tit-

uli, n. adoncis sityviT, amodis qarTuli sityvidan `saxli~, fuZe

àxl~, amave fuZidanaa somxuri àlaxin~ _ moaxle (n. adonci, armenia

iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 400). [Sdr. gvari okribaSi _

xorxomeliZe].

bagratidebis meore sagvareulo tituli iyo _ aspet. n. adonci

mas miiCnevs qarTuli uflis, sparsuli sepuris (uflis wulis) gad-

monaSTad.

WaneTis, speris da taos Tavdapirveli didebulebis mamikonianeb-

is sagvareulo termini iyo mamiki~, rac ukavSirdeba qarTul sityva

`mamas~, e.i. saxlis mama, mamasaxlisi.

faustis cnobiT, mamikonianebs TavianTi sagvareulo gamohyavdaT

Wenebidan, anonimis sityviT, WeneTi iyo CineTi. TiTqos iqidan mo-

xvdnen isini taoSi. sinamdvileSi `Tavdapirveli tradiciiT, WeneTis

qveS igulisxmeboda ara Cinelebi, aramed Wanebi, taosTan _ mamikonide-

bis sagvareulo olqTan axlos mcxovrebni (gv. 403). maTgan iyvnen gamo-

sulni orbelianebi (gv. 404). es araa sakvirveli, radganac bagratidebi

speridan iyvnen saqarTveloSi gadasulebi (n. adonci, armenia iustin-

ianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 404).

somxuri `ter~ da sxva terminebi n. adoncs qarTuli sityvidan

ùfali~ (mamaufali, dedaufali, mefe, mamfali) gamohyavs.

zemoCamoTvlili terminebi (malxazi, arpeti, mamaki, ter) somxe-

Tis iberiuli zolis naxararTa wridanaa aRebuli.

aqedan Cans, rom dasavleT armenia da sxva ufro didi olqebic _

qarTuli warmoSobis tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelTac kvali

daaCnies somxur enas.

maT TavianTi warmoSoba icodnen kidec.

n. adonci wers armeniis qarTvelebis Sesaxeb _ `rogorc ar unda

asimilirebuliyvnen isini, saboloo jamSi, mainc inarCunebdnen Tavi-

anT kolorits~ (gv. 415).

Cveni azriT, n. adoncisTvis koloriti~ iyo armenizebul qarTvel-

Ta TviTSemecneba imisa, rom isini eTnikurad qarTul wres ekuTvn-

odnen, miTumetes V-VII saukuneebSi, roca maTi asimilacia ar iyo Zalze

143

Sors wasuli. am mizezis gamo armeniis garSemo Camoyalibda oTxi

TavisTavadi mcire politikuri sxeuli _ bdexSebis samflobeloebi

_ maT Soris gogarena da arzanena (gv. 416).

gogarena qarTul saxes inarCunebda.

armeniis samxreTiT mcxovrebi kurtebi (qurTebis winaprebi) da

karduxebi (qarTvelTa monaTesaveni) n. adoncis sityviT, somxebis

gavlenis qveS aRmoCdnen (gv. 418). aseve maTi mezobeli matienebi kaspiis

zRvisken.

gelebis da karduxebis gverdiT cxovrobdnen utiebi, isini (kar-

duxebi) Tavdapirvelad utiebis samxreTiT cxovrobdnen, Semdeg Crdi-

loeTiT, maTTan erTad CrdiloeTiT gelebic gadasaxldnen (n. adon-

ci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 420).

n. adoncs albaneTis somxur olqad miaCnia siuni-sivnieTi, Tumca

isini somxebisgan gansxvavdebodnen (gv. 423).

utielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen mTidan Camosuli gargarebi,

isini gardmanTanac cxovrobdnen. sabolood, yvela am eTnojgufis

`infiltracia~, e.i. armenizacia mimdinareobda SemdegSic (n. adonci,

armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 425).

n. adoncis gamokvlevebidan Cans, rom somxeTis gare mxareebi, mi-

Tumetes dasavleT armenia, sadac trapezuntis lazikis samitropoli-

tos saepiskoposoebi mdebareobdnen _ qarTvelTa istoriuli sacxov-

risi iyo, maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma SeZlo eTno da erovnuli vi-

naobis SenarCuneba, rogorc nerse somexTa kaTalikosis dros, ise mis

Semdeg: tao-klarjeTis qarTvelTa samefos Zliereba am Segnebas efu-

Zneboda.

144

istoriuli qarTuli olqebi armeniaSi

(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze)

1. `qveyana CrdiloeTisa~ (IV s.)

romis imperia administraciuli mmarTvelobis mxriv IV s-sTvis

iyofoda oTx prefeqturad. prefeqti Tavis xelSi aerTianebda samo-

qalaqo da samxedro uwyebebs.

n. adoncis sityviT, romis imperiis msgavsad, sparseTic oTx `kus-

tad~ _ administraciul erTeulad iyofoda (n. adonci, armenia ius-

tinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 217). eseni iyvnen `aRmosavle-

Ti~, `dasavleTi~, samxreTi~ da `CrdiloeTi~.

CrdiloeTis anu kavkasiis kusti (mxare) Tavis mxriv 13 qveynad

(Saxrad) iyofoda, maT Soris iyo iberia, anu sparsulad _ `varjani~,albaneTi anu `rani~, somxTi anu `armenia~.

ase rom, qarTul wyaroebSi xSirad naxsenebi CrdiloeTis qveyana~

unda gulisxmobdes sparseTis imperiis kavkasiis mxares da kerZod,

ki mis erT nawils, am SemTxvevaSi _ saqarTvelos.

iberias zaqaria ritori uwodebs gurzans.

gurzani-varjani (gorjani, gurjani, gorgani) da gurzani eti-

mologiurad axlosaa erTmaneTTan da maTi saerTo fuZe-Ziri aqvT _

`gr~, `rg~. igive fuZe-Ziri `gr~ udevs safuZvlad qarTul mxareTa

saxelebs _ egrisi~, gugarqi~, gogarena~, guria~, argveTi~, aqedanaa

berZnuli saxeli _ `georgia~ da sxva yvela dasaxeleba, rac ki mezo-

belma da ucxo erebma daarqves qarTvelTa qveyanas, maSasadame, fuZe-

Ziri `gr~ an `rg~ qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis eTnofuZea.

zaqaria ritori wers, rom `CrdiloeTis mxareebSi xuTi morwmune

xalxia, maT 24 episkoposi hyavT da maTi kaTalikosi dvinSi cxovrobs.

sparsuli armeniis dedaqalaqSi, mis Semdegaa gurzani _ armeniis qvey-

anaSi, romelTa ena berZnuls miagavs, maT qristiani mTavari hyavT,

romelic sparseTis mefes emorCileba. Semdeg aranis qveyanaa, armeni-

is qveyanaSi, Tavisi eniT, xalxi monaTlulia, Semdeg sisakanis qvey-

anaa, Tavisi eniT, morwmuneni, maT Soris warmarTebic arian, Semdegi

qveyana bazguni, Tavisi eniT, kaspiis zRvasTan~ (n. adonci, armenia

iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, iqve, gv. 219).

145

2. gogarena, korduena da basiani (V-VII ss.)


n. adoncis sityviT, I aTaswleulis somxur saerisTavo siebSi

erisTavebi (naxararebi) pativis mixedviT arian Camowerilni. maT Soris

aRiniSnebian erisTavi bagratunebi, taSiris erisTavebi da sxvani.

nerses kaTalikosis dros, 555 wels Semdgar krebas eswreboda 32

erisTavi. sebeosis somex mefeTa erisTavebis siaSi ixsenieba taos

erisTavi da aseve basianis erisTavi.

xorenacis cnobiT, somexTa mefe gansakuTrebiT ajildovebda bagra-

tun erisTavebs.

st. orbeliani mogviTxrobs, rom somxeTis mefem daniSna Tavisi

qveynis oTxi bdexSi _ aRmosavleTSi iyo siunis bdexSi Tavisi _ 21

erisTaviT, CrdiloeTSi _ gogarenisa (`gogaris~) _ 22 erisTaviT,

dasavleTiT kordu~-sa _ 21 erisTaviT da samxreTiT angelenis (`ange-

lis~) bdexSi _ 22 erisTaviT (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi,

1908, rus.enaze, gv. 254).

gogarena (somxurad gogari) da korduena (somxurad `kordu~) _

qarTuli qveynebi iyo, misi qarTuli mosaxleoba iqamdec da Semdgo-

mac somxdeboda, qarTvelobis SenarCuneba somxuri samefos SigniT

uZnelesi da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli saqme iyo (iqve, n. adonci, gv. 292).

faustis cnobiT, taos olqs marTavdnen mamikonianebi, _ xorena-

cis mixedviT somexTa mefis mTavarsardlebi. Semdeg, IV s-dan, isini

taronSi gadavidnen, sadac, Cans, ukve cxovrobda qarTulenovani

mosaxleoba, radganac xorenacisave sityviT, maStocis mier qarTu-

li anbanis Sesaswavlad Camoyalibebul qarTvel bavSvTa jgufs as-

wavlida taroneli muse, cxadia qarTuli enis mcodne.

berZen-romaeli avtorebi icnoben `fasians~ (basians) da isini ba-

sians fasianad moixseniebdnen.

basianis erTi nawili iyo vanandi da mas, xorenacis sityviT, zemo

basiani erqva (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze,

gv. 300).

basians Tavisi erisTavi marTavda.

airarati mefis domeni iyo, bagrevandi _ bagratidebs ekuTvnoda.

146

n. adoncis sityviT _ kotaia cnobili iyo ptolemeosisaTvis, mag-

ram is somxur literaturaSi pirvelad gvxvdeba sebeosTan VII s-Si~

(n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 302).

kotaia iyo gavari, anu qveyana airaratis provinciaSi. kotaias am-

Jamad zangibasari hqvia. is aris md. razdan-zangis xeobaSi.

safiqrebelia, rom tao xorZenas nawili iyo.

sityva `xorZena~ etimilogiurad axaloa sityva `arzenasTan~,

romelsac konstantine porfirogeneti uwodebda arzrum-artanujis

mxares.

safiqrebelia, rom sityva `xorZena~ Semdeg, X saukunisTvis, sity-

va arzenad~ iqca, is erqva taos momijnave mxareebs. xorZena strabo-nis cnobiTac iberebis istoriuli mxare iyo, Sesabamisad qarTvelebiTdasaxlebuli somexTagan mitacebis Semdegac. strabonis dros is gac-

ilebiT didi, gogarenamde (mtkvramde) ganvrcobili qveyana iyo (aR-

saniSnavia, rom stabonis epoqaSi gogarena mtkvris iqiTa anu marjve-

na sanapiros teritorias erqva, xolo adoncis wyaros cnobiT, gog-

arena ufro vrcel teritoria moicavda).

147

3. iveria, persarmenia da persiberia (IV-VI ss.)


sparsuli armeniis sazRvrebi IV-VI ss-Si e.w. `marzpanobis~ dros

aseTi iyo:

persarmenia moicavda Semdeg provinciebs _ taiqi, taroni, airarati,vaspurakani da siuniqi.

taroni da vaspurakani mdebareobdnen vanis tbasTan, airarati –

sparsuli armeniis centrSi, xolo mis dasavleTis mxares _ persarme-niis `iveria~ anu tao (taiqi) mdebareobda, am iverias dasavleTiT es-azRvreboda lazika.

arsebobda aseve Tavisufali iveriac~, is persarmeniis iveriis Crdi-

loeTiT mdebareobda. misi nawilebi iyo _ kola, artaani, javaxeTi,

gugarqi.

taiqis samxreT-dasavleTiT I armenia~ mdebareobda (ix. ruka prav.

encikl., I, gv. 75).

maSasadame, iveria or nawilad iyo gayofili _ tao persarmeniaSi

Sedioda, kola, artaani, javaxeTi da gugarqi qmnida sxva, `Tavisu-

fal~ iverias da sadavo iyo bizantia-sparseTs Soris.

n. adonci `marzpanuls~ uwodebs arSakidebis Semdegdroindel

somxeTs, radganac qveyanaSi ijda sparseTis Sahis warmomadgeneli _

marzpani. misi dedaqalaqi iyo qalaqi dvini, romelsac aRmosavleT

somxeTisTvis iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda, rogorc dasavleT som-

xeTisTvis Teodosiopolissa da iq mjdar romis warmomadgenels _

komits.

CrdiloeTiT marzpanuli somxeTis sazRvari aRwevda kangaramde,`Tavisufali iberiis~ sazRvramde. lazaris cnobiT, sparseTTan me-

brZoli iberiis mefe vaxtangi aq eloda damxmare somxebs. vaan

mamikonidi daexmara vaxtangs, somxuri jari mivida iveriis mefesTan

da banaki dasca kangaris kantonSi. kangari gugarenis olqSi Sedioda,maSasadame, gugarena somxeTis gareT mdebareobda _ iberiaSi (n. adon-

ci, armenia..., gv. 222).

imJamad, dasavleTiT somxeTs esazRvreboda kolas olqi, sasazRvro

punqtad iTvleboda kola, xolo tao (taiki) mTlianad somxeTSi Se-

dioda.

148

tao, mis gverdiT mdgar qarTul provinciebTan erTad, Seadgenda

persarmeniaSi Semaval arasuverenul iverias~ da imyofeboda mZlavri

somxuri saeklesio-kulturuli gavlenis sferoSi. misi iveriuli

mosaxleoba mxolod Sinaur-saojaxo wreSi axerxebda qarTuli iden-

tobis gamJRavnebas, sazogadoebriv-administraciul sferoSi ki, vi-

Tarca persarmeniis mcxovrebi, armenielad miiCneoda.

arSakidebis dros albaneTis mxares somxeTis sazRvari iyo md.

mtkvari. marzpanobis dros sazRvari q. xalxalTan gadioda. xalxali

albaneTSi mdebareobda mtkvris marjvena mxares (n. adonci, armenia

iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 223).

sparsul jars albaneTidan xalxalamde mtkvari unda gadaevlo.

n. adoncis azriT, xalxali aris md. zagemze mdebare amJamindeli

TaTruli sofeli xilxila. maxloblad arsebobda aseve meore msgav-

si saxelis punti _ `xilxala~, romelic iv. javaxiSvilis 1923 wlisrukis mixedviT mdebareobda nuxpato-SeqTan axlos, amJamindel sofel

`filfilasTan~ axlos. (saxeli filfila albanur tom `lfinebis~ sa-

xelTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli). aqvea punqti xalxali da aqve unda

yofiliyo punqti gulgula.aRsaniSnavia, rom hereTis sazRvrad vaxuSti batoniSvils miaCnda

punqti gulgula. saxelebi filfila, xalxali/xilxila,xilxala/ da

gulgula msgavsni arian. vaxuStis masze aTasi wlis winandeli punq-

tis adgilmdebareoba rom ganesazRvra ara TelavTan, aramed filfi-

la-xalxalTan, maSin hereTis sazRvari gadaiwevda aRmosavleTiT da

daemTxveoda albaneTisas.

n. adoncis sityviT, IV s-Si somxeTma dakarga mravali ganapira mx-

are, Cveni azriT, amis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo am mxareTa mosaxleobis eT-nikuri gansxvaveba somxebisagan. isini (ganapira mxareebi) _ ar iyvnen

somxuri olqebi, rogorc mravaljer iTqva.

marzpanuls n. adonci aseve uwodebs meore saxels _ tanuteruli

somxeTi. mas aseve vaspurakanulsac uwodebs.

vaspuri _ erqva sparseTis cnobil gvarebs, aqedan vaspurakani. n.

adoncis sityviT, _ `armeniis Tanatoli administraciuli sidideebi

iyvnen iberia, albaneTi, atropatena, adiabena, da aravastani~ (iqve,

gv. 221).

149

misive sityviT, musulmani avtorebi `armeniis~ qveS igebdnen ara

mxolod armenias, aramed aransa da saqarTvelos (n. adonci, armenia

iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908, rus. enaze, gv. 242). e.i. aransa da iverias,

am iveriis qveS ki ZiriTadad arasuverenuli iveria~ anu tao-basiani

miiCneoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom persarmeniaSi mdebareobda olqi persi-

beria, rac Cans Cvenamde moRweuli III msoflio krebis masalebidan. am

krebaSi monawileobas iRebda persiberieli ieremia urhaeli, qarTveli

marTlmadidebeli~, nestorianobasTan mebrZoli, iberiis sparsuli

nawilidan, anu persiberiidan (k.kekeliZe, etiudebi, I, 52-62).

persiberia, anu `sparsuli iberia~ unda rqmeoda imJamad persarme-

niaSi Semaval tao-basiansa da mimdgom mxareebs.

4. somxebis gadasaxleba persarmeniidan

bizantiur somxeTSi V-VI ss.

(n. adonci)

arian-qarTlis miwebis didi nawili iustinianes epoqaSi persarme-

niad iwoda.

n. adonci wers _ `imperiuli TvalsazrisiT, imperiis interesebis

dacvis mizniT somxebis gadasaxleba dasavleTiT Zalze sasurveli iyo.

TviT imperatorebi axalisebdnen am moZraobas. magaliTad, imperatori

mavrike. somxebis CasaxlebiT imperiam didad isargebla, somxebi bizan-

tias emsaxurebodnen TavganwirviT. samSoblos politikuri cxovreb-

is SeboWili CarCoebidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg mTeli maTi Zalebi

ifurCqneboda. somxebma saxeli gaiTqves saxelmwifo cxovrebis bevr

sferoSi, samxedrosa Tu samoqalaqoSi. maTgan gamovidnen saxelganTqmu-

li pirebi, romlebsac imperiis winaSe Zalze mniSvnelovani damsax-

urebebi hqondaT. mravali somexi brwyinavda TviT saimperatoro taxtze

da saTaveebic ki daudes axal dinastias (somxuri cxenosani jari ibrZo-

da imperiis Soreul mxareebSi saxelmwifos samxedro didebisTvis).

Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo somxebis roli kulturul-sulier cxovre-

150

baSi, imperiisTvis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli istoria _ xatme-

brZoluri moZraoba daiwyo imperiis aRmosavleT mxareebSi didwiladsomxebis simpaTiiT da mfarvelobiT.

imperiaSi somxebis gansaxlebam TviT somxeTs naklebi sikeTe moutana,

radganac somxeTi icleboda adamianuri resursebisagan. imperiaSi mid-

iodnen unariani, mxne Zalebi, iseTi niWis mqone pirebi, romelTac See-

ZloT imperiis mRelvare talRebze Tavis daWera. somxuri aristokrati-

is naRebi, naxararebis ojaxebi eSurebodnen dedaqalaqSi da alamazebd-

nen saxelmwifo moRvaweTa rigebs~ (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epo-

qaSi, 1908, gv. 205).

imperiaSi somxebi iseT Zalas warmoadgendnen, rom zogjer TviT

imperatoris winaaRmdeg awyobdnen SeTqmulebebs imperiisave

dedaqalaqSi da aryevdnen kidec saimperatoro taxts, magaliTad, n.

adoncis sityviT, 548 wels somxebma moawyves SeTqmuleba dedaqalaq-

Si imperator iustinianes winaaRmdeg. SeTqmulebas meTaurobda somexi

mxedarTmTavari artavani, romelmac bizantias dideba moupova liv-

iis omSi, roca mokla tirani honorisi. n. adoncis cnobiT, prokofi

kesarieli artavanis motivs xsnis imiT, rom misi samSoblo armenia

dapyrobili iyo, amitom mas somxebi sayvedurobdnen umoqmedebas.

meore somexi didebuli narsesi iustinianes epoqis udidesi figura

iyo, Tavisi gamarjvebebiT daCrdila valerianes samxero geniac ki.

somxuri problemebis gamo Sewuxebuli iustiniane sparseTis Sahs

Txovda, maT Soris mcxovrebi somxebi rogorme daemorCilebinaT saer-

To ZaliT. is werda _ somxebi daumorCilebeli xalxia, da marad Cve-

ni mtrebi arian, maTgan mudam SeSfoTebulebi varT~ (iqve, gv. 206).

qarTizaciis Teoriis momxreTaTvis ismis kiTxva, Tuki somxebis

sulier-erovnuli siZliere or imperias aSfoTebda, maSin ase Zlieri

xalxi rogor `qarTveldeboda~ somxeTisave gavlenis qveS myof tao-

Si, anda klarjeTSi?

pasuxi aseTia _ somxebi somxeTSi ki ar gaqarTveldnen, aramed,

sinamdvileSi armeniis iberiul zolSi mcxovrebma armenizebulma

qarTvelema armeniis dasustebisas arabobis epoqaSi gabedes da sajar-

od aRiares TavianTi eTnikur-erovnuli vinaoba, TavianTi qarTvelo-

ba, anu somxebi ki ar gaqarTveldnen, aramed armeniaSi mcxovrebma

151

qarTvelebma Tavi daaRwies TavianTi armenizaciis saukunovan process,

srulad aRidgines erovnuli cnobiereba.

òTxi armenia~ xalibebis yofil miwaze (IV-VI ss.)

(ПЭ, I)

somxebi iustinianes epoqaSic mravlad esaxlebodnen persarmeni-

idan bizantiur somxeTSi. dasavleT armenia ZiriTadad qarTuli

tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. es tomebi ar iyvnen gaerTianebulni, erT-

maneTs ebrZodnen kidec, somxebi ki maTTan SedarebiT erTiani da

mizandasaxuli xalxi iyo, amitomac gauadvildaT regionSi dominant

eTnosad qceva. aman Tavisi asaxva pova kidec regionis im saxelebSi,

romelic iustinianem daarqva maT, esenia pirveli, meore, mesame da

meoTxe armeniebi.

IV-VI ss-saTvis bizantiuri armenia iyofoda oTx did nawilad. pirve-

li armenia~ iyo bizantiuri provincia Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosav-

leT sanapiroze _ trapizonis qvemoT, romlis dedaqalaqi iyo Teo-

dosiopolisi, igive karini (qarTuli karnu-qalaqi), mas CrdiloeTiT

esazRvreboda tao (iveria) da nawilobriv lazika. dasavleTiT Savi

zRva, aRmosavleTiT sparsuli provincia `sparsuli armenia~ (per-

sarmenia), samxreTiT `meore armenia~ da aseve `meoTxe armenia~.

`meore armenia~ (àrmenia meore~) mdebareobda `pirveli armeniis~

samxreTiT, md. evfratis marjvena sanapiroze.

`mesame armenia~ (àrmenia mesame~) mdebareobda evfratis marjvena

sanapiroze, mas marjvnidan esazRvreboda bizantiuri provincia me-

sopotamia~.

`meoTxe armenia~ mdebareobda `pirveli armeniis~ samxreTiT vanis

tbis siaxloves, am yvela àrmeniebis~ Sua.

`persarmenia~ moicavda araqsis xeobas da mis garda somxur-spar-

sul provinciebs taiqs, tarons da airarats. persarmenia politikurad

VI saukunis bolosaTvis orad iyofoda _ bizantiuri persarmenia

152

(saeklesio centri avani) da sparsuli (dvini). sparsulSi Sedioda

siuniki da vaspurakani (pravoslavnaia enciklopedia, I, gv. 75, rus.

enaze).

persarmeniis taos aseve uwodebdnen iverias.

`armeniebis~ erTi nawili somexTa garda erTmaneTTan mebrZoli

mkvidri qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, armenielebi maT qveyana-

Si misuli fena iyo, ufro urTierTSekavSirebuli da Zlieri, qarTvele-

bi ki ar iyvnen konsolidirebulebi, miuxedavad amisa maTSi imdenad

mZafri yofila eTnoidentobis SegrZneba, rom arabTa batonobis Sesus-tebisas tao-basianma da sxva mxareebma SeZles qarTul-erovnuli vinao-

bis aRdgena. tao (taiqi) _ pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ somxur-spar-

sul provinciad miaCnia, sinamdvileSi ki is airaratTan da Cans, taron-

Tan erTad sparselTa da somexTa politikur-saeklesio gavlenis

sferoSi iyvnen moqceulni iustinianes dros.

153

Tavi IV

qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba Crdiloda dasavleT armeniaSi

dasavleT armeniis xalxSi eTnoidentobis

Ziebis Sedegi (IX-X ss.)

kvleva erovnuli identobisa rTuli saqme iyo Sua saukuneebSi.

zogjer xdeboda ise, rom erT romelime xalxSi ikveTeboda jgufi,

romelic sabolood iqceoda xolme sxva xalxad da Sordeba Zvel

ers. amis mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva yofiliyo. SeiZleba ramdenime

magaliTis dasaxeleba. osmaleTis uzarmazari saxelmwifos mosax-

leoba berZnebs~ uwodebda slavuri warmoSobis xalxebsac (maT Soris

vTqvaT bulgarelebs, vlaxebs da a.S.). mizezi amisa iyo is, rom Camoya-

libebis Semdeg ramdenime saukunis manZilze osmaleTis imperiam Tavi-

si kanonebis Tu adaTis Sesabamisad berZnul TemSi~, mileTSi, gaaer-

Tiana yvela marTlmadidebeli da isini erT centrs _ konstanti-

nopolis berZnul sapatriarqos dauqvemdebara, sabolood puSkinis

epoqaSi rusuli wreeebi (XIX s. dasawyisSi) saerTaSoriso asparezze

avrcelebdnen mtkicebulebebs, rom sinamdvileSi osmaleTis berZne-

bis~ umravlesoba, ara eTnikuri berZnebi aramed `slavebi~ iyvnen.

SemdegSi ki marTlac moxda am slavebis TviTgamorkveva da am re-

ligiuri berZnebidan~ TandaTan gamoikveTnen bulgarelebi, serbe-

bi Tu vlaxebi.

amJamadac, rogorc cnobilia, qristiani lazebi TavianT Tavs ber-

Znebs~ uwodeben, magram Tu ki raime mizezis gamo maTSi daiwyeba eT-

nikuri identobis Ziebis procesi, SesaZloa berZnebis am nawilisagan

axali `lazi xalxi~ Camoyalibdes, miTumetes, rom arseboben musul-

mani lazebi, romelnic saerTod ar Tvlian TavianT Tavs berZnebad.

154

msgavsadve, SesaZlebelia amJamindeli laTinuri amerikis qveyneb-

Si Sida identobis Ziebis Sedegad gamoikveTos indielTa axali xalx-

ebi anda eTnojgufebi, romelnic SemdgomSi warmoCndebian, rogorc

damoukidebeli nacionaluri xalxebi.

daaxloebiT msgavsadve dasavleT armeniis~ mkvidrma mosaxleobam

IX-X saukuneebSi, eTnoZiebis Sedegad daaskvna, rom isini iyvnen ara

eTnikuri somxebi, aramed iberielebi, eniT, kulturiT, warsuliT da

sxva erovnuli TvisebebiT. tao-baianisa da axlo mxareebis mosaxle-

obam eTno-TviTgamorkveviT aRidgina qarTul-erovnuli eTnoiden-

toba da ara e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Segegad.

qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba

dasavleT armeniaSi

VIII-IX ss-Si tao-basianisa da mimdebare kuTxeTa mcxovrebT qarTu-

li identoba CamouyalibdaT ara e.w. qarTizaciis procesis Sedegad,

rogorc miiCneva sabWoTa epoqis istoriografiis gavleniT, aramed

iqamde minavlebuli erovnuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebis Sedegad.

qarTvelebi tao-basiansa da e.w. dasavleT armeniaSi armenielebis

dasaxlebamdec cxovrobdnen, amas, rogorc mravaljer aRiniSna, miu-

TiTebs strabonis cnobili cnoba pariadres, xorZenasa da mtkvrisi-

qiT mdebare gogarenas iberiulobis Sesaxeb.

kidev erTxel gavixsenoT strabonis cnoba, is wers: `amboben, rom

Zvel dros mcire qveyana armenia gaizarda artaqsiasa da zariadrias

omebis Sedegad... maT erTobiT gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo imiT,

rom irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebs CamoaWres olqebi, kerZod midielebs

waarTves kaspiana, favritida da basoropeda, iberebs _ pariadris

mTiswineTi, xorZena da gogarena, romelic mdebareobs md. kiris meore

mxares. xalibebsa da mosinikebs _ kareniti da qserqsena, romelic es-

azRvreba mcire armenias da misi nawilia...~ (str. XI, 14, 5), (straboni,

geografia, gamomcemloba `nauka~, 1964, rus. enaze, gv.498).

155

ukve armeniaSi mcxovreb am qarTvelebs marTalia Zalze Seusust-

daT erovnuli cnobiereba, maTi armenizaciis procesis gamo, magram

ara sabolood. saqarTvelos maxloblad (tao-karin-vanand-basianSi)

mcxovrebma qarTvelebma xelsayreli politikuri momentis dadgomi-

sas Tavi daaRwies somxur kulturul-saeklesio gavlenas da aRidgines

qarTuli cnobiereba. patkanov-maris Teoriis Tanaxmad ki TiTqosda

isini qalkedoniti somxebi iyvnen da moxda maTi qarTizacia. am Teoriis

sawinaaRmdegodaa dawerili Cveni mTeli nakvlevi.

m.TamaraSvili wers- `Zalian gvwydeba guli... unda mogaxsenoT: n.

mari yvelafris armenizacias axdens, saqarTvelos miwis, misi Zeglebis,

enis, literaturisa da sxva... iserigad, rom armenizaciaSi bevraT

aWarbebs somex patriotebs, TviT yvelaze gadametebulTac ki~ (m.

TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia, 1995, gv. 275).

lazikis eparqia _ dasavleT armeniisa da

persarmeniaSi Semavali persiberiis (istoriuli,

yofili arian-qarTlis) qarTvelobis

gamaerTianebeli

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare istoriuli arian-

qarTlis vrceli miwa-wyali sinopidan da trapezuntidan TiTqmis

vanis tbamde qarTuli tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, rogorc qse-

nofontes dros, ise mis Semdgom. am teritoriebis did nawils moicavda

lazikis eparqia XI s-Si. qarTuli tomebi iq armenielTa dasaxlebamde

cxovrobdnen.

kiros didis epoqamdec qarTuli tomebi kardux-gordienebi, fa-

sianebi, xalib-qaldebi da sxvani, am teritoriis momcvel XVIII da XIX

satrapiebSi cxovrobdnen, xolo armenia sxva, XIII satrapias erqva maT

mezoblad.

SemdgomSi armeniuli tomebi SeWrilan karduxTa, fasianTa, xalib-

Ta, aseve sxva qarTul tomTa miwa-wyalze da maTgan saukeTeso adgi-

156

lebi, saxnav-saTesad vargisi miwebi miutacebiaT, amitomac qsenofon-

tes anabazisidan SeiZleba gavigoT, rom mtroba da brZolebi iyo

gaCaRebuli armenielTa da am qarTul tomebs Soris, igive qsenofon-

te Tavis sxva naSromSi kiropedia~ aRwers, rom TviT kiross gamoukv-

levia Tu ra iyo am gauTavebeli omebis mizezi da misula daskvnamde,

rom, xalibebs saxnav-saTesi miwebi ar hqondaT, xolo armenielebi

saukeTeso miwebze cxovrobdnen.

gansakuTrebiT mravali qarTuli tomi aRwera am mxareebis zRvi-

spireTSi strabonma, am mxriv ufro mniSvnelovania strabonis cnoba,

rom swored am mxareTa erTi nawili, romelTac Semdgom dasavleT ar-

menia da persarmenia ewodaT, Tavdapirvelad iberTa miwa-wyali iyo da

es teritoriebi, kerZod ki pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena

Zv.II s.-Si armeniam miitaca iberielTagan.

marTalia, Semdgom, am mitacebis gamo, am teritoriebs armenia ewoda,

magram is kvlav didxans yofila dasaxlebuli iberielebiT anu

qarTvelebiT, romelTa armenizaciis procesi sxvadasxva olqSi sxva-

dasxva xarisxis iyo, miuxedavad amisa X s-Si, mravali ucxouri wyaros,

maT Soris konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, sazRvari iberiasa

da armenias Soris mainc md. araqsze iyo gavlebuli.

qarTvelebi rom cxovrobdnen ara mxolod araqsis dasavleT naw-

ilSi (maT Soris dvinis da avanis sanaxebamde), aramed aRmosavleT

nawilSi _ vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, miuTiTebs is, rom TviT bizan-

tielTa mier teritorias trapezuntidan vanis tbamde ewoda `epar-

qia lazikaSi~, xolo vrcel miwa-wyals Teodosiopol-arzrumidan

yarsisa da anisis mimarTulebiT ewoda `iberiis Temi~.

mas Semdeg, rac somxeTis saxelmwifoebrioba daemcro, gansakuTre-

biT X s-idan armeniis mkvidr qarTvelobas saSualeba mieca erovnul-

qarTuli TviTSemecneba daufaravad ganecxadebina.

arabTa Semdgom epoqaSi am mxareebSi qarTvelTa ricxvis mkveTri zrda

gamowveuli iyo ara somex-qalkedonitTa~ gaqarTvelebiT, rogorc am

faqts xsnis oficialuri istoriografia, aramed iqauri mosaxleobis

iqamde dafaruli qarTuli erovnuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebiT.

`trapezuntis samitropolito lazikaSi~ moicavda yofili romauli

armeniis miwa-wyals, da aseve yofili persarmeniis nawilsac, romel-

157

ic mniSvnelovnad qarTuli mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli. es miwa-

wyali IX-XI ss-Si arabTagan gaaTavisufla imperiam da iq Tavisi saek-

lesio iurisdiqcia ganaxorciela _ lazikis eparqiis saxeliT, xolo

TviT qveyanas ki iberiis Temi ewoda, rac, rogorc aRiniSna, iqauri

mkvidri mosaxleobis erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZineb-

is Sedegi iyo.

iqamde qarTveli xalxi, mcxovrebi istoriul xorZenasa da gugar-

qSi iZulebuli iyo Segueboda somxur saxelmwifoebriobasa da ekle-

sias, isini saukuneTa manZilze erTgulebiT atarebdnen maT qveyanaSi

gabatonebulTa uRels, magram xelsayreli momentis dadgomis Sem-

deg aRidgines erovnul-qarTuli vinaoba. maTi qveyana _ pariadres

kalTebi, xorZena da gogarena xom, rogorc mravaljer iTqva, jer

kidev qristeSobamde II saukuneSi CamoaWra armeniam iberias, ris gamoc

iberiis am yofil olqebSi dominant eTnosad somxebi gadaiqcnen,

somxuri eniTa da kulturiT, qarTuli ena am mxareebSi, Cans, mxolod

saSinao, ojaxur enad gadaiqca, da is iyo, rogorc erTi wyaro wers dam-

aluli (`damarxuli~) da dawunebuli~.

am mxareebidan gamosul zogierT qarTvel saxelovan meomrebsa da

cnobil adamianebs ucxoelebi `armenielebs~ uwodebdnen, maT qvey-

anas ki armenias, Tumca ki aseTi `armenielebi~ sinamdvileSi iberebi

anu qarTvelebi iyvnen, rac kargad gamoCnda IX, X, XI saukuneebSi,

roca maTma STamomavlebma gabedes da erovnuli vinaoba daufaravad

gamoacxades.

560 wlis politikuri rukis mixedviT, sazRvari bizantiis imperi-

asa da sparseTs Soris orad hyofda armeniad~ saxeldebul qveyanas.

dasavleT, anu romaul armeniaSi Wanur da lazur olqebTan erTad

moeqca mesxuri mosaxleobis nawili da isini berZnul saeklesio iuris-

diqciaSi imyofebodnen. sparsul armeniaSic mravali qarTuli olqi

moeqca. 591 wlis xelSekrulebiT, tao, Woroxis xeobis erTi monakve-

Ti (dasavleT sanapiroc), gugarqi, basianis didi nawili da, e.w. zemo-

ni qveyanani sparsul armeniad saxeldebul mxareSi moeqca.

sparsul armeniaSi saeklesio-sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT sxva

viTareba iyo, gansxvavebuli dasavleT armeniisagan. kerZod, spar-

sul armeniaSi IV-V saukuneebidanve idevneboda berZnulenovani RvTism-

158

saxureba. amis gamo persarmeniis qristianuli mosaxleoba sparsulma

xelisuflebam daavaldebula RvTismsaxureba somxur enaze hqono-

daT, an asuruli SemoeRoT. amis Sedegad somxurenovani RvTismsax-

ureba Camoyalibda da gaZlierda. unda vifiqroT, rom am dros per-

sarmeniis qarTvelobam erTgvari iZulebiT miiRo somxurenovani

RvTismsaxureba, magram mainc adgilobriv qarTvelebs SenarCunebuli

hqondaT somxebisagan erovnuli gansxvavebulobis Segneba. es gamoCn-

da gansakuTrebiT gugarqSi, roca mkvidrma qarTvelobam kirionis

mowodebis Semdeg gabeda eklesiebSi qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba

somxurTan gaeTanabrebina. yofili persarmeniis mkvidr qarTvelo-

bas SenarCunebuli da zogjer ki, devnis gamo, gamZafrebulic ki hqonda

erovnuli TviTSemecneba, rac gamoCnda Sesabamisi politikuri mo-

mentis dadgomisTanave gugarqisa da tao-klarjeTisa da mimdebare

mxareebis mkvidri mosaxleobis qarTuli cnobierebis gansakuTrebu-

li gamovleniT.

unda iTqvas, rom dasavleT armeniaSic idevneboda qarTuli ena

eklesiuri TvalsazrisiT, amitom aqauri qarTveloba ganaTlebas

iRebda berZnulad, aseve, zogjer somxurad. aseTi warmomavlobis

somxurenovani qarTvelebi berZnul monastrebSic ki cdilobdnen

TavianTi qveynis saeklesio warsulisadmi pativi ecaT. rogorc iTq-

va, amis erTi magaliTia is, rom berZnuli monastris, `somex-qalke-

donit~ berebs wmida ninos Sesaxeb cnobebi Sehqonda TvenSi, rac Zalze

mniSvnelovani momenti iyo (fidaniani).

qarTuli kulturisadmi aRniSnuli mosaxleobis ltolvis gamoxat-

ulebad unda miviCnioT is, rom sarwmunoebrivi Ziebisas armeniis mkvid-

ri qarTveloba miemxro qalkedonitobas, anu Tavisi erovnuli qveynis(saqarTvelos) sarwmunoebriv mimarTulebas da Seecada Tavisi damok-

idebuleba saeklesio arqiteqturaSic ki gamoexata _ amis magaliTad

unda miviCnioT qalkedonituri saekleso centris _ avanis da rifsimes

eklesiis arqiteqtura _ gameoreba mcxeTis jvris tipisa.

159

ucxouri wyaroebi megrelTa da svanTa

iberielobis Sesaxeb

(`iverTa avtokratori~ anu trapezuntis imperatori da iverTa

xelmwife~ anu samegrelos mTavari (levan II dadiani)

cnobilia, trapezuntis vrcel regions XI s. qarTul wyaroebSi

ewodeboda sofeli megrelTa~, xolo berZnuli wyaroebi trapezun-

tis imperators iverTa avtokrators~ uwodebdnen, mosaxleobis sax-

elis mixedviT, Sesabamisad, qveynis mosaxleobas erTdroulad erqva

megrelebica da iverebic.

1282 wlidan trapezuntis imperatoris tituli iyo _ `qriste Rm-erTis mier mefe da avtokratori sruliad aRmosavleTisa, iverebisa da

zRvisiqeTisa, didi komnini~ (didi komninebi, marTmadidebluri encik-

lopedia, VII, gv. 444. rus. enaze).

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1282 wlamde bizantiis imperatorebs sxva titu-

latura hqondaT _ isini TavianT Tavs moixseniebdnen msgavsad bizan-

tiis imperatorebisa, _ `mefe da avtokratori romeebisa~,1182 wlidan mixeil VIII paleologTan kompromisis Semdeg maT (tra-

pezuntis imperatorebma) miiRes aRniSnuli tituli `mefe aRmosav-leTisa da avtokratori iverebisa~.

В сент. 1282 г. в результате компромисса с Михаилом VIII Палеологом В. К.приняли титул: «Во Христе Боге верный царь и автократор всего Востокаяиверов и Заморья (Ператии) Великий Комнин» (didi komninebi, marTmadide-

bluri enciklopedia, VII, gv. 444. rus enaze).

sazogadod berZnuli sityva avtokratori Sesatyvisia laTinuri

sityvisa `imperatori~.

«С 629 г. использовался наряду с титулом василевс (basileuz) в офиц. языкеВизантии, обозначая главного правящего императора в отличие от императора-соправителя. В X в. возрождается широкое употребление этого титула,окончательно утвердившегося в офиц. титулатуре визант. императоров»(marTmadidebluri enciklopedia, I, gv. 202).

bizantiisa da trapezuntis imperatorebs oficialurad avtokra-

tori~ erqvaT, magram pirveli romaeli xalxis, meore ki iverTa im-

peratorad anu avtokratorad iwodeboda.

160

zogadad, imperatorTa titulaturebSi ixsenieboda is xalxebi,

romelTa qveyanasac marTavdnen.

konstantinopolis imperatorebi TavianT Tavs romaelTa (romee-

bis) mefeebad~ miiCnevdnen, amitomac ar surdaT aseTive titulatura

hqonodaT trapezuntis imperatorebs.

amitomac, trapezuntis imperatorebi iZulebulni gaxdnen Tavian

titulaturaSi im xalxis saxeli moexsenebinaT, romelTa qveyanasac

isini realurad marTavdnen _ es xalxi iyo iverebi anu iberebi.

trapezuntis anu iverTa imperatorebi (avtokratorebi) marTavd-

nen qaldeasa da mimdebare olqebs.

maSasadame, Cans, trapezuntis imperatorebi TavianT Tavs imitom

uwodebdnen iverebis TviTmpyrobels~, avtokrators, rom mas miaCn-

da, rom misi imperiis mosaxleobis sazogado saxeli iyo _ ìverebi~.

es faqti imiTaa saintereso, rom maT imperiaSi ZiriTadad cxovrobd-

nen qaldevelebi, Wanebi da sxvadasxva tomebi, maT Soris makronTa,

sanTa da sxvaTa STamomavlebi, maTi zogadi saxeli _ iverebi~ yofi-

la, maTi imperatoris titulis mixedviT. qarTuli wyaroebi maT qvey-

anas uwodebdnen sofeli megrelTa~ anu zogadqarTvelTaTvis isini

iberi (qarTveli) xalxis megruli jgufi iyo. iwodebodnen _ ucxoel-

TaTvis iberebad, xolo qarTvelTaTvis megrelebad.

aseve es faqti sainteresoa imiTac, rom ucxoelebi trapezuntis

imperators xan kolxTa mefes, xanac ki qaldevelTa mefes~, megrelTa

mefes~ anda lazTa mefes~ uwodebdnen, maSasadame kolxebic, lazebi-

ca da qaldebi (Wanebi~ _ yvelani saimperatoro saxlis gansazRvre-

biT _ ìverebi~ iyvnen. aseTi mosazreba gamonaklisi rom araa da

megrelTa xelmwifeebs oficialurad ìverTa mefeebs~ uwodebdnen,

Cans samegrelos mTavris levan II-is magaliTiTac, mas iveriis mefes~

anda ìveriis xelmwifes~ uwodebdnen (ix. ruseTis mefis aleqsi

mixailoviCis mimarTvebi).

trpezuntis samegrelos~ imperatorsa da Semdgomi epoqis samegre-

los mTavars _ erTnairi titulebi hqondaT. orTaves erTnairad

uwodebdnen _ ìverTa avtokratori~, ìveriis mefe~.

faqtebis urTierTSejerebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom megrelebs

_ iverebs uwodebdnen TviT maTi mmarTveli oficialuri wreebi. am

161

mxriv niSneulia, rom n. mari, gr. yifSiZe da sxvebi _ megrelebs ive-

rielebs uwodebdnen, megruls ki iveriuls.

`megrelebi~ _ iverielebi arian am TvalsazrisiT. igive SeiZleba

iTqvas svanebis Sesaxebac. straboni werda, rom svanebs `zogierTebi

iberielebs uwodeben~, zogierTebis qveS is Zveli msoflios istori-

kosebs gulisxmobda.

straboni wers svanebis iberielobis Sesaxeb:

`im xalxTa Soris, romelnic Tavs iyrian dioskuriadaSi arian

ftirofagebic, romlebmac es saxeli miiRes usufTaobis da WuWyis

gamo. maT axlos cxovroben soanebi, romlebic arafriT Camouvarde-

bian maT usufTaobiT, magram sjobnian ZlierebiT, da SeiZleba iTq-

vas, rom isini TiTqmis yvelaze kargi meomrebi da Zlierebi arian

yvelasTan SedarebiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi isini batonoben yvela xalxze,

romelTac kavkasiis maRlobebi uWiravT dioskuradis garSemo. maT

yavT mefe da sabWo 300 kacisagan, rogorc amboben SeuZliaT 200 000

kacisgan Semdgari jaris gamoyvana, marTlac mTeli xalxis masa

brZolisunariania, Tumca araorganizebuli Zala, maT qveyanaSi

rogorc gadmoscemen mTis nakadebs CamoaqvT oqro da barbarosebi

iWeren faceriT da bewviani tyaviT aqedan, amboben warmoiSva miTi

oqros sawmisze. zogierTebi maT agreTve uwodeben iberielebs _ dasav-

leTelebis msgavsad, oqros silis gamo, romelic orive qveyanaSia~

(straboni, XI, II, 19).

«Некоторые называют их также иберийцами – одинаково с западными - отзолотых россипей, находяшихся в обеих странах» (straboni, XI, II, 19).

maT aseve iberielebs uwodeben _ «называют их также иберийцами».maSasadame, ori aTasi wlis winac ki svanebs iberielebs uwodebdnen,

im dros saerTod, cxadia fuZe, saerTo qarTuli ena ar iyo ise diferen-

cirebuli da daSlili im xarisxiT, rogorc amJamad, Sesabamisad stra-

bonis epoqaSi svanuri da iberiuli dialeqtebi erT enobriv mTlianobas

qmnidnen, amis gamo, Cans strabonis epoqis istorikosebis erTi wyeba

svanebs iberielebad miiCnevda.

igive, oRond ufro meti xarisxiT iTqmis egriselebis Sesaxeb, amit-

omac trapezuntis lazikis mosaxleobas anu egriselebs iberebs uwo-

debdnen, amitomac unda hqonoda trapezuntis imperators `iverTa av-

162

tokratoris~ anu iverTa imperatoris tituli. erTi sityviT svanebica

da egriselebic (`sofeli megrelTas~ anu trapezuntis olqis mcxovreb-ni) zogad iberebad iwodebodnen, isini qarTvelebad ganixilebodnen

Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mierac, risi mtkicebanic mravladaa Cvens

naSromSi.

trapezuntis imperatoris titulSi naxsenebia erTaderTi xalxis -

ìverebis~ saxeli, rac miuTiTebs, rom trapezuntis olqis mravali sx-

vadasxva tomi, maT Soris Wanebi da qaldebi _ zogadad iverebi iyvnen,

bizantiis samefo sasaxlis politikosebisaTvis.

trapezuntis imperiis gaqrobis Semdeg XVI saukuneSi `sruliad aR-

mosavleTisa da iveriis xel mwifes~ Tavis Tavs uwodebda samcxis mTa-

vari mzeWabuki. marTlac is antioqiis patriarqis doroTeosis `wign-

is~ qarTul TargmanSi moxseniebulia, rogorc yovlisa aRmosavleTi-

sa xelmwife~ (m. zaldastaniSvili, kidev erTxel aTabagTa gankerZoeb-is Sesaxeb~, macne, istoriis seria, 2012, 2, gv. 57), amave wignSi~ mzeWabu-

ki ixsenieba, rogorc mTeli zemo iberiis TviTmpyrobeli~ (iqve, gv. 58).

maSasadame, aRmosavleTi~ da ìveria~ erqva tao-basian-samcxesa da

mis mimdebare vrcel regions X-XVI saukuneebSi.

cnobilia, rom daviT kurapalatis epoqiT (1001 w.) TariRdeba parx-

lis eklesiis warwera qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqi

iovane~.

parxlis eklesiis kedlis warweraSi naxsenebi aRmosavleTis patri-

arqi~, unda iyos ara mcxeTeli mamamTavari, aramed sasuliero pirve-

lierarqi tao-basianisa da im àRmosavleTisa~, romelic gamovikvli-

eT. es àRmosavleTi~ ixsenieba XI s. qarTvel mefeTa titulaturaSic.

esaa, rogorc aRiniSna tao-basiani da misi mimdebare qveynebi qaldea-trapezuntidan TiTqmis vanis tbamde, iberebis is sacxovrisi xorZena,

gogarena da pariadres kalTebi~, romelsac strabonic ixsenebs. aseve

araqsispira is miwebi, romelnic ara mxolod iberebiT iyo dasaxlebu-

li, aramed konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT iberiis saxelmwifos

gamgeblobaSic iyo (kerZod, araqsis marcxena sanapiros miwebi). albaT

aq SesaZlebelia SeniSvnis saxiT iTqvas, rom TavianT Tavs megrelebi

iverebs uwodebdnen ara mxolod levan II dadianis epoqaSi, aramed XIX

saukuneSic, sabWoTa saistorio skolis ideebis damkvidrebamde, ro-

163

melmac megrelebSi Canerga azri, rom isini ara iberebi, aramed kolx-

ebi arian, magaliTad, XX s-is dasawyisSi cnobili saeklesio moRvawe

Rirsi mama aleqsi SuSania werda: ufro sworad ki evedreboda RvTism-

Sobels exsna misi wilxvedri saqarTvelo, iveria _ `iverTa dedav,

Senia, Seni, Senda aRrCeul qarTvelTa eri, amaT gargebda wilT-ganaCe-

ni, pirovan eri, Sen Sesaferi. moxede dedav iveriisa, zamTari didi adg-

ia Wirad... Sen mouvline xsna da saSveli ... Cveni naTesav qalwuli nina,

Sengan nugeSad qarTls moevlina... Seni Sewevnis gvaRirse smena, ersa

axare ukvdavebani... ismine Cveni Sendami vedri... gvixsen ganmryvneli

mgelebisagan~ (mitropoliti Sio, `yovladwmida RvTismSoblis Tay-

vaniscemisaTvis senakis savaneebSi~ saerTaSoriso konferenciis masale-

bi, 2014, 3-10 maisi).

mitropolit Sios moyavs sityvebi qadagebisa wm. aleqsi SuSaniasi,

romelic man warmoTqva samegrelos sofel senakis TeklaTis monas-

terSi RvTismSoblis xatis win _ `xati dedisa RvTisa mosruli aTo-

niT, mis wilxdomil iveriaSi~. esaa TeklaTis RvTismSoblis xati.

aleqsi SuSanias am sityvidan Cans, rom iveriis nawilia samegrelo,

iveria erTiani qveyanaa, misi erTi nawilia samegrelo, iveria igive

qarTlia, samegrelo qarTlis erTi nawilia _ ase esmodaT es sakiTxi

aTeisturi istoriografiis gabatonebamde. iqve ambobs xatis win wmi-

da aleqsi SuSania _ `Cven sawyalni iverielni~.

`sawyali iverielebi~ mTeli qarTveli xalxi iyo, im dros, avtoke-

faliisa da qveynis Tavisuflebis aRdgenamde. zemoT naxseneb mglebSi~

ki eris daSla-danawevrebis msurvelebs Tvlida.

164

brZola erovnul-qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

aRdgenisaTvis zemo qveynebSi~ (X-XVI ss.)

arabTa Zliereba Sesustda IX-X saukuneebSi, ramac tao-basian-karin-

isa da mimdebare mxareebis mkvidr qarTul mosaxleobas SedarebiT

Tavisufali cxovrebis saSualeba misca, am dros maT qalaqebsa da

soflebSi TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba moupovebiaT.erTi aseTi qalaqi, Cans, Teodosiopolis _ karini iyo.

konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi, roca am mxareebSi arabTa

nacvlad bizantielebma gadawyvites gabatoneba, mkvidrma qarTvelo-

bam didi winaaRmdegoba gawia.

X saukunis II naxevarSi sazRvrad bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Sorisdaido mdinare araqsi.

konstantine porfirogeneti aRgviwers zavis Sedegs _ iyves Tanax-mad iberielTa moTxovnisa da fasianis sazRvrad md. eraqsi anu fasisida marcxena mxare iberiisken mimarTul epyraT iberebs, xolo marjve-na, rac Teodosiopolisken aris, rogorc cixeebi, ise soflebi, iyvesCveni meufebis qveS, maSasadame, orive sazRvrad mdinare iqneba~ (georgi-

ka, IV, naw. II, gv. 272).

konstantine porfirogeneti dawvrilebiT wers, Tu bizantielebi

gamudmebiT rogor arbevdnen Teodosiopolisis Semogarenis soflebsa

da qalaqebs, TviTon es mTavari qalaqi garemoculi hyavdaT da sur-

saT-sanovage ar SehqondaT, raTa qalaqis mosaxleoba damSeuliyo.

imperatori werda: `TeodosiopolelTa yvela es soflebi Cveni

samefos jarebma tyvevnes da cecxls misces, iberebs ar gaunadgure-

biaT igi, aramed mudam hyavdaT megobrebad da maTTan erTad mo-

qmedebdnen~ (georgika, IV, naw. II, gv. 272).

eTnikur-erovnuli solidarobis gamo qarTvelTa jari cdilobda

produqtiT moemaragebinaT bizantielTa mier SimSiliT sasikvdilod

gametebuli es sofel-qalaqebis mosaxleoba (iqve, gv. 265), impera-

tori xSirad wers: Cvenma jarebma moarbies mTeli fasiani... moarbiesmisi midamoebi... cixeebi moisra~ (iqve, gv. 262-265).

kidev ufro sastiki iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mimarT impera-

tori basili bulgarTmmusvreli da Semdeg keisari konstantine, xolo

Semdeg ki romanozi.

165

am mxareebis qarTvelTa mxardaWeriT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I

SeebrZola basili keisars da Tavdapirvelad gaimarjva kidec.

`kualad Semoiqca basili, movida basians da iTxovda qveyanaTa da

cixeTa~ (q. c., t. I, 282).

qarTulma jarma, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT, gaaTa-

visufla vrceli miwa-wyali basianidan vanis tbamde, qarTvelTa ga-

marjvebiT gulmoklulma imperatorma mematianis sityviT, jvris Ta-

yvaniscemazec ki uaris Tqma gadawyvita, Tu qarTvelebs ar daama-

rcxebda.

man ubrZana `moyvanebad Zelisa cxovrebisa da mandili wmida dadva

qveyanisa zeda da Tqua: ukueTu mimce xelTa mtrisiTa, arRara viyo Ta-

yvanismcemel Sendami ukunisamde~ (q.c. I, gv. 287).

meore omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg basili II-m _ `kualad uborotesad

SurisgebiT moaoxra qveyanani igi~, anu iberia.XI saukuenSi saqarTvelom es mxareebi dakarga, aq saqarTvelos

eklesiis iurisdiqciac daemcro da aRniSnuli mxare eklesiurad

daeqvemdebara konstantinopols, romelmac aq lazikis samitropoli-

to~ daaarsa, centriT trapizuntSi.

`zemo qveynebis~ mosaxleoba saqarTvelos gamoeTiSa, saxelmwifoe-

brivad bizantiaSi Seiyvanes, magram, Cans, TviT xalxs Tavisi erovnu-

li vinaoba kargad Seunaxavs, rac gamoCnda Turq-seljukTa Semoseve-

bis Semdeg. am dros damarcxebulma bizantiam es qveyana datova, ma-

gram mkvidrma, musulmanebTan mebrZolma mosaxleobam, SeZlo kvlav

aRedgina erovnul-qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba da is Sevida samcxe-

saaTabagos samTavroSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi kvlav Sevida basianis,

taos, ispiris, artaanis, SavSeTis da sxva olqebi. amis gamo qarTuli

eklesia Tavis iurisdiqcias kvlav axorcielebda valaSkertis, anisi-

sa, yarsisa da sxva adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saepiskoposoebze,

romelnic cxadia qarTulenovanni iyvnen. TviT Turqul dokument-

ebSi am olqebis momcvel qveyanas `saqarTvelo~ ewodeba.

magaliTad, 1515 wlis dokumentiT roca osmaleTis did vezirs

sinan faSas adgilobrivi, e.i. aRniSnuli qveynebis dalaSqvra daeva-

la, am qveynebs (e.i. basians _ taos CaTvliT) gurjistani ewodeboda

(`Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisTvis~, 1983, gv. 9).

166

imave 1515 wlis osmaluri dokumenti samcxe saaTabagos mTavris

Sesaxeb aRniSnavs _ seraqiri manuCari gaxda saqarTvelos damoukide-beli fadiSahi~ (iqve, gv. 11). am `saqarTveloSi~ (anu samcxe-tao-ba-

sianSi) mravali cixe da sofeli iyo, romelTa ricxvi aTass aRwevda

(iqve, gv. 32). maTi didi nawili `azonis Svilebad cnobili aznaurebi-

saa~ _ wers Turquli dokumenti (iqve, gv. 34). tao-basianisa da mimde-

bare qarTuli mxareebis aznaurebs `azonis Svilebi~ erqvaT, radga-

nac iyvnen STamomavlebi farnavaz mefis wina azon mefis dadebulebisa.

maT es xsovna XVI s-mde hqoniaT SenarCunebuli.es mxareebi dampyrobelTa cvalebadobis miuxedavad qarTuli qvey-

nebi iyvnen, romelTa erovnul TviTSemecnebas jer kidev azon-far-

navazis dros Caeyara safuZveli, qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebSi.

rogorc adre armenielebma da bizantielebma, osmalebmac daipyres

TorTumi, fanaskerti, arzrumi, artaani da sxva mxareebi, banasa da

xaxulis eklesiebis olqebi, qarTvelTa denacionalizacia kvlav gagr-

Zelda. osmaluri wyaros cnobiT, am process aadvilebda is, rom

rogorc osmaluri wyaro werda _ qarTvelebi erTmaneTTan brZola-

Si da erTimeoris xocvaSi arian gamudmebiT~ (iqve, gv. 48).

167

Tavi V

`armeniis~ qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba

`berZnuli da qarTuli qristianoba~

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqia, rogorc aRini-

Sna, XI s.-Si moicavda vrcel miwa-wyals trapezuntidan vanis tbamde,

amitomac cxadia, mis saepiskoposoebSi wirva-locvis ena iyo berZnu-

li. eparqiis mosaxleoba e.w. berZnul qristianobas~ eziara. m. berZniS-

vili werda _ `berZnebTan dapirispireba didi erovnuli saqme iyo,

qarTulma feodalurma urTierTobam rom gamoiwvia, amanve gamoiwvia

somxebisagan gaTiSva... qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis niSania

qarTuli qristianoba, romelic somxurs (aRmosavlurs) gamoeTiSa da

dasavlurs (berZnuls) ar SeuerTda~ (n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos

istoriis sakiTxebi, masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografii-

saTvis, Tb., 1990, gv. 252).

n. berZeniSvili wers saqarTvelos saeklesio enis Sesaxebac: ueWve-

lia enisaTvis aseTi didi mniSvnelobis micema didi kulturuli brZo-

lisa da Zlieri kulturis maCvenebelia. es jer kidev qristianobis Se-

mosvlidan Cans, roca kulturulad dawinaurebulma iberiam qarTu-

li qristianoba moiwyo (bizantiam amis saSualeba ar misca lazikas...),

man Semdgomac daicva is da kidev meti: Seetoqa berZnul qristianobas

(lazikaSi) da ara marto berZnuls, aramed somxurs (somxeTSi, taoSi,

sperSi, SirakSi), albanurs (hereTSi)~ (iqve, gv. 415).

`qarTuli qristianobis~ erT-erTi umTavresi saZirkveli iyo saek-

lesio qarTuli ena _ gasagebi yvela qarTuli tomisaTvis, radganac

am enis gamoyenebis sawyis epoqaSi jer kidev sustad diferencirebu-

li yofila fuZe-qarTuli ena. welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze _ anu I-II ss-

Si T. gamyreliZe _ g. maWavarianis cnobiT, jer kidev arsebobda e.w.

168

`zanur-qarTuli~ enobrivi mTlianoba, rac, rogorc Cans, safuZvlad

iqca saeklesio, anu Zveli qarTuli enisa.

k. kekeliZe wers _ `qarTuli saeklesio mwerloba dawyebula bib-

liuri wignebis gadmocemiT... mTargmnelebi iZulebulni xdebodnen

SeeguebinaT TavianTi Targmani warmarTuli azrovnebisaTvis, ram-

denadac es mosaxerxebeli iyo da gamoeyenebinaT maragi warmarTuli

sakraluri enisa. axali ideebi, axali azrebi, axali filosofiur-re-

ligiuri da moraluri Sexedulebani xSirad gadmoicemian am Targman-

Si iseTi sityvebiTa da terminebiT, iseTi formebiTa da saxeebiT,

romelnic uSualod warmarTuli wyaroebidan modian da romelnic

pirvelyofil qarTul qristianobas sinkretul xasiaTs aZleven~ (k.

kekeliZe, etiudebi, I, 1956, gv. 186).

XI s-Si samxreT taos yofili samefos mosaxleoba konstantinopo-

lis sapatriarqoSi moeqca, iqamde is qarTul saeklesio iurisdiq-

ciaSi imyofeboda. amitomac cdilobda berZnul eklesiaSic Seenar-

Cunebina qarTulenovani wirva-locva. episkopos zaqaria val-

aSkertelisa da aToneli mamebis didi Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, maT es

mxolod nawilobriv SeZles.

169

wmida ninos jvari dasavleT armeniaSi (VI-XI ss.)

vaxtang gorgaslis anZianZorSi da karnu-qalaqSi laSqrobis mi-

uxedavad, iberiam ver SeZlo xorZenesa da pariadris, iberebis isto-

riuli teritoriebis, ukan dabruneba, radganac ori imperia _ sparseTi

da bizantia erTmaneTs ecileboda ukve armeniad saxeldebul am miwa-

wyals. sabolood maT armenia erTmaneTs Soris gaiyves.

bizantiur anu dasavleT armeniaSi moeqca pariadre da xorZenes

erT nawilTan erTad, meore nawili ki xorZena-gogarenisa persarme-

niaSi moeqca.

dapyrobil armeniis qveyanaSi stabilurobis miRwevis mizniT, bi-

zantia cdilobda somexi xalxis gulis mogebas da mis im pretenziebs

akmayofilebda, romelic xels ar uSlida imperiis uSiSroebas.

aseT viTarebaSi dasavleT armeniaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi iZu-

lebulni iyvnen CarTuliyvnen Sidasaqveyno saqmianobaSi da Tanda-

TanobiT ufro Rrmavdeboda maTi armenizaciis procesi, magram dasav-

leT armeniaSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs erovnuli cnobiereba mTlianad

rom ar daukargavT, kargad Cans im sasoebis gamoxatviT, romelic

maT hqondaT wmida ninosa da misi jvris mimarT.

wmida nino erTgvarad maTi erovnulobis sayrdeni Ruza iyo, romel-

ic gulebSi Rrmad Camarxul erovnul vinaobas anarCunebinebda.

somxeTis qarTvelTa gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli saqarTvelos mi-

marT, gamoixateboda wmida ninos jvris pativiscemiT.

maT isic ki SeZles, rom wmida ninos jvari moepovebinaT. is sasoe-

biT gadaasvenes e.w. armeniis mxareebSi (sinamdvileSi ki qarTvelTa is-

toriul samSobloSi, vanandis mxareSi, yarsSi da maxlobel mxareebSi).

armeniis am nawilSi wmida ninos jvari ramdenime saukunis manZilze

inaxeboda _ is ki Tavisi madliT TiTqos iyo Suqura armeniis qarTvel-

Ta erovnulobis gamosabrwyineblad armenizaciis burusidan.

wmida ninos jvari VI s-Si samxreT saqarTvelodan anu gugarqidan

taronSi wausvenebiaT da wm. lazares taZarSi dausvenebiaT, iqidan ki

sperSi, saidanac is qarTuli warmoSobis (Wan) somxeTis erisTavs

grigol mamikonians kapuetis anu lurj cixeSi gadausvenebia, riTac

man gamoxata siyvaruli Tavisi mamulebis (sperisa da taos) ganmanaTle-

170

blis mimarT. marTlac movses xorenaci wmida ninos klarjeTis mqada-

gebels uwodebs `iqadaga klarjeTidan masquTebamde~ _ werda is. va-

xuStis cnobiT tao-speri klarjeTis nawils warmoadgenda.

istoriuli klarjeTi ki vaxuStis cnobiT moicavda sxva mxareebTan

erTad sper-tao-TorTomsac, romelTac imJamad mamikonianTa ojaxi

marTavda. maT Cans kargad icodnen TavianTi qarTuli warmoSoba (rasac

miuTiTebs adonci) da amitomac uvlidnen da mtkice SemarTebiT icavd-

nen wmida ninos jvars.

wmida ninos Sesaxeb berZnul-qalkedonur monastrebSi Sekedlebu-

li is kulturulad armenizebuli qarTveli berebic ki werdnen,

romelTac wera-kiTxva icodnen somxurad da Seswavlili ar hqondaT

qarTuli mwignobroba. maT, movses xorenaciseuli cnoba wmida ninos

Sesaxeb, SehqondaT eklesiis sakiTxav TvenSi. isini qalkedonitur

somxur eklesias mikedlebuli eTnikuri anu armenizebuli qarTvelebi

iyvnen, Tumca ki maT amJamad somexi istorikosebi `somex-qalkedo-

nitebs~ uwodeben.

rogorc aRiniSna, cnobili somexi mkvlevari `pravoslavnaia en-

ciklopediiis~ erT-erT statiaSi wers: На одном из (e.i. XI s. Tvenis)

его листов записана «история Нуне», что свидетельствует об участии Арм-Халк.В Арм. Литератури. (ПЭ. III, c. 32).

sinamdvileSi ki es faqti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor gafacicebiT

hkrefdnen gasomxebis piras misuli dasavleT armeniis qarTvelebi

(Tumca ki wevrebi somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiisa) cnobebs wmida ni-

nosa da qarTuli eklesiis istoriis Sesaxeb da isini somxur-qalke-

donur saeklesio wignebSic SehqondaT, radganac araviTari saSuale-

ba ar hqondaT monawileoba mieRoT qarTul saeklesio cxovrebaSi,

amasTanave im mxareebSi imJamad qarTuli eklesia-monastrebi arc

arsebobdnen.

171

wmida nino _ armeniis qarTvelebis

erovnuli droSa (IX-X ss.)

IX-X ss-Si, somxuri eklesiisagan Tavis daxsnis epoqaSi, zemo qvey-

nebidan~ da tao-klarjeTidan gamosuli wmida mamebi Zalze xSirad

xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen wmida ninos Rvawls da mis mimarT TavianT

madlierebas.

XX s-Si qarTul mecnierebaSi is azric ki warmoiSva, rom TiTqos-

da ninos kulti qarTvelTa Soris Camoyalibda IX-X ss-dan~ (aseTi iyo

imJamindeli terminologia), sinamdvileSi ara mTel qarTul ekle-

siaSi, aramed mxolod im qarTul mxareebSi, romelnic IX-X ss-mde

armeniaSi iyvnen moqceulni, daiwyes miTiTeba wmida ninos Rvawlis

Sesaxeb. amiT qarTvelebi, anu yofil armeniaSi mcxovrebi qarTvele-

bi, TavianT Tavs eTnikurad mijnavdnen iqve, maT gverdiT mcxovreb

somex qalkedonitebisagan.

rac Seexeba somex qalkedonitebs, maT TavianTi Tavi miaCndaT ara

wmida ninos, aramed TavianTi eTnikuri saeklesio winaprebis memkvid-

reebad. amis Sesaxeb sruliad samarTlianad miuTiTebs v. aruTinova-

fidaniani, romelic wers _ «Армяне - халкидониты, считали себя наследни-ками Саака Партева, Месропа Маштоца и Нерсеса Великого. Арм. Язык былбогослужебным языком Арм. халк.-ов даже в тех случаях, когда они подвизалисьв Греч. монастырях (Православная Энциклопедия, Т.3, 2001, стр. 328).

aruTinova-fidaniani samarTlianad wers, rom somexi qalkedonitebi

TavianT Tavs grigol ganmanaTleblis da sahak parTelis, maStocis

memkvidreebad miiCnevdnen da ara wmida ninosi, rom maTi saRvTism-

saxuro ena mudam iyo somxuri.

maTgan gamocalkevebis, e.i. somex-qalkedonitebisagan gamijvnis

mizniT qarTveli qalkedonitebi TavianT Tavs miiCnevdnen qarTvelTa

ganmanaTlebel wmida ninos memkvidreebad da ara aRniSnuli grigol

somexTa ganmanaTleblisa, sahak parTelisa Tu sxva somxuri eklesiisdamaarseblebisa.

amitomac, wmida ninos xseneba erTgvari niSani iyo eTnikurobis

gamovlenisa.

172

wm. nino lazikaSi (IV s.)

(sotiropoli, lazia, alania)

lazeTis mitropolitma germanem moskovSi XVII s-Si ruseTis xelm-

wifes werilobiT moaxsena, rom misi sakaTedro taZari qalaq ofSi

(xofSi) agebulia iverTa miwebis ganmanaTleblis mier _ «строила святаяИрина, ею же Иверская земля приводена во святое крещение» (pavle ingor-

oyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 262). am dokumentidan Cans, rom Zveli

epoqis saeklesio ierarqTa mier lazeTi iveriis erTerT nawilad

miiCneoda da lazeTi erqva ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed samxreT-

dasavleTs.

p. ingoroyvas mier moskovis mTavari arqividan amoRebuli am ma-

salidan Cans, rom xofas eklesia augia iverielTa miwebis gamaqris-

tianebel qals irinas, cxadia, igulisxmeba wm. nino. p. ingoroyvac

wers, rom wmida nino am dokumentSi irinad iwodeba.

am dokumentis Sedgenamde didi xniT adre igives, rom am mxareeb-

is, e.i. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos gamaqristianebeli iyo wm. nino,

miuTiTebda V saukunis somexi istorikosi m. xorenaci:

is werda _ `wm. ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan masquTebamde~, maSasa-

dame, klarjeTSi, V s. am avtoris cnobiT, wmida ninos uqadagia.

xofa klarjeTis nawili iyo, radganac wyaroebSi ixsenieba _ bolo

klarjeTisa, zRvispiri~, xofa _ klarjeTis bolo anu zRvispira naw-

ilis dasawyisSi mdebareobda.

es miwa-wyali igive lazeTia, lazikaa. amitomac hqonda xofas epar-

qiis xelmZRvanels tituli `lazeTis mitropolitisa~, masSi Sedio-

da miwa-wyali of-rizedan vidre md. Woroxamde.

p. ingoroyvas rukis mixedviT, aRniSnuli xofi anu ofi (igive

sotiropoli _ sotrapela) mdebareobda trapezuntidan aRmosavleT

zRvispirze, misgan daaxloebiT 25 km daSorebiT, romelsac mosdevda

q. rize.

ofsa da rizes Sua punqti axali banakebi~ (`kene parambole~) yofila.

rizedan aTenamde punqti kordvili, xolo aTenadan biwemde tam-

buri (zRvis piri hamamaSeni);

173

biwes mosdevda arqabi, xufaTi, afsarosi da gonia (ix. p. ingoroy-

vas ruka, gv. 272).

zemoT moyvanili cnobidan Cans, rom q. ofi (da rize) IV s-Si Sedio-

da qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, romlis ganmanaTlebeli iyo wm.

nino da romelsac augia ofis taZari, radganac IV s-Si zRvispireTis

es teritoria iberiis anu qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda (aq SeiZleba

gavixsenoT, rom berZnul-romauli wyaroebiTac am adgilebSi mcxov-

rebi Zidritebis tomi I s-Si iberiis mefe farsmans emorCileboda).

iberiis samefos, V s-Si, e.w. bizantia-lazikis omis dros daukar-

gavs zRvispireTis teritiriis nawili ofidan-xufaTamde.

klarjeTis erisTavi gubaz I, romelsac bizantielebi lazTa mefes~

uwodeben iZulebuli gamxdara daedo bizantiasTan zavi, romlis Sem-

degac sazRvarma ofidan xufaTSi gadmoiwia.

wmida ninos lazikaSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb wers gelasi kesarieli,

V s-is avtori. is wers `tyve qalma iqadaga iberTa da lazTa Soris~,

xolo movses xorenaci aseve V s-Si werda, rom wm. ninom iqadaga klar-

jeTSi (klarjeTidan masquTebamde), klarjeTi ki berZnuli wyaroeb-

is lazika anu samxreT egrisia.

sotiropolis kaTedris saxeli ukavSirdeba aseve alaniis samit-

ropolitos.

imis gamo, rom gaqristianebul alanebs esaWiroebodaT TavianTi

episkoposi, magram maT (alanebs) ar gaaCndaT mudmivi sacxovrebeli

adgili nomaduri (momTabaruli) cxovrebis gamo, konstantinopols

gadauwyvetia kavkasiis zRvispira romelime Tavis iurisdiqciis qveS

myof qalaqSi daesva alanebisaTvis saWiro episkoposi. es yofila q.

sotiropolisi p. ingoroyvas kvleviT (dasax. naSr. gv. 259).

marTlac, sotiropolisis CrdiloeTiT mTeli SavizRvispireTi

vidre nikofsiamde saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda,

xolo nikofsias iqiT SavizRvispireTSi ar iyo mSvidobiani cxovreba.

amitomac konstantinopoli iZulebuli iyo alanebisagan Zalze

moSorebiT daearsebina alaniis kaTedra.

konstantinopoluri dokumenti iuwyeba _ `alaniis mitropolias

sruliad ar aqvs sakuTari samRvdelmTavro kaTedra, radgan aqauri

xalxi momTabareobas, nomadur cxovrebas eweva~ (dasax. naSr. gv. 259).

174

ai, es yofila mizezi, rom alaniis mitropolia XII saukuneSi gauer-

TianebiaT sotiropolis saeklesio olqTan, romelic am dros kon-

stantinopolis sapatriarqoSi Sedioda.

aq, sotiropolis zonaSi iyo am epoqaSi `sazRvari bizantiasa da

saqarTvelos Soris~ (iqve, gv. 260).

XIII s-Si saqarTvelos (mesxeTis samTavros) SeuerTebia trapizonis

aqeTi qveynebi, maT Soris, sotiropolisi.

amis gamo konstantinopols sotiropolis kaTedra gadautania

trapizonSi.

alaniis samitropolito XIII-XVI ss-Si osmalebis gabatonebamde Se-

dioda saqarTvelos sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi, kerZod, mas Semdeg,

rac q. sotiropolis mxare daukavSirda saqarTvelos samefos mesxeTis

samTavros me-13 saukunidan, eklesiuradac is Sevida saqarTvelos ek-

lesiis iurisdiqciaSi, da Seadgina qarTuli saeklesio olqi _ ofis anulaziis mitropolitis meTaurobiT, romlis kaTedra XVI s-Si guriaSi _

satrapelaSi mdebareobda. mas alaniis mitropolitis titulic hqon-

da. magaliTad, afxazTa kaTalikosis mier 1646 w. nakurTx laziis mit-

ropolits germanes (gv. 263).

am Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtidan gamomdinare alaniisa da laziis

samitropolitoebis sulieri memkvidreoba ekuTvnis saqarTvelos ek-

lesias da ara ruseTis eklesias, radganac swored saqarTvelos ek-

lesiis iurisdiqciaSi jer kidev XVI saukuneSi Semovida alaniisa da

laziis samitropolitoebi konstantinopolisa da trapezuntis im-

periebis daqcevis Semdeg.

amis aRniSvna saWiroa, radganac pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ mi-

iCnevs, rom alaniis eparqiis memkvidre aris ruseTis eklesia, rad-

ganac alaniis eparqiis iurisdiqciis qveS mdebare miwebi amJamad ru-

seTSia.

kidev erTxel rom gavimeoroT, faqtebiT ar mtkicdeba amJamad

oficialurad miRebuli debuleba, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo ekle-

siurad bizantiis xelqveS iyo da aq berZnuli wirva-locva iyo gavr-

celebuli.

numizmatikuri da arqeografiuli masala sxvas miuTiTebs _ dasav-

leT saqarTvelo iyo qarTlis samefos safinanso da eklesiuri nawili.

175

SeuZlebelia, am mxriv kidev erTxel ar gavixsenoT somxuri wyaros

cnoba, rom kirioni Zveli wesis Sesabamisad egrisis arqiepiskoposic iyo~.

По сведениям арм. историка католикоса Ованнеса Драсханакертци, в к. VIв. К., «согласно прежним законам», был возведен в сан католикоса «иверов,гугаров и эгров [лазов в визант. источках.— Авт.]» (Ованнес Драсханакертци«История Армении», Ереван, 1984. Перевод с древнеармянского М.О. Дарбинян-Меликян. Глава XVI, ст. 55).

X saukuneSi somexTa kaTalikosma ioanem somxur-qarTuli saekle-

sio ganxeTqilebis udidesi daZabvis dros, mkiTxvels miawoda cnoba

qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi egrisis Semavlobis Sesaxeb, `mcxe-

Tis kaTalikosi kirioni egrsis arqiepiskoposic iyo winandeli wesis

Tanaxmado~.

kirionis winandeli drois wesebis~ qveS albaT VI saukuneSi arse-

buli viTareba igulisxmeba.

kidev ufro adre V s-Si samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (klarjeT-

Si) qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Sesaxeb werda movses xorenaci.

rogorc iTqva, xorenaci wers _ wmida ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan

masquTedamde Tavisi advilad gasagebi eniT~.

maSasadame wmida ninos klarjeTSic uqadagnia, dasturdeba Tu

ara es cnoba sxva romelime cnobiT?

lazeTis mitropoliti germane adasturebda, rom wmida ninom

iqadaga lazeTSi.

rogorc aRiniSna, lazeTis mitropoliti germane 1651 wels ruse-

Tis mefisadmi wardgenili angariSSi wers, rom lazeTis mitropoli-

tis samyofeli q. ofis taZari wmida ninos dauarsebia da mis epoqaSi

sazRvrad saqarTvelosa da bizantias Soris miiCneoda ofi, rizesTan

axlos. am ofsac _ xofi erqva. aq yofila aRmarTuli qvis sasazRvro

didi sveti, am adgilebSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze dauarsebia wmida

ninos ofis anu xofis kaTedra. amitomac SemdgomSi, xelsayreli mo-

mentis dadgomisas aRsdga Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba da aqauri laze-

Tis mitropoliti aRsdga qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiaSi.

rogorc aRiniSna, gelasi werda _ wmida ninos mier RmrTis mcneba

miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da

lazebma~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 227).

176

IV saukuneSi, wmida ninos dros, rize-xufaTis regions lazika rom

erqva, rogorc iTqva, miuTiTebs lazeTis mitropolit germanes 1651

wels ruseTis mefisadmi wardgenili angariSi, rom lazeTis mitro-

politis samyofeli q. ofis taZari wmida ninos dauarsebia.

lazeTs Cvenc im qveyanas vuwodebT, romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi

ewodeba `klarjeTi, bolo klarjeTisa, zRvispiri~. swored, aq

dauarsebia wmida ninos ofis kaTedra _ lazeTis mitropolitis cno-

biT, xolo xorenacis cnobiT wm. ninom klarjeTSic iqadaga, amito-

mac, Cans wmida ninos mosvlis periodSi xsenebuli mxare klarjeTis

erisTavs eqvemdebareboda.

wmida ninos lazikaSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb arsebuli berZnuli

wyaroebi, ratomRac Cvens istoriografiaSi miuRebelia. gelasi ke-

sarielis cnobiT xom tyve qalis mier miiRes qristianoba iberebma

da lazebma, rac mitropolit germanes mier naxseneb mxares gulisx-

mobs sadacaa ofis (xofas) kaTedra.

lazeTi, berZeni avtoris TqmiT, mdebareobda `pontos gaswvriv~.

pontos sazRvarTan mdebare miwa-wyali, romelic iwodeboda lazi-

kad (ofis regioni), igivea, rac qarTuli wyaros `klarjeTis zRvis

piri~, maSasadame, xorenacis cnobas, rom wmida ninom iqadaga klar-

jeTSic adasturebs aseve V saukunisve berZnuli wyaroebi da lazTa

mitropoliti XVII saukunisa. am cnobaTa urTierTSejerebiT irkveva,

rom klarjeTi igive lazikaa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom xorenacis garda wmida ninos klarjeTSi moR-

vaweobis Sesaxeb cnoba hqonia agaTangelozsac, amis Sesaxeb TviT

xorenaci wers.

ratom ar aisaxa qarTul wyaroebSi cnoba wmida ninos lazeTSi

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb?

unda iTqvas isic, qarTlis samefos daSlis Semdeg, rac mis teri-

toriebze sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi Camoyalibda

(Tbilisis saamiro, taSir-Zorakertis samefo, afxazTa da qarTvel-

Ta, kaxTa da herTa samefoebi), Cans moxda axali redaqtireba wmida

ninos cxovrebisa (albaT VIII-X saukuneebSi) epoqis suliskveTebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

177

axal, arabTa epoqaSi naredaqtirev, anu Cvenamde moRweuli wmida

ninos cxovrebis mixedviT, is ar qadagebda arc lazeT-klarjeTSi,

arc kaspiispira vrcel mxareSi klarjeTidan masquTebamde~ (rogorc

werda m. xorenaci), is axla ukve im patara qarTlis ganmanaTlebelia,

romelic arabTa batonobis Sedegad warmoiqmna `yoveli qarTlis~

damcrobis Semdeg, am patara qarTlis sazRvrebic damcrobilia, is

javaxeTidan bodbemde TuRa aRwevs.

axali redaqtirebis nakvalevi Cans sxva mxrivac. magaliTad, axal

redaqtorebs ukve aRar sjeraT wmida ninos qarTulenovneba.

Tu ki wmida ninos epoqis movses xorenacisaTvis wmida nino qarTve-

li xalxisaTvis advilad gasageb enaze, e.i. qarTul enaze, qadagebda,

axali IX-X-XI saukuneTa redaqtorebisaTvis wmida ninos ukve Tarji-

mani _ berZnuli enis mcodne esaWiroeba qarTvelebTan urTierTobi-

saTvis, kerZod `sefeqalma SroSanam ixila igi (nino) xesa mas qveSe,gankvirda da moiyvana berZnulad metyveli dedakaci da hkiTxa gza misi~

(qarTuli mwerloba, 1987, gv. 78).

Tuki xorenacs V saukuneSi ar eeWveboda wmida ninos epoqaSi qarTu-

li enis arealis ganfena klarjeTidan vidre kaspiis zRvis piras mde-

bare masquTebamde, axla arabobis Semdeg qarTuli enis areali Sem-

cirebuli Cans. gelasi kesarielsac ar eeWveboda wmida ninos qadageba

iberTa da lazTa Soris, radganac aqac erTiani enobrivi areali unda

yofiliyo.

safiqrebelia, rom erTiani qarTlis saxelmwifos rRvevam (rac gan-

sakuTrebiT gagrZelda arabobis dros), gamoiwvia aseve iqamde erTiani

saerTo - fuZe qarTuli enis diferenciaciac, albaT warmoiqmna kidec

axal saxelmwifo erTeulebSi iqamde erTiani enis kiloebi Tu dia-

leqtebi.

unda aRiniSnos, Cveni wyaroebis miTiTeba, rom iqamde saerTo

qarTul enas TiTqmis aTaswlovani saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia hqon-

da. SemTxveviTi araa, mematianis naTqvami, rom aRmosavleT-dasavleT

saqarTvelos mpyrobel farnavazis epoqaSi `arRara izraxeboda sxva

ena Tvinier qarTulisa~, anu klarjeT (lazeT), dasavleT da aRmosav-

leT saqarTveloSi erTi ena _ saerTo-saxalxo qarTuli ena funq-

cionirebda.

178

qarTuli wyaroebisave cnobiT farnavazis Semdeg qarTlis same-

foSi Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebidan TiTqmis yovelTvis Sedioda klarjeTi

da aseve, dasavleT saqarTvelo vidre VI s-is bolomde, amitom qarTul

enas ganvlili hqonia saerTo saxelmwifoebriv-kulturuli cxovreb-

is TiTqmis aTasi weli. amitomac, arabobis epoqaSi misi (saerTo saxalxo

qarTuli enis) daSla-diferenciaciam ver moaxdina mniSvnelovani gav-

lena da is kvlav saerTo-saeklesio-kulturis enad darCa axal saxelm-

wifoebriv erTeulebSi afxazTa samefoSi, kaxeTis saqorepiskoposoSi,

herTa samefoSi, tao-klarjeTSi _ Tumca ukve dabali socialuri fene-

bi albaT ukve iwyebdnen dialeqtur doneze metyvelebas.

armeniis iberiuli zolis saunjeni (`qebaY da

didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~ da wmida ninos jvari)

a. armeniis qarTvelTa saunje (VI_X ss).

VI-VIII ss-Si, mas Semdeg, rac gugarqsa, taosa Tu basianSi mcxovrebi

mkvidri qarTvelebi politikurad aRmoCdnen persarmeniasa Tu ro-

maul armeniaSi da moeqcnen somxur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi, am mxa-

reebSi daiwyo qarTuli enis totaluri devna _ es gansakuTrebiT

iTqmis persarmeniaSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa Sesaxeb.

daiwyo qarTvelTa armenizaciis TiTqmis Seuqcevadi procesi.

qarTvelTa armenizacia SedarebiT neli tempiT mimdinareobda

`romaul~, anu dasavleT armeniaSi imis gamo, rom aq eklesiebSi RvTism-

saxureba berZnulenovani iyo. amis gamo aq mosaxleobis armenizaciis

procesi ver dasrulda.

maxloblad mcxovrebma (e.i. taos, kolas, basianis da sxva kuTxee-

bis) qarTvelebma icodnen, rom isini erovnulad qarTvelebi iyvnen,

magram rogorc bizantiur (berZnul-romaul), aseve somxur (spar-

sul, Semdeg arabul) olqebSi maT mSobliur qarTul enas devnidnen,

aviwrovebdnen, ar aZlevdnen saxelmwifoebriv da saeklesio enis

funqcias. amis gamo, VI-VIII saukuneebSi armeniis iberiul zolSi qarTu-

179

li ena iqca `mdabal da dawunebul enad~, mxolod imedi asuldgmu-

lebdaT iqaur vinaobaSenarCunebul qarTvelebs. icodnen, odesme

dadgeboda iseTi dRe, roca qarTuli ena Tavis uflebebs aRidgenda.

am kuTxis qarTvelebis imedi sinas mTis berma Segvinaxa. iq daculi

qarTuli xelnaweriT _ `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~.

b. qebaY da didebaYs~ saeklesio safuZvlebi (VI-X ss.)

sinas mTis qarTul xelnawerTa Soris daculi pirveli aTaswleu-

lis qristianuli Zegli qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~ mkveTrad

gansxvavdeba msoflio eklesiaSi danergil kanonikuri teqstebisagan

da ufro apokrifuls emsgavseba, magram rogorc aRmoCnda mas aqvs

Tavisi saeklesio safuZvlebi qarTul enasTan dakavSirebiT.

`qebaY da didebaYs~ qristiani avtori saeklesio safuZvlis gareSe

ar miscemda Tavis Tavs nebas ganecxadebina teqstSi naTqvmi sityvebi,

rom qarTuli ena Semkulia da kurTxeulia uflis saxeliT~,.aseTi safuZveli ki gaxldaT Zalze amaRelvebeli momentebi asure-

li mamebis cxovrebidan, roca maT uflis mier miiRes codna qarTu-

li enisa (msgavsad imisa, rogorc wmida mociqulebma sulTmofenobi-

sas miiRes sxvadasxva enebis codna), rac miuTiTebda qarTuli enis

sazepuroobas,

Zvel saqarTveloSi ganuzomlad didi iyo avtoriteti asureli

mamebisa, maT wmida ninos Semdeg qarTlis anu saqarTvelos axal gan-

manaTleblad miiCnevdnen (Cans VI saukuneSi monofizitebisa da cecx-

lTayvanismcemlebis mZlavrobis gamo, romelTa winaaRmdegac isini

ibrZodnen).

isini iyvnen pirveli aTaswleulis qarTuli eklesiis udidesi wmi-

danebi. sinas mTaze, iq, sadac pirvel aTaswleulSi `qebaisa da dide-

bais~ mravali teqsti gadaiwera, moulodnelad, XX saukuneSi, aR-

moCnda iqamde daviwyebuli sinas mTis berebis uZvelesi xelnawerebi,

romelTa Sorisaa asureli mamebis cxovrebani, moqcevaY qarTlisaY-

sasTan~ erTad.

es miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom asureli mamebi qalkedonitebi iyvnen

da eklesiis wmidanebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pirveli aTaswleulis

180

msoflio mniSvnelobis marTlmadidebelTa centrSi _ sinas mTis mon-

asterSi maT `cxovrebebs~ ar gamoiyenebdnen saeklesio praqtikaSi

(k.kekeliZe maT monofizitebad miiCnevda).

asureli mamebi iyvnen ara mxolod marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmi-

danebi, aramed qarTuli enis aRorZinebis mamebi, misi uflismieri

damcvel-mepatroneni.

arsebobs qarTuli enis dasacavad maTze gardamosuli zegardamo

mfarvelobis faqtebi da gvaqvs Sesabamisi ueWveli da uZvelesi wyaroe-

bi, esaa TviT am wmidaTa `cxovrebani~.

vin iyvnen asureli mamebi da ra kavSiri hqondaT maT qarTul ena-

sTan? warmoSobis mixedviT araviTari, maT Tavdapirvelad saerTod

arc icodnen qarTuli ena da arc ki smenodaT qarTlis qveynis Sesax-

eb. amas mogviTxroben TviT am wmidaTa cxovrebani.

ioane zedazneli, romelic iyo meTauri asureli mamebisa, erovnebiT

asuri iyo, asureTSi mcxovrebi da iq dabadebuli. mas gagonilic ki

ar hqonda imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobda qarTvelTa qveyana da qarTu-

li ena. gamoxda xani, mas mieca uflismieri brZaneba, rom unda eqada-

ga qarTvelebis qveyanaSi. marTlac is mowafeebTan erTad Semovida

qarTlSi da qarTuli eniT daiwyo xalxis damoZRvra.

rogor? man Seiswavla qarTuli ena? ara, mas sagangebod ar Seus-

wavlia qarTuli ena da arc dro dauxarjavs mis Sesaswavlad. moxda

didi saswauli, am enasTan dakavSirebiT, iseTi saswauli da Tanac

yvelasaTvis gasagebi, rom mis garSemo myofi adamianebi am saswauliT

didad SeSindnen da amasTanave gakvirdnen kidec.

ra moxda? wmidanis cxovrebis Tanaxmad ufalma ineba, rom rogorc

wmida mociqulebs miecaT sulTmofenobisas enebis codna (saqme, 2-

14), aseve suliwmidis mier erT wamSi~ anu elviseburi siswrafiT asu-

rel mama wmida ioane zedaznels mieca qarTuli enis codna: misi memati-

ane wers _ moeca ioanes enaY qarTulad metyveli... ese saswauli, Zmano,

mimsgavsebul ars sions gardamosvlasa sulisa wmidisasa wmidaTa zeda

mociqulTa da ganyofasa enaTasa cecxlisasa... suliTa wmidiTa wamsa

Sina aRatyua sityviTa zraxvad ioane, romeli arca odes asmioda, araTu

eswava ... romelni maSin mun iyvnes yovelni zarganxdilni da gankvirve-

181

bulni adidebs RmerTsa, moqmedsa sakvirvelebaTasa~ (`cxoreba da mo-

qalaqoba RirsTa mamaTa CuenTa Siosi da evgaresi~, 2005, gv. 29).

maSasadame:

1. suliwmidis mier ioane zedazneli qarTulad ametyvelda;

2. mas qarTuli enis codna mieca `wamsa Sina~, anu myisierad;

3. ioanes iqamde arasodes uswavlia qarTuli ena da arc ki smenoda

mis Sesaxeb;

4. ioanem maSinve daiwyo `sityvaTa zraxvad~ anu is ukve qarTuli

eniT warmoTqvamda frazebs da saerTod is qarTulad srulyofilad

ametyvelda, maSasadame unari mieca qarTulad qadagebisa;

5. es udidesi saswauli moxda sxvebis TandaswrebiT, ramac maT

SiSis zari dascaT da amave dros gaukvirdaT;

6. iq myofma adamianebma maSinve daiwyes RmerTis dideba, radganac

swored isaa (e.i. RmerTia) - `moqmedi sakvirvelebaTa~, anu saswauli

mxolod misgan momdinareobda.

7. saswauli Tavisi arsiT identuri iyo sulTmofenobisas `cecx-

lis enaTa ganyofisas~ mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvlisa da

maTi sxvadasxva enebze ametyvelebisa (cxovreba Siosi da evagresi,

2005, gv. 29).

aRsaniSnavia, rom ioane zedaznelis aRniSnuli saswaulis dros

mis gverdiT iyo misi mowafe Sio mRvimeli.

saswaulis mniSvneloba gaorkecda imiT, rom Sio mRvimelzec gad-movida madli suliwmidisa da isic ametyvelda qarTulad.

Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis aRmweri wers, rom wm. Sio iyo naTesaviTasuri... odes iovane, moZRvari misi uwyebiTa RmrTisaiTa qveyanadqarTlisa miiwia, eseca netari mis Tanave mogzaur iqmna da mis Tanavemociqulebrivi qadagebai aRasrula, romelTa RmerTman misca enaiqarTulad metyveli~ (`xsenebai sakvirvelmoqmedisa wmidisa mamisa Si-

osi~, 2005, gv. 113).

maSasadame:

1) Sio mRvimeli iyo eTnikuri asuri;

2) misi moZRvari ioane `RmrTis uwyebiT~ movida saqarTveloSi;

3) ioanem da Siom aRasrules mociqulebrivi qadageba;

4) maT RmerTma uboZa qarTuli enis codna _ `romelTa RmerTman

misca enai qarTulad metyveli~.

182

aRniSnulTa garda arsebobs agreTve Sio mRvimelis mokle cxovre-

bac, romelSic kerZod naTqvamia _ warmoemarTnen wmidanni da movid-

nen qarTlad.... kaTalikozsa evlabiozs gamoecxada angelozi ufli-

sai da auwya mosvla maTi da wina miegeboda... netarman iovaneca wamsa

Sina iswava ena qarTvelTa sulisa mier wmidisa~ (cxorebaY Sio mRvimel-

isa mokled naTqvami, 2005, gv. 107).

wm. Sios mokle cxovrebac~ imasve imeorebs, rac aRniSnulia sxva-

ganac, rom ioane zedaznelma `wamsa Sina iswava ena qarTvelTa sulis

mier wmidisa~.

am cxovrebaTa SejerebiT naTeli xdeba, rom ioane zedaznelma,

Sio mRvimelma da Cans sxva mamebmac RmrTis nebiT, suliwmidis mier

myisierad miiRes codna qarTuli enisa da RmerTis uwyebiT gamoe-

marTnen saqarTveloSi, xolo `angelozi uflisa~ afrTxilebda da

amzadebda saTanado pirebs maTTan Sesaxvedrad.

marTlac, sruliad gamorCeuli, unikaluri da albaT erTaderTia

msgavsi saswauli _ rac gameorebaa wmida mociqulebze suliwmidis

madliT enaTa dauflebisa, oRond am SemTxvevaSi, qarTul enazea RvTis

madli daSvebuli.

cxadia, es momenti ancvifrebda Zvel qarTvel mamebs da unergav-

da maT Tvalsazriss qarTuli enis gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb, miT-

umetes iseT regionebSi, sadac qarTuli ena dawunebuli~ iyo RvTism-

saxurebisaTvis saeklesio sferoSi da ar gamoiyeneboda eklesia-mo-

nastrebSi (igulisxmeba yofili persarmeniis regioni, tao-basianis

mxareebi) TiTqmis IX-X saukunemde da Semdegac.

asurel mamaTa aRniSnuli cxovrebani warmoadgendnen oficial-

ur sakiTxavebs, romelnic eklesiebSi xmamaRla ikiTxeboda wirva-

locvebis saTanado momentebis dros. mrevls odnavadac ki eWvi ar

epareboda mosmenilis sinamdvileSi.

es ambavi namdvilad rom ar momxdariyo arc aRwerdnen da arc

miiCnevdnen RmrTis sadidebel sakvirvel saswaulad.

sazogadod, locvis enas Zvel qristianul samyaroSi gansakuTre-

buli mniSvneloba eniWeboda, radganac axali aRTqmis~ qadagebiT ena

RvTiuri niSniT iyo aRbeWdili. es sagangebod euwyaT sulTmofeno-

bisas mociqulebsa da Sesabamisad pirvelqristianebs, roca `aRivs-

183

nen yovelni suliTa wmidiTa da iwyes sityvad ucxoTa enaTa, viTarca

suli igi miscemda maT sityvad~ (saqme, 2, 4).

amiT moixsna is enobrivi barieri, romelic pirvelmqadagebel mowa-

feebs SesaZloa SexvedrodaT, roca isini wavidnen dasamoZRvrad war-

marTebisa mTel msoflioSi.

aseTi enobrivi barieri elodaT asurel mamebsac saqarTveloSi,

magram, rogorc iTqva, suliwmidis mier maT (asurel mamebs) miecaT

ara zogadad codna sxvadasxva enebisa, aramed konkretulad, mxolod

qarTuli enisa.

qarTuli enis aseTi gamorCeva uflis mier, rac iyo Tvalxiluli

faqti ara mxolod asureli mamebis gverdiT mdgomTaTvis, aramed

qarTveli erisaTvisac, cxadia bunebrivi siamayiT avsebda qarTvel

mamebs.

aRiwereba iseTi momentic, roca magaliTad qarTlis kaTalikosi

Seegeba asurel mamebs asuruli eniT, magram maT qarTulad upasuxes.

asureli mamebi qarTulenovani mqadageblebi iyvnen, ufro metic,

qarTulenovani mwerlebic ki, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Sio mRvimelis qar-

Tulenovani leqsebi.

asurel mamebze uflis mier gardamovlenili es enobrivi momenti,

Cans, aZlierebda kirion I kaTalikosis Tavisi enobrivi reformis ga-

tarebisas gugarqSi.

rogorc cnobilia, gugarqi, TviT `epistoleTa wignis~ mixedvi-

Tac, warmoadgenda mcxeTeli kaTalikosis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval

eparqias, sadac adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobisaTvis IV sauku-

nidanve qarTul enaze aResruleboda wirva-locva (amas bolnisis

sionis warwerebi da sxva epigrafikuli masalac aCvenebs), amis miuxe-

davad VI s-Si sparselTa myrobelobisas (romelic somxur monofizi-

tur eklesias Zlier uWerda mxars), gugarqSi qarTuli mrevlisaTvis

eklesiebSi danerges somxurenovani msaxureba, iseve, rogorc taosa

da basianSi.

sparsTa Zlierebis SesustebisTanave, roca bizantiis sazRvarma gad-

moiwia da moadga Tbiliss, kirionma gabeda da ineba qarTulenovani

RvTismsaxurebis aRdgena gugarqis qarTuli mrevlisaTvis, ramac Zalze

aRaSfoTa somxuri eklesiis mesveurebi, maT maSinve daabezRes kirio-

184

ni sparsTa winaSe, romlebmac kirioni taxtidan Camoagdes da ucxo-

eTSi gandevnes.

rogorc iTqva, kirionis am didi brZolis mamxnevebeli iyo qarTu-

li enis uflismieri mfarveloba, romelic asureli mamebze gancxad-

da. kirions ufali amxnevebda asurel mamebze movlenili saswauliT.

safiqrebelia, rom qarTuli enis aseTi gamorCeuloba uflis mier

(rac, rogorc vTqviT faqti iyo), warmoadgenda erT-erT saeklesio

wyaros winaswarmetyvelebisa, romelsac qebai da didebai qarTulisa

enisai~ ewodeba.

mas, rogorc Cans, sxva saeklesio wyaroebic hqonda uflismieri

niSniT aRbeWdilni.

erT-erTi, unda iyos ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis epizodi.

IX saukuneSi wmida ilarions aukrZales qarTulenovani locva-

RvTismsaxureba berZnebma olimpos mTis monasterSi.

maSinve, berZen mamasaxliss gamoecxada yovladwmida RvTismSobe-

li da ganucxada mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enisa

metyvelni da cxonebad arian da romelni maT ar Seiwynareben, mter Cem-

da arian~ (s. yubaneiSvili, qrestomaTia, 1946, gv. 172). aq maTisa ena~,

niSnavs qarTul enas, radganac ambavi qarTvelebs exeboda. maTi eniT~

anu qarTuli eniT locviT cxoneba SesaZlebelia, es iyo saRmrTo

brZaneba _ gadmocemuli yovladwmida RvTismSoblis mier.

yovladwmidam miuTiTa cxonebis Sesaxeb, es ki iyo yoveli qris-

tianis, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT monastris berTa saboloo mizani

da amave dros miuTiTa, rom qarTuli eniT locviT SesaZlebelia

cxoneba.

RvTismSoblis es sityvebi cxadia udidesi stimuli iyo qarTveli

mamebisaTvis, maT kidev erTxel irwmunes qarTuli enis uflismieri

gamorCeuloba.

yovladwmida RvTismSoblis gancxadebam, rom qarTuli ena cxonebis

enaa (`mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enisa metyvelni

da cxonebad arian, da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda ari-

an~), cxadia sulieri sasicocxlo stimuli misca da kidev ufro ganumt-

kica qarTvel morwmuneebs (maT Soris Cvens SemTxvevaSi qarTvel berebs)

Tvalsazrisi, rom qarTuli ena uflismieraa rCeuli.

185

amasTanave, kidev ufro amaRlda maT TvalSi ara mxolod qarTuli

enis sulieri mniSvneloba, aramed ganmtkicda erovnuli identobac(RvTismSoblis gancxadebam, `vinc ar Seiwynarebs qarTulad metyve-

lebs, isini Cemi mtrebi arian~), saerTod RvTismSobelis es Cveneba,

misi sityvebi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis datvirTvisaa qarTuli

kulturis Semdgomi aRmavlisaTvis.

safiqrebelia, rom IX-X saukuneTa qarTuli xelovnebisa da kul-

turis ayvavebas, aseve qarTvelTa identobis saocar ganmtkicebisa da

gamoRviZebas tao-basianis vrcel qveynebSi am gamocxadebebis sulier-

ma mniSvnelobamac daudo safuZveli (asureli mamebidan eqvTime mTawmi-

delamde).

maSasadame, Cvens xelTaa I aTaswleulis ori saeklesio datvirTvis

mqone wyaro, romelic safuZvlad unda dadeboda qebaY da didebaYs~

frazas _ èse enaY Semkuli da kurTxeuli ars saxeliT uflisaTa~.safiqrebelia isic, rom aRniSnuli wyaroebis Taviseburi gageba

safuZvlad unda dadeboda frazas _ rom qarTuli eniT meored mos-

vlisas yvela enas (e.i. ers) am eniT amxels~ anu ganikiTxavs ufali _

`damarxul ars enaY qarTuli dRedmde meored mosvlisa misisa sawame-

blad, raiTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa~.

cxadia, `qebai da didebais~ uTuod gaaCnda sxva wyaroebic (vTqvaT

imis Sesaxeb Tu ratom unda rqmeoda qarTul enas saxarebaSi `laza-

re~, maTes saxarebis dasawyisis (Tavis) mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb qarTul

enasTan dakavSirebiT da sxv.) magram Cven SegviZlia gamovTqvaT mo-

sazreba aRniSnulTa garda am teqstis sxva frazebis saeklesio wyaro-

Ta Sesaxeb _ esenia Semdegi frazebi

1) `damarxul ars enaY qarTuli~;

2) èse enaY mZinare ars~;

3) `megobrobaY amisTvis Tqva~;

4) àxalman nino moaqcia da helene dedofalman, ese arian orni

dani, viTarca mariam da marTa~;

5) èse enaY... mdabali da dawunebuli~.

am frazebis mixedviT qebaYs~ teqstis Sedgenis dros qarTuli ena

savalalo mdgomareobaSi yofila, is teqstis avtoris qveyanaSi iyo

`mdabali da dawunebuli~, `mZinare~, damarxuli~ da a. S.

186

romeli qveyana iyo es?

sad idevneboda qarTuli ena, sad ar hqonda mas saxelmwifoebrivi

funqcia, saeklesio da samoqalaqo datvirTva?

romeli iyo aseTi qarTuli qveyana VIII-X ss-Si da ufro adre?

afxazTa samefoSi qarTuli ena didad pativcemuli iyo imiT, rom

is iq iyo erTaderTi saxelmwifo, saeklesio da samoqalaqo-adminis-

traciuli ena, iseve kaxeTsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi, magram sul sxvamdgomareobaSi iyo qarTuli ena taosa, gugarqsa da basianSi.

wina saukuneebSi iq (gugarqsa, taosa Tu basianSi) mcxovrebi mkvid-

ri qarTvelebi politikurad aRmoCdnen persarmeniasa Tu romaul

armeniaSi da moeqcnen somxur saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi, ris gamoc

rogorc aRvniSneT, iq daiwyo qarTuli enis totaluri devna _ rogorcdasavleT armeniaSi ise persarmeniaSi da es procesi Semdgom saukuneeb-Sic gagrZelda.

aseT dros iqaur qarTvelTa Soris (gugarqsa, taosa Tu basianSi)gavrcelda cnoba, rom dawunebuli ena, Turme kurTxeuli yofila

uflis saxeliT _ `ese enaY Semkuli da kurTxeuli ars saxeliT ufli-saTa~, ramac dabada grZnoba _ marTalia amJamad Cveni qarTuli ena

gaZevebulia saeklesio da sazogadoebrivi moqmedebis sferodan, is

`dawunebuli da dadablebulia~, damarxulia~ imiT, rom mxolod sao-

jaxo da saSinao moxmarebis sferoebi darCa saasparezod, magram es

droebiTia, radganac `damarxul ars enai qarTuli dRedmde meored

mosvlisa misisa sawameblad, raiTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos

amiT eniTa~.

qarTuli enis mniSvneloba da tao-basianis qarTvelebis erovnuli

identoba am momentma kidev ufro gamokveTa.

albaT SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom VIII-IX saukuneebSi dawyebuli didi

moZraoba taoelTa da maxlobel kuTxeTa qarTvelebis erovnuli

identobis aRorZinebisaTvis msgavsi suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli

patriotul-eklesiuri Txzulebebis Sedegic iyo.

marTlac, tao-basianel qarTvelTa erovnuli identobis aRorZi-

nebam maT qveyanaSi da ufro CrdiloeTiT (hereTsa da gugarqSi) iqam-

de `mdabali da dawunebuli~ qarTuli enac _ aaRorZina X saukuni-

saTvis, Tumca am mxriv yofil xorZenesa da pariadres qarTvelebs ar

gaumarTldaT.

187

g. qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaYs~

daweris dro da adgili (X s.)

Cvenamde moRweulia `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaYs~ oTxi

xelnaweri e.w. sinur ZeglebSi _ yvela aris X saukunisa, kerZod ki X

saukunis meore naxevrisa.

riT iyo aRsaniSnavi xelnaweris daweris dro?

imiT, rom axlovdeboda qristesSobidan aTasi weli, samyaros cv-

lilebisa da saSineli samsjavros Jami.

am TariRs mTeli qristanuli msoflio eloda SiSiT da imediT,

kerZod qristesSobidan meaTase wlisTavze elodnen qristes meoredmosvlas.

es iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani TariRi, ara mxolod saeklesio wreebi,

aramed sazogadod mTeli xalxi, mrevli, mdidari Tu Raribi, moxuci,

axalgazrda, patronebi Tu ymebi, seniorebi da vasalebi, erTi sityviT

yvela sofeli Tu qalaqi eloda qristeSobis meaTase wlisTavs.

amis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen, kamaTobdnen, loculobdnen da ase grZel-

deboda TaobaTa manZilze mTel meaTe saukunis ganmavlobaSi, Sesa-

bamisad warmoiSva mravali miTi, Teoria, mosazreba, idea Tu winaswar-

metyveleba maTi samomavlo bedisweris Secvlis Sesaxeb meored mos-

vlisas, romelis xmac ukve ismoda, meaTase wlisTavi axlovdeboda.

armeniaSi, yofili xorZenas, pariadresa da gugarqis qarTvelTa

Cagruli fena meored mosvlas imediT Sescqeroda, rom maTi mdgo-

mareoba Seicvleboda da sixaruliT aivseboda, ufro metic, maTi

`dawunebuli da damdablebuli~ ena anu erovneba sxvebze amaRldebo-

da wmida sityvaTa Sesabamisad `ukanani wina da winani ukan~.

mas Semdeg, rac strabonis cnobiT, armeniam iberiisagan miitaca

xorZenas, pariadresa da gogarenas qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebuli

vrceli miwa-wyali, iq daiwyo qarTuli enis devna da Seviwroeba.

movses xorenaci Tavis istoriaSi aRniSnavs Tu rogor devnidnen

samxreTidan Casaxlebuli armenielTa mefeebi mkvidri mosaxleobis

enas. isini krZalavdnen somxuris garda sxva enis gamoyenebas. aseT

garemoSi qarTuli enac idevneboda. magram iqaur (mkvidr) qarTvelobas

mxneoba SeunarCunebia da devnis sapirispirod wamouyenebia idea qar-

Tuli enis SemdgomSi gandidebis Sesaxeb da is daukavSirebia meored

mosvlasTan.

188

armeniis mier mitacebul iberiis teritoriebze Camoyalibebula

winaswarmetyveleba Cagruli qarTuli enis saboloo gandidebis

Sesaxeb.

aseT winaswarmetyelebaTa rigSi unda CavayenoT Cvenamde moRweu-

li Txzuleba _ `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~, romelic Sesa-

Zloa wina saukuneebSi daiwera, magram gansakuTrebulad popularu-

li iqaur qarTvelTa Soris gaxda meaTe saukuneSi.

ras exeboda winaswarmetyveleba? rom male, qristes mosvlis Jams,

ramdenime weliwadSi (meaTase wlisTavze) qriste ganikiTxavs mTel

kacobriobas da gankiTxvis ena ki iqneba qarTuli!

ratom qarTuli? am kiTxvis pasuxiT Cven SevecdebiT warmovaCi-

noT am Txzulebis SeTxzvis adgili.

ras elodnen pirveli aTaswleulis bolos anu meored mosvlis

Jams?

Raribebi _ xsnas da sixaruls,

Cagrulebi _ tvirTis axsnas,

cudi mdidrebi _ damdabldebas,

glaxakebi _ maTze amaRldebas,

yvela Cagruli gaTavisufldeboda da gamoCndeboda mTeli Tavisi

Sinagani sikeTiT.

radganac, winaswarmetyveleba Seexeboda qarTul enas, mis mimarT-

ac igive unda aRsrulebuliyo - anu es ena (`enis~ qveS misi matarebe-

li xalxic igulisxmeba) armeniis iberiaSi Cagruli, `mdabali da

dawunebuli~ unda warmoCinebuliyo da gandidebuliyo. amitomac

daiwera, rom isic, iseve rogorc sxva Cagrulebi, `moelis~ meored

mosvlas.

qarTuli ena (da qarTuli identoba) iqamde damdablebuli iyo vr-

cel miwa-wyalze Teodosiopolisidan Tbilisamde da vanis tbamde.

tao da basiani am qveynis mTavari nawili iyo _ mis samxreTiT (e.i.

yofil xorZenas, pariadrsa da gugarqSi) cxovrobdnen is TiTqmis

armenizebuli qarTvelebi, romelTac verafriT SeZles somxuri saek-

lesio uRlisagan Tavis arideba da axla mxolod meored mosvlis Jami-

saTvis elodnen qarTuli enisa da qarTvelobis RvTaebriv aRorZinebas.

189

moaxloebuli 1000 weli zogadad qristianebisaTvis Zalzed mniS-

vnelovani iyo. is gulisxmobda ara axali aTaswleulis dasawyiss,

anda pirveli aTaswleulis bolos, aramed hqonda gacilebiT ufro

Rrma sarwmunoebrivi datvirTva. kerZod, ioanes gamocxadebis Tanax-

mad, wmida werili morwmuneebs auwyebda, rom mxolod 1000 wlis man-

Zilze iqneboda dedamiwaze gamefebuli amqveyniuri tanjva-vaebani,

romelic momdinareobda RvTis mtrisagan, rom 1000 wlis Semdgom is

dasruldeboda da dadgeboda sasufevlis epoqa. albaT, ase esmoda

ioanes gamocxadeba im epoqaSi morwmuneTa erT nawils. marTlac, ioane

Tavis gamocxadebaSi gamokveTilad miuTiTebs 1000 wlis Sesaxeb. Zve-

li qarTuliT misi teqsti aseTia:

`1. da vixile angelozi, gardamomavali zeciT, da aqunda klite

ufskrulisaY da jaWK didi Pelsa missa.

2. da Seipyra veSapi igi _ gueli dasabamisaY, romeli ars eSmaki da

satana, romeli acTunebs yovelsa sofelsa, da Sekra igi aTas wel.

3. da STaagdo igi ufskrulsa Sina da dahPSa kari da dahbeWda mis

zeda, raYTa verRara acTunebdes warmarTTa, vidremde aResrulos

aTasi weli. Semdgomad amisa jer-ars ganPsnaY misi mcired Jam.

4. da vixilen saydarni, da dasxdes maT zeda, da saSjeli mieca maT

da sulni igi moklulTani wamebisaTKs iesuYsa da sityKsaTKs RmrTi-

sa, da romelTaca ara Tayuanis-sces xatsa mas mPecisasa da arca mi-

iRes beWedi misi SublTa zeda, anu PelTa maTTa, da cxovndes da

sufevdes qristes Tana aTassa mas welsa.

5. da sxuani igi mkudarni ara cxovndes aTassa mas welsa. ese ars

aRdgomaY igi pirveli.

6. netar ars da wmida, romelsa aqundes nawili aRdgomasa mas Sina

pirvelsa. maT zeda meoresa mas sikudilsa ara aqus PelmwifebaY, aramed

iyvnen mRdel RmrTisa da qristesa, da sufevden mis Tana aTassa mas

welsa.

7. da Semdgomad aTasisa mis wlisa ganiPsnas eSmaki sapyrobilisagan

TKsisa~.

(axali aRTqma, ioanes gamocxadeba, Tavi meoce)

190

axali qarTuliT ioanes gamocxadebis teqsti 1000 wlis Sesaxeb

aseTia:

1. vixile zeciT Camomavali angelozi, romelsac xelT epyra uf-

skrulis gasaRebi da grZeli jaWvi.

2. da Seipyro urCxuli, dasabamieri gveli, romelic aris eSmaki da

satana, da Sekra igi aTasi wliT.

3. ufsrulSi Caagdo da Sig gamomwyvdeuli beWdiT dabeWda, raTa

aRar acTunebdes xalxebs, vidre ar gasruldeba aTasi weli, ris Sem-

degac mciredi xniT daixsnis Tavs.

4. vixile taxtni da maTze msxdomareni, romelTac mieca xelm-

wifeba msjavris aRsrulebisa, da iesos mowmobisa da RvTis sityvi-

saTvis TavmokveTilTa sulebi, romlebic arc mxecs eTayvanen, arc

mis xatebas, da ar miiRes misi niSani TavianT Sublsa Tu xelze; amit-

omac gacocxldnen da qristesTan erTad sufevdnen aTas weliwads.5. danarCeni mkvdrebi ki ar gacocxlebulan aTasi wlis gasrule-

bamde. es aris pirveli aRdgoma.

6. netari da wmidaa yvela, visac wili udevs pirvel aRdgomaSi.

meore sikvdilis xelmwifeba ar vrceldeba maTze, aramed iqnebian

mRvdlebi RvTisa da qristesi, visTan erTadac imefeben aTas weli-

wads.

7. xolo aTasi wlis gasrulebis Semdeg satana Tavs daixsnis sapy-

robiledan.

(axali aRTqma, ioanes gamocxadeba, Tavi XX)

191

kari meore

saeklesio erTeulebi istoriuli

arian qarTlis miwaze

Tavi VI

`meore iveriis~ qarTuli mrevli somxurieklesiis iurisdiqciaSi IV-VIII ss-Si

somxuri eklesiis Tavdapirveli

iurisdiqcia (IV-V ss.)

istoriuli arian-qarTlis umTavresi nawilebi _ xorZene, gogare-

na da pariadres kalTebi, araqsis xeobasTan erTad qristesobamde

armeniis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca, roca istoriul saqarTvelos, stra-

bonis cnobiT, aRniSnuli mxareebi CamoaSores, ukve armeniaSi mcx-

ovrebi am mxareTa mkvidri qarTvelebi gaqristianebis Semdeg somx-

uri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi aRmoCdnen. yofil iberiaSi somxuri ek-

lesiis mrevlad gadaqceuli qarTvelebi, saeklesio TavlsazrisiT,

somxurenovanni iyvnen, im mxriv, rom wirva-locvisa da liturgiis

ena maT eklesiebSi somxuri iyo, Sesabamisad maTi ganaTlebisa Tu

192

administraciis enac somxuri iyo. somxur eklesiaSi imJamad, IV-VII ss-

Si aRniSnul mxareTa qarTvelTa garda albanelebis nawili da sxva

eTnojgufebic iyo moqceuli. qarTvelebi somxuri eklesiis erTgu-

li da aqtiuri mrevli iyo sarwmunoebrivi siwmidis siyvarulis gamo.

rogorc ki gavrcelda xma, rom somxurma eklesiam gadauxvia sarwmu-

noebriv siwmides monofizitobis aRiarebis gamo, qarTvelTa Soris

zogma myisierad, zogierTma qarTulma regionma ki odnav mogvianebiT

gawyvita kavSiri somxur eklesiasTan da SeuerTda deda qarTuli

eklesiis wiaRs VII-VIII saukuneebSi. am droisaTvis am mxareTa armeniza-

ciis xarisxi imdenad Rrma iyo, rom mxolod saSinaod mosaxmaradRa

Tu gamoiyeneboda qarTuli ena. sabednierod istoriuli arian-qarT-

lis erTi mniSvnelovanma nawilma _ tao-basianma da mimdebare arem,

manaskertis cnobili 726 wels Semdgari krebis rezonansiT gamofxi-

zlebulma, Tavi daaRwia armeniul saxelmwifoebriobasa da eklesias

da TviTve aRidgina qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba da eklesia IX-X ss-

Si. iqamde maT gamofxizlebas, safuZveli daudo didi kirion kaTa-

likosis mier momzadebulma somxuri eklesiisagan e.w. `ganyofam~ VII

s-is dasawyisSi.

iqamde, rogorc aRiniSna am mxareTa qarTuli mrevli yofil ibe-

riaSi anu istoriuli arian-qarTlis yofil miwaze cxovrobda, romel-

sac imJamad ukve armenia erqva.

n. adonci wers _ `armenia, IV s-is dasawyisidan mezobel imperiaTa

mier mis dayofamde (IV s. bolomde), umetes wilad imperiis proteq-

toratis qveS imyofeboda da amitom somxur-bizantiuri saeklesio

urTierTobac mWidro iyo. grigoli iyo imperiis mfarvelobis qveS

myofi somxeTis saxelmwifos episkoposi. wm. grigols, kesariaSi xel-

dasxmuls, kesariis taxtTan iseTive ierarqiuli damokidebuleba

hqonda, rogorc sxva episkoposebTan, magaliTad, melitenis, sevastiis

da sxva qalaqebis kaTedrebTan, xeldasxmis gamo kesarias masTan ufro

meti formaluri urTierToba hqonda~ (n. adonci, armenia iustini-

anes epoqaSi, gv. 360).

mas Semdeg rac somxeTi erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles sparseTma da

bizantiam gaCnda ori saeklesio mimarTuleba _ erTi bizantiuri,

meore ki erovnul-nacionaluri.

193

n. adoncis cnobiT, sparsul somxeTSi aRorZinda erovnul-nacio-

naluri eklesia, xolo dasavleT armeniaSi _ imperiul-bizantiuri.

n. adonci wers _ `gayofis Semdeg aRmosavleT somxeTi daadga ek-

lesiis nacionalizaciis gzas mtkiced, kerZod, avtonomiuri ierar-

qiis dafuZnebiT (e.i. berZnul-bizantiuri ierarqiisgan gaTavisufl-

da), xolo dasavleTi somxeTi rCeboda imperiul politikaze damok-

idebuli~ (iqve, gv. 361).

erovnuli eklesiuri saxe somxurma eklesiam moipova bizantiis

eklesiasTan kavSiris gawyvetis Semdeg papis mefobis dros, episko-

pos nersesis Semdeg.

mefe papma mis adgilze daniSna episkoposi usiki, sparsuli orien-

taciis piri Zalze gavleniani albianis ojaxidan.

kesariis mitropoliti (mas n. adonci patriarqs uwodebs) gaanawy-

ena somexTa mefis TviTneburma gadawyvetilebam.

amis gamo Sedga kesariis eparqiis episkoposTa kreba da krebam

miwera mrisxane werili mefe paps.

am werilSi kesaria moiTxovda, rom somxeTSi aRaravis gaebeda

episkoposis kurTxeva, aramed episkoposi mxolod kesariaSi an rome-

lime mezobel berZnul saepiskoposoSi unda kurTxeuliyo, kerZod

masSi, romelic somxeTis berZnul nawilTan erTad bizantiis imperi-

is Sesabamis administraciul olqSi Sedioda (e.i. radganac somxeTis

bizantiuri nawili administraciulad ponto-kesariaSi Sedioda, ami-

tomac mxolod aq (ponto-kesariaSi) unda kurTxeuliyo episkoposi).

marTlac, bizantiur somxeTSi damkvidrda kidec es wesi da iqauri

somexi episkoposi kurTxevas berZnul samitropolitoSi (sapatri-

arqoSi) iRebda.

n. adonci wers _ `mtkiceba, rom somexi episkoposebi ekurTxebod-nen kesariaSi, sworia, magram is exeba mxolod bizantiur, anu dasavleTnawils somxeTisas~ (iqve, gv. 363).

sul sxva mdgomareoba iyo sparsul somxeTSi (persarmeniaSi), iqsomxuri sakaTalikoso sistema arsebobda da Sesabamisad episkoposTakurTxeva adgilzeve xdeboda.

persarmeniis somex kaTalikoss dasavleT armeniis episkoposebi ar

eqvemdebarebodnen, amitomac V saukunis cnobil somxur movlenebSi

dasavleT armeniis episkoposebi ar monawileobdnen (iqve, gv. 363).

194

basianis somexi episkoposebi

basianSi somxur eklesias Tavisi episkoposebi hyavda im epoqaSi,

roca is (basiani) somxeTis politikuri da eklesiuri gavlenis qveS

iyo. magaliTad, naxarar ordunebis samkvidrebeli maTi amowyvetis

Semdeg darCa basianis olqis episkoposs (n. adonci, somxeTi iustini-

anes epoqaSi. 1908, rus. enaze gv. 312).

agaTangelozis _ grigol ganmanaTleblis istorikosis cnobiT,

wm. grigolma xeli daasxa somxeTis sxvadasxva kuTxeebis 400 episko-

poss. sxva cnobiT, man mxolod 30 saepiskoposo taxti daaarsa. maT

Soris, orbelianis cnobiT, pirveli iyo basianis episkoposi. is ijda

grigolis gverdiT (iqve, gv. 328).

grigols basianis episkoposad gaugzavnia evTali.

basianis saepiskoposo naxsenebia 450 wlisa da aseve 505 wlis nusx-

ebSi (gv. 330).

imperiis mosazRvre somxeTis mxareebSi _ vanandSi, basiansa da

mardaliaSi 505 wlisTvisac naxsenebia saepiskoposoebi (iqve, gv. 332).

grigol ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis arabuliversiis araswori Targmna n. maris mier

(ara afxazeTi~, aramed arzanena~)

agaTangelozis Txzuleba `wm. grigolis cxovreba~ somxuridan

arabulad uTargmniaT VII-VIII ss-Si.

arabulad SemorCenili es redaqcia garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba

amJamad arsebuli somxuri redaqciisagan.

kerZod, somxuri redaqciiT, wm. grigolma mxolod somxeTSi iqadaga

da iqve daniSna episkoposebi, arabuli redaqciiT ki, wm. grigolma

episkoposebi iveriasa da sxva qveynebSic daniSna.

agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovreba, Cans, arabulad Targmnil-

ia somxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTveli armenizebuli qalkedonitis mier,

radganac masSi uamravi qarTuli sityvaa, vTqvaT, iseTi sityvac ki,

rogoricaa `goWi~ da sxva. is Targmnili unda iyos 726 wlamde.

195

sazogadod, iqamde, e.i. 726 wlamde, taos, basianis, sperisa da klar-

jeTis gasomxebuli qarTveli ierarqebi da saeklesio mwerlebi, roca

ver malavdnen TavianT namdvil eTnikur warmomavlobas, anu qarTvelo-

bas, saWirod miiCnevdnen TavianTi yofna somxur eklesiaSi gae-

marTlebinaT imiT, rom TiTqosda grigol ganmanaTlebelma qristiano-

ba gaavrcela qarTul qveynebSic da, aqedan gamomdinare, somxuri

eklesiis iurisdiqciis qveS qarTvelTa qveynebis (mag. taos an basian-

is) yofna gamarTlebuli iyo.

magaliTad, agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovrebis somxuri ver-

siiT, grigolma gaaqristiana somxeTi kididan-kidemde. qaldeas ax-

los myofi q. satalidan (klarjeTis axlo adgilebidan) _ alanTa

karamde, kaspiis sazRvramde _ paitakaranis CaTvliT, q. nizibinis axlo

mdebare agadidan _ midiamde, atropatenamde.

imave cxovrebis arabuli versiiT, wm. grigolma aRniSnul mxareTa

garda episkoposebi gagzavna ara mxolod somxeTis miwebze, aramed

iveriaSi, durzukebis mxareSi da alanebSi.

n. maris mier gamocemuli arabuli versiiT _ iveriaSi gaagzavna ibir-

bzxua, abxazeTSi _ sofroni, alaniaSi _ Toma, aseve somxeTis mimdebare,

samxreTis mxareebSi~ (n. adonci, armenia... gv. 327-328).

n. adonci wers, rom n. maris mier gamocemul arabul versiaSi n. maris

mier daSvebulia Secdoma, radganac dedanSi naxsenebia ara `abxazeTi~

(`gaugzavna abxazebs~), aramed arzanena. n. adoncis kvleviT arabuli teq-

stis arasworma wakiTxvam gamoiwvia es Secdoma (iqve, gv. 328, SeniSvna 2).

amasTan dakavSirebiT n. adonci wers: afxazebi somxeTidan daSore-

biT cxovrobdnen da araferi akavSirebdaT somxeTTan~ (iqve, gv. 328).

ase, rom grigols ara afxazeTSi, aramed arzanenaSi, iberiaSi da

alaniaSi gaugzavnia mociqulebi.

iberiis qveS am `cxovrebaSi~ Cans moiazreba ara mcxeTis qarTli,

aramed tao-basiani da misi mimdebare mxareebi.

Cans, aqaurma qarTvelebma Targmnes kidec arabulad grigolis

cxovreba, amitomacaa masSi mravali qarTuli sityva.

maSasadame, dedanSia _ `iberiaSi gaagzavna ibirbzxua, arzanenaSi _

sofroni, alaniaSi _ Toma~, alaniis nacvlad albaniasac kiTxuloben.

196

Tavi VII

kirion I-is Rvawlis Sedegebi armeniisiberiul zolSi

kirionismieri erovnuli gamofxizleba

dasavleT armeniis qarTvelobisa

Tanamedrove qarTveli istorikosebis azriT gugareTi (anu gugarqi)

moicavda miwa-wyals javaxeTidan xunanamde da mtkvris marcxena

Senakad ZegamCaimde, somexi istorikosebis cnobiT ki iberiis nawili

gugarqi iwyeboda Woroxis marjvena sanapirodan. masSi Sedioda miwebi

taos zemo nawilidan (iSxanisa da banas axlo CrdiloeTidan) arcaxam-

de. maSasadame, klarjeTic gugarqSi moiazreboda.

es momenti imiTaa CvenTvis saintereso, rom qvemo qarTlSi (gugarqis

erT nawilSi) kirionis cnobili Rvawli qarTuli enis Tavis Zvel

uflebebSi dasabruneblad, uTuod mTeli gugarqis (maT Soris taosa

da klarjeTis) qarTvelebisaTvis impulsis mimcemi iqneboda.

gugarqi rom Woroxis aRmosavleT sanapirodan iwyeboda, amis Sesaxeb

wers n. adonci. is armeniis iberiul zols uwodebs im miwa-wyals,

romelsac qarTul wyaroebSi `zemoni qveyanani~ ewodeba.

sparseTsa da bizantias Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad,

sazRvari am or imperias Soris gadioda Woroxidan nizibinamde ise,

rom tao da gugarqi sparseTSi moeqca, Sesabamisad isini e.w. persar-

meniis nawilad miiCneoda, Sesabamisad iberiis es miwebi sparsul ar-

meniaSi moeqca.

VI s-Si qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis kvaldakval, sparse-

Ti yovelmxriv aviwroebda bizantiuri orientaciis (e.i. qalkedo-

nuri mimarTulebis) qarTul eklesias, Sesabamisad tao-klarjeT-

197

gugarqSi SeizRuda qarTulenovani wirva-locva da mis nacvlad qarT-

velTa Soris dainerga saeklesio-somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba.

gugarqis qarTvelobas klarjeTidan utikamde Tavisi qveynis bedis Se-

sabamisad eklesiebSi aukrZales qarTulenovani RvTismsaxureba da mis

nacvlad somxurenovani wirva-locva daunerges.

qarTvelebs araviTari protestis gamoTqmis saSualebac ki ar hqon-

daT, imdenad mWidro iyo somxur-sparsuli kavSiri (ix. saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesiis istoria~, t. I).

sabednierod, 591 wlis SeTanxmebiT Seicvala sasazRvro xazi spar-

seTsa da bizantias Soris, imdenad, rom sazRvari am or imperias Soris

mcxeTasa da Tbiliss Soris gadavida, mcxeTa bizantiur nawilSi moeq-

ca, Tbilisi ki sparsulSi. bizantielTa mxardaWeriT gaZlierebulma

mcxeTelma kaTalikosma kirion I-ma gabeda da Tavis mrevls, gugarq-

qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebT, aRudgina qarTulenovani RvTismsaxure-

ba, rac mouTmeneli iyo somxuri eklesiisTvis, Tumca sabolood kir-

ionis Rvawlis Sedegad, TandaTanobiT, jer (VI-VII ss-Si) qvemo qarTlis,

Semdeg ki (VIII-X ss-Si) taosa da aseve Crdilo armeniis mkvidri qar-

Tveloba daubrunda saeklesio qarTulenovnebas.

qarTuli ena _ qalkedonitobis simbolo da qarTvelTa erovnuli

cnobierebis sayrdeni gaxda.

198

enobrivi viTareba gugarqSi

rogorc cnobilia VI saukunis Semdeg VII-VIII-IX da X saukuneebSi

saqarTvelo sxvadasxva qveynebad anu politikur erTeulebad iyo

daSlili, qarTveli xalxis arc Tu mcire odenoba cxovrobda araerov-

nul politikur erTeulebSi. magaliTad, Tbiliseli qarTvelebi _

arabul saamiroSi, qvemo qarTlis qarTvelebi _ taSir-Zorakertis

somxur samefoSi da sxva.

kirionamde, VI saukunis sparseTis mier dapyrobil qvemo qarTlSi,

rogorc iTqva, qarTvel mrevlSi danerges somxurenovani RvTismsa-

xureba.

magram, qvemo qarTli mxolod erTi nawili iyo Zalze vrceli qvey-

nisa, romelsac somxebi `gugarqs~ (qarTvelTa qveyanas) uwodebdnen.

rogorc iTqva, gugarqi, somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT gadaWimuli iyo

Woroxidan vidre Tbilisamde da bardvamde, gugarqis vrcel qveyanas

samxreTidan esazRvreboda tao. aRsaniSnavia, rom tao didi xnis man-

Zilze Sedioda somxur saxelmwifoebriv da saeklesio sistemaSi. 726

wlis manaskertis krebam TiTqosda gamoafxizla taoeli qarTvelebi,

radganac am krebaze somxurma eklesiam sabolood miiRo monofiz-

ituri platforma da nacionaluri saxe, anu is eTnikuri somxebis

eklesiad iqca.

xSirad, yofili persarmeniuli mxareebidan warmoSobili qarTve-

lebis erTma nawilma ar icoda qarTuli wera-kiTxva, radganac maT

ganaTleba somxurad hqondaT miRebuli, magram wmida ninos aRiare-

biTa da misi Rvawlis warmoCinebiT aCvenebdnen TavianT eTnikur vi-

naobas.

199

kirion I

kirion I qarTlis (saqarTvelos) kaTalikosi iyo daaxloebiT 599-

614 wlebSi.

daibada javaxeTis sofel skutrSi. bavSvobidanve izrdeboda da

ganaTleba miiRo trapezuntis maxlobel koloniis provinciis qalaq

nikopolisSi. am regionis ZiriTad mosaxleobas berZnebTan erTad Se-

adgendnen mkvidri qarTvelebi _ lazebi, qaldebi (xalibebi) da sxva

qarTuli jgufebi, qarTvelTa mravalricxovnobis gamo, SemdgomSi,

trapezuntis imperiis meTaurs _ `iverTa avtokrators~ uwodebdnen

(didi komninebi, marTmadidebluri enciklopedia, VII, gv. 444. rus

enaze).

qarTvelebi aseve Seadgendnen ZiriTad mosaxleobas mezoblad mde-

bare taos, basianisa da sxva regionebisa dvinis mimarTulebiT (amito-

mac, SemdgomSi am teritoriaze bizantiis imperiam iberiis Temi~ Camo-

ayaliba). Cans, eTnikur qarTvelTa siWarbis gamo, ganaTlebis miRebis

Semdeg kirionma am regionSi moRvaweoba ineba, man daikava airaratis

gavaris qorepiskoposisa da dvinis mTavari `kaTolike~ monastris

winamZRvris xarisxebi.

mcxeTis sakaTalikosos gareT, ucxoeTSi, aRniSnul regionebSi

(ponto, imiertao-basiani, airarati) mcxovrebi qarTuli mrevli im-

Jamad (VI-VII saukuneebSi) gayofili or nawilad berZnul da somxur

eklesiaTa Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom straboni am teritorias iberTa

uZveles sacxovrisad moixseniebs.

artaqsia da zariadri qristeSobamde 188 wels mefeebi gaxdnen da

brZolebiT gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo, kerZod xalibebis

CamoaWres kareniti _ karinis (karnu qalaqis, anu arzrumis) olqi,

iberebisagan miitaces pariadres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene.

pariadres adgilsamyofeli cnobilia, is axlos mdebareobda ko-

lonias provinciasTan, sadac aRizarda kirion I, xolo cnobas gog-

arenes adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb TviTon iZleva straboni.

gugarqi, romlis kaTalikosi SemdgomSi gaxda kirioni, da gogare-

ne ar iyo erTi da igive qveyana, kerZod gugarqi somxur wyaroebSi

zogadad erqva aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, ufro xSirad ki qvemo

qarTls, mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze. gogarene, misgan gansxvavebiT,

200

strabonis cnobiT, mdebareobda ara mtkvris marjvena, aramed marcx-

ena sanapiroze, anu mtkvris iqiT, `meore mxares~.

pariadresa da gogarenes Sua (anu pariadredan mtkvramde) airara-

ti, istoriuli xorZene mdebareobda. am miwawylis iberiuli mosax-

leoba qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg VIII-IX ss-mde somxuri ek-

lesiis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca (igulisxmeba imier taos, basianisa da

airaratis mkvidri iberebi. kirionis epoqaSi VI-VII ss-Si maTi armeniza-

ciis procesi grZeldeboda da ZiriTadad jer kidev ar iyo das-

rulebuli). am mizezis gamo qarTvelebi somxuri eklesiis wevrebi da

zogjer ierarqebic iyvnen. rogorc aRiniSna, kirionic qalaq niko-

polisidan dvinSi gadavida da Tavisi damsaxurebis Sesabamisad air-

aratis gavaris qorepiskoposisa da dvinis kaTolike (mTavari sakre-

bulo) eklesiis winamZRvris xarisxiT dajildovda.

VI s-is bolos (airaratsa da dvinSi moRvaweobis mexuTe wlisTavze),

Tavisi gamorCeulobis gamo kirioni qarTls daubrunda da igi mcxe-

Tis sakaTalikoso taxtze aiyvanes.iv. javaxiSvili wers: kirionis dros `qarTuli eklesiis sazRvre-

bi vrclad yofila gadaWimuli: dasavleT-samxreTiT igi klarjeT-

sac moicavda da sazRvrad aq taos saepiskopozo yofila, romelic

am dros somxeTis eklesias kuTvnebia (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani,

1, gv. 340).

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT qarTuli eklesiis sazRvari Sav zRvam-

de aRwevda - `somexTa istorikosis ioane kaTalikosis cnobiT, kYri-

oni winandeli wesis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa, gugarelTa da megrelTa

arqiepiskopozad iqmna xeldasxmuli. gugareTi qarTlis kaTaliko-

sis samwysos ekuTvnoda. kirionis megrelTa kaTalikosadac aRniSv-

nis cnoba imis momaswavebelia, rom qarTlis, anu mcxeTis kaTaliko-

sis samwysos ukve dasavleT saqarTveloSic hqonda asparezi mopove-

buli da sakaTalikosos sazRvari lixT imereTSic iyo gadaweuli.

imier-amier saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas win uswrebda da

niadags umzadebda gacilebiT ufro adre momxdari saeklesio erTo-

bisa da mTlianobis procesi~ (iqve, gv. 341-342).

ioane kaTalikosis cnobiT, kirioni VI saukunis bolos dausvamT

`qarTvelTa, gugarelTa da megrelTa kaTalikosad, iseve rogorc

201

winandeli wesi moiTxovda~. aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli eklesiis iuris-

diqcia, vrceldeboda dasavleT saqarTveloze, ara mxolod VI sauku-

neSi, aramed adrec, e.i. V saukuneSi _ `winandeli wesis Tanaxmad~.

qarTuli eklesiis wiaRSi myof egrisSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi),

maleve, afxazeTis samefos daarsebisas, Camoyalibda saqarTvelos

eklesiis erTerT samitropolito olqi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos

saxelwodebiT. es daastura saxelmwifo xelisuflebam. wyaro wers _

`aman bagrat 830 w-s ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~ (qarTlis cxovreba,

I, 1955, gv, 72).

iv. javaxiSvilis gamokvleviT, V s-s Sua wlebisa da meore naxevri-

saTvis saqarTveloSi 21 saepiskoposo yofila. `juanSeri qarTlis

kaTalikosis samwysoSi vaxtang gorgaslis dros Semdeg saepiskopo-

zoebs ixseniebs: mcxeTis saepiskopozos, klarjeTSi axizisas, artaanSi

eruSeTisas, javaxeTSi _ wundisas, qarTlSi niqozisas, manglisisas,

bolnisisas, kaxeT-hereTSi _ rusTavisas. ninowmindisas, ujarmoisas,

karisas, Weremisas, CelTisas, xornabujisas, agarakisas, anu xunani-

sas. amgvarad, sul Teqvsmeti saepiskopozo gamodis, magram es sia,

cxadia, sruli ar aris~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, I, gv. 339).

iv. javaxiSvili am sias umatebs curtavisa da samefo saxlis episko-

posebs, agreTve ruisis an urbnisis, wilknisa da samTavisis saepisko-

posoebs. `...maSin 21 samwyso iqmneba da V s-is Sua wlebisa da meore

naxevrisaTvis es ricxvi daaxlovebiT swori unda iyos. ueWvelia V s-

is damlevisaTvis metic unda yofiliyo. 506 wels albanelTa, somex-

Ta da qarTvelTa gaerTianebul saeklesio krebas saqarTvelodan

kaTalikosianad sul 24 episkopozi daswrebia... radgan SesaZlebe-

lia, am krebas yvela ver daeswro, amitom unda davaskvnaT, rom VI s-

is damdegs qarTuli eklesia sul cota 24 saepiskopozos Seicavda.

marTlac, cnobili asureli monofiziti moRvawis simeon beT-arSame-

lis (VI s-is damdegs) sityviT, mis dros henotikoni Seiwynares da mis

aRsarebas misdevdnen qarTlis eklesiis 33 episkopozi mefiTa da

aznaurebiTurT da sparseTis somxeTis 32 episkopozi da marzpani.

maSasadame, VI s-is damdegs aRm. saqarTveloSi 33 episkopozi yofila~

(iqve, gv. 339-340).

202

`qarTuli eklesiis Sedgenilobis Semdegi cnoba VII s-is damdegisaa,

saxeldobr, 607 wels daweril Tavis meore sapasuxo epistoleSi kiri-on qarTlis kaTalikosi abraam somexTa kaTalikoss swerda, qarTlis

sakaTalikosoSi sul 35 episkopozi ariso. erTi saukunis ganmavloba-

Si qarTul eklesias mohmatebia 2 saepiskopozo. es garemoeba qris-

tianobis warmatebuli winsvliT unda aixsnebodes...~ (iv. javaxiSvili,

Txzulebani, I, gv. 341).

gamokvleulia, rom qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi im drois-

aTvis taoc Sedioda, Tumca is somxur saepiskoposoTa siaSicaa. Sesa-

Zlebelia, tao or nawilad iyo gayofili, erTi nawili Sedioda qarTul

eklesiaSi, xolo meore nawili somxurSi.

VI da VII saukuneebis, kirionis epoqis, qarTuli eklesiis istoria

gadmocemulia TxzulebaSi, romelsac ewodeba ganyofisaTYs qarTvel-

Ta da somexTa~. avtoroba miewereba IX s-is moRvawe arseni mcxeTel

kaTalikozs.

`ganyofaY somexTa qarTlisagan ueWuelad aRvwere wignsa amas Sina~

_ wers avtori (arseni safareli, ganyofisaTKs, gv. 78).

aq yuradReba unda mieqces avtoris ideologiur pozicias _ ara

qarTli da qarTvelebi ganSordnen somxebs, aramed piriqiT, somxebi

ganSordnen qarTls _ marTlmadideblobas, aramarTlmadideblebi

gaxdnen. saqarTvelo marTlmadidebeli iyo da iseTive darCa.

arseni safareli wers:

`sparsTa mefem (igulisxmeba xosro I) ganucxada somxebs: `erTi

orTagan gamoirCieT _ an miiReT asurelTa sarwmunoeba anda datoveT

Tqveni qveyana. somxebi Zlier Sewuxdnen, maT arc sarwmunoebis Secv-

la surdaT da arc qveynis datoveba. am saqmis gadawyveta miandes

nerse kaTalikoss (548-557), romelsac mijini erqva. moiwvies kreba

qalaq dvinSi 551 w., miiRes xaCecari da gandgnen marTali (berZnuli)

da WeSmariti sarwmunoebisgan. amis gamo isini mowyvetil iqnen wmida

didebul kaTolike da samociqulo msoflio eklesiisgan. iqve dvins

ganaweses arajori, da Tqves _ es aris pirveli dRe Cveni sarwmunoe-

bisao (somxuri welTaRricxva iwyeba dvinis am krebiT 551 wels). somx-

eTi ganSorda berZnul sjulsa da ierusalims. amis gamo yoveli qarT-

li da somxeTis meoTxedi ganeyenen somexTagan mRvdlobis xeldasx-

203

mas, xolo herni da sivnielni erT periodSi ganSordnen da Semdeg

kvlav Seerivnen (yoveli qarTli aq ewodeba tao-basiansa da mibde-

bare regions, somxeTis meoTxedis qveS igulisxmeba _ airarati da

mimdebare regionebi, romlebic midrekili iyvnen qalkedonizmisad-

mi). nerse II kaTalikozma da aznaurebma brZanes meore didi krebis

Catareba dvinSi _ meore wels (553-54 wlebSi). am krebaze SeaCvenes

qalkedonis kreba, uwodes nestorianuli, miiRes erTbunebianoba da

xorciTa da ukvdavi bunebiT qriste jvarcmulad iqadages. gansazRvres

SeCvenebiT gandgoma marTali sarwmunoebisgan. am krebam somxuri ek-

lesia Camoacila oTx msoflio sapatriarqos, amiT ki dairRva wmida

grigol ganmanaTleblis anderZi. qarTvelma kaTalikosma kirion mcxe-

Telma (591-615) da herTa kaTalikosma abazma (552-596) ixiles, rom

somxuri eklesia kvlav dvinis im krebis erTgulia, romelmac wmida

msoflio sayovelTao kaTolike eklesias Camoacila somxuri ekle-

sia. roca aseTi praqtika kvlav aRorZinebuli ixiles kirion kaTali-

kosma, herTa kaTalikosma abazma da sivnieTis episkoposma grigorma,

Seiqna didi dava somxeTsa da qarTls Soris. qarTvelni ambobdnen,

rom saberZneTidan mogveca Cven sarwmunoeba, romelic Tqven daute-

veT, abdiSo asurs da sxva borot mwvaleblebs daemorCileniT. am

mxilebis Semdeg somxebma qarTli daabezRes sparsTa mefesTan, rom

qarTvelebs romaelTa sarwmunoeba aqvTo. dava iyo qarTvelTa da

somexTa Soris sakaTalikoso taxtze mjdom abraamis drosac iseve,

rogorc nerse II-is dros. am dros gandevna qarTlis kaTalikosma kir-

ionma mose curtavis episkoposi Tavisi eparqiidan, romelic wmida

SuSanikis saflavze iyo. Txova abraamma kirions es eparqia, xolo man

ar misca. da gadidda maT Soris ciloba. abraamis Semdgom dajda

kaTalikosad komitasi (607-629), ufro metad moZule qalkedonis

krebisa. misca Svidi saepiskoposo herTa kaTalikoss da SeierTa is.

misca jvris tarebis pativi sivnieTis episkoposs. aseTi xerxiT mTe-

li somxeTi gaaerTiana qalkedonis krebis sawinaaRmdegod. aTargmn-

ina monofizit da sxva mwvalebel eresiarqTa wignebi, gaavrcela da

am tyuiliT mTeli somxeTis qveyana daajera. Secvala Tavdapirveli

saeklesio wesebi da kanonebi, TviTon ki axali mrudeni SemoiRo. am

dros aiSala Zveli da axali ki ver daamtkices (ar dainerga). amis

204

gamo dRemde yoveli kaci somxeTSi Tavis mier Seqmnil-gamogonebul

saeklesio kanonebs iyenebs (arsen safareli `ganyofisaTKs qarTvel-

Ta da xomexTa, 1980, gv. 22).

VI da VII saukuneebis, kirionis epoqis, qarTuli eklesiis istoria

gadmocemulia aseve TxzulebaSi, romelsac ewodeba `epistoleTa

wigni~. masSi Semonaxulia kirion kaTalikosis werilebi, romelnic

man saeklesio davisas miwera somxuri eklesiis meTaurebsa da sxva

pirebs, iqvea pasuxebi da mimarTvebi. wigni~ somxur enazea Semonaxu-

li. qarTuli dakargulia.

epistoleTa wignSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba mose curtavis

episkoposs.

curtavi da misi saeparqio olqi _ gugarqi (qvemo qarTli) mcxeTis

iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, aq Tavdapirveladve (IV-V saukuneebSi) qarTul

enaze mimdinareobda wirva-locva, rac dasturdeba bolnisis sionis

eklesiis kedlebze amotvifruli V saukunis qarTuli warwerebiTa

da sxva msgavsi masalebiT.

VI saukuneSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis rRvevam, dampyrobeli

sparseTis mier bizantiuri mimarTulebis, anu qalkedonituri qarTu-

li eklesiis devnam, amavdroulad ki mis mierve antibizantiuri sarwmu-

noebrivi mimarTulebis mqone somxur-monofizituri eklesiis ga-

Zlierebam, xeli weuwyo sparseTis mosazRvre qarTul regionebSi (maT

Soris curtavSi) `qalkedonituri~ (am SemTxvevaSi qarTuli) wirva

locvis akrZalvasa da mis nacvlad somxurenovanis SemoRebas. cur-

tavis eparqiaSi somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba pirvelad wm. SuSani-

kis saflavis eklesiaSi danergila. curtavis saeparqio mmarTveloba

monofizitobis mxurvale mxardamWerad iqca, amitomac, mose cur-

tavelma episkoposma miatova Tavisi eparqia, roca Seityo kirionis

(qarTuli eklesiis) mtkice qalkedonitobis Sesaxeb da Tavi somxeTs

Seafara. am devnis mizezad moses miaCnia is, rom man amxila~ qarTlSi

arsebuli sarwmunoebrivi mimarTuleba.

Zalze sayuradReboa, rom mosem erT regionSi (curtavSi) `amxila~

qalkedonitoba da mas myisierad daemuqrnen sruliad qarTlis mTavre-

bi da episkoposebi, amas TviTonve acxadebs _ `...xma avimaRle, mteri

gavxdi kaTalikosad wodebulisa, yvela mTavrisa da im qveynisa da

205

bolos videvne~ (epistoleTa wigni, 1968, gv. 2). aqedan unda davaskvnaT,

rom curtavi qarTlis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.

èpistoleTa wignSi~ moyvanilia qarTlidan ltolvili mose episko-

posis epistole curtavis eklesiis somxurenovani~ Temisadmi, is gmobs

qalkedonitobas da afrTxilebs Tavis `somxurenovan~ mrevls, frTx-

ilad iyos. `qurdulad Semoacoces da SemoiRes mwvalebloba...~ (iqve,

gv. 11) _ wers is. aw ese yoveli viciT ra, sayvarelno, viaroT sameufeo

gziT, nurc marjvniv gadavuxvevT da nurc marcxniv~ (iqve, gv. 12).

èpistoleTa wignSi~ motanilia meore epistole, sadac moses qar-

TvelTa episkoposi~ ewodeba (iqve, gv. 15). (am epistoles sruli sa-

Tauria `mizezi orbunebianTa meoTxe krebisa, mose qarTvelTa mar-

Tlmadidebeli episkoposisa~). am saTauridanac Cans, rom mose cur-

taveli episkoposi aris erovnebiT qarTvelTa episkoposi. mas uwode-

ben mose qarTvelTa marTlmadidebel episkoposs~. epistoleTa wignSi

`marTmadideblebad~ monofizitebs moixseniebdnen. mose marTmadide-

beli~ anu monofizitia da amave dros aris qarTvelTa episkoposi. am

epistoles mixedviTac moses eparqia qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli.

aqedanac Cans, rom curtavis `somxurenovani~ Temi qarTvelebis

Temia, oRond am qarTvelebs somxuri tipikoni aqvT miRebuli, isini

saeklesio daniSnulebisTvis somxur wignebs xmaroben, amitomac somx-

urenovanni~ arian. TviT somxuri eklesia maT qarTvelebad miiCnevs

da ara somxebad, amitomac maTi episkoposi mose qarTvelTa~ episko-

posia. es aris ueWveli faqti, dadasturebuli pirvelxarisxovan

wyaroSi _ èpistoleTa wignSi~, amitomac am faqtis ignorireba ar

SeiZleba.

sabednierod, politikuri viTareba VI-VII ss-Ta mijnaze kavkasiaSi

Seicvala, aq gamaval saomar frontze bizantiam SeZlo sparselebze

gamarjveba da sazRvari am or imperias (bizantiasa da sparseTs) Soris

daido TbilisTan axlos. am politikuri momentiT marjved isargeb-

la kirionma da gugarq-curtavis mrevls eklesiebSi aRudgina qarTu-

lenovani msaxureba. am momentma kidev ufro aRaSfoTa meore mxare,

rac Semdegma epistolem asaxa.

kirionisadmi gagzavnil Tavis epistoleSi somexTa kaTalikos

abraams sikvdilze uaresad miaCnia somxurenovani saeklesio msax-

206

urebis nacvlad qarTulenovani msaxurebis danergva qvemo qarTlis

centr curtavSi. ...somxuri msaxureba wmida SuSanikisgan dadgenili,

mesmis, rom SegicvliaT, Cven sikvdilze ufro uborotesad miviCnieT

eg saqme~ (epistoleTa wigni, 1968, gv. 67).

aqedanac Cans, rom curtavSi somxurenovani msaxureba qristiano-

bis miRebis Semdeg, e.i. IV saukunidan ki ar iyo danergili, aramed V

saukunis bolodan, an VI saukunis dasawyisidan, wmida SuSanikis safla-

vze eklesiis aSenebis Semdgom. yovel SemTxvevaSi curtavis eklesia-

Si somxurenovani msaxureba wmida SuSanikis Semdgom dadgenilad iTv-

leboda. magram abraamis epistole Seexeba ara mxolod curtavis ek-

lesias, aramed mTlian qarTul eklesias (iqve, gv. 67).

kirionTan xangrZlivi mimoweris Semdeg Tavisi warumateblobiT

imedgacruebul abraami sayovelTao mrgvlivmosavlel epistoles ag-

zavnis mTel somxeTSi, romelSiac gadmoscems sarwmunoebis monofiz-

itur mrwamss da gmobs qalkedonitobas. qalkedonitoba mTel qvey-

anaze gavrceldao, wers is, _ ...miaRwia qarTls da albaneTs, romelTac

myrali Tesli didebiT Seiwynares, Tvis Soris daamtkices. kirionma

curtavis episkoposi gandevna marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis gamo...

wmida SuSanikisgan dadgenili somxuri msaxureba, Cvens sawinaaRmdegod

rom amxedrda, Secvala, amisaTvis mivwereT...~ (iqve, gv. 120).

Semdeg wers `...Cvenc vbrZaneT qarTvelTa Sesaxeb: sruliad ar

eziaroT maT arc locvaSi, arc Wamasa da smaSi. arc megobrobaSi, arc

dedamZuZuobaSi, arc salocavad wasvliT jvarSi, romliTac ganTqmu-

lia mcxeTis midamoebi, arc manglisis jvarSi, nurc Cvens eklesiaSi

miiRebT maT, aramed maTTan qorwinebiTac sruliad ganeSoreT, mx-

olod iyideT da mihyideT viTarca uriebs, igive brZaneba ucvlelad

rCeba albanelTaTvisac...~ (iqve, gv. 122).

ase damTavrda qarTuli eklesiis Tavdadebuli brZola qalkedo-

nuri sarwmunoebis dasacavad spars dampyrobTa Zaladobis periodSi

(rogorc aRiniSna, sparselebi monofizitobas antibizantiur sarw-

munoebad miiCnevdnen da mtkiced uWerdnen mxars). kirionma SeZlo im

etapze qarTulenovani tipikoni aRedgina Tavis erTerT eparqiaSi _

curtavsa da mis olqSi.

207

XX saukuneSi, sabWoTa periodSi, Camoyalibda da gavrcelda umarTe-

bulo Talsazrisi, TiTqosda kirionma curtavel da sazRvrispireT-

Si mcxovreb somxebs eklesiebSi qarTulenovani msaxureba daunerga

da amiT isini gaaqarTvela~. es mosazreba wyaroebis pirdapiri CvenebiT

ar dasturdeba, piriqiT, rogorc vaCveneT wyaroebi miuTiTebs, rom

kirionma curtavis eklesiebSi aRadgina qarTulenovani msaxureba,

radganac sparsTa iZulebiT mis nacvlad am regionSi somxurenovani

msaxureba iyo danergili, is Tavdapirvelad wm. SuSanikis saflavis

eklesiaSi SemoiRes, Semdeg ki sxvaganac. safiqrebelia, rom radganac

wm. SuSanikis saflavs politikur-religiuri mniSvneloba mieniWa da

mas monofizitobis centrad ayalibebdnen, amitomac, es rom ar momx-

dariyo, wm. SuSanikis gvami TbilisSi iqna gadasvenebuli, qalkedoni-

tobis centrSi.

qarTizaciis sabWouri Teoriis sqema arc am mimarTulebiTaa mar-

Tebuli. VI-VII saukuneebSi, sparsTa mpyrobelobisas, Sahebi somxur

eklesias saxelmwifoebriv doneze uWerdnen mxars, maT mier devnil

bizantiuri orientaciis qarTul eklesias politikurad araxelsayre-

li garemos gamo ar SeZlo sxva, miTumetes imJamad gamarjvebul-

gabatonebuli somxuri eklesiis samwysos misakuTreba, Tavis wiaRSi

Seyvana, piriqiT, imJamad qarTvelTa armenizaciis procesi iyo gaR-

rmavebuli, maT Soris tao-basiansa da qvemo qarTlSic. imJamindeli

Sahi sparseTisa xosro II farvizi (g. 628 w.), gansakuTrebiT mfarvel-

obda somxur eklesias, man ierusalimisaken laSqrobisas moiwvia mTe-

li Tavisi imperiis qristianul eklesiaTa e.w. `sparsuli kreba~ da

daavaldebula isini mieRoT `somxuri sarwmunoeba~ anda imperiis

sazRvrebi daetovebinaT (mitropoliti anania, saqarTvelos samociqu-

lo eklesiis istoria~, t. II, 2012, gv. 126). spars didebulTa erTi

gavleniani nawilic ki ukmayofolo iyo da SeSfoTda somxur eklesi-

asTan xosros ukiduresi daaxloebis gamo, amitomac maT isargebles

herakle keisris sparseTSi SeWris momentiT _ xosro II taxtidan Camo-

agdes da mokles 628 wels, magram iqamde, kirion II sastikad daisaja

somxur eklesiasTan davisaTvis, mas, rogorc Cans, 614 wlisaTvis

daatovebines sakaTalikoso taxti. kirioni Tavisi brZolis dros efu-

Zneboda wmida msoflio eklesiis erTianobis Zalasa da avtoritets,

208

amis gamo mas uwyveti werilobiTi urTierToba hqonda msoflio saek-

lesio centrebTan. mimowera hqonia ierusalimisa da sxva eklesiebis

meTaurebTan, romis papTan.

kirion I saqarTvelos wmida eklesiis udidesi moRvawea, Tu ara

misi Tavdadeba da Tavganwiruli brZola qalkedonitobis dasacavad,

Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis gamo, qarTuli mrevlis didi nawili

dakargavda erovnul identobas da armenizdeboda somxur eklesiaSi

iseve, rogorc moxda armenizacia albanuri mosaxleobisa VII-VIII ss-

Si, mas Semdeg rac isini somxur eklesiaSi gaerTiandnen da maT alba-

nur eklesia-monastrebSi somxurenovani RvTismsaxureba dainerga.

armeniis qarTvelTa didi gamofxizleba

kirionma aanTo pirveli naperwkali erovnuli gamofxizlebisa,

romelic aitaca e.w. dasavleT armeniis mkvidrma qarTulma mosaxleo-

bam gugarqSi, kolaSi, taoSi da kidev ufro samxreTiT, vidre TiTq-

mis vanis tbamde, romlis sanapirosTan axlos mcxovrebma qarTvelebma

valaSkertis saepiskoposo daaarses. tao centrad iqca.

taos gareTac, erovnebaaRorZinebulma qarTulma mrevlma Camoay-

aliba sxva qarTuli saepiskoposoebic _ anisisa, karisa (yarsisa), da-

daSenisa da sxva qalaqebisa, TviTSemecnebulma, anu somxuri asimi-

laciisagan gaTavisuflebulma qarTvelebma miiwvies TavianT miwa-

wyalze taos mefe didi daviT kurapalati, romelmac qarTuli sax-

elmwifoebrivi erTeuli `qarTvelTa sakurapalato~ ganavrco vanis

tbamde mcxovrebi am mkvidr qarTvelTaTvis.

sixaruli da erovnuli siamaye vinaobaaRdgenili qarTvelebisa

ganuzomeli iyo, rac gamomJRavnda gansakuTrebiT aTonis mTaze. am

mxareebidan wamosuli iverielebis mier, yovladwmida RvTismSobeli

eweoda imiT, rom qarTul enasa da qarTul sityvas mfarvelobda.

swored aseTi saswaulebrivi gamocxadebis Semdgom mieca myisierad

qarTuli enis codna patara eqvTime mTawmindels.

209

erovnuli identobis aRorZinebis sixarulma aagebina saocari

taZrebi taosa da klarjeTSi mkvidr qarTvelebs, eseni iyvnen niSan-

svetebi maTi erovnuli gamofxizlebisa, somxuri eklesiisagan didi

gaqcevisa, misi uaryofisa da vinaobis aRdgenisa. am gaTavisuflebis

didma Zalam aago swored am kuTxeebSi es arqiteqturis Sedevrebi,

rogorc dagubebul wyalSi grovdeba didi Zala da energia, romel-

ic vlindeba misi gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, aseTi ZaliT afeTqda qarTu-

li kultura samxreT saqarTveloSi.

kirionis gamofxizlebis~ proeqti

qarTuli enis dasacavad kirionis cnobilma kamaTma somxur ekle-

siasTan da am sakiTxis gamo ganxeTqilebam gamoafxizla samxreT kavkasi-

is provinciaTa is qarTveloba, romelnic iqamde somxuri eklesiis

iurisdiqciaSi imyofebodnen.sad ganxorcielda kirionis gamofxizlebis proeqti? anu romel

provinciebSi gaTviTcnobierdnen iqamde somxuri wirva-locvis qveS

myofi qarTvelebi da aRidgines qarTulenovani wirva-locva?

gugarqis garda, basiansa, klarjeTsa da taoSi qarTuli enis aRdge-

nas rom mistirodnen somexi RvTismetyvelebi, es Cans uxtanesis

wignidan, romelmac uzarmazari Sroma, savse moTqma-vaebiTa da wuxil-

iT miuZRvna am sakiTxs (uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa

somexTagan, 1975).

kirionis gamofxizleba~ mxolod qvemo qarTls ar Sexebia, aq ux-

tanesis dros isedac somxuri taSir-Zorakertis samefo hyvaoda somx-

uri saeklesio eniT, uxtanesi mistiris kirionis mier basianis, tao-

klarjeTisa da mezobel olqTa qarTvelebis mier erovnuli identobis

aRdgenas.

210

gamofxizlebis ori mTavari stimuli (IV-X ss.)

jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe SeniSnavda, rom istoriuli somxeTis miwa-

wyali armenielebis Semosvlamde qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

mas faqtiurad eTanxmeba n. adonci, romelic mraval wyaroze dayrd-

nobiT gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom istoriulad qarTvelebis sacxov-

risi vanis tbidan qarTlamde Suaze gahkveTes armenielebma, amitom

armenielebis rogorc samxreTiT, ise CrdiloeTiT qarTvelTa qvey-

nebi moeqca.

magaliTad, n. adoncis azriT, vanis tbis samxreTiT mdebare qvey-

ana kordueni da CrdiloeTiT mdebare qarTli _ qarTvelTa qveynebi

iyvnen.

rac Seexeba qarTvelebis dasaxlebas armeniis dasavleTiT, is xe-

luxleblad iqna SenarCunebuli _ igulisxmeba qaldevelTa anu Wan-

Ta qveyana.

qaldu anu `kardu~ _ iv. javaxiSvilis kvleviTac qarTvelTa is-

toriuli samSoblo yofila, romlis saxeli qarTvelTa samive Stos

_ svanebs, megrel-lazebsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelebs

hqoniaT Semonaxuli.

dasavleT da Crdilo armeniaSi moqceul iberiis yofil miwebze

xorZenasa, pariadresa da gogarenaSi qarTvelTa armenizaciis pro-

cesma gaqristianebis Semdeg religiuri saxe miiRo, rac imiT gamoix-

ata, rom am qarTvelTa saojaxo ena kvlav qarTuli iyo (an misi di-

aleqtebi), magram somxuri maTTvis RvTis sadidebeli da saRvTism-

saxuro enad iqca (Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelTa arc

Tu mcire nawili, romelnic konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi iyvnen

moqceulnni _ berZnulenovanni gaxdnen saeklesio TvalsazrisiT).

armeniis qarTvelebi somxuri enis, kulturis, eklesiis, Semecneb-

is da kulturis zegavlenis qveS eqceodnen.

qarTvelTa armenizaciis procesi somxeTis dasavleT da Crdilo

mxareebSi ver dasrulda arabTa Semosevebis gamo.

somxuri kulturuli centrebis Zlierebis moryevisas _ arabTa

Semosevebis epoqaSi, aRmoCnda, rom dasavleT armeniasa da aseve ba-

siansa, taosa da mimdebare mxareebSi qarTvelebis erT nawils, sa-

211

bednierod, jer kidev hqondaT SenarCunebuli erovnuli cnobiere-

ba, nawilobriv ki codna qarTuli enisa da sayofacxovrebo wes-Cveule-

bebisa _ erTi sityviT, kulturuli TavisTavadoba, rac safuZvlad

gadaiqca taosa da basianSi qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebisa,

erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnisa da misTvis qarTuli sax-

is miniWebisa.

aseT epoqaSi qarTul enas siwmindis funqcia mieniWa.

es movlena iyo namdvili kulturuli revolucia qarTuli cno-

bierebis aRorZinebisaTvis.

tao-basianis mxareebSi qarTuli Semecnebisa da enis aRorZinebis

safuZveli unda yofiliyo _

1) kirionis mier qarTuli enis aRorZineba gugarqSi da

2) 726 wlis manaskertis monofizituri kreba, ramac somxuri ekle-

sia mononacionalur eklesiad aqcia, sadac aRar iyo eTnikur qarTvel-

Ta (qalkedonitTa) adgili, da ramac eklesiurad gamoafxizla qarTve-

loba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom monofizituris gverdiT ufro

gamoikveTa somxur-qalkedonuri eklesia, romelSic qarTvelebi mrev-

lad iyvnen gaerTianebulebi, somxuri qalkedonituri eklesiis qarTu-

li frTa mniSvnelovani iyo, aqedanac qarTvelTa erTi nawili eTni-

kuri niSniT ganSorda somxur-qalkedonur eklesias da SeuerTda

mcxeTis dedaeklesias.

erovnulad identobaaRorZinebulma qarTvelobis erTma nawilma

male zurgi Seaqcia somxurqalkedonur eklesiasac da deda qarTuls

daubrunda.

212

wm. daviT da tariWani, isaaki da iosebi

wm. daviT da tariWani, qarTuli eklesiis wmidanebi, uwamebiaT VII

saukuneSi, taos qveyanaSi, nerse somexTa kaTalikosis samwysoSi, sofel

duvSi. `cxovrebis~ mixedviT, maT kavSiri hqondaT somexTa qveyanas-

Tan. miuxedavad amisa somxuri eklesiisaTvis isini ucnobebi arian,

isini ar arian somxuri eklesiis wmidanebi, da arian, rogorc aRiniS-

na qarTulisa. ra iyo amis mizezi?

arsebobs meore msgavsi magaliTic, miCneulia, rom arzrumi, yo-

fili Teodosiopoli, romelic qarTulad karnu qalaqad iwodeboda

somxeTis qveyanaSi mdebareobda, 808 wels aq uwamebiaT isaaki da iosebi,

maTi eTnikuri vinaobis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs zedwodeba `qarTvelni~.

saqarTvelos saeklesio kalendarSi 16 seqtembers ixseniebian mowa-

meni isaak da ioseb qarTvelni, karnu qalaqis wamebulni 808 wels~, unda

vifiqroT, rom isini karnu-qalaqelni iyvnen, eTnikuri qarTvelebi,

romelnic IX s-Si arabebma awames. XI s-Si konstantine porfirgenetis

cnobiT karnuqalaqelebi did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen bizantielebs,

ris gamoc alyaSi moaqcies da moqalaqeebi SimSiliT sikvdilisaTvis

gaimetes, qarTvelTa jari ki maT icavda bizantielTa alyiT gamowveu-

li SimSilobisas, amaragebda sursaT-sanovagiT.

aqedanac Cans, rom rogorc IX ise X saukuneSi arzrumi (karnu-

qalaqi) qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, arzrumi karinis~ qveynis mTa-

vari qalaqi iyo. am qveyanaSi hqonda mamulebi Tornike erisTavs, somexi

istorikosebis azriT Tornike am qveyneli iyo, aqve mdebareobda

cnobili qarTuli skriptoriumi erT-erT qarTul monasterTan.

maSasadame, isaaki da iosebi qarTvel wmindanTa rigSi moxvdnen

TavianTi eTnikuri vinaobis (qarTvelobis) wyalobiT, msgavsadve daviT

da tariWani wamebis Semdeg qarTvel wmindanTa rigSi Caweres, radga-

nac isinic eTnikur qarTvelebad, qarTuli eklesiis wevrebad miiC-

neodnen, radganac ara mxolod tao, aramed karini da basianic qar-

TvelTa qveynebad miiCneoda IX-X ss-Si.

213

axali era somxeTis eklesiis istoriaSi

726 wels Sedga manaskertis kreba ioane oZunelis dros. am krebam

axali era Seqmna somxuri eklesiis istoriaSi (n. adonci, somxeTi

iustinianes epoqaSi. 1908, rus. enaze gv. 338) da hqonda pirvelx-

arisxovani mniSvneloba (gv. 338). `aRadgina somxuri saeklesio tra-

diciebi darRveuli VII s-Si qalkedontebis mier ~ (iqve, gv. 338).

meore mxriv, rac CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, Cveni azriT, am

krebam gamoafxizla somxeTis qarTveloba.

kirionis dauviwyari Rvawli saeklesio msaxurebisas qarTuli enis

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kvlav gaixsenes am krebiT SeSfoTebulma qar-

Tvelebma.

isini, taosa da basianis qarTveloba, ZiriTadad qalkedonitebi

iyvnen da amitom maT somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi yofna mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi miaCndaT dasaSvebad, Tuki somxuri eklesia qalke-

donituri mimarTulebisa iqneboda, 726 wlis krebam ki am eklesiis

monofizituri mimarTuleba daadgina. amitomac, maT daiwyes gzebis

Zieba somxuri eklesiisagan Tavis dasaxsnelad.

kirionis brZanebani qarTuli enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, winapris

mowodebad iqca _ mowodebad, raTa somxeTis qarTveloba ganSorebo-

da ukve araqalkedonitur somxur eklesias da dabruneboda erovnul

qarTuls _ marTlmadideblurs.

214

arseni safareli qarTul-somxuri saeklesio

urTierTobebs Sesaxeb VI-VII saukuneebSi

(`ganyofisaTvis qarTvelTa da somexTa~)

ubrZana berZenTa mefem somxeTis kaTalikos moses elivardels

(574-604) da mis episkoposebs, raTa misuliyvnen konstantinopolSi

da kvlav gamowvlilviT gamoeZiaT sarwmunoebrivi simarTle, marTa-

li ki daemtkicebinaT. xolo mose kaTalikosi ar daemorCila da ar

wavida, aramed uTxra berZenTa mociqulebs: ar gadaval mdinare

azatze, romelic sazRvaria sparsTa da berZenTa Soris, ar SevWam

berZenTa furnids da ar Sevsvam berZenTa Termons (furnids afue-

bul purs ewodebda, Termons wyliT gazavebul Rvinos), aseve upa-

suxes vaspuraganis episkoposebmac, romelnic sparsTa saxelmwifos

emorCilebodnen. arc maT inebes wasvla. xolo taos episkoposi da

sxva berZenTa morCili somexi episkoposebi saswrafod Cavidnen kon-

stantinopolSi. kvlav gamoiZies da meored daamtkices qalkedonis

krebis siswore mavrik mefis winaSe. yvelam erTobiT aRiara qristes WeS-

mariti ori buneba. daweres fici berZnebTan erTobis Sesaxeb da wamov-

idnen. roca somxeTSi movidnen, maTi sarwmunoeba ar Seiwynara mose kaTa-

likosma da misma sxva episkoposebma, romelnic sparsTa mier dapyro-

bil nawilSi cxovrobdnen da gaiyo somxeTi sarwmunoebrivad. qalke-

donitebma daidgines kaTalikosad ioane kogoviteli (590-611).

V muxli _ qarTvelma kaTalikosma kirion mcxeTelma da herTa kaTa-

likosma abazma ixiles, rom somxuri eklesia kvlav dvinis im krebis

erTgulia, romelic abdiSo asuris xeliT Caatares da romelmac wmi-

da msoflio sayovelTao kaTolike eklesias Camoacila somxuri ek-

lesia. am krebam somxuri eklesia Camoacila oTx msoflio sapatri-

arqos, amiT ki dairRva wmida grigol ganmanaTleblis anderZi ke-

sariis eklesiisadmi, rom somxuri eklesia ukunisamde ar ganSorde-

boda kesariis eklesiaSi somexi episkoposebis xeldasxmas (somxeTi ki

kesariis eklesiaSi xeldasxmas ganSorda imis gamo, rom sparsTa me-

fisgan miiRo brZaneba, TviT somxeTSive xeli daesxaT episkoposebi-

saTvis). roca aseTi praqtika kvlav aRorZinebuli ixiles kirion

215

kaTalikosma (591-615), herTa kaTalikosma abazma (552-596) da sivni-

eTis episkoposma grigorma, Seiqna didi dava somxeTsa da qarTls

Soris. qarTvelni ambobdnen, rom wmida grigolma saberZneTidan mogv-

ca Cven sarwmunoeba, romelic Tqven dauteveT, misi wmida anderZi

uaryaviT da abdiSo asurs da sxva borot mwvaleblebs daemorCilen-

iT. am mxilebis Semdeg somxebma qarTli daabezRes sparsTa mefesTan,

rom qarTvelebs rom-saberZneTis sarwmunoeba aqvTo. aseTive dava iyo

qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris nerse II-is drosac. aseve iyo mis sakaTali-

koso taxtze mjdom abraamis drosac. am dros gandevna qarTlis kaTa-

likosma kirionma mose curtavis episkoposi Tavisi eparqiidan, romel-

ic wmida SuSanikis saflavze iyo. Txova abraamma kirions es eparqia,

xolo man ar misca. da gadidda maT Soris ciloba. mouxmo abraammaararatis provinciis samRvdeloebas da uTxra maT: an SeaCveneT qalke-

donis kreba, an gadiT Cveni samkvidrebelidan. zogierTi daemorCila

da SeaCvenes wmida kreba, zogierTi ki ar daemorCila da ganidevnen.

VI muxli _ abraamis Semdgom dajda kaTalikosad komitasi (607-

629), romelic Zalze mdidari iyo, Sesamoslis moyvare, bivrilis pa-

tiosani TvlebiT amkobda kverTxis Tavebs. es ufro metad moZule

iyo qalkedonis krebisa. misca Svidi saepiskoposo herTa kaTalikoss

da SeierTa is. misca jvris tarebis pativi sivnieTis episkoposs. ase-

Ti xerxiT mTeli somxeTi gaaerTiana qalkedonis krebis sawinaaRmde-

god. gamoZebna vinme dawyevlili ioane mairagomeli, aRWurva qalke-

donianobis sawinaaRmdego wignebiT da aRuTqva mis Semdeg sakaTali-

koso taxti. aTargmnina monofizit da sxva mwvalebel eresiarqTa

wignebi, gaavrcela da am tyuiliT mTeli somxeTis qveyana daajera.

Secvala Tavdapirveli saeklesio wesebi da kanonebi, TviTon ki axa-

li mrudeni SemoiRo. am dros aiSala Zveli da axali ki ver daamt-

kices (ar dainerga). amis gamo dRemde yoveli kaci somxeTSi Tavis

mier Seqmnil-gamogonebul saeklesio kanonebs iyenebs. yvelaferi es

komitas kaTalikosma gancofebuli ioane mairagomelis xeliT gaake-

Ta. Semdeg sakaTalikoso taxtze qristefore dajda (628-630), romelic

mairagomelis mteri iyo. gamwarda suliT ioane, Semdeg ki gaixara,

radganac kaTalikosi gadaayenes, magram mas mainc ar misces sakaTa-

likoso taxti. kaTalikosad ezra (630-641) dajda. ufro Sewuxda mai-

216

ragomelis mzakvari suli. aseTi mzakvareba pirvelad moxsenebuli

komitasis gamo moxda, Sedegad mairagomelis wvalebis swavlebiT aiv-

so mTeli somxeTi.

aqedan Cans, rom somxur eklesias araratis olqic ganSorda VII s-

is dasawyisSi, Cans, eTnikur-religiuri niSniT, radganac, im epoqaSi

araratis anu araqsis xeobis mkvidr qarTvelTa armenizaciis proce-

si jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli (Sesabamisad, qarTveli kirioni

araratis olqis saeklesio mmarTveli iyo), Tumca maleve es procesi

dasrulda.

217

Tavi VIII

e.w. somex-qalkedonitTa vinaoba

araswori Teoriebi iberebisa da somexi

qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb

vikipediasa da zogadad saerTaSoriso samecniero wreebSi amJamad

damkvidrebulia umarTebulo, araswori Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda ivere-

bi (ivirebi) ewodebodaT ara mxolod qarTvelebs, aramed somex-qalke-

donitebsac da amasTanave iberiis Temis mcxovrebTac (iberiis Temis

mcxovreblebad rogorc wesi eTnikur somxebs miiCneven). rogorc wesi

aRniSnuli mosazrebis wyaroebad uTiTeben ara Zvel avtorebs, aramed

ZiriTadad v. aruTinova-fidanianis Sromebs, (magaliTad: mis grigol

pakurianis tipikons, erevani 1978, anda nina garsoians, romelmac 1977

wels niu-iorkSi gamosca Tavisi wigni).

somexi qakedonitebis iverebad moxseniebas safuZveli daedo XIX

s-is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisSi, roca niko marma pirvelad uwoda

egreTwodebuli somex kalkedonitebs iverebi. v. fidanianis sityviT

niko marma somexi qalkedonitebi gamoiyvana legendebis sferodan,

kerZod TiTqosda niko mars mougrovebia yvela cnoba. aseve epi-

grafikuli da arqeologiur monacemebi da ase dauweria somexi qalke-

donitebis Sesaxeb Tavisi naSromi, romlis safuZvelzec taos, misi

mimdebare regionebis, aseve klarjeTis mkvidri qarTveloba cxadde-

ba somex qalkedonitebad, Sesabamisad am mxareTa qarTuli kultura,

eklesia-monastrebi somxurad. da am mxareebidan gamosuli wminda

mamebi da moRvaweebi eTnikur somxebad, (ioane da eqvTime mTawmind-

elebi, Tornike erisTavi da misi sagvareulo Cordvanelebisa. grigol

bakurianis Ze da sxva qarTveli didebulebi eTnikur somxebad cxad-

debian, maTi mtkicebiT isini qarTvelebi iyvnen ara eTnikurad, aramed

218

mxolod saeklesio-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, maTi marTlmadide-

bluri aRmsareblobis gamo). cxadia es aris Teoria romelic amJamad

iwodeba `qarTizaciis Teoriad~. yvela statiaSi romelic ki somex

qalkedonitebs eZRvneba sainterneto sferoSi aRniSnulia, rom niko

marma Tavisi es aRniSnuli Teoria pirvelad wamoayena statiaSi _

«аркаун Монголъское Название христиан в связи с вопросом об армянах –халкидонитах» (1906 w.). am statiaze dafuZnebiT Sesabamis cnobarSi

weren _ `somexi _ qalkedonitebis fenomeni pirvelad aRmoaCina aka-

demikosma n.i. marma~ (`somexi _ qalkedonitebi~, fond `haiazgis~ en-

ciklopediis masala).

iqve aRniSnulia `gamoCenilma aRmosavleTmcodnem (n.marma) Tavis

am naSromSi gamoikvlia, rom somxeTSi qalkedonizmi iyo cocxali,

progresuli religiur-kulturuli moZraoba da somexi qalkedonite-

bi aqtiurad monawileobdnen saeklesio, politikur da kulturul

cxovrebaSi. somxeTSi marTlmadidebluri Temis istoriisa da kul-

turis Seswavla gagrZelda mTeli XX saukunis manZilze sxvadasxva

mkvlevarebis mier. somex-qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb werdnen, v. aruTi-

nova-fidaniani, p. xaranisi, r. bartikiani, p. muradiani. n. maris mravali

Sroma mieZRvna somxur-qalkedonitur Zeglebs, romelnic somxuri-

dan qarTulad iTargmna. somexi qalkedonitTa mTargmnelobiTi moR-

vaweobis Sesaxeb werdnen i. abulaZe, n. akiniani, p. muradiani, a. ka-

zariani. arsebobs Sromebi n. adoncisa da i. akinianisa Cordvanelis,

varaz vaCes, Tornikesa da saerTod taoel somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb

da aseve sasuneli Tornikianebis Sesaxeb~ (iqve gv. 2/2).

sabolood, mTeli msjelobani da mosazrebani CamoTvlili avtore-

bisa midis iqamde, rom TiTqosda termini `iviri~ gamoiyeneboda ara

mxolod eTnonimad, aramed iveriis Temis mcxovrebTa aRsaniSnad da

aseve gamoiyeneboda konfesionalurad, kerZod ki ivirebad (ivere-

bad) iwodeboda rogorc wesi qarTul eklesias mikedlebuli somexi

_ qalkedonitebi~. amis TvalsaCinod mohyavT Semdegi magaliTebi _

`1. ana komina araorazrovnad uwodebs grigol bakurians somexs,

didebulTa gvaridan, xolo maTeos urhaeci _ mas qarTvels uwodebs,

amave dros TviTon (grigol bakurianis) mier Sedgenili baCkovis mo-

nastris wesdebaSi is Tavis Tavs eTnikur ivers uwodebs, maSin, roca

219

iqve naTqvamia, rom es wesdeba Sedgenilia romaelTa iverTa da somexTa

enebze da man xeli moawera somxuri asoebiT.

2. anisis taZris warweraSi bagrat vxkaci _ iverad iwodeba, amave

dros berZen avtorTa mier is somxad iwodeba. amave dros mis (bagratis)

Svils smbats maTeosi somexad moixseniebs, Cans, mxedvelobaSi hqon-

da smbatis dabruneba somxuri eklesiis mimdevarTa rigebSi.

3. maTeos urhaeli ambobs, rom, roca vasil apukapi dabrunda edesa-

Si, somxebi xarobdnen, aqedan Cans, rom is somexi iyo, magram is (ma-

Teos urhaeci) vasils pirdapir romaels uwodebs, mxedvelobaSi hqonda

an misi administraciuli funqciebi, anda qalkedonitoba.

4. am aRniSnuli vasilis Zma _ farsmani iverad iwodeba siklicas

mier, xolo atalaiteti mas somexs uwodebs~ (somxuri forumi vard-

ananqi~, gverdi iverebi~).

am magaliTebidan umarTebulod askvnian, rom, magaliTad `maTeos

urhaeci mraval wminda sisxlis somexs romaels~ anda ivirs~ uwodebs,

am dros mxedvelobaSi aqvs, rom isini somexi qalkedonitebi arian,

mikedlebulni an berZnul, anda qarTul marTlmadidebel eklesias~

(iqve gv. 2/3).

iqve am gverdze amateben Semdegs _ `eTnikonma `ivirma~ veraviTar

SemTxvevaSi ver gamoaZeva termini `somexi~ (iqve gv. 2/3) magaliTad

kvlav grigol bakurianis Ze mohyavT, TiTqosda is iyo somexi, romel-

mac qarTuli icoda. maTmier srulad gabaTilebulia maTeos urhae-

cis cnoba, romelic grigol bakurianis Zes tomiT qarTvels uwodebda,

da rac mTavaria, TviT grigolisave cnoba, romelSic is Tavis Tavs

iverTa brwyinvale gvariSvils uwodebs, da mas Tavi mohqonda, rom is

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mxne qarTveli meomari iyo.

samxreT saqarTvelosa da mis mimdebare regionebSi, ZiriTadad tao-

klarjeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis somex-qalkedonitebad gamocxa-

deba gaamyara, Zalze didi saerTaSoriso avtoritetis mqone organ-

om `pravoslavnaia enciklopediam~. vikipediis statia `somexi-qalke-

donitebi~ amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs amonarids am organodan _ saqarTve-

los mosazRvre somxeTis raionebSi mcxovrebi somexi marTlmadide-

blebi xdebodnen saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanoni-

220

kuri daqvemdebarebis qveS~ _ `pravoslavnaia enciklopedia~ (t. III,

moskovi, 2001, gv. 326).

aqve aRniSnulia XI s-is meore naxevarSi Turq-selCukebis Semoseveb-

ma, romlebmac bizantiur yofnas armeniaSi bolo mouRo, aiZula somexi

qalkedonitebi TandaTanobiT gadasuliyvnen saqarTvelos sakaTaliko-

soSi da XIII s-Si maTi saepiskoposo kaTedrebi ukve qarTulad~ miiCne-

odnen~ (pravoslavnaia enciklopedia, t. III, moskovi, 2001, gv. 327).

am Tvalsazrisis umarTebuloba Tundac a. lastivertecis Sromi-

dan Cans, roca anisis jvris lursmnebi~, rogorc is ambobs basianel-

ma qarTvelebma~ Seuracxyves, rac a. lastivertecisve sityviT, mizezi

gaxda maTi dasjisa, roca basili bulgarTmmusvreli SeiWra iberiaSi

(e.i. tao-basianSi) da sastikad dasaja, daxoca didZali mosaxleoba

da daangria iqamde ayvavebuli iverTa qveyana (tao-basiani, saerTod

daviT kurapalatis yofili samefo), TviT amave avtoris lastiverte-

cis sityviT, maSasadame Turq-selCukebamde am regionSi, mravali

qarTvel-qalkedoniti cxovrobda da maT, Sesabamisi qarTuli saepisko-

posoebic eqnebodaT, Tumc ki wyaroebi maT Sesaxeb jer kidev ar aris

saTanadod Seswavlili. es xels ar uSlis am organos (pravoslavnaia

enciklopedias), raTa oSki _ somex-qalkedonitTa monastrad war-

moadginos, xolo fotoze, romelsac miwerili aqvs sityvebi _ avanis

eklesia~, sinamdvileSi mcxeTis jvris eklesiaa gamosaxuli. pravo-

slavnaia enciklopediaSi somex-qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb dastambuli

statiis avtoria v. aruTinova-fidaniani.

v. aruTinova-fidaniani `pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ statiaSi

`somexi-qalkedonitebi~ TviTve aRniSnavs _ somex-qalkedonitTa Ses-

wavlis sirTule aixsneba wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis siZneleebiT:

somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb cnobebi moipoveba sxvadasxva enovan (somx-

ur, berZnul, qarTul, siriul da arabul) wyaroebSi da aseve sxva-

dasxva heterogenur wyaroebSi (istoriul qronikebSi, wmidaTa cxov-

rebebSi, saRvTismetyvelo da polemikur traqtatebSi, epigrafikasa

da a.S). Tumca ki arcerT maTganSi ar arsebobs raime pirdapiri anda

obieqturi informacia somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb. saerTod somex-

qalkedonitTa kuTvnili nawarmoebebi cota SemorCa, esenia sinas mTis

wm. ekaterines monasterSi aRmoCenili antimonofizituri saRvTis-

221

metyvelo dokumentebi, istoriul polemikuri Txzuleba `Txroba

somexTa Sesaxeb~, somexi _ anonimi avtorisa (VII s. I naxevari) da grigol

bakurianis (XI s. ) tipikoni da sxva nawarmoebebis rigi~ (v. aruTinova-

fidaniani, somexi-qalkedonitebi, pravoslavnaia enciklopedia).

aqedan kargad Cans, rom TviT yvelaze tendenciuri v. fidanianis

aRiarebiTac ki somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb ar miuTiTebs arcerTi

wyaro. am mizezis gamo wyaroTa saocar ar qonas avseben magaliTad

iseTi TxzulebiT, rogoricaa petriwonis tipikoni, romelic somxur

qalkedonitur Txzulebad cxaddeba usabuTod.

a. fidanianis tendenciurobisa da arakoreqtulobis Sesaxeb kar-

gad miuTiTa Tavis ramdenime naSromSi istorikosma stepanenkom `bi-

zantiiskii vestnikis 59-e tomSi. am tomSi dabeWdilia v. stepanenkos

naSromi romlis saTauria: `somexi-qalkedonitebi XI s-is bizantiis

istoriaSi (v. aruTinova-fidanianis wignis gamo)~.

am naSromSi stepanenkom mkacrad gaakritika v. aruTinova-fidani-

anis wigni `somxur-bizantiuri sakontaqto zona (X-XI ss). kultura-

Ta urTierTqmedebaTa Sedegi~ (moskovi, 1994, rus. enaze).

stepanenko wers _ `fidanianis am naSromma ufro meti kiTxva war-

moSva, vidre gasca pasuxebi, misi mizezia, ara mxolod mkvlevaris sak-

uTari Secdomebi, romelnic naTelia, aramed is, rom ar arsebobs saer-

Tod aRiarebuli gasagebi aparati eTnokulturuli procesebis Sesas-

wavlad, saWiroa sxva midgomebi, sxva meTodika da ara is, rac demon-

strirebulia v. aruTinova-fidanianis wignSi~. (В.П. Степаненко Армяне-халкедониты в истории византи XI в. Византииский временик. Т. 59, с. 60).

stepanenko agrZelebs _ `saWiroa monacemTa bazis Seqmna somexi

qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb bizantiasa da saqarTveloSi, imis gaTval-

iswinebiT, rom qarTuli teritoriebis nawili X s-Si aRmoCnda im-

periis SemadgenlobaSi. es mkveTrad Seamcirebs istoriuli konte-

qstebidan amoglejili informaciiT manipulirebis SesaZleblobas.

fesvebi eTnopolitikuri situaciisa, romelic Seiqmna imperiis aR-

mosavleT sazRvrebTan X s-Si, unda veZioT misi istoriis ufro adrin-

del periodebSi~ (v. stepanenko, dasax, naSr, gv. 61) .

IX-XI ss-Si imperiis aRmosavleTiT (istoriuli saqarTvelos

samxreTSi) Seqmnili eTnopolitikuri da eTnokulturuli situaci-

222

is fesvebs, piradad Cven veZebT ara mxolod VI-VIII saukuneebSi, aramed

gacilebiT adreul periodSi. am sakiTxebis rkvevas exeba Cveni wigni

àrian-qarTli~. saWiroa wina saukuneTa periodebis kvleva aRniSnul

e.w. `somex-qalkedonitTa~ sakiTxis Sesaswavlad. samwuxaroa, rom

qarTveli filologebis da istorikosebis elitam mTlianad gaiTavisa

n. maris `qarTizaciis~ Teoria. isini, rogorc Tundac v. stepanenko,

darwmunebulebi arian, rom imperiis aRmosavleTis e.w. sakontaqto~

zona eTnikuri somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelTa gaqalkedonite-

biT, TiTqosda maTi gaqarTveleba xdeboda. aseTi mosazreba ki war-

moiqmneba ìstoriuli konteqstebidan amoglejili informaciis ma-

nipulirebiT~.

rogorc aRiniSna, TviTon v. aruTinova-fidaniani wers, rom ar

arsebobs raime wyaro, romelSic pirdapiri da obieqturi informa-

cia iyos imis Sesaxeb, rom iverebi (ivirebi) eTnikurad somxebi iyvnen.

sinamdvileSi, kidev erTxel, rom vTqvaT, istoriuli saqarTvelos

samxreT nawilSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi anu iverebi somex-qalkedo-

nitebad gamoacxades istoriuli konteqstebidan amoglejili infor-

maciis manipulirebis Sedegad, pirveli magaliTi maT niko marma mis-

ca, roca grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis cnobili fraza (`qarTlad

friadi qveyana aRiracxebis~, sadac qarTuli eniT wirva-locva xde-

ba), gaaukuRmarTa, masSi im azris CadebiT, TiTqosda vincki qarTuli

eklesiis wevri xdeboda, yvelas qarTvels uwodebdnen. aseve esmis es

fraza amJamindeli filologebisa da istorikosebis did nawils. si-

namdvileSi ki jer kidev bizantielTa mier imier taosa da mimdebare

qarTuli miwebis aneqsiamde, iq Camoyalibda qarTuli saeklesio er-

Teuli, romlis saxelwodebac iyo àRmosavalis~ anu `meore iveriis

sakaTalikoso~, romelsac Tavisi TavisTavadi kaTalikosi hyavda. am

ukanasknelT qarTul samyaroSi aRmosavalis kaTalikosebs~ uwodebd-

nen, àRmosavals~ ara konstantinopolidan, aramed antioqia ieru-

salimis sapatriarqoebidan hqondaT TavisTavadoba miniWebuli da

Sesabamisad maT mirons iqidan ugzavnidnen. grigol xanZTelis mowa-

fem efremma izruna da iRvawa, raTa am meore iveriis anu àRmosava-

lis~ kaTalikosebs mironi mieRoT ara antioqia-ierusalimidan aramed,

TviTve, adgilzeve ekurTxebinaT, radganac es qveyanac igive qarTlia.

223

meore iveriac, qarTlia, qarTvelebis qveyanaa, aqac qarTulad aRev-

lineba wirva-locva, rogorc mcxeTis qarTlis vrcel qveyanaSi. al-

baT, ase unda gavigoT es aRniSnuli cnobili fraza. TviT v. fidani-

anic exeba sakiTxs, rom iveriis Tems~ _ aRmosavleTs~ uwodebdnen _

«Сведения нарративных источников приводит к тому что востоком объявляетсяфема иверя» (К. Юзбашян Армианское государства... с 185.193).

maSasadame, iveriis Tems anu im miwa-wyals sadac es Temi (fema)

warmoiqmna `aRmosavleTi~ erqva qarTul wyaroebSi, Sesabamisad mis

qarTvel kaTalikosebs `kaTalikosni aRmosavalisani~ erqvaT, aRmo-

savalis qarTuli sakaTalikosos saeklesio TavisTvadoba VIII s-Si

aRiara antioqiam (es sakiTxi ganxilulia am wignis sxva TavebSi), mas

Seexeba grigol xanZTelis cnoba `qarTlis qveynis friadobis~ anu

sididis Sesaxeb. mcxeTis iveria am meore iveriasTan erTad marTlac

didi qveyana iyo, qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi. isic (meore iver-

iac) qarTlia, isic didi qarTlis nawilia, amis magaliTad giorgi

merCules mohyavs is rom aqac qarTulad aRevlineba wirva-locva.

aseTi unda iyos n. maris manipulirebis Sedegad sastikad damaxinje-

buli cnobili frazis paTosi da ara is, rom somxebi qarTveldebod-

nen anu iverielebad iqceodnen qalkedonitobis aRiarebiT. es mo-

sazreba imdenad aris gamjdari, rom samwuxarod v. stepanenkoc ki

miiCnevs, rom am mxaris mosaxleoba warmoSobiT somxuri iyo, romelnic

Semdeg mTlianad gaqarTvelda, mis mier aruTinova-fidanianis kri-

tika ki imiT gamoixateba, rom am ukanasknels uwunebs kvlevis me-

Todebs, amCnevs mis Secdomebs, arakoreqtulobas, sicrues sxvadasx-

va faqtebis gadmocemisas da sxva. sabolood ki cdilobs ufro ma-

Ral simaRleze aiyvanos `somex-qalkedonitTa~, istoriis kvlevis

saqme. Sesabamisad, stepanenko v. fidanianis mimarT xSirad xmarobs

frazebs _ misi mtkiceba dausabuTebelia, «бездоказательно» (iqve, gv.48), `avtors pasuxi ara aqvs~ _ «ответа на даннии вопрос автор не дает»(iqve, gv. 50). kerZod, sakiTxi Seexeba v. fidanianis mtkicebas TiTqosda

arsebobda somex-qalkedonitTa eTnosi~. sinamdvileSi es eTnosi iyo

iverebi anu qarTvelebi, romelnic iqamde anu taos samefos daarse-

bamde Seadgendnen mrevls somxuri eklesiisa da manaskertis 726 wlis

krebis Semdeg ki daurbundnen dedaqarTul eklesias. stepanenko agr-

224

Zelebs fidanianis kritikas aseTi sityvebiT _ mcdaria~ _ ошибочно»(iqve, gv. 51) . anda `dausabuTebelia _ «представлятся необоснованным»(iqve, gv. 53). (kerZod sakiTxi Seexeba imas rom TiTqosda e.w. bizanti-

ur `sakontaqto~ zolSi `ZiriTadad erTmaneTs xvdeboda ori eTni-

kuri masa _ somxebisa da berZnebis~ stepanenkos azriT aq iyo mesame

eTnikuri masa _ qarTvelebisa). aseve uwodebs fidanians _ `arako-

reqtuls~ da wers _ «К сожалению предложенное ислетователъницоирешение проблемы: Армяне-халкидонити историко- кулътурный феноменконтактной зоны, представляется нам некорректным».

fidaniani Tavis gamokvlevebSi aRniSnavs, rom iqamde sagangebod

ar iyo gamokvleuli eTnikuri TviTSemecneba somexi-qalkedonitebi-

sa, rom somex-qalkedonitTa ganmasxvavebeli niSania maTi marTlma-

didebloba, magram aviwydeba, rom marTlmadidebloba ZiriTadad bi-

zantiuri fenomenia, amitomac ismis kiTxva marTlmadidebeli somxe-

bi bizantiaSi, marTlmadidebelTa umTavres samyaroSi, ratom uwodeb-

dnen TavianT Tavs tomiT warmoSobiT, naTesaviT qarTvels~! Tu mar-

Tlmadidebeli mrwamsi gansazRvravda eTnikur vinaobas, maSin mar-

Tlmadidebel somxebs bizantiaSi TavianTi Tavi berZnebad unda war-

moedginaT da ara qarTvelebad. fidaniani amtkicebs, TiTqosda somexi-

qalkedonitebi uaryofdnen somxur enasa da RvTismsaxurebas~, Tum-

ca sxva naSromSi is aRniSnavs, rom somexi qalkedonitebi amayobdnen

TavianTi (somxuri) STamomavlobiT, sad aris marTali am SemTxvevaSi

mkvlevari, somexi qalkedonitebi uaryofdnen Tu ara somxur enasa

da kulturas? sinamdvileSi ki somxur enas mxolod am mxareTa is

eTnikurad iberieli anu qarTveli pirebi uaryofdnen, romelTac

726 wlis Semdeg gadawyvites SeerTebodnen mSobliur-qarTul ekle-

sias, xolo eTnikuri somxebi an SeuerTdnen somxur monofizitur

eklesias, anda SeinarCunes siyvaruli TavianTi somxuri warsulis

mimarT rasac SeniSnavs kidec mkvlevari.

samwuxarod, 1071 wlis Semdegac, rac maTi miwa-wyali Turq-sel-

Cukebis xelSi gadavida, mravali qarTveli, anu eTnikuri iveri yo-

fili iberiis Temidan gadasaxlda kilikiaSi, sadac kvlav gagrZelda

maTi armenizaciis procesi (aq bakurianis Zeebis nawilic ki gadasax-

lebula), amasTanave adgilzeve (yofil iberiis Temis miwaze) darCe-

225

nili eTnikuri iverebic kvlav moiqcnen somxuri monofizituri ek-

lesiis iurisdiqciaSi, rasac maTi saRvTismsaxuro wignebic miuTiTebs.

rasac ikvlevda, oRond Taviseburad r. bartikiani. miuxedavad amisa

am wignebSi am kidev erTxel armenizebuli iverebis qarTuli fesvebi

Turme mainc naTlad Cans. aseve miuTiTeben evfratispireTSi ibere-

bis cxovrebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom edesaSi qarTuli koloniis arsebo-

ba dastureba v. goilaZis kvlevebiT. fidanianis azriT iberiis TemSi

wirva-locva TiTqosda qarTul enaze aResruleboda e.w. somex-qalke-

donitTa~ Soris, da mxolod amis gamo maT ìverebi~ ewodebodaT,

sinamdvileSi, rogorc Cveni gamokvleva aCvenebs, iberiis TemSi wir-

va-locva iyo ara qarTul enaze, aramed berZnulad, Tumca Zalian

ecadnen qarTveli mamebi da didxans ibrZoles raTa bizantias neba

daerTo, raTa iveriis TemSi wirva-locva qarTul enaze yofiliyo.

amisTvis iRvwoda zaqaria valaSkerteli, aTonis mTis mamebi, magram

uSedegod, iveriis TemSi, sabolood, wirva-locva berZnulad iyo.

miuxedavad amisa, iveriis Temis mosaxleoba Tavis Tavs ìverebs~

uwodebda. rogorc es mravali mxridan Cans, fidanianis Tvalsazrisi

am mxriv usafuZvloa. bizantiaSic cnobil iberebs, magaliTad grigol

bakurianis Zes, wirva-locva Tavisi mravali laSqrobisas, cxadia

berZnulad hqonda, magram is mainc Tavis Tavs `qarTvels~ uwodebda.

fidanianis apelireba mxolod wirva-locvis enaze _ usafuZvloa. am

xalxs didi qarTuli warsuli hqonda, maT TviTonve es kargad icod-

nen, Tumca ki isini armeniaSi cxovrobdnen~. aRniSnaven, rom mravali

aseTi iviri~ iyo bizantiur aristokratiaSi, cxadia maTi saeklesio

ena berZnuli iyo miuxedavad amisa, isini TavianT Tavs qarTvelebs

uwodebdnen, maTi mematianeebic maT ìverebs~ uwodebdnen. iveriis

Temidan bizantiaSi CasulT TiTqosda yvelas ìviri~ erqva. iveriis

Temi am olqs, misi mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis, maTi eTnikuri ive-

rielobis gamo ewoda. isini iyvnen vinaoba aRdgenili, iqamde armeni-

zebuli mosaxleoba. cxadia, maT iverebi erqvaT maTi eTnikuri war-

momavlobis gamo.

stepanenko wers, rom fidaniani faqtebiT umarTebuloT manipu-

lirebs (iqve, gv. 57). kerZod, saqme exeba CordvanelTa sagvareulos,

Tornike erisTavs, aseve grigol bakurianis Zes (masala faqtiurad

226

arc ki gaaCniaT, magram faqtebis gayalbebiT saerTaSoriso asparez-

ze danerges TavianTi Tvalsazrisi).

Codvanelebis sakiTxi (sxva statiaSi) sagengebod gamoikvlia v.

stepanenkom. aruTinova-fidanianis daskvniT grigol bakurianis Ze

iyo eTnikurad somexi, radganac man TiTqosda Tavis tipikons xeli

somxuri asoebiT moawera, amasTanave TiTqosda tipikoni somxur enazec

daiwera, Tundac ase iyos es mainc eTnikuri vinaobis gansazRvris

saSualebas ar iZleva. magaliTad, ilia WavWavaZe da olRa guramiS-

vili (misi coli) erTmaneTs werilebs rusul enaze werdnen da amis

gamo isini rusebad unda CaiTvalon, anda Tavis sabanko wesdebas igive

ilia WavWavaZe radganac rusul enaze werda is amis gamo rusia?

somxuri wera-kiTxvis codnasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven am naSromSi

gamovikvlieT, rom VII-VIII ss-Si, roca aRniSnul mxareTa iverebi aR-

moCndnen somxur-qalkedonur saeklesios samrevloSi, codna-ganaTle-

bas iRebdnen somxurad, amis gamo maT kargad icodnen somxuri wera-

kiTxva, magram TandaTanobiT swavlobdnen qarTuls. 726-iani wlebis

pirvel xanebSi, anu IX-X saukuneebSic am mxareebidan gamosulma mraval-

ma qarTvelma icoda da zogjer ukeTesadac somxuri wera-kiTxva,

iseve rogorc magaliTad XIX saukunis qarTvelma sasuliero pirebis

erTma nawilma rusuli wera-kiTxva ufro ukeT icoda vidre qarTu-

li, amis mizezi iyo am dros Seqmnili politikur-eklesiuri viTare-

ba. aseve iyo iberiis Temis miwazec mis dapyrobamde da Semdegac _ es

areali somxur-monofizituri eklesiiT uZlieresi zegavlenis qveS

iyo, iqaurma qarTvelebma mxolod erT periodSi SeZles Tavis gaTa-

visufleba misgan, es iyo daviT kurapalatis epoqa, bizantiuri saCu-

qari, axali miwebis Sesvla qarTul saxelmwifoebriobaSi, amiT aRfr-

Tovanebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier myisierad Tavisi eTno-

erovnuli vinaobis gamovlena da erovnuli dauokebeli sixaruli

(mCagvrelTa mxridan) da eklesiuri gaTavisuflebis gamo, rac aRw-

erilia Cvens wignSi.

n. maric da v. fidanianic ara mxolod taos da iveriis Tems exebi-

an, klarjeTic ki somex-qalkedonitTa qveyanad warmoadgines, rac

TviT v. stepanenkosac ki aRaSfoTebs, radganac daskvnebs akeTebs

wyaroebis pirdapiri Cvenebebis gareSe. fidanianis azriT mTeli zeda-

227

fena mmarTveloba samxreT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebSi TiTqosda

somxuri iyo. Tu es ase iyo amiT misi xalxi unda gasomxebuliyo, is ki

`somexTa gaqarTvelebis~ Sesaxeb saubrobs.

iberiis Temisa da mimdebare teritoriebidan gamosuli cnobili

pirebis qarTvelobis Sesaxeb naTlad weren somexi qronistebi (e.i.

somxuri wyaroebi), rogorc amas v. stepanenko miuTiTebs. somxuri

wyaroebi maT eTnikur qarTvelebs~ uwodeben. aRniSnuli mkvlevare-

bi am wyaroebs `arasakmarisad miiCneven~ da maT pirdapir Cvenebebs

gangeb amaxinjeben da abundovaneben.

v. stepanenkom sagangebo Sroma miuZRvna Tornike erisTavisa da

misi CordvanelTa ojaxis eTnikuri vinaobis kvlevas (В. П. степаненко.Чортванели Торники и Торониты в бизантии (к вопросу о сушествовании Т. Н.Таикскои ветви Торникианов) 1999).

mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom axali qarTuli istoriografiiT Torni-

ke qarTvelia, xolo somxuriT (n. adonci, n. akiniani, v. ariuTinova) _

somexi. maTgan erTni `Tornikianebs~ miiCneven somexi bagratidebis

STamomavlad, sxvani ki mamikonianebad. maTi azriT somxuri sagavreulo

_ Cordvanelebi flobdnen xaltoi-ariws da Cormairs, iyvnen mTavre-

bi derjanisa da taronisa~.

v. stepanenko msjelobs _ `VIII s-mde tao (taiqi) Sedioda armeniis

SemadgenlobaSi, domeni iyo mamikonianebis naxararuli sagvareulo-

si. mis mosaxleobis umetesi nawili TiTqosda somxebi iyvnen, misi

azriT taos somxuri warsuli Semoinaxa toponimikam da arqiteqtur-

is naSTebma, magaliTad bana da iSxanis eklesiis absida, iSxanis ageba

ukavSirdeba nerse kaTalikoss (aRmaSenebel stepanenkos cnobiT Cu-

binaSvili banas somxur VII-VIII ss. arqiteqturasTan akavSirebda (rad-

ganac aq `qarTvelebi ufro gvian gamoCdnen~). maSin roca sumbat da-

viTis ZiT bana aago aSot kuxma 918 wlamde, SesaZloa aRadgina Zveli

somxuri Zegli~).

v. stepanenkos azriT grigol xanZTelis cxovreba TiTqosda adas-

turebs rom tao mosaxleobisagan daclili iyo, roca iq qarTvelebi

Casaxldnen. aseTi Tvalsazrisi sayovelTaod gaavrcela n. marma, mag-

ram mainc unda iTqvas, rom aseT cnobas TviT giorgi merCule ar

iZleva, tao qarTvelebiT odiTganve iyo dasaxlebuli, da aq somxuri

228

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi myofi qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, radganac

VII-VIII s-Si, 726 wlamde, somxuri eklesia qalkedonuri iyo da mis

mrevlad yofna qarTvelebs SeeZloT (rogorc magaliTad XIX s-Si

saqarTveloSi qarTveloba iyo rusuli eklesiis mrevli, misi mar-

Tlmadideblobis gamo), grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi mxolod isaa

aRniSnuli, rom mtris mier taos eklesia-monastrebis dadumebis Sem-

dgom aq RvTismsaxurebis ricxvi Zalze damcrobili iyo. cxadia, xalxis

raodenobac Semcirdeboda, magram qarTvelTa iq Casaxlebis Sesaxeb

araferia aRniSnuli, aq mxolod qarTveli erTeuli mamebi midian,

radganac 726 wlis Semdeg adgilobriv qarTvelebs maTTan surdaT

urTierToba da ara ukve monofizit somxebTan.

fidanianis miRebuli daskvniT, TiTqosda taoSi cxovrobda somex-

qalkedonitTa eTnikuri, gancalkevebuli jgufi, iverebad saxelde-

buli, aseTi eTno hibridis arseboba Zveli qarTuli da somxuri

wyaroebisaTvis ucnobia.

stepanenko kargad amxels n. adoncisa da n. akinianis Secdomebs,

romlis mixedviTac Tornikesa da misi ojaxis somxobas TiTqosda

miuTiTebdes anissa da karinSi mdebare somxuri xaCkarebi.

anisis somxur xaCkarze, adoncis sityviT, TiTqosda weria sityva

`varazvaCe~, stepanenkom gamoikvlia TviT am xaCkaris teqsti da daaskv-

na rom n. adoncma dauSva Secdoma, am xaCkarze es saxeli ar weria,

Sesabamisad am xaCkaris gamoyeneba TornikeTa ojaxis somxobis samt-

kiceblad _ miuRebelia. amis miuxedavad, aruTinova-fidaniani mainc

am xaCkars miuTiTebs Tornike erisTavis sagvareulos somxobis samt-

kiceblad. msgavsadve v. stepanenkom Kkarin-Teodosiopolisis Semog-

arenSi mdebare somxuri xaCkari gamowvlilviT gamoikvlia da daaskv-

na, rom es xaCkari arafers uTiTebs Tornike erisTavis Sesaxeb.

aqedanac Cans, rom somexi-qalkedonitebis `iverebad~ saxeldebas

cdiloben sxvadasxva ukadrisi meTodebiT, ararsebuli da gamogoni-

li warwerebiT da stefanoz taroneli, cnobili somexi avtori Torni-

ke erisTavis epoqisa, pirdapir wers, rom Tornike _ qarTveli, iveri-

eli iyo erovnebiT, da man iverTa jari Sekriba saimperio saWiroebi-

saTvis (Степанос Таронеци Всеобшая исторя с. 134).

229

stepanenkos daskvniT `Tornikianebis taos Stos arsebobis mtki-

ceba aris Secdoma n. adoncisa~. (gv. 143). (saerTod somxeTsa da bi-

zantiaSi cxovrobda e.w. `tornikianebis~ sagvareulo, romelTanac

stepanenkos daskvniT Tornike erisTavs araferi akavSirebda _ is

CordvanelTa sagvareulodan iyo). Tornikes `somxobis~ mtkicebebi

faqtiuri siyalbea anda Secdomis Sedegia wers stepanenko (gv. 144),

Tumca ki stepanenko cdeba, roca miiCnevs , rom TiTqosda Tornike

marTalia qarTveli iyo, magram mas da mis sagvareulos somexi winapre-

bi hyavda~. (iqve, gv. 144), es daskvnac ar eyrdnoba araviTar wyaros

da mxolod mkvlevaris analizis Sedegia. am analizis dros ki ar

aris gaTvaliswinebuli rom tao-basiani da mTeli araqsispireTi eT-

nikuri iberebis qveyana iyo, romelic mxolod qristeSobamde II sauku-

neSi Sevida armeniis SemadgenlobaSi, roca artaqsiam da bzariadrem

iberebisagan miitaces xorZene, gogarena da pariadres kalTebi, xolo

xalibebisagan karinis qveyana. aq, am miwa-wyalze mitacebis Semdegac

cxadia sacxovreblad darCnen iberebi anu qarTvelebi, Tumca ki IV

saukunidan somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, romlis uReli gada-

igdes 726 wlis krebis Semdeg.

stepanenkos azriT aqaur qarTvelebs somexi winaprebi hyavdaT, am

mosazrebas uaryofs Cveni naSromi `arian-qarTli~.

iverebis somex-qalkedonitebad gamocxadeba Secdomaa, romlis ga-

mosworebazec unda izrunos qarTulma istoriografiam, romelic am-

Jamad `qarTizaciis Teorias~ emxroba, rac misi dabrkolebis lodia.

01.06.2014

230

v. stepanenkos sqema, eyrdnoba iveronis xelnawerTa kolifons

(Lefort Actes d Iviron p. 8-10).

Tornike erisTavis genealogia

abuxarbi Cordvaneli + maria arSuSa

ioane-

varazvaCe

Tornike-

ioane

bagrati arSuSa abuxarbi

Tornike miqaeli CoroldiCordvaneli-

zorvari

Cordvanel

patriki

bagrat

patriki

bagrat

magistri

231

somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis qarTuli frTa

(qarTvelebi somxeTSi)

somxeTSi Zalze didi raodenobis mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis

cxovreba, rogorc aRiniSna, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom jer kidev

qristeSobamde II saukuneSi iberebisagan armeniam miitaca _ xorZene,

gogarena da pariadres kalTebi. cxadia es regionebi qarTvelebiT

iyvnen dasaxlebulni.

somxuri eklesiis daarsebis Semdeg somxeTis mkvidri qarTvelobagadaiqca somxuri eklesiis mrevlad, magram maT qarTuli eTnoSemec-

neba SenarCunebuli hqondaT, gansakuTrebiT somxeTis CrdiloeT da

dasavleT nawilebSi.

kirion kaTalikosis moZraobam qarTuli enis dasacavad, erTgvar-

ad SeanjRria da gamoafxizla gugarqisa da taos qarTveloba.

a. karaSevi Tavis wignSi msoflio saeklesio krebebi~ aRniSnavda,

rom aRmosavleTSi, zogjer, aRmsareblobis gaTaviseba xdeboda eT-

nikuri niSniT, magaliTad, misi azriT bizantieli berZnebisagan aR-

mosavleTis qristianuli xalxebi gancalkevebas cdilobdnen imiT,

rom iRebdnen antibizantiur saeklesio aRmsareblobas. amis gamo,

miiRo TiTqos egviptis, siriisa da armeniis mosaxleobam monofiz-

itoba, riTac gaberZnebisgan daicves Tavi.

Sesabamisad vfiqrobT, rom armeniis qarTvelebic cdilobdnen

Zlieri somxuri kulturuli gavlenisgan Tavis dacvas msgavsi qmede-

bebiT.

SeiZleboda albaT amiTac agvexsna qarTvelTa survili somxuri

eklesiisagan gancalkevebisa jer kidev VI saukuneSi sparsTa mmarTve-

lobisas. monofizitur armeniaSi qalkedonuri sarwmunoeba qarTvelTa

bunebrivi safari iyo erovnulobis SesanarCuneblad VI saukuneSi da

VII s-is dasawyisSi.

male viTareba Seicvala, herakle keisris sparseTSi laSqrobis Sem-

deg TviTon somxuri eklesiis centrma Sekra `unia~ bizantiur ek-

lesiasTan. somxeTSi mravali qalkedonuri saepiskoposo warmoiqmna.

somxur-qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebis ricxvi Zalze didi iyo (70-ze

meti) da isini ganfenilni iyvnen uzarmazar teritoriaze vanisa da

urmiis tbebidan trapezuntamde da _ antioqiamde.

232

amis gamo, somxeTis am mxareebis qarTul-qalkedonuri mrevli, VII

s-Si, moeqca somxur-qalkedonur eklesiaSi, isini ZiriTadad dasav-

leT armeniasa da gugarqSi (Woroxidan Tbilisamde) cxovrobdnen.

qarTveli moRvaweebi TavianTi ganswavlulobisa da Sromis moy-

vareobis gamo somxur eklesiis umaRlesi ierarqebic ki xdebodnen.

herakle keisramde aseTi iyo airaratis qorepiskoposi Semdeg ki qar-

Tveli kaTalikosi kirioni, aseve eTnikuri qarTveli unda yofiliyo

somexi-qalkedoniti kaTalikosi nerses III mSenebeli. man devnilobis

dros Tavi Seafara Tavis mSobliur kuTxes taos, sadac saepisko-

poso centri daaarsa iSxanSi. somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiiis eTni-

kur qarTuli frTa mcire, magram mniSvnelovani nawili iyo.

patriarq nikoloz mistikosis miTiTeba

tao-basianis qarTvelTa da aseve

albanelTa Sesaxeb (X s.)

(werilidan Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo arasodes yofila

konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi)

konstantine porfirogenetis Tanaxmad, imperatoris leon VI-is

(886-912) dros, taronis samTavros bagratuni mmarTvelebi cdilobd-

nen bizantiasTan dakavSirebas.

X saukunis 20-iani wlebidan bizantiam SeZlo arabebis (mahmadia-

nebis) winaaRmdeg Seteva zemo evfratis aRmosavleTiT mdebare miwa-

wyalze. bizantiis jarma ioane kurkuasis meTaurobiT daapira dvinis

aRebac, magram mas winaaRmdegobas uwevda somexTa mefe aSot II erkaTi

(914-929), romelic dvinis amiras uWerda mxars. aSotma xalifasgan

miiRo SahinSas tituli.dvinTan warumateblobis Semdeg ioane kurkuasma mahmadianebisgan

gaaTavisufla qalaqi xlaTi da 931 wels bizantielTa jarebi Sevid-

nen xlaTsa da berkrSi, vaspurakanis samefo bizantielTa gavlenis

sferoSi aRmoCnda.

233

978 wels barda skliarosis damarcxebis jildod daviT kurapalats

gadaeca sxva regionebTan erTad harkis da apahuniqis olqebi q. ma-

naskertTan axlos. es qalaqi am droisaTvis mahmadiani amiras xelSi

iyo (is daviT kurapalatma bizantielebs waarTva).

990 wels daviT kurapalatma dalaSqra manaskerti da alyis Semdeg

aiRo. aq mas Causaxlebia didi raodenobiT qarTvelebi da somxebi.

amis gamo, Tavrizis amiras didZali jarebi dauZravs daviT kurapa-

latis winaaRmdeg, daviTs gverdiT amoudgnen qarTvelTa mefe bagrat

II, anis-Sirakis mefe gagiki da vanandis (yarsis) mefe abasi. daviTi da

misi mokavSireebi q. valaSkertSi dabanakebulan.

997-998 wlebSi qarTvelebi ibrZodnen xlaTTan, magram ver aiRes,

Tumca sastikad daamarcxes Tavrizeli amira da misi mokavSireebi.

eklesiurad, rogorc Cans, konstantinopolis sapatriarqo ewinaaRm-

degeboda qarTvelebis saeklesio iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas taodan

vanis tbamde _ daviT kurapalatis mier gaTavisuflebul miwa-wy-

alze, magram TviTon, Cans, am periodSi ver axerxebda Tavisi iuris-

diqciis ganvrcobas an SenarCunebas am regionSi, albaT amitom Tanax-

ma yofila iq somxuri eklesiis uzenaesoba ecno. es Cans ioane drasx-

anakertelis naSromidan, sadac Semonaxulia konstantinopolis pa-

triarqis nikoloz mistikosis werili.

berZeni patriarqi werda somex kaTalikoss: `Seni RvTismoyvarebi-

saTvis vgoneb ar aris gaugebari Cveni gulis didi wuxili da daunele-

beli tkivili somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa Sendami rwmunebuli

erToblivi samwysosaTvis Wiris gamo, romelic Tavs dagatydaT sarki-

noz ismaitel moZaladeTagan. aw Tu Tqveni uwmidesoba marTebulad mi-

iCnevs, upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa RmrTis moxilvis da Sebralebi-saTvis mTeli guliT yovlismpyrobeli RmrTis mimarT vedreba. somex-

Ta, qarTvelTa, alvanelTa Seni samwysosTvis, aRar Seeguo maT daRup-

vas da izrune, rom ganswavlo isini yvelaferSi saRmrTo metyvelebiT.

Cven werili gamovugzavneT mag kurapalatsac da afxazTa meTaursac da

vurCevdi, rom maT esminoT Tqveni darigeba~ (ioane drasxnakerteli,

somxeTis istoria, cagareiSvilis gamocema, 1965, gv. 189-193).

Tu es werili sandoa, masSi Cans, rom patriarqi nikoloz mistiko-

si (852-925) somxur eklesias ar miiCnevs eTnikuri niSniT Seqmnil

234

samamamTavrod, radganac mis mrevlad somxebTan erTad miiCnevda

qarTvelebic da alvanelebic. am werilSi orjer xazgasmiT aRniSnavs

kidec _ somexTa, qarTvelTa da alvanelTa Sendami kuTvnili samwyso~.

erTi SexedviT ise Cans, TiTqosda `qarTvelTa~ qveS am werilSi

igulisxmeba sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, magram es ase araa,

radganac Tanamedrove saqarTvelos imJamad `afxazeTs~ uwodebdnen,

Sesabamisad `qarTvelTa qveyanas~ taosa da mis mimdebare regionebs

uwodebdnen, mis mosaxleobas ki _ `qarTvelebs~.

am werilSi `qarTvelTa~ qveS igulisxmeba im miwa-wylis mrevli,

romelic imJamad bizantiis interess warmoadgenda, kerZod, tao-basi-

anis, Teodosiopolis (karin-arzrumis) qristianebi, vidre vaspurakan-

amde. Semdgomi iveriis Temis mosaxleoba.

karin-evfratis mosaxleoba, VII s-Si taos mrevlic ki somxuri ek-

lesiis iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeboda. igive iTqmis amave regionis

momijnave albanur olqebzec. ase rom, nikoloz mistikosis am saqmi-

ani weriliT konstantinopoli cnobda ara sruliad saqarTvelos

mrevlze somxuri eklesiis uzenaesobas, aramed mxolod arzrum-va-

nis tbis qarTul segmentebze. mizezi unda yofiliyo survili, raTa

Zlier somxur eklesias xeli ar SeeSala bizantiuri jarebis winsvli-

saTvis vanis tbisken.

am damamSvidebeli weriliT konstantinopoli acxadebda, rom is

ar iyo somxuri eklesiis metoqe am regionSi, e.i. Teodosiopolidan

_ vaspurakanamde.

marTlac, amave werilSi naxsenebia kurapalati (e.i. qarTvelTa ku-

rapalati) da afxazTa meTauri (e.i. afxazTa mefe), romelTac TiTqosda

mouwodebda, rom maT esminaT somxuri eklesiis meTauris darigeba,

magram es albaT diplomatiuri CanarTia, Tumca am sityvebidan Cans,

rom bizantiur iurisdiqciaSi arasdros yofila dasavleT saqarTve-

lo, xolo tao saWiroebda zewolas, raTa iq somxuri saeklesio damok-

idebuleba aRdgeniliyo.

Tuki dasavleT saqarTvelo iyo bizantiis iurisdiqciaSi da is bi-

zantiuri iurisdiqciisagan swored nikoloz mistikosis epoqaSi (IX-X

ss-Si) gamovida, (rogorc amtkicebs qarTizaciis Teoria), maSin konstan-

tinopolis patriarqi somxuri eklesiis meTaurs imas ki ar miwerda _

235

`Seni darigeba isminos afxazTa mefemo~, aramed albaT miwerda _ `Cemi

saeklesio miwa-wyalia dasavleT saqarTvelo da afxazTa mefem aq Cemiuflebamosileba ar unda SebRaloso~.

am werilidanac Cans, rom dasavleT saqarTvelo arasodes yofila

konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi.

am werilidan Cans, rom `qarTvelTa qveyana~ tao-karini, aseve

vaspurakanis segmentebi, anu `zemo qveyanaTa~ meti nawili somxebTan

erTad dasaxlebuli iyo qarTveli xalxiT, da isini somxuri eklesi-

is iurisdiqciis qveS imyofebodnen. am mosazrebas adasturebs meore

arapirdapiri, Tumca mniSvnelovani cnoba, romelic aseve konstan-

tinopolis patriarqs exeba.

konstantinopolis patriarqs wmida fotis (857-867, 877-886) mi-

akuTvneben cnobas keisar basili I-is (867-886) somex arSakunTagan

warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. a. abdalaZis sityviT, am Tvalsazriss ar uary-

ofdnen basil I-is memkvidreebi, radganac erT-erT maTgans, konstan-

tine porfirogenets (912-959) es azri Seutania Tavis TxzulebaSi

`basilis cxovreba~. Cveni azriT, marTali unda yofiliyo wmida foti

aseTi cnobis gavrcelebis dros, erTi qarTuli wyaroc am Tval-

sazriss amarTlebs, kerZod, wmida ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebaSi

nabrZanebia, rom basili keisarma (866-886) Tavisi Svilebis moZRvre-

bad daayena wmida ilarionis mowafeebi, romelTac daavala impera-

toris vaJebisTvis qarTuli ena eswavlebinaT. wmida ilarion qarTve-

lis mowafeebs mohgvara mefeman orni Zeni leon da aleqsandre da rqua

_ `locva yavT amaTTvis wmidano mamano da aswaveT amaT enai da wigni

Tqveni~, (Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, I, 1946, gv. 175).

vfiqrob, aqedan Cans Semdegi _ basili I keisari an misi winaparebi

warmoSobiT iyvnen armeniidan~, anu im mxaredan mcire aziisa, romelic

armeniad iwodeboda, magram basili I keisris winaprebi eTnikurad ara

somxebi, aramed qarTvelebi, radganac basilim brZana Tavisi Svileb-

isTvis, momavali imperatorebisTvis eswavlebinaT qarTuli ena da

qarTuli mwignobroba (da ara somxuri). sxva saqmea is, rom am mxa-

reebs, miuxedavad misi mosaxleobis qarTuli warmomavlobisa, erqva

armenia. basilis winaprebi aqedan makedoniaSi gadasaxlebulan, ma-

gram basilis, Cans, hqonia cnoba Tavisi qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb

236

da amitomac daavala qarTvel mamebs misi SvilebisaTvis qarTuli ena

da mwignobroba eswavlebinaT.

basilis memkvidreebis dros, kerZod, konstantine porfirogene-

tis dros, am armeniis iberiuli mxareebis arabebisagan gasaTavisu-

fleblad bizantielebTan erTad yvelaze aqtiurad qarTvelebi

ibrZodnen.

am mxareTa mkvidrma qarTvelobam gaTavisuflebis Semdeg (X-XI

saukunidan) _ gaimyara erovnul-qarTuli TviTSemecneba da cdilob-

da eklesiuradac ganSoreboda somxur eklesias, Tumca nikoloz mis-

tikoss es sadavo mrevli, politikuri mosazrebiT somxuri eklesii-

saTvis miukuTvnebia Semdegi sityvebiT: `Sendami rwmunebuli somex-

Ta, qarTvelTa da alvanTa samwyso~.

aseTi viTarebis gamo, bizantiaSi armeniis iberiul mxareTa mkvid-

ri qarTvelebi yvelas arwmunebdnen, rom isini eTnikuri warmomav-

lobiT, gvar-tomobiT qarTvelebi iyvnen. erTi aseTi iyo am mxareTa

mkvidri, taoeli grigol bakurianis Ze. is, Cans, iyo aseve vanandis

olqis memamulec, anu is Cans ufro vanandeli (kareli) iyo, vidre

taoeli.

armeniaSi mcxovreb iberielTa TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebis pro-

cesma gamoiwvia iqamde polieTnikuri somxuri eklesiis daSla. somx-

uri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi moqceulma qarTvelebis nawilma erovnul-

eTnikuri niSniT datova somxuri eklesia da qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs

daubrunda.

237

wmida mamebi eqvTime mTawmideli,

stefane mtbevari da sxvani somxuri eklesiis

mZlavrobis Sesaxeb

erovnul-eklesiuri gaTavisufleba, rac jer kidev kirionma dai-

wyo, gugarqis qarTvelTa Soris gagrZelda Semdeg saukuneebSic e.w.

armeniis iberiaSi~.

tao-basianisa da sxva regionebis qarTveloba~ VIII-IX saukuneebSi

Tavs iTavisuflebda somxuri eklesiis uRlisagan, romlis qveSac

maTi winaprebi aRmoCdnen istoriuli kataklizmebis Sedegad.

`zemo qveynebis~ mkvidr qarTvelTa erovnul-patriotul sulis-

kveTebas kargad gamoxataven ZiriTadad am mxareebidan gamosuli somx-

uri saeklesio uRlisagan gaTavisuflebuli qarTvelebi, kerZod, is

berebi, romlebic Seadgendnen umravlesobas aTonisa an sinas mTis

qarTuli saZmoebisas.

maTi gulanTebuli erovnuloba maTi locvebidanac Cans, magali-

Tad, sinas mTis qarTveli berebi SesTxoven ufals _ `qriste Seiwy-ale... yovelni Zmani da yovelni qristianeni da ufrois yovelTasayovelni qarTvelni~ (Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, I,

1946, gv. 86).

maTi locva Sesmenil iqna, rasac asaxavs XII s-is somexi moRvawe:

`SexedeT Cvengan gamoyofili qarTvelTa naTesavi dRiTi dRe rogorbrwyindeba qristes mimarT~ (a. abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. iqve, gv. 87)

somxuri eklesiis uRlisagan gaTavisuflebis Sedegad qarTulma

eklesiam did brwyinvalebas miaRwia gaTavisuflebul mxareebSi.

sabWoTa epoqaSi aRorZinda XIX s-Si peterburgis universitetis

armenologiis kaTedraze Camoyalibebuli Teoria, romlis mixedvi-

Tac tao-basianis mkvidri somxuri mosaxleoba TiTqosda gaqarTvelda

maTi gaqalkedonitebis Sedegad~, sinamdvileSi ki am regionSi somx-

uri eklesia mZlavrobda rogorc bizantiis imperiis, ise arabTa ba-

tonobisas. amis gamo, Zlieri iyo rogorc somxur-qalkedonuri, ise

somxur-monofizituri eklesia.

VII s-Si herakle keisris Semdeg somxuri uniaturi~ eklesia mrava-

li qalkedoniti kaTalikosis mier imarTeboda, rac masSi qalkedoni-

ti mrevlis siWarbes gulisxmobs.

238

arabTa Semosevebma garkveulwilad gaaZliera somxuri monofizi-

turi eklesia, magram iq mainc ar gamqrala qalkedoniti mrevli, qalke-

donur sarwmunoebaze moqceula somexTa kaTalikosi vahan I (968-69)

da sxvani, romelTa ricxvi ise didi yofila, rom asoRikis cnobiT,

jer kidev vahan I-mde, kaTalikos ananias (946-68) dros somxur ekle-

siaSi daudgeniaT qalkedonanTa wesiT monaTlulis xelaxla monaTv-

la~ (iqve, gv. 91).

qalkedonit somexTa didi ricxvis gamo n. maris mosazreba, rom

xdeboda maTi denacionalizacia-gaqarTveleba, arasworia, radgan

qalkedoniti somexi kaTalikos-patriarqebi qarTvelebad ar gadaqceu-

lan, iseve, rogorc maTi samwyso. sinamdvileSi, mravalerovani somxuri

eklesia VIII saukunis Semdeg daiSala eTnikuri niSniT (isic mxolod

nawilobriv), kerZod, qalkedonituri aRmsareblobis eTnikuri somx-

ebis nawili mSobliuri somxuri (e.i monofizituri) eklesiis wiaRs

daubrundnen, xolo eTnikuri qarTvelebi, romelnic sarwmunoebiT

qalkedonitebi iyvnen, cdilobdnen Tavi daeRwiaT aramSobliuri somx-

uri eklesiisagan, da SeerTebodnen deda qarTuli eklesiis samwysos.

unda iTqvas, rom am epoqaSic ki qarTvelTa umravlesobam, miuxe-

davad xelsayreli viTarebisa, mainc ver SeZlo somxuri eklesiis

datoveba da darCa am eklesiis wevrad, sabolood ki gasomxda.

somxur saeklesio wiaRSi qarTvelTa armenizaciiT didad dazianda

da dazaralda raodenobrivad da zneobrivad qarTveli xalxi.

aRniSnuli adgilebidan, kerZod, taodan iyo warmoSobiT eqvTime

mTawmindeli.

tao somxuri saeklesio batonobis qveS imyofeboda ramdenime sauku-

nis manZilze, amitomac aqurma wmida mamam, eqvTime mTawmindelma, kar-

gad icoda im erovnuli gadagvarebis safrTxis Sesaxeb, rac eloda

somxuri eklesiis wevr qarTvelobas.

eqvTime mTawmindeli amitomac Seagonebda am mxareTa (tao-basian-

valaSkertis) mamebs, sasuliero qarTvelobas _ somexTa ekrZale, nu

asvindikozeb, nurc amzaxeb qarTvelTa _ ukanono ars~, anu `somexTa

ekrZale, nu moanaTvlineb da nu daunaTesaveb qarTvelebs _ ukanono

aris~ (iqve).

239

qarTvelTa masobrivi gasomxebiT SeZrwunebul eqvTime mTawmidels,

imisTvis, raTa SemdgomSic ar gagrZelebuliyo es procesi, grigol

nazianzelis erT-erT TxzulebaSi naTqvami sityvebi somexTa Sesaxeb

ase uTargmnia _ ars naTesavi igi somexTa ara wrfeli, aramed mzakvari

da gularZnili da boroti... sxvaY uc gulsa da siwrfoeba maT Tana ara

ars~ (a. abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 106). sityva `naTesavi~ eTnikur

warmoSobas gulisxmobs da ara sarwmunoebriv aRmsareblobas.

stefane mtbevaric Tavisi gamocdilebiT, raTa Tavidan aicdinos

qarTvelTa kvlav armenizacia, grigol nazianzelis msgavsad afasebs

somxebs. amis saSiSroeba ki realuri iyo. magaliTad, roca eTnikurma

qarTvelma taSiris mamfalma~ qarTuli rjuli~ aRidgina, is sastikad

dausjia taSir-Zorakertis mefes daviTs (996-1049) (iqve, gv. 109).

amave periodSi wmida dinara dedofalma SeZlo Tavisi hereTis

samefos gamoyvana somxuri ekelsiis iurisdiqciidan, riTac hereTis

qarTveloba gasomxebis safrTxes gadaarCina.

basianis mxare da mimdebare olqebi mkvidri eTnikuri qarTvelebiT

(da ara gaqalkedonitebuli somxebiT) rom iyo dasaxlebuli, TviT

somxuri wyaroebidanac Cans. magaliTad, asoRikis cnobiT, X s-is bo-

los cnobili somexi vardapeti (moZRvari) hovhanesi sicocxles gamoe-

salma `gacofebuli qarTvelTa tomisagan maxviliT da daimarxa sava-

neSi, romelsac askigomi ewodeba, basianis gavarSi~ (iqve, gv.110).

asoRiki wers _ `qarTvelTa tomi~, da gulisxmobs im basianelebs,

romelTac somexi moZRvari mokles, e.i. miuTiTebs eTnikuri qarTve-

lebis Sesaxeb. isini qalkedoniti somxebi rom yofiliyvnen, miuTiTebda

kidec. aristakes lastiverteci ki wers valaSkertis qarTuli saepis-

koposos da am eparqiis mRvdelmTavris zaqaria valaSkertelis Sesaxeb

(aristakes lastiverteci, gv. 45-51).

is eTnikuri somexi rom yofiliyo, lastiverteci amas uTuod miu-

TiTebda.

am mxareTa mflobel somexTa mefe aSot I-s IX s-is bolos arabTa

xelisuflebam mianiWa: somexTa da qarTvelTa mTavarTa mTavari~, xolo

922 wels somexTa mefe aSot erkaTs arabebma uboZes tituli _ somexTa

da qarTvelTa SahinSa~. am titulSi moxse niebul qarTvelTa qveS tao-

basianis qarTveloba igulisxmeba.

240

ioane drasxanakertelis cnobiT, somxeTis mezobeli mahmadiani

mmarTvelebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen imis gamo, rom maT qveynebSi da

maT samTavro karzec ki somxuri eklesia didi qrTamis gaRebiT ax-

erxebda `somxuri qristianobis gavrcelebas~ (ioane drasxnakerteli,

somxeTis istoria, 1905, gv. 92-94), miTumetes, somxuri eklesiisaTvis

gacilebiT advili iqneboda maTi saxelmwifoebrivi gavlenis sfero-

Si, kerZod taSir-Zoragertis samefosa da tfilisis saamiroSi moqceul

qarTul mxareebSi (qvemo qarTli, taSiri, gugarqi, da aseve karinidan

vanis tbamde) qarTvelTa Soris somxuri qristianobis gavrceleba.

Sida qarTlic garkveul dros am sferoSi moqceula.

ioane drasxanakertelis sityviT, somexTa mefe smbatis sabrZanebel-

Si Sedioda tao-klarjeTi da sxva qarTuli mxareebi da mas taos

`qarTvelTa mefed~ daudgenia adarnase.

drasxanakerteli taos ZvelisZvel qarTul~ provinciad, qarTvel-Ta mefis~ adarnases mamulad Tvlida (iqve, gv. 90), amasTanave, Zveli

somxuri saxelmwifos nawilad miCnevda, e.i. misi azriT _ tao armeni-

is saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, magram is eTnikuri qarTve-

lebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, iseve, rogorc taSir-Zorakertis samefo,

eTnikuri qarTvelebis qveyana, romelsac somxuri eklesiis wevri

mmarTvelebi hyavda.

vanandis somxur, anu yarsis samefoSi qarTvelTa wili mniSvnelo-

vani iyo. qarTvelTa mkvidrobis Sesaxeb anis-Sirakis somxur samefoSi

miuTiTebs anisSi qarTuli saepiskoposos arseboba, qarTvelTa patri-

arqs aq, anisis axlos, sxva qarTuli eklesiebic ukurTxebia, da isini

nakurTxni iyvnen ara `gaqarTvelebuli somxebisaTvis~, rogorc miiC-

nevs sabWoTa istoriografia, aramed im mkvidr qarTvelTaTvis, romel-nic saerTod aq, istoriulad md. araqsis marcxena sanapiroze cxov-

robdnen.

somxur qveynebSi cxovrebisas (igulisxmeba bizantiuri armenia,

persarmenia da Semdeg arabuli armenia) mkvidri qarTvelebi masi-

urad rom somxdebodnen, somexi istorikosebis mierac dadasture-

bulia, magaliTad cnobili somexi istorikosi a. alpoaWiani wers _

`selCukebis asparezze gamosvlis droisaTvis saqarTvelo sanaxevrod

gasomxebuli mxare iyo~ (a. abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 242).

241

gasomxebisagan Tavisi eris dasacavad iyo mimarTuli stefanoz mtbe-

varis, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis, giorgi mcires, Rrtilis kre-bis mamebis da sxvaTa gamonaTqvamebi somexTa eklesiis `mtaceblobis~

Sesaxeb, yvelani isini aRniSnuli mxareebidan iyvnen da kargad icnobd-

nen TavianTi mxareebis cxovrebas.

yofili armeniis erovnebiT qarTveli qalkedonituri mrevli, ro-

melmac Tavi daaRwia somxur eklesias, didwilad ver daubrunda mSob-

liur qarTul eklesias, radganac maTi qveynis mpyrobelma bizantiam

maTTvis e.w. lazikis samitropolito daaarsa (centriT trapezuntSi).

yofili armeniis qalkedonituri mrevli berZnul saepiskoposoebSi

gaaerTianes (Ш. Диль, Основные проблемы Византииской истории, М., 1947,c. 31, 58).

safiqrebelia, rom maleve Turq-seljukebis Semosevis gamo ukan-

daxeul bizantielTagan upatronod mitovebuli lazikis samitro-

politos marTlmadidebeli mrevlis erTi nawili, kvlav somxurma

eklesiam miisakuTra, risi Zlieri unaric mas Seswevda saukuneTa man-

Zilze, erTi nawili ki deda qarTul eklesias daubrunda.

rogorc iTqva, am mxareebidan, zemo qveynebidan~ da taodan gasu-

li qarTvelebi IX-X-XI ss-is ucxoeTis qarTuli monastrebis berebis

mniSvnelovan ricxvs warmoadgendnen, magram radganac am miwa-wyals

bizantiaSi arabobamde `armenia~ ewodeboda, zogjer am adgilebidan

gamosulebs aseve somxebs~ uwodebdnen. Tumca ki, aseTi `somexi~ be-

rebi TavianT Tavs `gvar-tomobiT qarTvelebs~ uwodebdnen.

am viTarebis Sedegi unda yofiliyo giorgi mcires cnobaSi asaxu-

li faqti imisa, rom antioqiis patriarqis winaSe `somxebi~ uwodes

Savi mTis monastris qarTvel berebs _ `ar viciT, isini somxebi arianTu qarTvelebio~, iCivles maT patriarqTan, rasac giorgi mTawmind-

elma saTanadod upasuxa. saqme isaa, rom Turme es qarTveli berebi

sakuTari samosiT, e.i. sagangebo samRvdelo Sesamoselis gareSe aRas-

rulebdnen zogierT wess, es ki cotaodeni xniT adre aikrZala saek-

lesio krebis mier, cnoba akrZalvis Sesaxeb am `soflur mamebamde~

miRweuli ar yofila. qveyanasa mas somxiTisasa Tvinier Sesamoselisa

xucesni aRasruleben wirvasa Tvisive SesamoseliTa da ese didi wvale-

ba ars~ _ werda am ambamde cota xniT adre `mcire sjulis kanonSi~

242

eqvTime mTawmindeli (mcire sjuliskanoni, 1972, gv. 33-77). e.i. qvey-

anasa mas somxiTisasa~ uwodebda saeklesio kreba qarTvelTa im uZve-

les sacxovrisebs, romelnic imJamad armeniaSi iyvnen moqceulni.

XI saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis bizantielebis xelSi iyo mTeli

e.w. istoriuli somxeTis miwa-wyali, masSi Semavali qarTuli `zemo

qveynebi~ lazikis eparqiis centralur nawilad iqca.

iqamde anis-Sirakis mefem Tavisi samflobelo XI s-is I naxevarSi

anderZiT gadasca bizantielebs iseve, rogorc ufro adre daviT

kurapalatma. bizantielTa xelSi yarsis (vanandis) samefoc moeqca,

am mxareebSi bizantiuri mflobeloba dakanonda imperator basili II-

s Semosvlisas, romelmac saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I daamarcxa da

CamoarTva misi samefos samxreTi mxareebi XI s-is dasawyisSi, Tumca

bizantia anisisTvis 1045 welsac ibrZoda. taSir-Zorakertis mefec

ki Tavis Tavs bizantiis vasalad miiCnevda.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoc ibrZoda anisisa da taSir-Zorakerti-

saTvis, 1045 wels is dakarga bagrat IV-m, magram 1064 wels anisidan

bizantielebi gandevnes Turq-selCukebma. iqamde, taroni (966 wl-

idan), tao (1001 wlidan), vaspurakani (1021 wlidan), anis-Siraki (1045

wlidan), vanandi (yarsi) (1065 wlidan) _ bizantielebs ekuTvnodaT.

somxuri eklesiis polieTnikuroba, anu mravalerovnuloba da

somxuri eklesiis batonoba arasomxur mosaxleobaze unda yofiliyo

im mwvaleblobaTa warmoSobis mizezi, romelnic aRmocendnen isto-

riul armeniaSi X-XI saukuneebSi (iqamdec da mis Semdegac), magali-

Tad, Tondrakeloba, pavlikianoba da sxva.

somxur monofizitur eklesias sastikad ebrZodnen Tondrakele-

bi. istorikos lastivercis cnobiT, Tondrakeloba aRmocenda harkis

gavarSi da mravalni Seacdina, harki mdebareobda basianis samxreTiT

vanis tbisaken. TondrakelTa mier somxuri eklesiis wes-Cveulebebis

sruli siZulvili gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tondrakeloba gavrcelda im

arasomxur mosaxleobaSi, romelTac surdaT gasvla somxuri monofiz-

ituri eklesiidan, magram amis saSualeba maT ar misca Zlierma somxur-

ma eklesiam.

sapasuxo protesti, Cans, gamoixata imiT, rom warmoiSva seqta,

romelic swored somxur eklesias uaryofda. seqtantebi gansakuTre-

243

biT monofizitur somxur eklesias da mis wes-Cveulebebs ar cnobd-

nen (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema,

1974, gv. 114-125). somxeTis saero da sasuliero xelisuflebam X-XI

saukuneebSi ver SeZlo Tondrakelobis aRmofxvra, imdenad mZlavri

da sicocxlisunariani iyo is (a. abdalaZe, dasax. naSr. gv. 92).

am periodSi, anu XI saukuneSi, unda daarsebuliyo da, Cans, amave

saukuneSive, (Turq-selCukTa Semosevis gamo) gaqra kidec lazikis,

anu trapezuntis samitropolito, Tumca mahmadianur garemoSi ter-

itoriulad damcrobili saxiT is SesaZloa Semdgomac axerxebda ar-

sebobas.

`somex-qalkedonitTa~ namdvili vinaoba

(aRmsarebloba da ena)

n. adonci wers: `lazikis mTavari qalaqebi iustinianem I armeniaSi

Seiyvana~. adoncisaTvis lazika iyo ara dasavleT saqarTvelo, aramed

ZiriTadad trapezuntis regioni, mimdebare mxareebiT, qaldea-

WaneTiT. bizantiaSi Semaval am miwa-wyalze saimperatoro karma kidev

ramdenime `armenia~ daafuZna. Tumca, trapezuntis mTebSi mcxovrebi

mosaxleoba eTnikuri qarTuli tomebi iyvnen da ara somxebi.n. adonci Civis, rom dasavleT armeniaSi somxur-qalkedonituri

saepiskoposoebis mrevli berZnulenovani RvTismsaxurebis danergvis

Sedegad berZndeboda, es SeiZleba sadavo iyos, radganac somxebi ax-

erxebdnen berZnuli iurisdiqciis qveSac wirva-locvis ena somxuri

yofiliyo, amis Sesaxeb adonci TviTve miuTiTebs. Tumca ki samarTli-

anad wers _ nacionaluri ideisa da grZnobebisaTvis konfesionaluri

sakiTxebi arcTu mcire safrTxes warmoadgendnen, romelnic drois ms-

vlelobasTan erTad ise iZabebodnen, rom SeeZloT erovnuli intere-

sebis CaxSoba. aRmsareblobiTi gansxvavebebis mixedviT im droisTvis

isazRvreboda enis gamoyeneba~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqa-

Si, 1908. gv. 202).

244

rogorc aRiniSna, n. adonci werda _ aRmsareblobiTi gansxvavebu-

loba im dros gansazRvravda enis gamoyenebas ara mxolod RvTismsax-urebisas, aramed saeklesio suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul literatur-

aSic. amis Sesabamisad somxebi, romlebic miekedlnen saimperio ekle-

sias, unarmoklebulni aRmoCdnen SeeqmnaT erovnuli damwerloba mcire

armeniis sazRvrebSi. erovnuli ganaTlebisa da literaturis ar arse-

bobisas, enis bedi da erovnuli cnobiereba xdeboda aramyari. somxoba,

somxuri cnobiereba SeiZleba CaxSobiliyo mcire armeniaSi saxelmwi-

foebrivi cxovrebisa da interesebis oromtrialSi, rom ara axali sa-

sicocxlo Zalebis mozRvaveba mezobeli somxeTis kuTxeebidan mas rom

ar ganeaxlebina axali suliT da ar gaeRviZebina mcire armeniaSi

erovnuli TviTSemecneba~ (n. adonci, armenia, gv. 202).

n. adonci Zalze wuxs, rom dasavleT anu mcire armeniaSi berZnul

eklesias `mikedlebul somxebs~ erovnuli Zala ar SeswevdaT Seeqm-

naT somxurenovani literatura da isini somxur enas iviwyebdnen,

magram, samwuxarod, ar warmoaCens sinamdviles, rom imperiam mcire

armeniis olqSi Seiyvana sxvadasxva warmoSobis arasomxuri tomebi. si-

namdvileSi, dasavleT armeniis, anu trapezuntis aRmosavleTi Savi-

zRvispireTisa da mis iqiT mTebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba eTnikuri

qarTuli tomebi iyvnen da ara somxebi.

Teodosiopolisidan trapezuntamde vrceli regioni WanebiTa da

sxva qarTuli tomebiT iyvnen dasaxlebulni. isini VI-VII saukuneebSi

imperiam `armeniis~ erT-erT olqSi Seiyvana, iq arsebobda mravali

saepiskoposo. konstantinopolis patriarqis iurisdiqciaSi. konstan-

tinopolis sapatriarqos kaTedraTa nusxebSi dasavleT armeniis olqSi

mdebare cnobili qalaqebis bizanis, lerionis, Tu paipertis saepisko-posoebi umizezod ar iwodebodnen `lazikis qveyanaSi mdebare trape-

zuntis samitropolitos saepiskoposoebad~.

n. adonci xSirad axsenebs am saepiskopsoebs, magram arasodes miu-

TiTebs, rom berZnuli saeklesio geografia am saepiskoposoebis mom-

cvel qveyanas lazikas uwodebs, Tumca ki administraciulad isini

namdvilad imyofebodnen erT-erT armeniaSi~. n. adoncis wuxili, rom

dasavleT armeniaSi somxebi ar iyenebdnen somxur damwerlobasa da

literaturas, rom maTSi somxuri erovnuli cnobiereba mimqrali

245

iyo, araa gulwrfeli, radganac, sinamdvileSi, dasavleT armeniis

mkvidri mosaxleoba ver flobda somxur enas da maTSi somxuri nacio-naluri grZnobebi ar iyo imitom, rom isini saerTod ar iyvnen am eris

Svilebi (e.i. somxebi) .

Woroxis, evfratis da araqsis saTaveebSi da mis CrdiloeTiT, dasav-

leT armeniis olqSi, mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgenda ara

somxoba, aramed adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleoba, eTnikuri qarTve-

li tomebi (Wanebi, lazebi, mesxebi), romlebsac n. adonci somxebs

uwodebs, romelnic, TiTqosda, miekedlnen saimperio (e.i. berZnul)

eklesias da amis gamo isini unarmoklebulni aRmoCdnen SeeqmnaT

erovnuli damwerloba (n. adoncis azriT, somxuri) mcire armeniis

sazRvrebSi. erovnuli (n. adoncis azriT _ somxuri) ganaTlebisa da

literaturis ararsebobis gamo enis bedi da erovnuli cnobiereba

xdeboda aramyari~. TiTqosda, dasavleT armeniis mosaxleobaSi, aRniS-

nulis gamo (e.i. berZnuli eklesiisadmi daqvemdebarebis gamo) somx-

uri cnobiereba aramyari xdeboda, sinamdvileSi ki adgilobrivTa

umravlesobas Sinaganad arc arasdros hqonia somxuri, e.i. maTTvis

ucxo cnobiereba. maTi cnobiereba kerZo tomobrivi (Wanuri, lazuri

an mesxuri) iyo. samwuxarod, maTi namdvili anu qarTuli cnobiereba

didi xnis Seryeuli iyo (igulisxmeba Woroxis, araqsisa da evfratis

saTaveebSi mcxovrebi qarTuli mosaxleoba, aseve maTi mezobeli re-

gionebis mkvidri qarTveloba), mizezi amisa iyo isa, rom maTi samSob-

lo qveyana jer kidev qristeSobamde CamoaWra armeniam iberias, stra-

bonis cnobiT, Semdeg ki romaul-berZnuli mpyrobelobis dros impe-

riam isini erT-erT somxur provincias miakuTvna. am faqtma qarTu-

li da ara somxuri cnobiereba Searyia maTSi. maTi didi nawili mar-

Tlmadidebeli iyo, amitomac berZnul eklesias miekedlnen kidec

(iberiis samefo sakmaod daSorebuli iyo maTgan, gansakuTrebiT ius-

tinianes epoqaSi), Tumca, mainc, isini Tavs qarTvelebad, arasomxebad

rom Tvlidnen, gamoCnda VIII-IX ss-dan, roca bedis waRmarTi Semotri-

alebis Sedegad maTi gansaxlebis axlos Camoyalibda tao-klarjeTis

qarTvelTa samefo. am politikurma movlenam armeniis mosaxleobis

Sesabamis nawils gauRviZa minavlebuli erovnul-qarTuli cnobiere-

ba da uswrafesad, erTbaSad siamayiT ganacxades qarTveli erisadmi

246

TavianTi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb da saswrafod erovnul-qarTuli ek-

lesiis uerTgules mrevlad gadaiqcnen. ase rom, xdeboda ara e.w.

`somexi qalkedonitebis~ gaqarTveleba, rogorc es miRebulia sab-

Wour istoriografiaSi, aramed mkvidri, iqamde somxur-berZnuli

eklesiis (anu somxur-qalkedonituri) eklesiis wiaRidan TavdaRweu-

li qarTvelebi daubrundnen mSobliurs.

aRniSnuli regionis mosaxleobis (Teodosiopolisidan trapezun-

tamde) sacxovriss n. adonci somxeTs miakuTvnebs, xolo berZnulisaeklesio geografia _ lazikas (aq iyo lerionis, bizanis, paipertisada lazikis sxva saepiskoposoebi). am mosaxleobis eTnoistoria Zalze

waagavs XVII-XIX ss-Si samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidri kaTolike qarTveleb-

isas. kerZod, es ukanasknelni (axalcixis regionis qarTveloba) osma-

leTis imperiaSi cxovrebis dros sarwmunoebrivad iyvnen e.w. frange-

bi~ (kaTolikebi), eklesiebSi somxurenovani wirva-locva (riti) utar-

debodaT, xolo saxelmwifoebrivad mahmadianur qveyanaSi cxovrobd-

nen. ase rom, am ukanasknelT, samcxis qarTvelebs osmaleTis imperi-

aSi, araviTari qarTuli instituti ar gaaCndaT TavianT istoriul

samSobloSi, Sesabamisad, isini (es qarTvelebi) erTdroulad iyvnenfrangebic, somxebic da osmalebic. samcxeli kaTolikebis eTnocno-

bierebac Sesabamisad iyo Seryeuli, maTi qarTveloba sammagi Sris

iqiT iyo Camaluli, gasomxdnen kidec, radganac kaTolikuri sarwmu-

noeba maTSi somxurenovnebiT iyo Semofargluli, ganaTlebac, Sesa-

bamisad, somxuri gaaCndaT, samcxelTagan mxolod erTi mcire nawili

daubrunda qarTul cnobierebas mas Semdeg, rac rusebma osmalebi

gandevnes axalcixidan. XIX s-is bolos maTgan gamosulma ramdenime

sasuliero pirma gaixsena Tavisi bunebrivi erovnuli vinaoba.

saukuneebiT adre aseTive viTarebaSi imyofeboda trapezuntis

samitropolitos saepiskoposoebis mrevli `lazikaSi~. isini VI s-Sida VII s-is dasawyisSi (iqamdec da Semdegac) bizantiis imperiis mier

somxuri regionisadmi iyvnen mikedlebulni, Tumca eklesiebSi berZnu-

lenovani wirva-locva hqondaT, Sesabamisad, somxdebodnen anda berZn-

debodnen imis mixedviT, Tu romeli mxare gamoavlenda ufro met

dainteresebas maT mimarT.

Tu ra saxisa iyo mcire armeniis mkvidr mosaxleobaze somxuri

kulturuli Zaladoba, Tavisdauneblied kargad aRwers n. adonci _

247

`somxuri cnobiereba mcire armeniaSi sabolood Cakvdeboda, Tu ara

axali Zalebis mozRvaveba mezobeli somxuri olqebidan. isini anaxlebd-nen mkvidri mosaxleobis suliskveTebas da acocxlebdnen maTSi

erovnul (e.i. somxur) Semecnebas~ (n. adonci, armenia... 1908, gv. 202).

e.i. mcire armeniis qarTuli tomebis saboloo armenizacias somx-

eTidan axali migracia apirobebda.

rogorc iTqva, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mkvidri qarTuli

mosaxleoba romaul-bizantiuri administraciuli dayofis Sedegad

somexi eris hegemonobis qveS aRmoCda, rasac mudam Tan sdevda, rogorc

n. adonci uwodebs, aq Sida somxuri olqebidan somxur-nacionaluri

suliskveTebis gavrceleba, ris Sedegadac bizantiuri imperiis xe-

lqveS myofi qarTveloba ucxo-somxuri kulturis zegavlenis qveS

aRmoCda, amave dros am qarTvelebs arc erovnuli eklesia gaaCndaT.

es procesi ki n. adoncs miaCnia àRorZinebis dasawyisad~. sinamd-

vileSi ki qarTvelTa Soris somxuri TviTSemecnebis dasawyisad. is

wers _ ìs garemoeba, rom iustinianes provincialuri reformisas

mcire armeniis miwebma ara mxolod armeniis saxeli SeinarCunes, aramed

es saxeli gavrcelda maT mezobel miwebzec, gvimtkicebs, rom aRor-

Zinebis procesi iqamdec dawyebuli iyo~ (n. adonci, armenia... gv. 202).

maSasadame, n. adoncis Tanaxmad, àRorZinebis~, anu qarTvelTa

gasomxebis procesi iustinianemdec sakmao xnis dawyebuli iyo, da am-

itomac maTi miwa-wyali moeqca kidec mcire armeniis~ provinciaSi.

aqedan Cans, rom strabonis mier aRweril faqts iberiis miwebis

pariadres, xorZenesa da gogarenis mitacebas armeniis mier ukvalod

ar Cauvlia.

iustinianes epoqamde am qarTul miwa-wyalze ukve dawyebula mkvid-ri qarTuli mosaxleobis gasomxebis procesi, rac daufiqsirebia ius-

tinianes Tavisi administraciuli reformiT, roca iberiis es yofili

miwebi (xorZene da pariadre) armenias miakuTvna.n. adonci, marTalia arapirdapir, magram mainc aRiarebs, rom e.w.

mcire da didi armeniebis dasavleT periferiebze mcxovrebi mosax-

leoba qarTvelTa eTnojgufs warmoadgenda. magaliTad, is aRniS-

navs, rom saimperio dayofis Semdeg kapadokiac somxur miwa-wyals

miakuTvna iustinianem, am faqtis gamo n. adoncs axsendeba movses

248

xorenaci, romelic aRniSnavda, rom pontos miwa-wyali somxeTis

sazRvrebSi Sedioda. aq isic unda gaxseneboda n. adoncs, rom ponto-maJaqis miwa-wylis mmarTvelad iverieli mTavari iqna daniSnuli. saer-

Tod ki, m. xorenacis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli miwa-wyali saerTod qar-

TvelebiT (iverielebiT) iyo dasaxlebuli, mas Tavisi Teoriac hqonda

am faqtis asaxsnelad. pontos anu Savi zRvis aRmosavleTSi qarTvelebi

qristeSobamde 600 wliT adre nabuqodonosors dausaxlebia. amis gamo

teritoria ponto-kapadokiidan dasavleT saqarTvelos CaTvliT

qarTvelebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. am orive qarTul mxares (e.i. pon-

to-kapadokia-lazikas da dasavleT saqarTvelos) erTi mmarTveli di-

nastiac _ mirdatianebi hyolia. m. xorenaci gugarqis pitiaxSebs pon-

tos mefeebis naTesaur maxloblebad miiCnevs _ Saras naSiers, guSars

ergo kangarqi, naxevari javaxeTi, kolbi, wofi da Zori hnakertis cixe-

simagre. aSocis uflad da taSiris sepuhad valarSakma haikiani guSa-ris STamomavali ganamwesa, xolo kavkasiis mTis mopirdapire mxares,

CrdiloeTiT ganmgeblad daadgina didi da Zlevamosili gvari, romlis

ufalT gugarelTa pitiaxSebi daerqvaT. isini iyvnen STamomavalni dare-

his naxararis mihrdatisa, romelic wamoiyvana aleqsandrem da mTavrad

dausva nabuqodonosoris mier tyved moyvanil iverielTa modgmas. amis

Sesaxeb abidenosi ambobs: Zlevamosilma nabuqodonosorma, romelic

herakleze ufro Ronieri iyo, Sehyara jari da miaRwia libielTa, agre-

Tve iverielTa qveynebs, Semusra da daimorCila isini da maTi erTi naw-

ili wamoasxa iqidan da pontos zRvis marjvena mxares daasaxla~ (iveria

qveynierebis dasavleT sazRvarze mdebareobs). basianis did xevSi xe-

lisuflad daadgina ortuni, haikis Tesl-tomi~ (movses xorenaci, som-

xeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 406).

m. xorenaci CamoTvlis qarTul qveynebs _ javaxeTs, kolbs, wofs,

Zors, aSocs, taSirs, `CrdileTs~, pontos zRvis marjvena mxares~, ba-

sians, maT ricxvSi, Cans, is ponto-kapadokiasac miiCnevda, radganac

ponto-kapadokiisa da misi dedaqalaqis maJaqis mmarTvelad qarTvelTa

samTavro saxlis Svili mihrdati iqna daniSnuli _ somxeTis mefe

tigranma `mihrdats miando maJaqi~ (iqve, gv. 114).

Semdgom tigranma mas aRar misca arc Tavisi samflobelo, arc kuTv-

nili qarTvelTa qveyana~ (iqve, gv. 116).

249

`qarTvelTa qveyana~ kavkasiis mTebTan mdebare gugarqi da dasav-

leT saqarTveloa aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTTan erTad, sadac nabu-

qodonosorma Caasaxla isini, xolo ponto-kapadokia, marTalia, somx-

uri administraciuli erTeulia m. xorenacis mixedviT, magram misi

marTva qarTuli samTavro saxlis wevris mier miuTiTebs, rom albaT

m. xorenacis ponto-kapadokiac qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebul mxared

miaCnia da amitomac mis qarTvel mmarTvels raRac mxardaWera eqne-

boda mosaxleobis mxridan.

xorenacidan erTi saukunis Semdeg iustinianes ponto-kapadokia,

armeniis administraciul erTeulSi Seuyvania. is wers _ `iustini-

anem gaafarTova mcire armeniis miwebi mezobeli mxareebis xarjze da

maT miiCnevs armeniad, imperiis nawil didi armeniis Tanasworad~ (n.

adonci, armenia, gv. 203).

m. xorenacis Tanaxmad, rogorc iTqva, mTeli pontos anu Savi zRvis

aRmosavleTi mxare qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli uZvelesi droi-

danve, yovel SemTxvevaSi nabuqodonosoris droidan. magram imdenad

Zlier Seryeula iqaur qarTvelTa cnobiereba aRmosavleTidan Semo-

suli somxuri suliskveTebiT, rom VII s-is dasawyisSi bizantiis impe-

rias aq Camouyalibebia armeniakonis Temi~ - axali administraciuli

erTeuli (iqve, gv. 203).

`armeniakonis Temi~ ganvrcobili yofila kesaria-kapadokiidan Sav

zRvamde _ sinopidan fazisamde da evfratamde (iqve, gv. 203).

aRsaniSnavia, rom armeniakonis Temis sasazRvro mdinare `fazisi~

iyo ara rioni, aramed Woroxi. xufaTi _ sasazRvro punqti saqarTve-

losa da bizantias Soris axlos mdebareobda WoroxTan, anu `fazis-

Tan~, Cans aqamde aRwevda es Temi.

adoncis mixedviT mTel am mxareebSi gaZlierebula somxuri ele-

menti, somxuri suliskveTeba. is amas xsnis imiT, rom am mxareebSi

Sida somxeTidan gadasaxlda somxuri mosaxleoba. SesaZloa es mar-

Tlac ase moxda da ponto-zRvispireTSi marTlac gadasaxldnen som-

xebi, magram es miwa-wyali xom ar iyo ukacrieli mxare, iq xom adgi-

lobrivi mkvidri mosaxleoba cxovrobda. somxebis gadasaxlebis gamo

maT miatoves TavianTi miwa-wyali? cnobebi adastureben aseT mig-

racias?

250

somexTa mimarT mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleobis damokidebulebas

kargad gamoxatavs SavSeTis episkoposi mtbevari stefanozi, romel-

ic wmida gobronis cxovrebaSi aRwers im mZime suraTs, romlic am

dros qarTvelebs gasCeniaT somexTa mimarT. meore mxriv, gabatoneb-

ul somxebsac CamouyalibdaT azri qarTvelTa Sesaxeb _ maTi azriT,

qarTvelebi, rogorc mdabali da daCagruli fena `ugunurebi~ arian

magaliTad, somexi istorikosi XIII saukunisa vardan arevelci qar-

Tvelebs `ugunurebs~ uwodebs, miuxedavad daviT aRmaSeneblis poli-

tikuri warmatebisa, _ is Zlier zrunavda ugunur qarTvel xalxze~ (v.

arevelci, msoflio istoria, Tb. 2002, gv. 140).

qarTvelebi SavizRvispirsa da Sida mxareebSi imyofebodnen bizan-

tielTa da arabTa xelqveS, orive dampyroblis epoqaSi isini iyvnen

pasiuri, inertuli, Sesabamisad, uunaro da ugunuri~, romelic aqti-

uri da unariani somxuri mxaris mier denacionalizaciis procesSi im-yofeboda (kargavda erovnul vinaobas da TviTSemecnebas).

qarTvelebi, rogorc monofizitebi, ise qalkedonitebi somxuri

eklesiis wiaRSi somxurenovnebi xdebodnen. es politikuri beduku-

RmarTobis Sedegi iyo.

sabednierod, klarjeT-SavSeTSi da Semdeg taoSic qarTvelobam,

ucxo politikuri uRlisagan gaTavisuflebisTanave, gaicnobiera

denacionalizaciis safrTxe da Sesabamisi Sefasebac mieca somxur

sulier mpyrobelobas, romelic politikurze ufro mZimea _ rameTu

miwa igi somxiTisa ampartavan, uwyalo, uyvarul da yovliTa uke-

TurebiTaa savse~ (stefane mtbevari episkoposi, wameba wmidisa mowa-

misa gobronisi, Zveli qarT. agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv. 175).

qarTvelebi Tvlidnen, rom somxebis qmedeba, romelic qarTvelTa

denacionalizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli, borotebas warmoadgenda, ami-

tomac werda qarTveli episkoposi _ `scoda boroti didman saxlman

somxiTisaman, viTarca Tqva ieremia, sityviTa gmobisaTa Seawuxes suli

wmida da saqmiTa bilwebisaTa gardareulad ganarisxes Semoqmedi

Tvisi~ (iqve, gv. 174).

somexTa anu ufro zustad somex-qalkedonitTa, Tu somex-monofiz-

it saeklesio mesveurTa sulieri Zaladoba _ uwyaloebad da uyvaru-

lobad fasdeboda qarTvel episkoposTa mier. ase afasebda maT arsen

251

didi kaTalikosi wignSi `ganyofisaTvis somexTa da qarTvelTa~ da

episkoposi stefane (mtbevari) naSromSi `wameba wmidisa gobronisi~ _

`uyvarul da yovliTa ukeTurebiTa savse, romelsa Sina ara ipova

Tavisa misadrekeli qristeisi, romelTaTvis qriste cudad mokvda~

(Zveli qarTuli agiogr. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1964, gv. 175).

ra igulisxmeba sityvebSi misTvis qriste cudad mokvda~. esaa iseTi

kaci Tu sazogadoeba, romlisTvisac aSkara faqti, WeSmariteba _

arafers niSnavs, romelic realobas sicruiT amrudebs. aseTni yofi-

lan ara mxolod stefane mtbevaris Tanamedrove zogierTi somexi

ierarqebi da swavlulebi.

somex swavlulTa mier ioane da eqvTime mTawmidelebi da grigol

bakurianis Ze somxebad cxaddebian, Tumca ki es moRvaweebi sxvadasx-

vagvari xerxiT da miniSnebiT, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir werdnen, rom

isini arian naTesaviT e.i. eTnikuri qarTvelebi gvar-tomobiT, Camo-

mavlobiT, suliskveTebiT, cxovrebis wesiT, amasTanave isini gmobd-

nen somxur Tu berZnul Zaladobas qarTvelTa mimarT.

252

somex-qalkedonitTa

ierarqiuli damokidebuleba

imperiis eklesiis mimarT (VI-VII-VIII ss.)

n. adonci wers, rom sparseTs da bizantias Soris gayofil somxeT-

Si warmoiqmna sxvadasxva ierarqiuli damokidebuleba.

kesariaSi Semdgari saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebiT wmida ba-

sili didis epoqaSi, bizantiuri somxeTis episkoposTa kurTxeva

uTuod unda momxdariyo kesariis samitropolitoSi. xolo sparsul

somxeTSi somxurma eklesiam miiRo erovnuli saeklesio xasiaTi imiT,

rom iq Camoyalibda sakaTalikoso _ ierarqiulad damoukidebeli

avtonomiuri sistema.

bizantiaze saeklesio daqvemdebareba gaRrmavda VI-VII ss-Si.

imperias SeuerTda Sida somxeTic. SemoRebuli wesis mixedviT aqau-

ri somxuri saepiskoposoebic damokidebulni gaxdnen imperiis ekle-

siaze, imiT, rom misgan (e.i. bizantiuri samitropolitoebidan) iRebd-

nen kurTxevas (n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi. 1908, rus.

enaze. gv. 364). kerZod ki, maxlobeli umaRlesi taxtisagan (wina sauku-

neebSi aseTi iyo kesariis eklesia), Sesabamisad, dasavleT da Sua somxe-

Tis saepiskoposoebi uSualod eqvemdebarebodnen konstantinopolis

patriarqs (n. adonci, gv. 364).

arabebis Semosevis Sedegad, rac bizantiis imperiam dakarga gav-

lena somxeTis Sua nawilze, da, nawilobriv, dasavleT somxeTze

(romelSic eTnikurad qarTuli provinciebic Sediodnen), somxuri

erovnuli (monofizituri) eklesia arabTa xelSewyobiT TandaTan

gaZlierda da misi ierarqiuli avtonomiuroba kidev ufro gaizarda.

bizantiam VIII s-saTvis TandaTanobiT SeZlo arabebis mier dapyrobili

miwebis gaTavisufleba da bizantiam kvlav moiTxova Zveli ierarqiuli

damokidebulebis ganaxleba, magram, amis sapirispirod, 726 wlis ma-

naskertis krebaze gaimarjva somxur-erovnulma saeklesio mimarTule-

bam, amis Sedegad iqamde somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiebi uars ambobd-

nen bizantiasTan ierarqiul damokidebulebis ganaxlebaze da uerTde-

bodnen somxur-erovnul eklesias, anu somxur sakaTalikosos.

253

am sayovelTao, somxur-erovnul eklesiasTan dabrunebis process

Tavi aarides bizantiis somxeTis arasomxurma qalkedoniturma epar-qiebma, kerZod ki qarTveli mrevlis saepiskoposoebma.

bizantiuri somxeTis eTnikurad qarTuli mrevlis erTi nawili

axal viTarebaSi SeuerTda ara somxur eklesias, aramed qarTul, maT-

Tvis erovnul, eklesias, imavdroulad, saqarTvelos moSorebiT

mcxovrebi bizantiuri somxeTis qarTuli mrevlis umetesma nawilma

umjobesad miiCnia berZnulSi darCena da kategoriulad ar Sevida

somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.

mizezi amisa is iyo rom qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Zala ver

wvdeboda maT areals _ sacxovrebel olqs romelsac berZnebi lazikis

qveyanas~ uwodebdnen. isini iyvnen trapezuntis mitropolitis iuris-

diqciis qveS. somxebi maT amJamad `somex-qalkedonitebs~ uwodeben

da somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis nawilad miiCneven. sinamdvileSi

ki isini, rogorc iTqva, iyvnen eTnikurad qarTveli qalkedonitebi,

zogjer somxuri liturgikuli eniT, oRond konstantinopolis iuris-

diqciis qveS (rogorc aRiniSna, somxuri erovnuli eklesia monofi-

zitobas miemxro).

254

somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebi lazikaSi

e.w. somexi-qalkedonitebi~ lazikas ukavSirdebian. qarTuli isto-

riografiis ori gadauWreli da, amasTanave, sakvanZo sakiTxi erTmaneT-

Tan dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda. pirvelia e.w. somxur-qalkedonuri epar-

qiebis sakiTxi, meore ki aris is, Tu sad mdebareobda lazika.

qarTvel mecnierTa TvalsazrisiT, lazika dasavleT saqarTvelos

erqva, magram noticiebis mixedviT, `lazikis~ eparqiaSi mdebareobda

paipertis, lerionis, bizanis, olnutis da sxva saepiskoposoebi (ix.

georgika, IV, nakveTi II, 1952, gv. 185, noticiebi Xa da III).

aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxi ganxilulia

`pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ statiaSi `somexi-qalkedonitebi~ da

maTi adgilmdebareoba iqve darTul rukazea datanili (ix. П. Э., 2001,t. III, gv. 328). am rukidan Cans, rom lerionis, bizanas, olnutis da

paipertis (baiberdis) da sxva saepiskoposoebi moqceulni iyvnen tra-

pezunt-vanis tbis SemaerTebel gzaze, kerZod, trapezunt-giumiSx-

ane-arzrum-manaskert-vanis tbis SemaerTebel gzaze, am qveyanas somx-

ebi uwodebdnen `dasavleT armenias~, amitomac Tanamedrove somex

mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom aRniSnuli saepiskoposoebi iyvnen e.w. somex-

qalkedonitTa~ kaTedrebi. am qveyanas noticiebSi ewodeba `lazika~.

esaa istoriuli Wanika (WaneTi) _ basianis zoli, trapezuntidan vanis

tbamde, uZveles xanaSive qarTvelTa modgmis tomebis sacxovrisi.

ase rom, `lazika~, berZnuli saeklesio geografiis mixedviT, erq-

va ara dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed WaneT-basianis mxares, amJamad,

sakmaod daSorebuls saqarTvelodan, amitomac am erTian ekonomikur

da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTian geografiul arialze Tanamedrove qar-

Tvelebs Zalze bundovani warmodgena aqvT, magram istoriulad, ro-

gorc berZnuli noticiebis miTiTeba aCvenebs, es yofila qarTvel-

ebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana, romlis saepiskoposoebic eqvemdebarebod-

nen konstantinopols, mas berZnebi eklesiurad `lazikas~ uwodebd-

nen, miuxedavad imisa, rom es mxare, Semavali bizantiis imperiaSi,

bizantiuri politikur-administraciuli dayofis Sesabamisad `ar-

meniad~ iwodeboda. miuxedavad amisa, am qveynis mosaxleoba eTnikuri

lazebi (qarTvelebi) iyvnen da Sesabamisad mrevli maT qveyanaSi mde-

bare e.w. somxur-qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebisa, amitom isini iyvnen

ara somexi-qalkedonitebi~ aramed eTnikuri `lazebi~.

255

Tavi IX

qarTuli warmoSobis ierarqi armeniis iberiaSi

wmida nerse iSxneli

nerse iSxnelis Sesaxeb misi epoqis sxvadasxva avtorebi weren, ese-

nia:

`daviT da tariWanis cxovrebis~ avtori, romelmac aRwera VII s-is

ambebi, is nerse iSxnels `wmidas~ uwodebs.

`iyo sanaxebTa maT soflisa somxiTisasa, JamTa netarisa didisa nerse

kaTalikozisa, ...xevsa basianisasa, dabasa onkom~ (saq. samociq. ekl. is-

toria. 2009, gv. 531).

basianidan deda da Svilebi warmoivltoda CrdiloiT kerZo qvey-

anad tavoisa~ `nerse srbiT miiwia divris~.

`euwya saqme ese wmidasa mamasa Cvensa nerses kaTalikozsa somxiTi-

sasa~ (gv. 698).

valaSkertSi nerse somexTa kaTalikosma aago RvTismSoblis ekle-

sia, lastivertecis cnobiT, aq X s-Si ijda qarTveli episkoposi~ (n.

adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, gv. 24).

arsen safareli wers _ ezras Semdgom sakaTalikoso taxtze RvTis

nebiT avida nerse iSxneli. kaci Rirsi da marTlmorwmune~ (saq. samo-

ciq. ekl. istoria. 2009, gv. 378).

giorgi merCule _ nebiTa RvTisaTa iqmna saba episkopos iSxans zeda,

netarisa nerse kaTalikozisa aRSenebulisa kaTolike eklesiasa da say-

darsa misisa, romeli weliwadTa mravalTa daqvrivebul iyo~ (iqve, gv. 459).

qarTuli wyaroebi nerses uwodeben _ `wmidas~, `netars~, `Rirss~

da `marTlmorwmunes~.

256

bizantiis imperatori konstans (konstantine) II

somxeTSi

imperatori konstans II me-7 saukunis Sua wlebSi akontrolebda

somxeTs da cdilobda somxuri eklesiis qalkedonuri frTis ga-

Zlierebas. somexTa kaTalikosi nerse III taoeli (641-661) iyo misi

moZRvari, Zalze daaxloebuli sasuliero piri bizantiis am impera-

torisa, romelic Tavis moZRvrisaTvis ar iSurebda saxsrebs, kon-

stans II-is saxsrebiT nerse taoelma aaSena cnobili zvartnocis taZ-

ari wmida grigolis saxelze (v. goilaZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri

politikis asaxva qarTul epografikaSi, 2008, gv. 40).

somexi istorikos sebeosis cnobiT somexTa kaTalikosi nerse sofel

iSxnidan iyo warmoSobiT, axalgazrdobaSi Seiswavla romaelTa ena

da mwerloba, radganac bizantiaSi aRizarda, Sevida samxedro samsaxur-

Si, gaecno mraval qveyanas, iyo marTlmadidebeli qalkedoniti, mag-

ram Tavis am sarwmunoebas umalavda somxebs. somxeTSi miaRwia saepisko-

poso xarisxs da miwveuli iqna sapatriarqo taxtze (iqve, gv. 41).

661 wels kaTalikosma nersem daasrula zvartnocis taZris mSe-

nebloba da mis kurTxevas daeswro imperatori konstans II, am taZris

mSenebloba 20 weli gagrZelda.

valaSkertSi nersesis mier agebuli yovladwmida RvTismSoblis

taZris Sesaxeb wers n. adonci. rogorc iTqva, valaSkertSi nerses

somexTa kaTalikosma aago RvTismSoblis eklesia, lastivercis cno-

biT, aq X s-Si ijda qarTveli episkoposi~ (n. adonci, gv. 24).

v. goilaZis varaudiT somexTa kaTalikosi nerse SesaZloa yofil-

iyo tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa saxlis warmomadgeneli (v. goil-

aZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva qarTul epografikaSi,

2008, iqve, gv. 42).

giorgi merCules cnobiT, nersess taoSi - iSxnis eklesia auSenebia,

romelic Semdeg arabTa Semosevebis dros daqvrivebula (iqve, gv. 43).

ra iZleva safuZvels imisa, rom vivaraudoT nerse iSxnelis somex-

Ta kaTalikosis eTnikuri qarTveloba?

amis mizezi mravalia, erT-erTia is, rom e.w. somexTa da qarTvel-

Ta ganyofis Semdegac somxur eklesiaSi mravali eTnikurad arasomexi

257

eTnosi iyo gaerTianebuli (magaliTad, eTnikuri albanelebi somxur

eklesiaSi Zlier frTas qmnidnen). am gayofis Semdegac somxuri ek-

lesiis erTgul mrevls VII s-saTvis warmoadgendnen taoeli, basiane-

li, spereli da Teodosiopoleli qarTvelebi, im epoqaSi maTi sacx-

ovrebeli are (e.i. tao, basiani, speri da Teodosiopolis mxareebi)

iwodeboda ìveriad~ (IX-X ss-Si) da ara aRmosavleT saqarTvelo.

saqme is iyo, rom afxazTa samefos gafarToebis Sedegad IX-X sauku-

neebSi, rac afxazTa samefom Tavisi sazRvrebi miitana Tbilisamde,

Sida qarTli mis nawilad, e.i. afxazeTad~ iqca, amave dros Tbilisis

saamiros erT did nawilSi (qvemo qarTlSi) e.w. somexTa samefo~ (ta-

Sir-Zorakertisa) Camoyalibda. maSasadame, Sesabamisad, am mxares som-

xiTi ewoda, xolo Tbilisis aRmosavleTiT kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo

Camoyalibda.

Sesabamisad, IX-X saukuneebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelo politikuri

TvalsazrisiT afxazeTad~, somxiTad~ da kaxeTad~ iwodeboda, xolo

iveria anu qarTvelTa qveyana~ im epoqaSi tao-basian-sper-Teodoso-

poliss erqva.

am politikurma terminologiam asaxva hpova bizantiaSi. kerZod,

konstantinopolSi saimperatoro karma iberiis Temi~ uwoda swored

tao-sper-basian-Teodosiopoliss, xolo imave epoqis bizantieli is-

torikosebi im qveyanas, romelsac Cven `saqarTvelos samefos~ vu-

wodebT, uwodebdnen ara iverias, aramed àfxazeTs~, mis mefeebs ki

àfxazTa mefeebs~.

maSasadame, im epoqaSi imJamindel saqarTvelos erqva afxazTa same-

fo~, xolo iveria~ ewodeboda tao-basian-spersa da Teodosiopoli-

sis olqs.

rogorc iTqva, iqamdec e.i. VII da VIII saukuneebSi, iberebi (e.i. tao-

basian-sperelebi) da albanelebi somxuri eklesiis mrevlad iTvle-

bodnen.

somxuri eklesiis mrevlad gadaqceuli albanelebi, iseve, rogorc

iberebi, cxadia ar iyvnen eTnikuri somxebi. somxeTSi mcxovrebi ibere-

bis eTnikur qarTvelobaSi mxolod patkanov-maris momxre istori-

kosebsa da filologebs SehqondaT eWvi XX s-Si.

tao iyo iberiis erT-erTi umTavresi nawili, Tumca ki somxuri

eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda.

258

mxolod nerse kaTalikosis gardacvalebidan naxevari saukunis Sem-

deg, 726 wlis manaskertis krebis Semdeg, TandaTanobiT gauCndaT

taoelebs survili gasuliyvnen somxuri eklesiis wiaRidan da SeerTe-

bodnen TavianTi eTnikuri TanamoZmeebis e.i. qarTvelebis eklesias.

sababi amisa iyo is, rom manaskertis krebam dagmo qalkedonitoba

da aRiara monofizitoba.

es kargi sababi iyo taoeli qarTvelebisaTvis mxurvaled Seenar-

CunebinaT qalkedonituri sarwmunoeba da qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs

SeerTebodnen.

maSasadame, `ganyofa~ somxuri da qarTuli eklesiebisa, romelic

kirionis dros, daiwyo gugarqSi, dasrulda VIII s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi

taosa da basianSi.

kirionis epoqaSi ganyofis~ I etapma moicva mxolod qvemo qarTli

e.i. gugarqis vrceli qveynis erTi nawili, xolo ganyofis II etapma VIII

s-Si moicva tao, basiani da iveriis vrceli mxareebi araqsamde, ev-

fratis saTaveebamde, arzrumamde da SeiZleba vanis tbamdec ki, rad-

ganac es vrceli mxareebi iberebis bunebriv sacxovriss warmoadgen-

da qristeSobamdec. amis axsna Semdegia _ zogadad, rogorc mraval-

jer iTqva, iberia anu iberiis Temi~ moicavda istoriuli arian-qarT-

lis miwa-wyals anu tao-klarjeT-basian-karin-vanands. es iyo yofili

e.w. `didi iberiis~ is nawili, romelic strabonis cnobiT armeniam

waarTva iberias. es momxdara qristeSobamde II s-Si.

iqamdec, Zv. w. IV-III s-Si azonis mamis (iaredosis) epoqaSic, Cans, Semo-

Wrili somxebis samxedro warmatebam arian-qarTlSi aiZula azoni axa-

li politikuri centri eZebna ufro CrdiloeTiT _ Tanamedrove

saqarTveloSi.marTalia, Semdeg am mxareebs, anu arian-qarTlis erT nawils, dasav-

leT armenia uwodes, magram iq darCenila Zveli iberebis didi naw-

ili, romelTac SeZles SemdgomSi, xelsayreli momentis dadgomis-

Tanave, taos anu `qarTvelTa samefo~ daaarses.

xelsayreli momentis dadgomisas aRniSnul somxeTis miwa-wyalze~

taoSi Camoyalibda qarTvelTa samefo~, romelic swrafad gaizarda.

aqedan Cans, rom sinamdvileSi VII-VIII saukuneebSic didi dapiri-

spireba iyo e.w. dasavleT somxeTis qarTvelebsa da Sida somxeTis

259

somxebs Soris. aman asaxva hpova sxvadasxva cnobebSi. magaliTad, roca

bizantiis imperatori konstans II nerse kaTalikosis miwveviT mivida

somxeTSi zvartnocis taZris kurTxevaze monawileobis misaRebad, is

jer, gzis Sesabamisad, Sevida TeodosiopolSi (karinSi). aq masTan

Sesaxvedrad mividnen am qalaqis irgvliv mdebare iverTa miwebis dide-

bulebi, kerZod `sperelebi, bagratuni Tavadebi, didebulebi taosa

da basianis provinciidan, aseve sxva mxareTa didebulebi jarebiTa

da TavianTi naTesavebiT. imperatorTan Sesaxvedrad taodan Cavida

kaTalikosi nersec~ (v. goilaZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis

asaxva, 2008, gv. 44).

imperatoris irgvliv, bizantielTa mier somxeTad~ saxeldebuli

qveynis qarTveli didebulebi Seikribnen, romelTac, rogorc Cans,

mtrobdnen somexi didebulebi, es mtroba gamoixateboda sxvadasxva

saxiT, magaliTad, imperatorTan misuli qarTvelebi mxars uWerdnen

somxeTis im sardals, romelsac mxardaWera ar hqonda Tanamemamule

somxebis mxridan, magram, roca man es mxardaWera moipova, mas qar-

Tvelebi ganudgnen (igulisxmeba sardali Teodoros rStuni).

maSasadame, somxeTis mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobaze qarTvelebi da

somxebi erTmaneTs edavebodnen.

somxeTSi somexTa da qarTvelTa urTierTqiSpi gadaizarda sar-

wmunoebriv urTierTbrZolaSi, rac bolos dasrulda saeklesio gan-

xeTqilebiT _ taoelebma da saerTod somxeTis qarTvelebma, rogorciTqva, SeinarCunes qalkedonitoba, xolo eTnikuri somxebi, maT Sorisqalkedonitebic (erTi nawili), SeuerTdnen somxur monofizitur ek-lesias.

somxeTis qarTvelebisa da eTnikuri somxebis am mtroba-davis dros

nerse kaTalikosis mxares yovelTvis qarTvelebi idgnen.

magaliTad, aRmosavleTSi Tavisi erT-erTi yofnisas imperatorma

angariSi gauwia somex didebulebs (romelnic Zalze did Zalas war-

moadgendnen) da Tanamdebobidan gadaayena Teodoros rStuni (romelTa

mokavSireebi iyvnen qarTvelebi da albanelebi).

konstans II-m somxeTis cxenosani jaris sardlad daniSna muSel

mamikoniani, amave dros sagangebo macneebi gaagzavna iberiasa, alba-

neTsa da sivnieTSi raTa maT Teodosos rStunTan kavSiri gaewyvitaT

(iqve, gv. 44).

260

konstans II, am dros, SeCerda q. dvinSi, kaTalikos nerses saxlSi.

nerse III-m isargebla am momentiT, moiwvia saeklesio kreba da ga-

moacxada Tavisi qalkedonituri rwmena, marTalia imperatoris iq

yofnisas zogierTma somexma Tavi Seikava, magram umetesi nawili aR-

SfoTda.

amis gamo, SeSfoTebuli nerse III Tan gahyva dvinidan ukan dab-

runebul imperators.

nersem Tavi Seafara taos, sadac misi damcvelebi iyvnen taoeli

qarTvelebi.

sebeosis TxrobiT nerses qalkedonitobiT aRSfoTda somxeTis

jari, maT miemxro Teodoros rStuni, miiRo arabebisagan damxmare

Zalebi, daiwyo omi bizantielTa winaaRmdeg da aiRo trapizoni.

rogorc iTqva, kaTalikosi nerse imperatorTan erTad gamgzavre-

bula konstantinopolSi da dabrunda ukan taoSi da iq darCa Teo-

dosos rStunis gardacvalebamde.

6 wliani devnis Semdeg qarTvelebisa da imperatoris SewevniT ners-

esi kvlav avida somxeTis sapatriarqo taxtze da daamTavra zvart-

nocis qalkedonituri taZris mSenebloba, romlis kurTxevasac im-

peratori daeswro (`istoria episkopos sebeosisa~ (rusul enaze),

erevani, 1939, gv. 119-127). somex monofizitebs es taZari ucxod,

araerovnulad miaCndaT.

maSasadame, nerse taoels mtrobdnen somexi didebulebi da is im-

Jamindeli somxeTis qarTvelebis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. mis dros

somxeTis mravalma eTnikurma qarTvelma aRiara qalkedonitoba taos

gareTac.

rogorc iTqva, taoSi nerses, kerZod iSxanSi, episkoposobisas VII

s-is 30-ian wlebSi augia iSxnis imJamad mrgvali taZari (banasa da

zvartnocis tipisa).

saerTod, rogorc avanis, ise zvartnocis qalkedonituri da sxva

qalkedonituri taZrebi somxeTis qarTvelTa TavSesafars, maTi eT-

noidentobis sadgurebs warmoadgendnen. somxur eklesiaSi TavianTi

yofnis dros qarTvelebi cdilobdnen saeklesio arqiteqturiTac gan-

sxvavebuli yofiliyvnen eTnikuri somxebisagan.

261

qalkedonituri taZrebi avanisa da zvartnocisa warmoadgendnen

somxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis saeklesio TviTgamoyofis, eTnoiden-

tobis warmoCinebis niSan-taZrebs, amitomac uwodebdnen zvartnocis

mSenebel nerses qarTvelebi `wmidas~.

nerses garda qalkedonituri sarwmunoeba somxeTis sxva kaTali-

kosebsac hqondaT, magram qarTvel mamebs isini wmidaTa rigSi ar Seuy-

vaniaT, maTgan nersesi gamorCeuli iyo Tavisi eTnikuri warmomavlo-

biT, is qarTveli iyo taoelTa msgavsad da amitomac mudam daculi

da pativcemuli Tanamemamuleebis (e.i. somxeTSi mcxovrebi qarTveleb-

is) mier.

somex-qarTvelTa davis epoqaSi mcxovrebi arsen safareli, giorgi

merCule, daviT da tariWanis cxovrebis aRmweri da sxvebi, wmidas da

`RvTis kacs~ ar uwodebdnen somexTa araqarTvel kaTalikoss.

arsen safarelis cnobiT, sakaTalikoso taxtze nerse RvTis nebiT~

avida, is iyo `Rirsi da marTlmorwmune~, xolo giorgi merCule mas

`netars ~uwodebs. ufro metad ganadidebs maT daviT da tariWanis

cxovrebis aRmweri da uwodebs `Cvens wmida mamas~.somxeTSi, rogorc aRiniSna IV-VIII ss-Si mravali qarTveli sasuli-

ero piri moRvaweobda. maT Soris, CvenTvis cnobilia kirion kaTali-

kosi - somxeTis centraluri nawilis, airaratis episkoposi, mose

gugarqel qarTvelTa episkoposi (Tumca monofiziti), wmida grigor-

is cxovrebis arabulad mTargmneli da albaT sxvebic, romelTac

momavali mkvlevarebi gamoavlenen.

somxur eklesiaSi, SemdgomSic, kerZod XVII-XVIII ss-Sic, uamravi qar-

Tveli monofiziti sasuliero piri moRvaweobda, rac Cans matena-

daranSi daculi maTi qarTulenovani werilebidan, zogierTis qarTu-

li gvaric cnobilia. erT-erTi aseTia somxur eklesiaSi droebiT

moRvawe qarTveli sasuliero piri cnobili arqimandriti ioane xe-

laSvili. ioane batoniSvils `kalmasobaSi~ aRwerili aqvs aseTi am-

bavi: qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebiT anu qarTvelTa umoqmedobi-

Ta da uTavbolobiT ise aRSfoTda ioane xelaSvili, rom man datova

qarTuli eklesia da gadavida somxur eklesiaSi. maSinve, erT-erT

somxur monasterSi mas gauCines ulufa da misces Tavisi senaki, sa-

dac mis locvas aRwers kidec mwerali (ioane batoniSvili), Semdgom

ioane xelaSvili kvlav daubrunda mSobliur eklesias. ase, rom qar-

262

Tvelebi IV saukunidan XIX saukunis CaTvliT mravlad iRwodnen som-

xur eklesiaSi.rogorc iTqva, VII-VIII ss-Si somxur eklesiaSi gaerTianebulni iyo

ramdenime qarTuli Temi, maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani taoa. mx-

olod qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis gamoRviZebis Semdeg daubrunda es

mxare dedasamSoblos eklesiuradac.

vfiqrob, arzrum-lazistanis qarTvelTa eTnikuri TviTgamoRvi-

Zebis procesi jerac ar damTavrebula, kerZod, qristiani lazebi

XVI-XIX saukuneebSi Seerivnen `urumebsa~ da `romeosebs~ (berZnebs),

xolo mahmadiani lazebi _ osmalo-Turqebs. SesaZloa maTi TviTSe-

mecnebis gamoRviZebis SemTxvevaSi isini kvlav daubrundnen TavianT

eTnoidentobas.

gugarqeli, taoeli, vanandeli da arzrumeli

aznaurebi somxuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg

mkvidri mosaxleobis Tvalsazrissa da nebas, rogorc wesi, Sua

saukuneebSi gamoxatavda mosaxleobis Tavisufali fena, anu aznau-

rebi. dabali fena _ glexebi uufleboni da ZiriTadad uidentoni

iyvnen. aznaurebi _ mepatroneni iyvnen da qveynis eTnikur saxesac

warmoaCendnen.

sabednierod, gugarqSi somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebisas, mis agre-

siul survils Tavis mrevlad gadaeqcia qarTuli mosaxleoba, win

aRudga mkvidri aznauroba anu gugarqelma aznaurebma qarTul ekle-sias dauWires mxari kirion kaTalikosis dros (ix. a. jafariZe, saqar-

Tvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. II).

Tu ara maTi (mkvidri aznaurebis) mxardaWera, somxuri eklesiis

Semotevas imJamad dasustebuli qarTuli eklesia ver daupirispird-

eboda.

qarTuli eklesiis dasusteba ki gamoiwvia Cveni qveynis dampyrobe-

li sparseTis Sahebis prosomxurma mikerZoebam, kerZod, maTma mono-

fiziturma saeklesio orientaciam.

263

sparselebi qarTuli eklesiis diofizitizms probizantiur ori-

entaciad miiCnevdnen da devnidnen.

roca mavrike keisarma SeZlo bizantia-sparseTis sazRvris Tbili-

samde motana, amiT zurggamagrebulma kirionma gabeda da nabiji gada-

dga gugarqis mkvidr qarTvelebisaTvis wirva-locvis qarTulenovnebis

asaRorZineblad, ramac sastikad gaaRiziana somxuri eklesia.

gugarqi _ kirionis samwyso iyo. am qveynis namdvili mflobelebi

ki, rogorc iTqva mkvidri aznauroba iyo, amitomac somexTa kaTaliko-

sma sagangebo epistoliT mimarTa gugarqis aznaurebs mxari daeWiraT

somxuri eklesiisaTvis kirionis nebis sawinaaRmdegod iqauri mose

kvlav episkoposad daebrunebinaT, is imJamad Tavs somxeTs afarebda.

swored am gadamwyvet momentSi gugarqelma aznaurebma mxari dauWires

qarTul eklesias, riTac Zlier ganawyenda somexi kaTalikosi. `Cven

es sarwmunoebac gvaqvs da egec, Tu unda mose episkoposs, movides da

kirions daemorCilos~ aseTi iyo gugarqel aznaurTa pasuxi. aqedan

kargad Cans maTi eTnikuri vinaoba - isini saeklesio mTlianobas anu

qarTuli eklesiis gaubzarvelobas ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebd-

nen, vidre somexi kaTalikosis mowodebas.

lastivertecis Tanaxmad, arzrumelma, taoelma da basianelma

aznaurebma gugarqel aznaurTa msgavsad dauWires mxari qarTul ek-

lesias (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 44).

aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom eTnikur somxur olqebSi aznaurebi

mxars somxur eklesias uWerdnen. magaliTad, `epistoleTa wignSi~

kargad Cans, rom vrkanis marzpani devnida qarTul eklesias da mxars

uWerda somxurs.

xolo eTnikur qarTul regionebSi aznaurebi, rogorc iTqva, mx-

ars qarTul eklesias uWerdnen, am faqtis kargi gamoxatulebaa ma-

galiTi taoel-vanandel-kareli didebulebisa: bakurianisZeebisa,

Cordvanelebisa, vanandeli aznaurebisa, Tornike erisTavisa da misi

Tanamosagre qarTveli didebulebisa _ isini iyvnen erTguli mrevli

qarTuli eklesiisa.

gugarqelma, taoelma, vanandelma da arzrumelma aznaurebma kar-

gad icodnen, rom Tu isini mxars dauWerdnen qarTul eklesias qveyana

SeinarCunebda qarTvelobas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki gasomxdeboda.

264

basianis sofeli okomi

da anisis somxuri jvari

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT, basiani da 12 axlo gavari dasax-

lebuli iyo qarTvelebiT, romelnic ebrZodnen somxur eklesias. maT

anisis somxuri jvris lursmnebi moaZvres da gaiZaxodnen am lursm-

nebisgan cxenis nalebs gavakeTebTo~, qarTvelebi. avtoris azriT, amis

gamo, daisajnen basili imperatoris xeliT.

basili imperatorma, qarTvelTa qveynebi da soflebi moaoxra,

maT Soris iyo basianis erT-erTi centri da mTeli mxareebi okomi _

`mefe Zlier ganrisxda da brZana cecxliT, maxviliTa da tyveobiT

gaenadgurebinaT didi daba-qalaqi okomi da mis garSemo mdebare sof-

lebi, aoxrda miwis savargulebi, romlebic im mxareSi iyo, xolo tyvee-

bi waeyvanaT qaldiis gavarSi, TviTon ki basianisaken gaemarTa da miaR-

wia vanandis gavars... mefem qveynis oTxive mxares jari gagzavna marbie-

li mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova, raTa ar daendoT arc moxuci,

arc axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc asakovani, arc kaci, arc qali da saer-

Tod arcerTi asakisa, amgvarad, man daangria da moaoxra Tormeti ga-

vari... gadaiwva, daingra, ganadgurda, maTi patronebi maxviliT amowyd-

nen... es Tavs gadaxdaT nacvlad imisa, rom maT moglijes wmida kaTolike

eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis mqone jvris lursmnebi da Seuracxmy-

ofelad gaiZaxodnen: cxenebisTvis nali unda gavakeToTo. ase samarTli-

anad maT Tavs daatydaT ubedureba.. vai mefis Seubralebel brZanebas...

gaukacrielda keTilmowyobili qveyana da dacarielda. magram ar vici

risTvis SeemTxva maT yovelive es, Wkuis darigebisTvis Tu qveynis mo-

saxleobis aRviraxsnilobis gamo~ (aristakes lastiverteci, istoria,

1974, gv. 47).

aqedan Cans, rom daba-qalaqi okomi, basiani da mis irgvliv 12 sxva

mxare _ qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, romelnic anisis jvris lursm-

nebis~ upativcemulobis gamo daisajnen _ wers a. lastiverteci e. i.

ar iyvnen somxebi, amitomac ar scemdnen pativs somxur niSnebs.

265

anisis jvris lursmnebi

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT, taoel da basianel qarTvel

aznaurTa jarma, romelic Tan axlda afxazTa mefe giorgi I-s, pativi

ar sca anisis jvars, misi lursmnebi daaZvres da waiRes.

`SahinSad wodebuli anisis mefis gagikis gardacvalebis Semdeg

memkvidreobisTvis erTmaneTs waekidnen misi Svilebi sumbati da aSo-

ti, saWiro Seiqmna sasamarTlo, maTTan viTarca mosamarTle movida

afxazTa mefe giorgi da mSvidobianad Seariga isini, sumbats misca

anisis cixe gavarebiTurT, xolo aSots qveynis Sida mxare, romelic

sparseTsa da saqarTvelos uyurebda~ (aristakes lastiverteci, is-

toria, 1974, gv. 44).

maleve sumbaTma giorgi I-is es sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba daar-

Rvia, amitomac giorgi I kvlav Sevida anisSi damnaSavis dasasjelad.

anisidan gamosvlisas giorgis mxleblebma gaZarcves sakaTedro taZris

mokazmuloba, moglijes jvris lursmnebi da Tan lanZRviT gaiZax-

odnen `migvaqvs, raTa cxenebis nali gavakeToTo~ (iqve, gv. 44).

aristakes lastiverteci Semdgom ufro dawvrilebiT wers, rom

sumbats ergo qalaqi anisi Tavisi SemogareniT, xolo mis Zmas aSots

Sida mxare somxeTisa, anu anisis samxreTiT mdebare qveyana, romel-

sac aRmosavleTiT sparseTi, xolo dasavleTis mxridan ki saqarTve-

lo~ esazRvreboda. am SemTxvevaSi is saqarTvelos uwodebs tao-ba-

sian-vanand-karinis mxareebs, romelTac bizantielebi iverias uwodeb-

dnen. maSasadame, aristakes lastivertecisaTvis `saqarTveloa~ ara

anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveyana, aramed am qalaqis dasavleTiT

mdebare, marTlac, anisis CrdiloeTiT Tbilisis saamiro mdebareob-

da, xolo dasavleTiT ki tao-basianis mxareebi, karinis (arzrumis)

veli da vanandis nawili, saqarTvelos mefis sagamgeo qveyana. am am-

bidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg am iverias _ saqarTvelos Semoesia im-

peratori basili bulgarTmmusvreli, da dadga karinis farTo velze~,

Semdeg gadavida basianiSi da vanandSi (yarsis mxares).

a. lastivertecis cnobiT, basili bulgarTmmusvrelma am qarTu-

li qveynebis e.i. karinis, taos, basianis da vanandis `oTxive mxares

jari gagzavna, marbieli mohfina, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova ar daen-

266

doT arc moxuci, arc axalgazrda, arc yrma, arc asakovani, arc kaci da

arc qali arcerTi asakisa, amgvarad man daangria da moaoxra Tormetigavari... am drois borotmoqmedebani: sisxlSi amosvrili moxucTa sap-

atio WaRara, maxviliT amowyvetili axalgazrdebi, uricxvi brmebi,

romelTac Tvalebi daubneles, vfiqrob, yovelive es Tavs gadaxdaT

nacvlad imisa, rom maT moglijes wmida kaTolike eklesiis karidan same-

fo niSnis mqone jvris lursmnebi da Seuracxmyofelad gaiZaxodnen: cx-

enebisaTvis nali unda gavakeToTo. ase samarTlianad maT Tavs daaty-

daT ubedureba, rac sazarel sanaxaobs qmnis - aznauri qalebi moedanze

gamoiyvanes, moxades Tavsaburavebi, ZuZumwovara yrmebs zogs dedis

mkerdidan glejdnen da qvebs urtyamdnen, nawils ki dedis mkerdze ak-

lavdnen SubiT da dedis rZes yrmebis sisxls urevdnen, sxvebs gzaj-

varedinebze cxenebis CliqebSi agdebdnen da miT xocavdnen... vai mefis

(bizantiis imperatoris) Seubralebel brZanebas, magram ar dacxra misirisxva, kvlav aRmarTa xeli, raTa yvela borotebisaTvis gadaeWarbebi-

na, aseTi saqmianobiT gaukacrielda qveyana, zamTris mosvlamde aoxr-

da da dacarielda irgvliv yovelive~ (iqve, gv. 47).

basilma dasaja saqarTvelos mefis erTguli mosaxleoba, isini

eTnikuri qarTvelebi, iqedan Cans, rom isini ar aRiarebdnen somxur

sarwmunoebas da amitom maT, lastivertecis sityviT, Seuracxyves

anisis somxuri taZari. isini eTnikurad ucxoni iyvnen lastiverte-

cisaTvis, is am qarTvelebs miiCnevs ara Tavisi eris, aramed sxva eris

nawilad, ara `Cven~ jgufis identuri nawilad, aramed sxva `imaTi~

erisa, amitomac wers _ `ar vici risTvis SeemTxvaT maT yovelive es,

Wkuis darigebisaTvis, Tu qveynis mosaxleobis aRviraxsnilobis gamo~

(aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 47).

maSasadame, basianis, taos, vanandisa da karinis mosaxleoba somex

istorikoss miaCnda sxva eTno jgufad _ qarTvelebad, romelnic daisa-

jnen aRviraxsnili cxov rebisa da somxuri anisis eklesiis gaZarcvis

gamo. basilma sastikad dasaja jer didi daba-qalaqis okomis mosaxle-

oba da mis garSemo soflebi cecxliT, maxvilTa da tyveobiT~ (gv. 45),

Semdeg ki 12 vrceli qarTuli qveyana basiansa da mimdebare qveynebisa.

olTisis (anu somxurad uxtiqis) Senobebi ki okomis sanacvlod

saqarTvelos mefes giorgis gadauwvavs.

267

olTisis mosaxleobis qarTvelobas miuTiTebs iqve lastiverteci

_ giorgim ubrZana jarebs gadaewvaT lamazi nagebobebi, iavareyoT misimTeli saqoneli, magram xalxisaTvis vneba ar mieyenebiaT~ (iqve, gv. 45).

xalxs ratom ar unda miayenos qarTvelma jarma vneba? iqneb imis

gamo, rom mosaxleoba qarTulia. nagebobebSi Senaxuli qoneba ki mters

ar unda gamoeyenebina, am mizeziT gadawva olTisi giorgi mefem, am

dros, Cans ramdenime eklesiac daiwva, ramac safuZveli misca sabWo-

Ta epoqis istorikosebs ganecxadebinaT rom TiTqosda giorgi mefemgadawva somxuri eklesiebi~.

rac Seexeba anisis jvris lursmnebis moments, isini daaZrves ara

sarwmunoebrivi uTanxmoebis gamo, aramed imitom, rom lursmnebze

amotvifruli yofila anisis mflobelis damnaSave sumbatis niSani,

mas didis didebiT Seumkia es jvari am niSnebiT, sumbatis dasasjelad

Sesul qarTvelTa jars, Cans sadac ki unaxavs sumbatis niSani, moux-

snia da Tan wauRia, maT Soris jvris lursmnebic. moglijes eklesi-is karidan samefo niSnis mqone jvris lursmani~ gasagebad wers mema-

tiane, vfiqrobT am sakiTxSic araswori iyvnen sabWoTa epoqis is-

torikosebi, magaliTad, i. abulaZe, romelic olTisis eklesiebis

gadawvisa da anisis jvarTan dakavSirebul ambebs ise aRwerda TiTqosda

es Zaladoba gamoiwvia qarTuli eklesiis Zaladobrivma SeWram simx-

uri eklesiis iurisdiqciis sferoSi, is wers _ `erTi eklesia iWrebameoreSi, eklesiaTa wva da jvrebis msxvreva amas miuTiTebs~, TiTqosda

qarTuli eklesia SeiWra somxurSi, dawva somxuri eklesiebi da amaT

taoeli da basianeli somxebi `gaaqarTvela~, aseT yalb safuZvelze

aigo e.w. `qarTizaciis~ Teoria.

maSasadame, anisis jvris lursmnebi ar mouxsniaT sarwmunoebrivi gan-

sxvavebis gamo da arc eklesiebi dauwvavT am niSniT. am mxriv, sabWoTa

epoqis istorikosebis naazrevs ewinaaRmdegeba aristakes lastivertecis

cnobebi. misi azriT, am qmedebebs eTnikuri safuZveli hqonda.aRsaniSnavia, rom imperatorma basilim, tao-basianis iveriis ga-

nadgurebiT faqtiurad xeli Seuwyo Turq-seljukebis mier tao-basan-

vanand-karinisa da sxva qveynebis dapyrobas, radganac man am qveyneb-

is mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleoba sastikad daasusta sakuTari dana-

Saulebrivi qmedebebiT, romelTac lastiverteci borotmoqmedebebs~

uwodebs (gv. 46).

268

Tavi X

àRmosavleTis~ sakaTalikoso

ìverTa~ (avanis) sakaTalikoso (VII s-is dasawyisi)

(`kaTalikosni aRmosavalisani~)

X-XVI ss-Ta qarTul samyaroSi àRmosavleTi~ erqva samxreT tao-

basiansa da maT momijnave mxareebs. wina saukuneTa msgavsad sityva

àRmosavleTi~ am mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba XVI s-is dokumentebSic.

saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg samcxeli mTavris separatizmis gama-

rTlebis mizniT konstantinopolSi berZnul enaze Seiqmna Txzuleba

e.w. `manuelis gardamocema~. ìs asaxavs mzeWabukis suliskveTebas _

mefobis survils samcxis miwa-wyalze~ (m. zaldastaniSvili, kidev

erTxel aTabagTa gankerZoebis Sesaxeb, macne, istoriis seria, 2012,

2. gv. 57).

samcxis mTavari, imJamad, did teritorias flobda basianidan tra-pezuntis regionamde.

separatisti mTavris dakveTiT antioqiis patriarq doroTeossac

gamoucia sagangebo `wigni~. masSi mzeWabuki moxsenebulia, rogorc,

`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa xelmwife~ (qr. SaraSiZe, samxreT saqarTve-

los istoriis masalebi (XV-XVI ss.), 1961, gv. 96).

orive dokumentSi mzeWabuks mTeli zemo iberiis TviTmpyrobeli~

ewodeba. maSasadame dokumentebSi àRmosavleTis~ qveS moiazreba _`zemo iberia~ anu samcxe, tao da basiani mimdgomi mxareebiT vidre tra-

pezuntis regionamde.

amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda sityva àRmosavleTi~ wina sauku-

neebSic.

mas Semdeg rac zemoni qveyanani~ daviT kurapalatma Tavis qarTvel-

Ta samefos SeuerTa, mis politikur memkvidreTa titulaturaSi gaCnda

269

wodeba _ `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalati~, rac aRniSnuli qvey-

nebis flobis memkvidreobiTobas miuTiTebda. am tituls flobdnen

bagrat III, giorgi I da bagrat IV (v. goilaZe, yovlisa aRmosavleTisa

kurapalatis~ wodeba, bizantia, qarTuli wyaroebi, 2010. gv. 129).

àRmosavleTi~ qarTvelTaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, im periodSi, tao-

basianis regions erqva, gadaSlils vidre avanamde, im qveynebs, sadac

Semdgom bizantiam daarsa iberiis Temi.

Sesabamisad, àRmosavleTis kaTalikosni~ da aRmosavleTs patri-

arqi~ erqva, im regionis qarTvel mamamTavars, romelic Semdgom iberi-

is Temma~ moicva.

jer kidev kirion II-m gamoTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom saqarTvelos aR-

mosavleTis~ provincias, anu imiertao-basiansa da mimdebare olqebs

hyavda Tavisi qarTveli kaTalikosi. mas ìverTa kaTalikossac~ uwo-

debdnen, qveynis saxelis Sesabamisad, iveria ki, rogorc somxur, ise

berZnul wyaroebSi imJamad (VIII-X ss-Si) tao-basianis regions erqva

da amitomac aq, XI s-Si, bizantiam ìberis Temi~ Camoayaliba.

saqme isaa, rom am periodSi, ukve TiTqmis IX saukunedan, mcxeTa-

Tbilisis regionis dasavleTiT mdebare regions ukve afxazeTs~ mi-

akuTvnebdnen, radganac Sida qarTli afxaz mefeTa miswrafebis re-

gionad iqca. rac Seexeba termin ìveria~-s, imJamad is tao-basiansa

da mis mimdebare mxareebs erqva.

VI s-is bolos (VII s-is dasawyisSi) avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoe-

brivi niSniT gamoeyo dvinis sakaTalikosos. is Tavis iurisdiqcias

ZiriTadad avrcelebda qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul miwa-wyalze, tao-

basianze da agreTve gugarqad wodebul teritoriaze, romelic somx-

uri geografiis mixedviT Woroxamde vrceldeboda. am regions erqva

rogorc àRmosavleTi~, ise ìveria~, mas `qarTvelebi~ aRmosavleTs

uwodeben, ucxoelebi ki ìverias~. es olqebi marTalia qarTvelebiT

iyo dasaxlebuli, magram saukuneTa manZilze iyo mitacebuli da somx-

eTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda VI-VII saukuneebSi, avanis sakaTalikosos

arsebobisas, romelic maleve gaauqmes.

iqauri qarTveloba imJamad, somxuri kulturisa da eklesiis gav-

lenis qveS iyvnen, Tumca eTnikur-erovnuli (qarTuli) identoba bo-

lomde dakarguli ar hqondaT.

270

am mosaxleobam SemdgomSic, kerZod VIII s-dan wamoiwyo udidesi

mniSvnelobis saqme: kerZod, rogorc ki SesaZlebeli gaxda, ganerida

somxuri saeklesio centris monofizitur aRmsareblobas da qalke-

donitoba aRiara Tavis sarwmuneobriv mimarTulebad 726 wlis kreb-

is Semdeg, tao-basiansa da maT gverdiTa olqebSi, iqamde, VI s-is bo-

los, avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoebrivi niSniT, magram Sinagani

erovnulobis, Tavisi arasomxurobis (anu qarTvelobis) gamo ganSor-

da somxur eklesias da Tavis sarwmunoebad qalkedonitoba anu

qarTul-erovnuli aRmsarebloba gamoacxada, aseve mizandasaxulad

miiRo qarTuli eklesiisaTvis sxva damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic, magal-

iTad saeklesio arqiteqtura (avanis taZari mcxeTis jvris aslia.

avanis taZari erTi amosunTqviT aigo ioane bagaranelis mier, radga-

nac mas ukve hqonda nimuSi mcxeTis jvris saxiT, rac Seexeba TviTon

mcxeTis jvars, misi mSenebloba IV saukunidanve daiwyo, aRwerilia

mis centrSi mdgari xis wmida jvris gumbaTiT gadaxurvis istoriac

da mxolod VI-VII saukuneTa mijnaze miiRo saboloo saxe mcxeTis ek-

lesiam, avanisaTis is ukve mzamzareuli nimuSi iyo, viTarca qarTul-

qalkedonuri saeklesio arqiteqturisa).

avanis sakaTalikoso, mas rom dacloda, aseve miiRebda saeklesio

da kulturuli saWiroebisaTvis qarTul enasac. avanis sakaTaliko-

so maleve gaauqma somxurma eklesiam. avanis sakaTalikosoSi tao-

basian-airarati moiazreba.

SemdgomSi, rogorc aRiniSna, es dawyebuli saqme mainc gagrZelda.

daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg, gugarqis msgavsad, taosa da basi-

anis qarTvelobam TandaTanobiT aRidgina qarTulenovneba, anu Tuki

iqamde maTi wirva-locvisa da literaturis ena iyo somxuri, axla is

uaryofil iqna da mis nacvlad mosaxleobam qarTulenovneba daibruna

saeklesio saWiroebisas (e.i. maTi saSinao-ojaxuri (qarTuli) ena axla

ukve sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis saSualebad, kulturis enad iqca).

271

ìberieli~ ioane bagaranelis delegacia

antoqiaSi da misi taZari avanSi

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT iveria mdebareobda ara anisis

CrdiloeTiT, aramed mis dasavleTiT, radganac, rogorc aRiniSna,

misi periodis somxur saistorio geografiaSi iveria~ ZiriTadad erqva

taosa da basians.

VI s-Si ìverTa mTavari~ taos mflobels erqva.

rac Seexeba Sida qarTlisa da anisis CrdiloeTis regions, VII-X ss-

Si, arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebare saxelmwi-

foebriv warmonaqmnebs oficialurad ewodeboda ara iveria~ aramed

Tbilisis saamiro da taSir-Zorakertis samefo, xolo Sida qarTli

sadavo qveynad iyo afxazeTis, kaxeTis, somxeTisa da Tbilisis saamiro-

samTavroTa Soris.

am drosac saxeli ìveria~ Zveleburadve erqva taos miwa-wyals (ba-

sianTan erTad) da taos momijnave mxareebsac, anisis dasavleTiT.

am mizezis gamo, rogorc aRiniSna, XI s-Si, imier taos samefos

miwa-wyals bizantielebma misi dapyrobis Semdeg, iveriis Temi~ uwodes

da masSi anisic Seiyvanes.

bizantielebi ìverias~ konstantine porfirogenetis epoqamdec

uwodebdnen taos olqsa da mis momijnave mxareebs.

X s-Si aRniSnuli imperatoris cnobiT iverielebs araqsis marcxena

sanapiros qveynebi ekuTvnoda.

konstantine porfirogeneti bevrs saubrobs amis Sesaxeb.

maSasadame, araqsis dasavleT sanapiros qveynebi, sadac mdebare-

obdnen TviT dedaqalaqebic ki somxuri administraciuli erTeuleb-

isa, mainc ìveriad~ iwodeboda da es wodeba (iveria) am mxareebi-

saTvis ar iyo usafuZvlo:

amis mizezi iyo is, rom rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, istoriula-

dac iverielebiT dasaxlebuli miwebi, Zv.w. II saukunisaTvis, strabo-

nis cnobiT, armeniam miitaca. strabonis xorZena swored am mxareebSi

unda veZioT.

somxuri eklesiis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, aRniSnul mxareebis ar-

menizaciis xarisxi jer kidev ar iyo yovlismomcveli.

272

Cans, am mizezis gamo, avanis sakaTalikoso gamoeyo somxuri eklesi-

is mTavar centrs _ dvins.am gamoyofis mizezad miiCneva sarwmunoebrivi momenti, magram mas

ufro metad eTnikuri safuZveli unda hqonoda.

kerZod, 588 wlidan (sxva azriT 591 wlidan) Zvel sofel avanSi (Tan-

amedrove erevnis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT) rezidencia daido armeniis

marTlmadidebelma (qalkedonitma) patriarqma.

miiCneva, rom amas safuZveli daudo imperator mavrikes (582-602)

sazavo xelSekrulebam sparseTTan, ris Sedegadac avani da tao bi-

zantiis imperiaSi moeqca.

es faqti unda yofiliyo safuZveli (da ara mizezi), ramac gaabe-

dina adgilobriv, metwilad qarTuli warmoSobis taoel-basianel da

avanel mosaxleobasa da samRvdeloebas mieRoT im sarwmunoebrivi

mimarTulebis sapirispiro aRmsarebloba, romelsac dvinis somxuri

sakaTalikoso aRiarebda.

cnobili kanonisti kartaSevi, Tavis wignSi `saeklesio krebebi~

(parizi, 1963, rus.enaze), wers, rom VI saukuneSi egviptelebma, siri-

elebma da somxebma monofizituri aRmsarebloba ZiriTadad miiRes

ara sarwmunoebrivi, aramed eTnikuri niSnis gamo. kerZod, maT surdaT

bizantiis centrisagan TavianTi eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis sarwmunoe-

brivi saxiTac gamoxatva. amitomac roca bizantiis centrma mtkiced

dauWira mxari qalkedonitobas, periferiebma mis sapirispirod _

monofizitoba aRiares.

Tu kartaSevis am mosazrebas mivusadagebT eTnikurad iseT rTul

regions, rogoric iyo tao-basian-avanis mxareebi, SeiZleba msgavsi su-

raTi davinaxoT.tao da basiani iyo arasomxuri mxareebi, misi mosaxleoba `ivere-

bad~ ZvelTaganve iwodeboda, Tumca ki somxuri saeklesio da admin-

istraciuli uRelis qveS. airaratis provinciaSic mravali mkvidri

qarTveli cxovrobda da somexTa iq damkvidrebamde Zveli tomis _

alarodielebis samSoblod iwodeba. qsenofontis cnobiT, aq cxov-

robdnen fasianebi, xalibebi da taoxebi, qarTuli tomebi, alarodi-

elebi qarTvelTa erT-erTi tomi unda yofiliyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi

airaratis provinciaSic VII s-is daswyisSi uamravi qalkedoniti cxov-

273

robda, romelnic miemxrnen avanis qalkedonis kaTalikoss. amis Sesaxeb

miuTiTebs arsen safarelic Tavis TxzulebaSi ganyofisaTvis somexTa

da qarTvelTa~. is wers: `ubrZana berZenTa mefem somxeTis kaTali-

kos mose elivardels (574-604) da mis episkoposebs, raTa misuliyvnen

konstantinopolSi da kvlav gamowvlilviT gamoeZiaT sarwmunoebrivi

simarTle, marTali ki daemtkicebinaT. xolo mose kaTalikosi ar

daemorCila da ar wavida, aramed uTxra berZenTa mociqulebs: ar

gadaval mdinare azatze, romelic sazRvaria sparsTa da berZenTa

Soris, ar SevWam berZenTa furnids da ar Sevsvam berZenTa Termons

(furnids afuebul purs ewodebda, Termons wyliT gazavebul Rvi-

nos), aseve upasuxes vaspuraganis episkoposebmac, romelnic sparsTa

saxelmwifos emorCilebodnen. arc maT inebes wasvla. xolo taos

episkoposi da sxva berZenTa morCili somexi episkoposebi saswrafod

Cavidnen konstantinopolSi. kvlav gamoiZies da meored daamtkices

qalkedonis krebis siswore mavrik mefis winaSe. yvelam erTobiT aRi-

ara qristes WeSmariti ori buneba. daweres fici berZnebTan erTobis

Sesaxeb da wamovidnen. roca somxeTSi movidnen, maTi sarwmunoeba ar

Seiwynara mose kaTalikosma da misma sxva episkoposebma, romelnic

sparsTa mier dapyrobil nawilSi cxovrobdnen. gaiyo somxeTi sarw-

munoebrivad. qalkedonitebma daidgines kaTalikosad ioane kogovite-

li (590-611). qarTvelma kaTalikosma kirion mcxeTelma da herTa kaTa-

likosma abazma ixiles, rom somxuri eklesia kvlav dvinis im krebis

erTgulia, romelmac wmida msoflio sayovelTao kaTolike eklesias

Camoacila somxuri eklesia. roca aseTi praqtika kvlav aRorZinebu-

li ixiles kirion kaTalikosma (591-615), herTa kaTalikosma abazma

(552-596) da sivnieTis episkoposma grigorma, Seiqna didi dava somx-

eTsa da qarTls Soris. am mxilebis Semdeg somxebma qarTli daabezRes

sparsTa mefesTan, rom qarTvelebs romaelTa (saberZneTis) sarwmu-

noeba aqvTo. aseTive dava iyo qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris nerse II-

is drosac. aseve iyo mis sakaTalikoso taxtze mjdom abraamis dro-

sac. am dros gandevna qarTlis kaTalikosma kirionma mose curtavis

episkoposi Tavisi eparqiidan, romelic wmida SuSanikis saflavze iyo.

Txova abraamma kirions es eparqia, xolo man ar misca. da gadidda

maT Soris ciloba. mouxmo abraamma araratis provinciis samRvde-

274

loebas da uTxra maT: an SeaCveneT qalkedonis kreba, an gadiT Cveni

samkvidrebelidan. zogierTi daemorCila da SeaCvenes wmida kreba, zo-gierTi ki ar daemorCila da ganidevnen~ (arsen safareli, ganyofi-

saTvis...).

arsen safarelis Txzulebidan Cans, rom avanis kaTalikosis iuris-

diqciaSi taosTan erTad airaratic Sedioda, amitomac sparselTa

mxardaWeriT dvinis kaTalikosma abraamma airaratis qalkedoniti

samRvdeloebac dasaja, amitomac mouxmo abraamma araratis provinciis

samRvdeloebas da uTxra maT: an SeaCveneT qalkedonis kreba, an gadiT

Cveni samkvidrebelidan. zogierTi daemorCila da SeaCvenes wmida kre-

ba, zogierTi ki ar daemorCila da ganidevnen~.

airaratis provincia, Cans, miuxedavad misi Rrma armenizaciisa,

mainc gansxvavebul olqad darCenila, es unda yofiliyo nakvalevi

imisa, rom sul ramdenime saukunis win is iberTa miwas warmoadgenda.

Cans, mas (airarats) straboni xorZenas uwodebda.

strabonis cnobiT, xorZena, pariadresa da gogarenasTan erTad,

armeniis mefeebma Zv.w. II saukuneSi iberebs waarTves da armenias Se-

uerTes. radganac gogarenas straboni aTavsebda `mtkvris iqiT~, anu

marcxena sanapiroze, amitomac xorZena mdebareobda pariadredan vi-

dre mtkvramde, anu Semdegdroindeli airarati strabonis epoqaSi

xorZenad iwodeboda. misi mosaxleoba, miuxedavad TiTqmis 500 wlo-

vani armenizaciisa, Cans kvlav grZnobda Tavis TavSi iberiul sawyisebs,

amitomac, mis realizebas cdilobda sarwmunoebriv sferoSi, mijnav-

da TavisTavs dvinis somxurnacionaluri eklesiidan da cdilobda

daaxloeboda mcxeTis qarTul eklesias. tao-basian-airaratma xel-

sayreli politikuri momentis dadgomisTanave, bizantiis imperatoris

mxardaWeriT, myisve Seqmnes dvinis sawinaaRmdegod saeklesio cen-

tri avanSi, qalkedonituri sakaTalikosos saxiT, mkveTrad gamoxat-

uli qarTuli arqiteqturiT agebuli eklesiebiTa da Cans, aseve sxva

mravali qarTuli niSniT.

v. aruTinova-fidaniani ra Tqma unda, avanis arqiteqturas ar akav-

Sirebs qarTulTan da miiCnevs, rom `mas aqvs eCmiaZinis, bizantiuri

martiriumebis da konstantinopolis sofiis taZris~ gavlena (`pra-

voslavnaia enciklopedia~ t 1. moskovi, 2000, gv. 74 ). avanis arqite-

275

qturuli ansambli somxuri arqiteqturis erT-erTi pirveli miRw-

evaa, mis gverdiT mdebare sasaxlesTan erTad agebulia 588-597 wleb-

Si kaTolikos ioanes mier~ (iqve gv.74).

TiTqosda, jer is augiaT da Semdeg misi gegmiT mcxeTis jvari,

magram rogorc aRiniSna, qarTul wyaroebSi naTlad Cans, Tu rogor

miiRo saukuneTa manZilze mcxeTis jvarma Tavisi Camoyalibebuli

saboloo saxe, avanis agebis Sesaxeb aseTi cnobebi ar arsebobs.

kerZod, mcxeTis borcvze wminda ninos mier jer aRimarTa didi

zomis jvari, Semdeg ki es jvari gumbaTiT gadaaxurina rev mefem IV s-

is bolos, amave dros jvars garSemo gaukeTes `kubo~. anu is Semo-

sazRvres kedlebiT. e.i. mas hqonda kedlebic da saxuravic (gumbaTi).

jvris taZris gumbaTis simaRle gansazRvra im xem, romelic

mokveTes wminda ninos dros da romlisganac Seamzades jvari.

matianeSi moTxrobilia: `viTarca naTel iRes mefeman da ... yovel-man erman, maSin dga xe erTi adgilsa erTsa... auwyes episkopossa xisa mis-

Tvis, xolo episkoposman Tqva... `mis xisagan jer ars Seqmnad jvari pa-

tiosani, romelsa Tayvani sces yovelma simravleman qarTlisaman... mo-

hkveTes xe igi... moaqvnda aTsa aTeulsa kacsa... saswauliTa zecisaTa

CvenebiT jvari patiosani mcxeTas ipyres xeliTa kacobriviTa da mive-

diT borcvsa mas qveSe... xolo xvalisa dRe aRvides kldesa mas zeda...

mun aRimarTa jvari igi didebiTa mefeTagan da modrka eri igi uricxvi

da Tayvani sces jvars... raodenisame dRisa Semdgomad, martvilisa ukan,

ixiles saswauli didi... sveti naTlisa, saxed jvarisa dga jvarsa mas zeda

da Tormetni igi varskvlavni saxed gvirgvinisa, garemos misa, xolo

borcvi igi kumoda saxed sulnelad da xedvides saswaulsa amas yovelni

da mravalni uRmrToTaganni moiqces... mere kualad ixilnes sxva saswau-li jvarisa, viTarca ra cecxli dga Tavsa zeda misa, Svid wilad mzisa

ubrwyinvalesi zeda daadgra mas da, viTarca saxumilisa naberwyalni

aRavlen, egresaxed angelozni RvTisani aRvidodes da gardamovidodes

mas zeda, xolo borcvi igi iZvroda Zlierad... iqmnebodes saswauli igi

wliTi wlad da yoveli eri... movidodes Tayvanismcemad gulsmodgined.

da mas Jamsa revis Zesa mefisasa, esva ymawvili mcire da iyo sneul da

miwevnul iyo sikvdilad ... da moiRo da dadga igi winaSe jvarisa da

cremliT ityoda: ukueTu miboZo yma ese cocxali aRvaSeno kubo sayu-

276

delad Senda~ da munqvesve ganikurna yrma igi... movida (revi) aRnaTq-vamisa aRmasruleblad... da gulmodginebiT aRaSena kubo jvarisa mcxe-Tisa rev, Zeman mefisaman... guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zedaberZenTasa... aman iwyo eklesia jvarisa patiosnisa da aqamomde jvarivelsa zeda iyo da qmna eklesia weliamdis oden... guaram kurapalatsaesxnes Zeni... stefanoz da demetre. ...Zma stefanozisi saxeliT demetreaRaSenebda eklesiasa jvarisa patiosnisa, rameTu senica iyo mis Tana daver SemZlebel iyo ganSorebad karsa eklesiisasa~ (q. c., I, gv. 120-140).

stefanozi da demetre bagrationebi herakle keisarma prosparsu-

li orientaciisaTvis taxtidan gadaayena, mis nacvlad qarTlis tax-

ti misca adarnase xosroians ...maSin mouwoda keisarma Zesa bakurisasa,qarTvelTa mefisasa naTesavsa daCisasa, vaxtangis Zisasa, romelierisTaobda kaxeTs, romelsa erqva adarnase~.

matianedan Cans, rom mcxeTis jvris taZris mSenebloba daiwyo IV

s-is bolos rev mefem, man `kubo~ anu kedlebi da saxuravi (gumbaTi)

auSena jvars, mis gverdiT sxva eklesiis mSenebloba guaram kurapa-

latis dros VI s-is bolos daiwyo.

Cans, rom rev mefis mier aSenebuli kubos~ forma imeorebda jvris

frTebis formas.

jvris eklesias ukve meoTxe saukunis bolosve eqneboda jvris ori

frTis Sesatyvisi kedeli, romelmac sabolood tetrakonqis saxe

miiRo anu tetrakonqis mSenebloba gansazRvra taZris centrSi aR-

marTulma jvris formam.

imdenad misaRebi yofila qarTuli eklesiisaTvis jvris taZris

forma, rom ukve VI s-is Sua wlebSi mis Sesabamisad aages ninowmidiseklesia. VI s-is bolos kvlav aRsdga jvris taZris mSenebloba magram

ara nebismieri arqiteqturiT, aramed im formiT, romelic axsovda

mosaxleobas da borcvze aRmarTuli am jvrisaTvis ukve tradiciu-

li iyo. VII s-is jvris taZris arqiteqtura gaimeores WyondidSi.ase, rom mcxeTis jvris taZari saukuneTa manZilze Sendeboda da

man Tavisi arqiteqturuli saxe TandaTanobiT miiRo, xolo gumbaTis

forma qarTuli xalxuri arqiteqturisaganaa gadmoRebuli.

soflis saxlebSi mcxeTis jvris gumbaTis msgavs gumbaTebs XX s-is

dasawyisSic ki agebdnen. magaliTad, is (gumbaTi) gamoyenebulia leCx-

umSi sofel sairmis sacxovrebeli saxlebis gadaxurvis sistemaSi.

277

aqedan gamomdinare IV-VI ss-Si Camoyalibda jvris taZris arqiteq-

tura, romelic gaimeores avanis arqiteqtorebma, radganac qarTul-

eTnikuri warmomavlobis gamo cdilobdnen avanis arqiteqturaSic

qarTuli elementebi SeetanaT.

rogorc iTqva _ tao-basians da mis mimdebare miwebs _ somxebic da

bizantielebic iverias~ uwodebdnen.

amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom am regionis momcveli avanis qalke-

donuri sakaTalikoso _ iveriis eklesiad~ iwodeboda saerTaSoriso-

saeklesio wreebSi.

Cans antioqiis sapatriarqo avanis sakaTalikosos da mis memkvidre

qalkedonur eparqiebs _ `iveriis eklesias~ uwodebda.

saqme isaa, rom Teodosiopolis-arzrumis regionSi antioqiis iuris-

diqciis qveS iyo ramdenime qalkedonuri saepiskoposo, saerTod, es

miwa-wyali _ antioqias Tavisi sapatriarqo iurisdiqciad miaCnda.

amitomac, SesaZloa avanis anu iberiis sakaTalikoso~ mas Semdeg, rac

ganSorda dvins, Tavdacvis mizniT SeuerTda Zlieri antioqiis sapa-

triarqos iurisdiqcias (anda is romelime sxva eklesias unda mikedle-

boda avtokefaliis saerTaSoriso dadasturebamde).

arabebis Semosevebis Semdeg kavSiri antioqiasa da avanis memkvi-

dre qalkedonur eparqiebs Soris gawyvetila, Semdeg ki Cans antio-

qiaSi kvlav ganuxilavT am e.w. meore `iveriis eklesiis~ sakiTxi.

saqme isaa, rom marTalia avanis erTaderTi kaTalikosis ioane baga-

ranelis (+609/10) Semdeg gauqmda avanis kaTedra, magram misi qalke-

donuri memkvidreoda miiRo taom, sadac VII saukuneSi qalkedonuri

saepiskoposo centri iSxnisa da sxva Camoyalibda.

somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si ukanve SeierTa qalkedonuri kaTedrebi,

riTic Cans antioqiac gaanawyena. antioqias miwa-wyali arzrumamde

Tavis iurisdiqciaSi Semaval iberiad~ miaCnda.

somxuri eklesia VII s-Si Tavis saeklesio mTlianobas imiT inar-

Cunebda rom garkveul kompromisze midioda da saerTo somxur saek-

lesio taxtze qalkedonit kaTalikosebsac svamda, rCeuli maT Soris

nerse III taoeli, Cans, eTnikuri qarTveli iyo, iseve, rogorc, vTqviT,

iqamde somxur eklesiaSi moRvawe airaratis qorepiskoposi kirioni.

278

726 wels manaskertis monofizituri krebis Semdeg qalkedonuri

tao-basaini ganSorda somxur eklesias. am dros, Cans, aq, anu ìveri-

aSi~, kvlav, gaixsenes antioqiis eklesia da misgan moiTxoves avtoke-

falia, saeklesio TavisTavadobis saerTaSoriso dasturi. am dros

ara mxolod tao-basianSi. aramed mis gareTac qarTveli qalkedo-

nitebi aarsebdnen TavianT kaTedrebs, magaliTad valaSkertSi.

valaSkertis mRvdelTmTavris wodeba mamaTmTavari~ SesaZloa ni-

Snavdes, rom is erT periodSi iqca ìveriis qalkedonuri~ eklesiis

memkvidred, romelsac saTave, Cans, aseve qarTuli warmoSobis, ioane

bagaranelma daudo.

e.w. antioqiuri qronikebis nawyvetebi iZleva kidec zemoT aRni-

Snuli mosazrebis safuZvels _ qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobili Canar-

Ti unda exebodes avanis anu iverielTa (qarTvelTa) qalkedonur ek-

lesiasa da antioqias Soris urTierTobas da ara mcxeTisa da antio-

qiisa: da wargzavnes antioqias monazoni erTi sakurTxevelad, rameTu

ganwesebul iyo kurTxeva antioqiiT kaTalikosisa da verRaravis xele-

wifeboda svlad gzasa antioqiisasa... xolo dReTa Teofilaqte antio-

qiel patriarqisa waravlines mociqulni.. da miuTxres... didsa Wirsa

Sina arian qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebisani, rameTu dRiT-

gan netarisa anastasi mRvdelmowamisaTa (VII s-is dasawyisi) ara kurTx-

eul ars siZnelisaTvis gzaTasa. xolo man hyo kreba da ganaCina... raTa

Sekrbebodnen episkoposni simravlisa misisani da akurTxevdnen kaTa-

likossa JamiTi-Jamad ... xeldasxmul hyo... erTi movlinebulTa mona-

zonTagani, saxeliT ioane... amas antioqiis krebasa Sina gapatiosnda~ (q.c.

I, gv. 226).

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ am CanarTis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1906 wels

gamoTqva Tavisi mosazreba kirion II kaTalikosma, rom es monaTxrobi

exeboda samxreT saqarTvelos tao-basianis mxareebis saeklesio mow-

yobas, v. goilaZis azriT ki, aq, gadmocemulia afxazeTis sakaTali-

kosos daarsebis cnoba. misgan gansxvavebiT, afxazeTis sakaTaliko-

sos daarsebis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis qarTlis cxovrebis sxva Ca-

narTi - àman bagrat ganaCina kaTalikosi afxazeTs~ (IX s-Si).

e.i zemoT aRniSnuli pirveli CanarTi qarTlis cxovrebis mixed-

viT ar ukavSirdeba afxazeTs, amitomac swori unda iyos kirion II,

279

rom es CanarTi ukavSirdeboda tao-basianis (Sesabamisad avanis) saek-

lesio mowyobis sakiTxs.

CanarTSi naxsenebia `qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebi-

sani~ (q. c., I, gv. 226).

`qarTvelTa~ provincia erqva, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, tao-basi-

anis mxareebs da mis irgvliv teritorias, romelic droebiT, arme-

niaSi mdebareobda.

am CanarTSi amitomac ganmartavs antioqiis patriarqi, rom saqme

Seexeba `qarTvelTa soflebis mkvidrT~.

aseT SemTxvevaSi qronologiuradac ufro dalagebulia msjelo-

ba _ anastasi antioqieli patriarqi TiTqmis Tanamedrove iyo avanis

qalkedoniti kaTalikosis ioane bagaranelisa, romelic 609 Tu 610

wels gardaicvala.

amis Semdgom, arabobis Semosevebis gamo, rTuli iqneboda antioqi-

isa da tao-avanis saeklesio urTierToba.

avanis kaTedra marTlac umRvdelTmTavrod darCa da qalkedoni-

ti episkoposebi SeierTa somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si, magram es mdgo-

mareoba, anu eTnikuri mRvdelTmTavris gareSe yofna, ar akmayofileb-

da tao-basianis qarTuli qalkedonituri soflebis mrevls.

maT Cans, surdaT saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopovebiT gamoexs-

naT TavianTi Tavi somxuri eklesiisagan.

magaliTad, moRweulia iSxanis taZris minaweri, sadac adgilobrivi

mRvdelTmTavari trapezuntSi Cavida, raTa konstantinopolis pa-

triarqs daesxa misTvis xeli. amiT iSxnis mRvdelmTavars surda Tavis

daxsna somxuri iurisdiqciisagan.

arzrum-Teodosiopoli tradiciulad antioqieli patriarqis sam-

wysos ganekuTvneboda da iqve mdebareobda kidec avanis memkvidre

tao-basianis qalkedonituri vrceli qarTuli samrevlo.

iberiis eklesiis pirvelierarqad antioqiam daniSna qarTveli mon-

azoni saxeliT ioane. aseve, ioane erqva VIII s-Si aRdgenil iveriis

avtokefaluri pirveli eklesiis meTaursac.

es niSneulia, radganac avanis pirvel kaTalikossac ioane erqva.

ase, rom avanis qalkedonituri kaTedris warmoSobis mTavari mizezi

unda yofiliyo eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis gamo qarTuli mrevlis

280

gamoyofa somxuri eklesiisgan da damoukidebel sakaTalikosod Camoy-

alibeba.

aseT Tvalsazrisamde mivalT Tuki aRniSnul CanarTs davukavSirebT

samxreT saqarTvelos _ tao-basianis mxareebs.

samxreT taos samefo karze _ daviT III kurapalatis epoqaSi, mrava-

li ucxoeli avtori axsenebs qarTvel kaTalikoss Tu qarTvel pa-

triarqs. SesaZloa samxreT saqarTvelos am saeklesio erTeuls mar-

Tlac mianiWa antioqiam avtokefalia, Semdeg aTaswleulSi ki es cnobe-

bi mcxeTis eklesias daukavSires da miiCnies mcxeTis eklesiis av-

tokefaliis damadasturebel dokumentad.

taos (iberiis) samefos adgilze daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobis

dauflebis Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, bizantiam Camoayaliba adminis-

traciuli erTeuli _ iberiis Temis~ saxelwodebiT _ XI s-s dasawyisSi.

maSasadame, SesaZlebelia, avanis sakaTalikoso ucxoelTaTvis, ker-

Zod ki antioqiis qalkedonitebisaTvis warmoadgenda ara somxur,

aramed qarTvelTa, anu `iverielTa~ eklesias. mizezi amisa iyo misi

mrevlis umetesi nawilis (tao-basianis) qarTuloba.

rogorc iTqva, ioane bagaranelis dros, somxur monofizitur ek-

lesias gamoeyo qalkedonituri frTa, romelmac damoukidebeli

sakaTalikoso daarsa. ismis kiTxva: ecdeboda Tu ara es eklesia Tavisi

damoukideblobis aRiarebas, anda dakavSirebas ucxoeTis sxva mar-

Tlmadidebel sapatriarqoebTan, rogorc TavisTavadi eklesia?

Cans, aseTi urTierToba maT daumyarebiaT antioqiis sapatri-

arqosTan netari anastasi mRvdelmowamis zeobisas, magram Semdeg avanis

eklesiis TavisTavadoba gauqmda. tao-basianis iverielma mosaxle-

obam moiTxova kvlav eZebnaT TavisTavadi eklesiis Camoyalibebis gzebi

da misi saerTaSoriso aRiareba.

es mouxerxebiaT antioqiis patriarq netari Teofilaqtes dros _

Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda tao-basianis, anu daviT kurapalatis same-

fos saeklesio samamamTavro, ukve qarTuli saeklesio erTeuli.

amiT iqamde somxurenovanma avanis sakaTalikosos memkvide epar-

qiebma aRadgines qarTulenovaneba.

saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom III msoflio krebaSi (431 w.) monawi-

le iberieli (urhaeli) qarTveli episkoposi ieremia unda yofiliyo

281

istoriuli arian qarTlis miwaze mcxovrebi iberielebis episkoposi,

anu is Sedioda ara mcxeTis (qarTlis) eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi, aramed

e.w. sparsuli qarTlis saepiskoposoTa iurisdiqciaSi. es e.w. spar-

suli qarTli mdebareobda ZiriTadad araqsisi xeobasa da vanis tbisak-

en mimarTul miwa-wyalze. es iyo qarTvelTa istoriuli sacxovrisi.

431 wels efesos III msoflio saeklesio krebis momzadebaSi mona-

wile qarTlis e.w. `sparsuli nawilis~ episkoposi ieremia (v. goila-

Ze, qarTlis samefo. avtoreferati doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad,

1998 w., gv. 20), rogorc mas uwodeben, `iberieli ieremia~ yofila

nestorianelTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli (k. kekeliZe, etiudebi I. 51, 62).

wm. grigol feraZis cnobiT, konstantinopolSi yofila `didaqes~,

anu `12 mociqulTa moZRvrebis~ kanonikuri mwerlobis erT-erTi

adrindeli Zeglis _ Targmani, gadaRebuli 1923 wels, vinme feiqriS-

vilis mier. feraZis azriT, igi gadaTargmnilia berZnulidan qarTul

enaze V s-Si, ieremia iberielis mier. es ieremia Tavis Tavs ase uwodebs:

`ieremia urhaeli qarTveli marTlmadidebeli, yaribobis gamo Tavi-

sianebsa da samSoblos daSorebuli~ (k. kekeliZe, ieremia iberieli

antinestorianeli moRvawe V saukunisa, Tbilisis universitetis moam-

be, #9, 1928 w. gv. 187, 198).

`sparsuli iberiidan~ warmoSobili ieremia q. urhaSi iyo gadasu-

li samoRvaweod.

SesaZloa, ieremia iberielis samSoblo sparsuli iberia~ is teri-

toriaa, sadac Semdgom avanis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqcia ganivrco,

rogorc vTqviT, es iyo iberielebis sacxovrisi. sabolood, kidev

erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom aq, mravlad cxovrobdnen iberielebi, romel-

Ta gamalebuli armenizacia mimdinareobda IV-V ss-Si, mas Semdgom,

rac am miwa-wyalze mZlavri somxuri eklesia Camoyalibda. somxeTSi

mcxovrebi iberielebi mudam cdilobdnen eklesiurad rogorme gamoy-

ofodnen somxur eklesias, rac mxolod VI s-is Semdgom, sabolood ki

VIII s-dan gaxda SesaZlebeli.

282

mamaTmTavar-patriarqi

daviT kurapalatis karze (X s.)

asoRikis cnobiT daviT kurapalatis karze iyo pirovneba patri-

arqis wodebiT, magaliTad 1001 wels, rodesac daviTis gardacvalebis

Semdeg basili II mivida qarTvelTa qveyanaSi, erT-erTi Sida SebrZoleb-

is dros daixocnen taos didebulebi, maT Soris iyvnen: didi mTavar-

TmTavari patriarxi, oCopentres ori Svili gabrieli da ioane, abulx-

abris SviliSvili Cordvaneli da sxva mravalni~ (v. kopaliani, saqar-

Tvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969,

gv. 76).

asoRikis cnobiT gardacvlili patriarqi taos didebulTa wres

ekuTvnoda.

iahia antioqielic aseve iZleva cnobas, rom daviT kurapalatis

karze namdvilad iyo kaTalikosi, romelic amave wres ganekuTvneba.

iahia antioqielis cnobiT, iqamde, ramdenime xniT adre damarcxe-

bulma daviT kurapalatma kaTalikosi da didebulebi gagzavna bi-

zantiaSi, raTa maT erTgulebis fici miecaT basil keisrisaTvis~ (iqve,

gv. 307).

maSasadame, sxvadasxva wyaro miuTiTebs, rom daviT kurapalatis

karze namdvilad iyo umaRlesi sasuliero pativis mqone piri patriar-

qis an kaTalikosis wodebiT adgilobrivi warmoSobisa.

is basili II-sTan molaparakebisaTvis bizantiaSi gamgzavrebula,

xolo molaparakebis CaSlis Semdeg taoSi Semosul mters mouklavs.

daviT kurapalatis karze mcxeTeli kaTalikos-patriarqi imyofe-

boda Tu adgilobrivi, taoSi Camoyalibebuli axali qarTuli saek-

lesio-administraciuli olqis, axali qarTuli sakaTalikosos me-

Tauri?

iqneb daviT kurapalatma Tavis samefoSi administraciulad axali

qarTuli samitropolito olqi Seqmna, romlis meTaursac mamaT-

mTavris wodeba hqonda afxazTa samefoSi Camoyalibuli afxazeTis

kaTalikosis msgavsd?

misi memkvidre xom ar iyo sakaTalikoso taxtze zaqaria valaSkerte-

li? qarTuli wyaro miuTiTebs, rom zaqaria valaSkertelsac hqonia

283

`mamaTmTavris~ wodeba, rac, rogorc iTqva, sityva patriarqis Sesa-

tyvisia da Seesabameba samitropolito olqis meTaurs.

zaqaria mamaTmTavari (iseve, rogorc 1001 wels mokluli taoeli

patriarqi) ganekuTvneboda taos (anu iberiis) ubrwyinvales sagvareu-

los, kerZod zaqaria iyo grigol bakurianis biZis Tevdrates naTe-

savi, aseve feris jojikis Zis naTesavi.

marTlac, wyaroebi iZleva SesaZleblobas imisa, rom davuSvaT

varaudi taoSi sakaTalikoso (samitropolito)-saeklesio olqis Camoy-

alibebisa, amis varauds exmianeba faqti imisa, rom daviT kurapalats

Tavisi samefo srulyofili samoxeleo sistemiT aRuWurvia: daviT

kurapalatis karze iyvnen iseTi iSviaTi moxeleTmTavrebi, rogori-

caa _ `mweralTa mTavari~, an `meganZurTa uxucesi~. aseve mis samefo

karze yofila piri mTavarTa mTavris~ wodebiT.

v. kopalians garkveuli aqvs, rom `somxeTis samefo karze mTavar-

Ta-mTavris tituls is piri atarebda, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo

mefis winaSe yvela vasalis moqmedebaze~ (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa

da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969 gv. 34).

masve eqvemdebarebodnen sagadasaxado moxeleebi, igive piri niSnavda

cixisTavebs. farnavazis dros aseTi moxele qarTlis samefoSi iyo

spaspeti, mas erisTavebi emorCilebodnen. aseTi moxele (mTavarTamTa-

vari) daviT kurapalatis karze yofila cnobili didebuli jojiki,

mas Tavisi sakuTari `meganZurTa uxucesi~ _ gvirpeli hyolia.

aseTi srulyofili samoxeleo ierarqiis arseboba samxreT taos

samefo karze kidev ufro gvafiqrebinebs, rom zaqaria valaSkerte-

lis tituli _ mamaTmTavari~ ar iyo SemTxveviTi saxeli, rom rogorc

mTavarTamTavris mimarT vasalebs ekisrebodaT pasuxismgebloba, aseve

zaqarias (viTarca mamaTmTavris) mimarT episkoposebs gaaCndaT pa-

suxismgebloba, anu is episkoposTa mTavari anu samxreT taos admin-

istraciulad TavisTavadi saeklesio olqis mmarTveli iyo. misi wina-

mosaydreni unda yofiliyvnen taos mefis karze myofi patriarqi da

kaTalikosi, erTerTi aseTi patriarqi unda yofiliyo ioane (Sesa-

Zloa, misi saxelia warwerili X s-is parxalis eklesiis kedelze, is

qarTlis anu iveriis patriarqi yofila anu taos samefoSi arsebuli

samitropolito olqis meTauri).

284

taos samamamTavros sazRvrebi (X s.)

aSot didi bagrationi _ tao-klarjel bagrationTa winapari _

`nebiTa berZenTa mefisaTa~ flobda teritoriebs vidre qsnamde, sum-

bat daviTis Zis matianiT ki _ vidre bardvamde.

misi STamomavloba or samTavro saxlTa Soris gadanawilda _ taosa

da klarjeTisa.

taos Sto rezidenciad irCevs banas, ukve adarnase I kurapalatis

droidan (888-923), is iyo pirveli `qarTvelTa mefe~ (narkv. II, gv.

455), klarjeTis Sto artanujis cixe-simagres.

rogorc aRiniSna, taos (anu qarTvelTa) samefoc or nawilad iyo-

foda, erTs X s-is meore naxevarSi `qarTvelTa mefe~ bagrat II regve-

ni marTavda, meores ki daviT kurapalati.

safiqrebelia, rom bagrat II regvenis gardacvalebis Semdeg `qar-

TvelTa mefis~ wodeba daviT kurapalatma miiRo, viTarca sagvareu-

loSi uxucesma~, daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg ki `qar-

TvelTa mefis~ wodeba miiRo uxucesma~ gurgen magistrosma (bagrat

II-is Zem, Cans 1001 wels), misgan ki misma Svilma _ bagrat III-m, romelic

iqamde ukve iyo afxazTa mefe.

amier tao bagrat qarTvelTa mefes ekuTvnoda, xolo imier tao,

Crdilo basianiTurT, TorTomi da speri X s-is 60-iani wlebidan dav-

iT didi kurapalatis samflobelos Seadgenda~ (v. kopaliani, bizan-

tia-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan. gv. 111).

imier taos samefo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo iseve, rogorc

amier taos samefo da afxazTa samefo da mas yvelaze didi Zlierebis

dro daviT kurapalatis Jams daudga X saukunis meore naxevarSi.

misi saeklesio-administraciuli olqi _ taos eparqia _ uSualod

emijneboda lazikis eparqias, tao qarTuli eklesiis nawili iyo, xolo

lazikis eparqia _ bizantiurisa.

`samxreT-dasavleTidan taos samefo uSualod bizantiis imperiissamflobeloebs emijneboda da misi sazRvari md. araqsze gadioda~ (ge-

orgika IV, gv. 271-272).

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT taos samefos Turquli modgmis xalxiT

dasaxlebuli somxeTis miwa-wyali emijneboda, sadac am dros mahma-

dianuri saamiroebi iyo Seqmnili.

285

taos qarTvelTa samefo eklesiur-eparqialuradac or nawilad

iyo gayofili TavianTi sakuTari mmarTvelebiT.

amier anu Crdilo taoSi ori umTavresi saepiskoposo kaTedra ar-

sebobda _ iSxnisa da banasi, xolo samxreT taom, Tavisi sazRvrebi

vrclad gadawia araqsisa da vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, rac aseve misi

momcveli eparqiis sazRvrebis zrdasac ganapirobebda. is TandaTano-

biT samamamTavrod yalibdeboda q. valaSkertis kaTedris meTaurobiT.

taos samefos nawilad iqca e.w. bizantiis `zemoni qveyanani~, kari-

nis olqi, iqamde bizantiasTan sadavo samxreT basiani, Cor-mairis

Temi Woroxis saTaveebTan, cixe sevuki araqsTan, apapunis provincia.

am provinciebsve moicavda samxreT taos qarTuli samamamTavro, romel-ic iseTive damoukidebel qarTul samitropolito olqad yalibdebo-da daviT kurapalatis dros, rogoric iyo magaliTad afxazeTis sakaTa-likoso.

Tuki samxreT taos eparqia Camoyalibda viTarca samitropolito

olqi, ris safuZvelsac warmoadgenda taos damoukidebeli saxelmwi-

fos arseboba, misi sazRvrebi saeklesio wesebis Tanaxmad unda damTx-

veoda kidec saxelmwifo-administraciul sazRvrebs.

maSasadame, taos samamamTavro moicavda im provinciebs, romelnicSediodnen taos samefoSi. eseni ki, rogorc aRiniSna iyvnen TviT tao,orive basiani (zemo da qvemo), karinis olqi arzrumiTurT, CormairisTemi, sevuki araqsis saTaveebTan, haqsisa da apapunis provincia aRmo-savleT evfratis zemo xeobaSi (saq. ist. narkvevebi, II, gv. 478). mas

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gafarToebasTan erTad kidev unda Sematebo-

da axali teritoriebi vanis tbis dasavleT sanapiromde.

samitropolito olqis (anu qarTulad samamamTavros) arseboba Ta-

visTavad gulisxmobs saeklesio olqis meTaur mRvdelmTavars, romel-

sac uSualod eqvemdebareba Tavisi episkoposebi. aseTi samamamTavro

olqebi qarTul eklesiaSi kidev sxvebic arsebobda, aseTebi iyvnen

magaliTad, afxazTa sakaTalikoso da qarTlis sakaTalikoso. afxaz-

Ta sakaTalikosoSi adgilobriv kaTalikoss uSualod eqvemdebare-

obdnen sakuTari anu dasavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, qarTlis

kaTalikoss ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos episkoposebi, Sesabamisad,

klarjeTis saepiskoposoebi mcxeTel kaTalikoss eqvemdebareboda,

Cans aseve gagrZelda Semdgomac.

286

taoSi damoukidebeli samefos warmoqmnam, Seqmna pirobebi imisa-

Tvis, rom am, e.w. bizantiuri `zemo qveynebis~ eTnikurad qarTuli

mosaxleoba eklesiurad daqvemdebareboda ara berZnul-bizantiur

anda somxur qalkedonur centrebs, aramed maTi saxelmwifos _ imier

anu samxreT taos saeklesio olqs, rasac saeklesio kanonebic moiTx-

ovda. albaT, am politikurma siaxlem safuZveli Cauyara taos sa-

mamamTavros. misi umTavresi kaTedra iyo banaSi, Semdeg ki valaSker-

tis saepiskoposo iyo. Cveni kvleviT valaSkertis kaTedra mdebare-

obda ara sofel CanglSi, aramed amJamindel qalaq valaSkertSi, saer-

TaSoriso savaWro gzaze.

unda vifiqroT, rom taos samamamTavro TavisTavadi samitropoli-

to olqis saxiT arsebobda friad mcire xnis manZilze, (`zemo qvey-

nebis~ taos samefoSi yofnis periodSi).

rogorc viciT e.w. zemoni qveyanani~ bizantiam daviT kurapalats

gadasca daaxloebiT 979-980 wlebSi, xolo 20-22 wlis Semdeg, misi

damoukidebloba Sewyda da basili II-m am miwebis erTi nawilis xelSi

Cagdeba SeZlo. amis Semdeg cxadia Semcirda taos sazRvrebi, zemoni

qveyanani~ daikarga.

unda vifiqroT, am miwebis suverenitetis dakargvis Semdeg misi

qarTuli marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba bizantiam lazikis eparqiaSi

Seiyvana.

ase, rom albaT taos qarTuli samamamTavro daaxloebiT 20-22 weli

arsebobda, taos suverenul samefoSi basilisa Tu romanoz keisreb-

is dros misi mrevlis didi nawili lazikis eparqiaSi moeqca.

rogorc cnobilia, basili II-is Semdeg lazikis berZnuli eparqiis

(anu samitropolito olqis) sazRvrebi ganivrco trapezuntidan vi-

dre vanis tbamde. taos qarTuli samamamTavros adgili am mima-

rTulebiT bizantiurma lazikis eparqiam daiWira (iSxnis warweriT

misi erT-erTi pirveli mRvdelmTavrisaTvis xeli dausxams ara mcx-

eTel kaTalikoss, aramed trapezuntSi stumrad Casul konstanti-

nopolis patriarqs, albaT somxur eklesiasTan davis gamo Tu miiC-

nies saWirod taos mesveurebma aseTi demonstraciuli ceremoniali,

amasve miuTiTebs oSkis warwera basili II-is moxseniebiT).

287

àRmosavleTis kaTalikosni~

romel qveyanas erqva Zvel saqarTveloSi àRmosavleTi~, romel-

sac TavisTavadi saeklesio xelisufali hyavda kaTalikosis titu-

liT?

gvxdeba Tu ara wyaroebSi tituli aRmosavleTis kaTalikosi~ anda

àRmosavleTis patriarqi~?

rogorc cnobilia, tao-klarjeTSi parxlis monastris warweraSi,

romelic Sesrulebuli aris mefe daviT kurapalatis (+1001) dros (X

saukunis 80-ian wlebSi) moxseniebuli aris `qarTlisa da yovlisa aR-mosavleTisa patriarqi iovane~ (v. silogava, patriarqi X s-is saqarTve-

loSi, gv. 302).

amave periodSi zaqaria valaSkerteli Tavis anderZSi axsenebs pa-

triarq asaTs~, romelic baneli pirvelierarqi anu taos upirvelesi

mRvdelmTavari yofila e. metrevelis azriT (e. metreveli, narkvevi

aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keris istoriidan, 1996, gv. 177).

aRmosavleTis patriarqis garda wyaroSi Cven gvxvdeba tituli

àRmosavleTis kaTalikosi~. wyaroTa monacemebi aSkarad miuTiTebs

rom sityva aRmosavleTis~ qveS Cveni winaprebis mier igulisxmeboda

qarTveli xalxiT dasaxlebuli `zemoni qveyanani~, anu samxreT tao,

basiani da sxva mimdgomi mxareebi.

v.goilaZis kvleviTac yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatis~ wodeba

gulisxmobda flobas anda pretenzias im miwebze, romelic daviT

kurapalatis samefoSi Sedioda misTvis e.w. `zemo qveynebis~ gadace-

mis Semdeg (v. goilaZe, aTaswlovani sveticxoveli, 2011, gv. 196).

amave teritorias moicavda Tavis iurisdiqciaSi àRmosavleTiskaTalikosi~ basili II-is Semosevebamde.

grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebi cnobili fraza, rom aR-

mosavalisa kaTalikosTa wm. mironi ierusalimiT mohyvandaT~, gulisx-

mobda ara mcxeTis qarTlis anda ara afxazeTis sakaTalikosos, aramed

imiertao-basian-zemoqveyanaTa sakaTalikosos. CamoTvlili mxareebi-

sagan Sedgenil qveyanas erqva aRmosavleTi, romelsac Tavisi qarTveli

kaTalikosi marTavda. mas SeiZleba vuwodoT qarTuli àRmosavle-

Ti~. maSasadame, tao-basianis kaTalikosebs mohqondaT wmida mironi

ierusalimidan.

288

qarTuli àRmosavleTis kaTalikosebs~ mironi ierusalimidan mi-

hqondaT TavianT eklesiebSi, episkopos efremis RvawliT qarTuli

àRmosavleTis kaTalikosebi~ SemdgomSi mirons iRebdnen ara ieru-

salimSi, aramed mcxeTis qarTlSi, mironis kurTxeva qarTls ganewe-

sa, radganac qarTlia tao-basiani da yvela is mxarec, sadac qarTul

enaze aResruleba wirva locva.

kidev erTxel davsvaT kiTxva _ romel qveyanas erqva qarTvelTa

samyaroSi aRmosavleTi~?

rogorc iTqva, ufro metad tao-basianis mxareebsa da agreTve im

qveynebs, romelnic daviT kurapalatma SemouerTa Tavis samefos.

am qveynebs bizantiaSi `zemoni qveyanani~ erqva, magram imJamad he-

gemon afxazTa samefoSi mcxovreb qarTvelTaTvis es qveynebi realu-

rad aRmosavleTSi mdebareobdnen, amitomac Cans àRmosavleTs~

uwodebdnen kidec, ufro dasavleTiT mdebare afxazTa samefo ki

imJamad, Tbilisis arabTagan pyrobis gamo, qarTuli saxelmwifoe-

briobisa da Semecnebis centrs warmoadgenda. swored masTan Sedar-

ebiT, mis aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxares erqva àRmosavleTi~.

aRniSnuli qarTuli wyaroebis garda, ucxouri wyaroebic miuTiTe-

ben taos samefoSi patriarqisa da kaTalikosis wodebis mqone pireb-

is Sesaxeb.

iahia antioqielisa da asoRikis cnobebiT mefe daviT kurapalatis

karze iyo umaRlesi rangis sasuliero piri patriarqisa da kaTaliko-

sis wodebiT. SemdgomSi valaSkertel episkopossac mamamTavris~ wode-

ba hqonda.

Cven gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba, rom daviT kurapalatis same-

foSi erT periodSi Camoyalibda TavisTavadi qarTuli saeklesio-

administraciuli erTeuli afxazeTis sakaTalikosos msgavsi, romel-

sac Tavisi mmarTveli umaRlesi sasuliero piri hyavda. Cans swored

mas uwodebdnen qarTvelebi àRmosavleTis sakaTalikosos~.

daviT kurapalatis drois parxlis eklesiis warweraSi naxsenebi

àRmosavleTis patriarqi ioane~ _ unda iyos ara mcxeTis patriarqi,

aramed mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi taos samefos marTlmadidebelTa

mamamTavari anu `patriarqi~. misi saxeli iyo ioane.

289

ufro savaraudoa, rom `qarTli~ anu mcxeTis samwyso da aRniSnu-

li aRmosavleTi~ anu taos samefos samwyso, am periodSi gaerTianda

da erTiani mmarTvelobis qveS moeqca. TiTqos amas miuTiTebs war-

wera:

rogorc iTqva, parxlis monastris warweraSi, romelic Sesrule-

buli aris mefe daviT kurapalatis (+1001) dros, moxseniebuli aris

`qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqi iovane~. maSasadame,

`qarTlisa da yoveli aRmosavleTis~ samwysoebi ioanes dros gaer-

Tianebulia, Tumca am warweraSi `qarTli~ da `yoveli aRmosavleTi~

SeiZleba sinonimuri mniSvnelobiTac ixseniebodes.

`meore iveriis~ anu `aRmosavleTis~ qarTul sakaTalikosos av-

tokefaloba moupovebia ara konstantinopolidan, aramed antioqi-

idan VIII saukuneSi, misi TavisTavadoba realobad iqca X saukuneSi

mefe daviT kurapalatis dros da gauqmda XI saukunis dasawyisSi im-

ier taos samefos gauqmebis kvaldakval basili II bulgarTmmusvre-

lis mier.

davT kurapalitis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg taos anu aRmosavle-

Tis yofili eklesiis teritoria imperiam lazikis eparqias anu tra-

pezuntis samitropolitos miuerTa.

amis Semdgom, taos samRvdeloeba zaqaria valaSkertelis meTau-

robiT cdilobda mieRwia, rom yofili taos samefos miwa-wyalze

mdebare eklesiebSi, romelnic ukve bizantiis saeklesio centrebs

eqvemdebarebodnen, wirva-locva da RvTismsaxureba ara berZnul,

aramed qarTul enaze mainc yofiliyo.

am ideis aRsrulebis saqmes emsaxureboda is didi muSaoba, rac

gaswies imJamad aTonis wmida mTasa da imperiaSi mcxovrebma mamebma

berZnulidan qarTul enaze saRvTismsaxuro wignebis Targmnisas. v.

silogavas kvleviT daviT kurapalatis dros taoSi TavisTavadi

qarTuli saeklesio erTeuli Camoyalibda, romlis meTauris Ziri-

Tadi rezidencia banaSi iyo, misi titulebi iyo mamaTmTavarTa mTa-

vari~ da patriarqi. `taos mflobelma daviT kuropalatma, romlis

samflobeloSic Sedioda banas eparqia, banis eparqiis mmarTvelisaTvis

patriarqis titulis miniWebiT, konstantinopolis sapatriarqosa-

gan eklesiis sruli damoukideblobis gzaze pirveli nabiji gadad-

290

ga~ _ wers v. silogava (v. goilaZe, aTaswlovani sveticxoveli, 2011,

gv. 158).

v. silogavas wyaroTa mravali Cveneba uflebas aZlevda, evarauda

taoSi TavisTavadi eklesiis arseboba, Tumca, am eklesiam avtokefa-

lia miiRo ara X s-Si konstantilopolidan, aramed VIII s-Si antioqi-

isagan, mas avtokefaloba esaWiroeboda somxuri eklesiisagan Tavis

dasacavad. Tumca meore iveria~ avtokefalobis miRebis Semdeg valde-

buli iyo mironi mieRo antioqiidan da ierusalimidan. daviT kurapa-

latis epoqaSi is am valdebulebisaganac gaTavisuflda. amis Semdeg

mironis kurTxeva iveriaSi anu qarTlSive ganwesda.

aRmosavleTis sakaTalikosos miwa-wyali anu igive `zemoni qveya-

nani~ marTalia qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram VIII s-mde,

rogorc iTqva, somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli, mis-

gan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg is wm. mirons ierusalimidan iRebda TiTqmis

saukunis ganmavlobaSi, magram qarTveli mamebis mecadineobiT IX s.-

dan axla ukve qarTls~ (e.i. meore iveriaSi) ganewesa mironis kurTx-

eva, radganac es e.w. `aRmosavleTi~ TviTonac qarTlis nawils war-

moadgenda iqaur taZrebsa da monastrebSi gaCaRebuli qarTuleno-

vani wirva-locvis gamo. pirvel iveriaSi anu mcxeTis qarTlSi miro-

ni uZvelesi xanidanve, am ambebisagan damoukideblad, ikurTxeoda.

taos anu iveriis eklesiis patriarqebi yofilan 1. ioane; 2. asaTi; 3.

savaraudod zaqaria valaSkerteli. asaTi erT-erTi SebrZolebisas

mouklavT bizantielebs.

291

`qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa

patriarqi iovane~

(parxlis monastris warwera mefe daviT kurapalatis (+1001) droisa)

efrem mcirem XI saukunis bolosTvis gamoaqveyna naSromi `uwyeba

mizezisa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moixseneb-

is~ (T. Jordania, qronikebi, I, 75-76). misma cnobebma erTgvarad gauge-

bari gaxada giorgi mTawmindelis mier dalagebuli cnobebi saqarTve-

los eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb.

kirion meoris azriT VIII-XI saukuneebSi avtokefaliisaTvis ibrZo-

da ara mcxeTis sakaTalikoso, aramed e.w. samxreT iveriis eklesia

anu tao-basianisa da mimdebare olqebis momcveli eklesia, romelmac

moipova kidec avtokefalia im dros. Cans am avtokefalias aRwerda

efrem mcire.

wm. kirion meorem 1906 wels gaarkvia, rom efremis cnobebi exeboda

ara mcxeTis sakaTalikoso eklesiis avtokefalias, aramed meore iveri-

is~ eklesiis avtokefalias.

meore iveria mdebareobda iq, sadac Semdgom bizantiam iberiis Temi~

daarsa, is moicavda miwawyals avanidan (anisisa da airaratis nawilis

CaTvliT) basian-taomde, istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwawyals.

avani qalkedonituri TavisTavadi eklesiis centri iyo VII s-is

dasawyisSi.

avani punqtia amJamindel erevanTan, somxeTSi.

im epoqaSi, kerZod VII s-is dasawyisSi, sparseTis imperiis sruliad

gansakuTrebuli mxardaWeriT somxurma eklesiam SeZlo albanelebi-

sa da tao-basian-gugarqis iberebis eklesiuri damorCileba da isini

gadaaqcia somxuri eklesiis mrevlad.

am dros mravaleTnikuri somxuri eklesiis erTerTma ierarqma

ioanem gabeda da eklesiurad gamoeyo somxeTis sapatriarqos. somx-

uri eklesia orad gaiyo. misi erTerTi centri gaxda aRniSnuli pun-

qti avani, mdebare araqsis marcxena sanapiroze mdebare vrcel qvey-

anaSi, romelic yovelTvis da maT Soris konstantine porfirogene-

tis drosac iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

292

iqamde somxurma eklesiam swored es iberebi anu Woroxidan avana-

mde mcxovrebi qarTveli mosaxleoba gadaaqcia somxuri eklesiis mrev-

lad.

avanis sakaTalikosos ucxoelebi, Cans, iverTa sakaTalikosos uwo-

debdnen misi samwysos eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT. es sakaTalikoso VII

saukuneSive gauqmda, misi mrevlis didi nawili maleve daubrunes

somxuri eklesiis wiaRs da sadac isini sabolood gasomxdnen al-

banelebis msgavsad.

ara mxolod qarTvelebi, albanelebic VII s-Si (gansakuTrebiT ar-

abTa Semosevebis Semdgom) kidev ufro Rrmad dauqvemdebares somex

sasuliero mmarTvelebs, magram sabednierod tao-basianis qarTvelo-

bam VIII s-is Semdeg, ZiriTadad IX-X ss-Si gadaigdo somxuri eklesiis

batonobis uReli da daubrunda erovnul, e.i. qarTul saeklesio

wiaRs, albanelebma ki es ver SeZles, maTi erovnuli eklesia somxur-

ma eklesiam STanTqa, albanurenovani wirva-locva gauqmda da armeni-

zebuli albanelebi ufals somxur enaze adidebdnen. somxurenovneba

mTel albaneTSi ganivrco.

rogorc aRiniSna, iverebis anu qarTvelebis erTma jgufma, rom-

lebic basianidan avanamde saxlobda albanelebis msgavsad veRara-

sodes SeZlo somxuri sasuliero mmarTvelobis wiaRidan Tavis daR-

weva, ramac sabolood es xalxi somxebad aqcia.

am process patkanov-maris gundi sapirispirod saxavda _ TiTqos-

da, am saukuneebSi mimdinareobda somxebis e.w. qarTizacia da amJama-

dac maT mier SemuSavebuli `qarTizaciis Teoria~ batonobs postsa-

bWour saistorio da filologiur sivrceSi.

efrem mcires es cnoba, romelic mas antioqiis qronikebSi unaxavs

Seexeboda im iverebs, romelTac VII s-is dasawyisSi gabedes da avanis

sakaTalikoso daaarses somxuri eklesiisagan gamoyofis mizniT.

avanis kaTalikosma ioanem somxuri eklesiisgan gamoyofa SeZlo

mxolod sarwmunoebrivi niSniT.

kerZod, avanis kaTalikosi ioane mxars uWerda qalkedonitur aRm-

sareblobas, mis ierarqebTan da misi samrevlos morwmuneebTan er-

Tad, maSin roca somxuri sapatriarqo Zveleburad monofizitur

platformaze idga.

293

avanis kaTalikosebma isic ki moaxerxes, rom VII s-is dasawyisSi

daukavSirdnen antioqiis sapatriarqos da misgan moiTxoves aRiareba

iveriis am sakaTalikoso eklesiis Tavisuflebisa. magram Semdgom,

avanis sakaTalikosom kvlav dakarga Tavisufleba. male arabebi Semoe-

sivnen kavkasias, situaciis erTgvari dawynarebis Semdeg, daaxloe-

biT, VIII saukunisTvis aRniSnuli mxaris iverielebis nawilma, yofili

avanis sakaTalikosos mrevlma, kerZod taosa da basianis iverebma,

kvlav SeZlos qalkedonitur niadagze ganacalkevebdnen somxur sap-

atriarqos da damoukidebel saeklesio olqad Camoyalibdnen. am dros

maT, Cans, gaixsenes antioqiis sapatriarqo da misgan kvlav moiTx-

oves aRiareba TavianTi TavisTavadobisa.

ai, es antioqiuri cnoba Cavardnia xelSi efrem mcires da gamou-

qveynebia. is wers _ ioane `wargzavnes antioqias da misTana monazoni

erTi mociquladca da sakurTxeveladca [e.i. VII s-is dasawyisSi], rameTu

ganwesebuli iyo kurTxeva antioqiiT kaTalikosisa. da veRaravis xe-

lewifeboda slvad gzasa antioqiisasa [arabobis gamo]. amisTvis didi

zrunva aqunda qarTvelTa. xolo dReTa Teofilaqte antioqiel pa-

triarqisa waravlines mociqulni da mivides winaSi Teofilaqte an-

tioqiel partiarqisa (745-751) da miuTxres netarsa Teofilaqtes,

viTarmed didsa WirsaSina arian qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa

soflebisani [igulisxmeba tao-basian-valaSkert-avanis iverielebi],

rameTu dRiTgan netarisa anastasisa (602-610) mRvdelmowamisaTa (602-

610) ara kurTxeul ars siZnelisaTvis gzaTasa. xolo man hyo sazoga-

do kreba da ganaCina bWobiTa krebisaTa, mTavarepiskoposTa, mitro-

politTa da episkoposTa TvisTa Tana raTa Sekrbebodes episkoposni

samrevlosa misisani da akurTxevden kaTalikossa JamiTi Jamad,

romelTaca saRmrToman madlman uCvenos maT da romelni gamoirCion

da Tndes mefesa da episkoposTa [igulisxmeba taos mefeebi] da ersa

moyvasTa mis eklesiisasa da Seuqmna maT aRwerili mosaxsenebeli Tavisa

TvisisaTvis _ mun Semokrebulisa krebisaTvis da xeldasxmul hyo

erTi orTa maT missa movlinebulTan monazonTagan, saxeliT ioane,

mis Jamisa kaTalikosad maTda. xolo amas antioqiis krebasa Sina gap-

atiosnda da gaTavisuflda maTgan kaTalikosi, rameTu xelqveiT aRar

aris patriarqTa, aRarc akurTxevden, aramed Tvisni episkoposni

294

akurTxevdnen, da mieriTgan ganefina qveyanasa zeda viTarmed gaTa-

visuflda krebasa Sina antioqiisasa~ (q. c., I, gv. 226).

am cnobaSi ar ixsenieba sityvebi `qarTli da mcxeTa~, ixsenieba

ìberielni~. iberielebi, rogorc cnobilia cxovroben ara mxolod

`qarTlSi~, aramed mis samxreTiTac, rogorc iTqva konstantine por-

firogenetis drosac ki mdinare araqsi erTmaneTisagan hyofda ibe-

rielebisa da bizantielTa miwebs.

yvela eri taos samefos ìberias~ uwodebda, xolo mis axlo mcx-

ovreb qarTvelebs iberielebs. es areali anisidan arzrumamde iberi-

elebis istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo, amas miuTiTebs ara mxolod is

faqti, rom bizantielebma XI s-Si swored am miwebze anisidan arzru-

mamde daaarses saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli ìberiis Temis~ saxel-

wodebiT, amas miuTiTebs strabonis cnobac, rom Zveli welTaRricx-

vis II saukuneSi armeniam iberielebs waarTves xorZena, gogarena da

pariades kalTebi. antioqias swored taos, anissa da arzrums Sua

mdebare qveynis iverielebisaTvis miuniWebiaT neba sakuTari mRvdelT-

mTavris yolisa, romelic aRar iqneboda vinmes xelqveiT da miuRwe-

viaT SedegebisaTvis, rogorc iTqva ihaia antioqieli da aristakes

lastiverteci adastureben taos samefoSi daviT kurapalatis karze

`patriarqisa~ da `kaTalikosis~ yofnas.

ra damokidebuleba iyo mcxeTasa da avans Soris? miuxedavad sar-

wmunoebriv-eTnikuri mTlianobisa, mcxeTas VII s-is dasawyisSi, iseve

rogorc VI s-Si ar SeeZlo daxmareboda avans, rame sakiTxis gadaWri-

sas, radganac TviTonve iyo sparselebis Tu arabebis mier sastikad

devnili am dros. amitomac, avans antioqiis mxardaWera esaWiroebo-

da. avanis samxreTi mxareebi odesRac pirvelqristianTa epoqaSi an-

tioqiis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda rogorc provincia aRmosavleTi~.

jer kidev kirion kaTalikosma ganacxada 1906 wels `winasakrebo

sasinodo Sekrebaze~, rom iberiis eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb

cnobili efremiseuli cnoba exeboda ara zogadqarTul eklesias,

aramed àRmosavlis~ anu tao-basianis mxareebis qarTul saeklesio

erTeuls.

avanis sakaTalikosos damxobis Semdeg iveriis anu tao-basianis

mxareebis eklesias Cans àRmosavlis sakaTalikosos~ uwodebdnen,

295

radganac mas aRar gaaCnda gamokveTili saeklesio centri. es iyo

iverebiT dasaxlebuli vrceli regionebi, romlis ierarqebi zogjer

valaSkertSi, ufro ki Cans iSxansa da bana-olTisSi cxovrobdnen.

XI s-is valaSkerteli mamamTavari~ zaqaria erT-erTi bolo kaTa-

likosi~ unda yofiliyo iveriis am mxareebisa, romlis pirvelierar-

qi odesRac iyo antioqiaSi nakurTxi zemoaRniSnuli ìoane~.

ioanedan zaqariamde bevrjer iveriis anu àRmosavlis~ (ase erqva

am qveyanas politikuradac) sakaTalikoso taxti daqvrivebuli iyo.

es iverielebi erT-erT maT ierarqad moiazrebdnen nerse maSenebel-

qalkedonit kaTalikossac VII s-Sive.

mcxeTasa da aRmosavlis sakaTalikosos~ Soris urTierTobis sak-

iTxi dadga grigol xanZTelis epoqaSi.

am wmida mamis sulierma Svilebma gadawyvites wmida mironiT gaeer-

TianebinaT iveriis ori didi eklesia _ mcxeTa da àRmosavali~.

mas Semdeg, rac 726 wlis manaskertis saeklesio krebis Semdeg

somxuri eklesia sabolood daukavSirda monofizitobas, kvlav aRorZ-

inda idea iverielebis, anu qarTvelebis somxuri eklesiisgan gaTa-

visuflebisa qalkedonuri aRmsareblobis safuZvelze. marTlac, tao-

basianisa da mimdgomi mxareebis iverielebi kidev erTxel ganSord-

nen somxeTis eklesias, taos samefos daarsebam maTi mcdeloba gama-

rjvebul saqmed aqcia _ Camoyalibda àRmosavlis sakaTalikoso~,

Cans, maSinve dasmula kiTxva Tu visgan unda mieRo mas mironi kano-

nieri gziT.

es rTuli sakiTxi ierusalimsa da antioqiaSi gadauWriaT _ aRmo-

savleTis~ iverielebi winaT maTgan yidulobdnen mirons, maTgan mo-

hqondaT mironi.

grigol xanZTelis mowafeebma am saqmes sxva, erovnuli kuTxiT

Sexedes.

maT ibrZoles da antioqia-ierusalimisagan miiRes kanonikuri ufle-

ba raTa am iverielTa eklesiis aRmosavlisa kaTalikosebs~ ara anti-

oqia-ierusalimidan, aramed mcxeTidan mieRoT mironi: rameTu pirve-

lad aRmosavlisa kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalimiT mohqondaT, xolo

efrem qristesmieriTa brZanebiTa mironis kurTxeva qarTls ganawesa

ierusalimis patriarqisa ganwesebiTa~ (giorgi merCule).

296

anu `aRmosavlis~ iverielTa qveyanac `qarTlia~, radganac aq wir-

va locvis ena qarTulia da ara somxuri. Sesabamisad, mironic aq

qarTlidan unda yofiliyo miRebuli. aramed qarTlad friadi qvey-

ana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da

locva yoveli aResrulebis~ (giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis

cxovreba).

efrem mcireseuli cnobiT, mironis kurTxevis saqme ase yofila:

`mironis Sesasyidad qarTvelebs antioqiisaTvis unda eZliaT aTasi

komlis gadasaxadi.

mcire xnis Semdeg antioqiam aTasi komlis gadasaxadis nacvlad iTx-

ova aTasi drahkani yovelwliurad.

maleve antioqiam, berZenTa mefis SuamavlobiT, qarTvelebis 1000

drahkani gadasca ierusalimis sapatriarqos, axla ukve mironis Sesasy-

idad Tanxa qarTvelebs ierusalimisTvis unda eZloT~ (mitropoliti

anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, 2009,

gv. 509).

efremis wyaroSi naxsenebi ierusalimis patriarqi oresti da mefe

basili _ VIII-X saukuneTa moRvaweni.

maSasadame, realuri viTareba Cans aseTi yofila _ avanis, anu iverTa

sakaTalikosos TavisTavadoba aRiara antioqielma patriarqma anas-

tasi mRvdelmowamem (602-610). arabTa pirveli talRisa da 726 wlis

manaskertis monofizituri krebis Semdeg xelgaxsnili qalkedoni-

tobis momxre iberielebi mTlianad ganSordnen somxur eklesisas.

am iverebma, VIII s-is Sua wlebSi antioqieli Teofilaqte patriar-

qisagan miiRes kidev erTi axali dadastureba saeklesio TavisTava-

dobisa, magram erTi pirobiT _ mironi antioqiaSi unda SeeZinaT 1000

drahkanis safasurisa.

es Tanxa Semdeg imperatorma ierusalims gadasca, xolo grigol

xanZTelis mowafis efremis dros qarTvelebs ierusalimisave nebiT

ufleba miecaT mironi mieRoT mcxeTidan, anu adgilzeve ekurTxebi-

naT. saxeli iovane~ memkvidreobiT gadaecemodaT aRmosavleTis kaTa-

likosebs da maTTvis niSneuli iyo. magaliTad, mraval afxazeTis

kaTalikoss erqva saxeli iovakime, aseTi samemkvidreo saxeli aRmo-

savleTis iverTa eklesiaSi iyo ioane. saxeli ioane erqva avanis pirv-

297

el kaTalikoss ioane bagaranels, efremis cnobiT, ioane iyo VII s-is

dasawyisSi antioqiaSi nakurTxi iverTa kaTalikosi. aseve, ioane iyo

VIII s-Si nakurTxi kaTalikosi da aseve, ioane ixsenieba davT kurapa-

latis epoqis parxlis eklesiis warweraSi.

efrem mcires Sesaxeb iv. javaxiSvili (qarTveli eris istoria, I,

gv. 403-404) wers _ èfrem mcire Tavis cnobil gamokvlevaSi uwyeba-

Ta mizezsa qarTvelTa moqcevisasa, Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moix-

senebis~ sxva sakiTxTa Soris im problemasac Seexo `Tu odes iwyes

xeldasxmad, viTarmed ara Tvinier wesisa da brZanebisa~ cnoba am

sakiTxis Sesaxeb mas upovia xronografsa Sina antioqias aRwerilsa~

_ am cnobis mixedviT gamodis, rom VII s-is damdegidan moyolebuli

VIII s-is Sua wlebamdis qarTul eklesias da antioqiis eklesias Soris

kavSiri Sewyvetili yofila. am gancxadebis Tanaxmad safiqrebeli

xdeba, rom manamde, VII saukunis damdegamde, qarTuli eklesiis saWeT-

mpyrobeli xeldasxmisTvis antioqiaSi midioda iqaur patriarqTan~

(iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria I, gv. 40) am àntioqiur

xronografiaSi~ Semdegi yofila moTxrobili: VIII s-is antioqiis pa-

triarq Teofilaqtesa (745-751) da imperator konstantine skoris

(741-775) dros iberiidan antioqiaSi Casulma orma monazonma ganacx-

ada, rom anastas patriarqis (anastasi II (602-610) Semdeg maT aRar

ukurTxebiaT iberiis sayovelTao episkoposi (kaTalikosi).

Teofilaqtem (745-751) moiwvia saepiskoposoTa kreba, romelmac

gamosca werilobiTi nebarTva imisa, rom amis Semdeg iberTa eklesiis

episkoposebis mierve xeli dasxmoda iberTa kaTolikoss da iqve

akurTxes iberTa axali kaTalikosi.

es cnoba mraval gaugebrobas iwvevs mkvlevarTa Soris. Tu am wyaros

vendobiT TviT VIII saukunis Sua wlebSic ki qarTuli eklesia avtoke-

faluri ar yofila.

sinamdvileSi ki, àntioqiuri qronografis cnoba~ exeba ara mcxe-

Tis sakaTalikoso eklesias, aramed avan-basian-taos iverTa ekle-

sias, romelic Tavs iTavisuflebda somxuri eklesiisagan.

ufro adre, wina wlebSi, vfiqrobdiT, rom es cnoba exeboda afxa-

zeTis sakaTalikosos (mitropoliti anania jafariZe, eklesiis isto-

ria, 2009, gv. 333), magram Cveni axali kvleva aCvenebs, rom antioqi-

298

uri qronografi Seexeba avanis anu iberTa sakaTalikosos, e.i tao-

basian-valaSkert-avanis eklesias. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi moy-

vanili fraza, rom `aRmosavleTisa kaTalikosTa mironi ierusalim-

iT mohyvanda~ _ unda gavigoT ase, rom mcxeTisa da afxazeTis sakaTa-

likosoebis garda arsebobda kidev erTi qarTuli sakaTalikoso _

`aRmosavalis-aRmosavleTisa~. aRmosavleTis anu avan-valaSkert-taos

kaTalikosebs antioqia-ierusalimis sapatriarqosTan hqoniaT kavSi-

ri, mironsac maTgan iRebdnen grigol xanZTelis mowafe episkopos

efremamde, romlis damsaxurebiTac antioqia-ierusalims ucvnia aR-

mosavleTis~ qarTul saeklesio sivrceSi daruneba, anu mas ukve wm.

mironi mcxeTidan unda mieRo.

iSxani _ avani

sofeli avani mdebareobda erevnis axlos mis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT

(amJamad erevnis sazRvrebSia), xolo dvini erevnis samxreT-aRmosav-

leTiT. avani marTlmadidebluri somxuri eklesiis centri iyo, xolo

dvini _ monofiziturisa.

588 (591) wlidan avanSi mdebareobda centri qalkedonuri somxuri

sakaTalikososi. is Seiqmna imperator mavrikes (582-602) mxardaWer-

iT, somxeTis im nawilisTvis, romelic bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi Sev-

ida. erTaderTi kaTalikosi avanisa iyo ioane bagaraneli (+609), spars-

Ta Semotevis Semdeg avanis kaTedra gaauqmes (602-603 ww.).

avanis arqiteturuli ansambli _ somxuri arqiteqturis miRwevad

miiCneva. misi mTavari nawili, Tu davujerebT mis mkvlevars aruTi-

nova-fidanians, aris jvris tipis eklesia (588-597), tetraqonqi (ms-

gavsia _ mcxeTis jvari da rifsime eCmiaZinSi). miiCneva, rom kompozi-

ciaSi aqvs gavlena eCmiaZinis taZris arqiteqturisa da bizantiuri

martiriumebisa (oqtagonebisa), aseve konstantinopolis sofiis

taZrisa. aq aris qalkedoniti kaTalikosis ezra I-is (630-641) berZnul-

somxuri warwerebi, 1219 wlis `somxebisa da qarTvelebis aTabagebisa~

ivanesi (mxargrZelisa), 1285 wlis qarTveli daviT ufliswulis, 1287 w.

299

aTabag xutlubuRasi, avanis mosaxleoba XIII s-is bolomde marTlmadide-

bluri iyo (prav. encikl., I, gv. 74).

avani, iseve rogorc iSxani, mdebareobda mxareSi, romelic Ziri-

Tadad dasaxlebuli iyo armenizebuli qarTvelebiT. amitomac, avanisa

da iSxanis `qalkedonitobis~ safuZveli iyo eTnikurad qarTuli mo-

saxleoba, romelic cdilobda Tavis ZiriTad ers _ e.i. qarTvelobas

sarwmunoebiTac damsgavseboda. ase rom, avanis qarTuli warwerebi da

qarTuli arqiteqtura, ise, rogorc iSxanisa _ qarTuli da ara somxuri

movlenaa. mimdinareobda ara somxebis gaqalkedoniteba-gaqarTvele-

ba~, aramed armenizebuli qarTvelebis~ dabruneba erovnul-sarwmu-

noebriv~ wiaRSi.

mcxeTis jvris arqiteqtura iqmneboda TandaTanobiT, saukuneTa

manZilze. magaliTad, mirianis Zem revma mis jvars daadga `gumbadi~,

rac gaimeores albaT Semdegma arqiteqtorebma. maT Soris avanis ar-

qiteqtorma, radganac misTvis yovelive qarTuli qalkedonitobis

simbolos warmoadgenda. avans ar hqonda sarwmunoebrivi warsuli

anu is ar warmoadgenda qristianuli siwmidis mqone sarwmunoebriv

adgils. aq igulisxmeba is, rom mcxeTis jvris istoria wmida ni-

nosTan iyo dakavSirebuli. garda amisa, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, IV

s-Si jvris aRmarTvis Semdegve, moxda udidesi saswauli, jvars daadga

didi naTeli, mcxeTis mosaxleoba xedavda jvarze gadmosul angelo-

zebs, amave dros mTa iryeoda miwisZvris msgavsad da idga sakmevlis

suni. am saswaulma xeli Seuwyo qarTlis mosaxleobis masobriv gaqris-

tianebas. am jvars mieniWa didi saswaulTmoqmedi Zala. aRadgenda

avadmyofebs, acocxlebda mkvdrebs _ wm. ninos cxovrebis Tanaxmad.

yovelive es CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom am jvarze arqiteqtu-

ruli nagebobebis Seneba daiwyo IV saukunidanve, kerZod, mefis Ze

revs jvarma mkvdari Svili gaucocxla. amitomac, man aRasrula Tavisi

aRnaTqvami RvTisadmi da iqamde Ria cis qveS mdebare jvari gumbaTiT

gadaxura. sityva gumbaTs TviT wyaro axsenebs. jvarze mTxveva da

Sexeba, uSualod mis win locva _ xalxs SeeZlo, radgan SexebiT iRebd-

nen jvris madls anu gumbaTiT da misi damWeri kedlebiT jvari ki ar

daifara mlocvelTaTvis, aramed masze daidga eklesiis msgavsi nage-

boba Tavisi gumbaTiT. gumbaTis aRmarTvas ki iTxovda jvris STambe-

300

Wdavi simaRle. wyarosve cnobiT jvari daamzades mTel aremareSi

yvelaze gamorCeuli xisagan, ase, rom is maRali iqneboda da misi

gumbaTic Sesabamisi iqneboda. bunebrivia, qristianobis ganmtkicebi-

sa da misi saxelmwifoebriv simaRleze ayvanis kvaldakval mcxeTis

jvarze dadgmuli arqiteqturuli nageboba ixveweboda, TandaTan

ufro srulyofili xdeboda. xis kedlebi qviT Seicvleboda da masze

dadgmuli gumbaTis formac gaumjobesdeboda. es procesi ki or _ V

da VI saukuneebs moicavda.

ase, rom mcxeTis jvris TavisTavadi da originaluri arqiteqtura

avanis taZris aSenebamde sam saukunes moicavda da mis formas sa-

maswlovani saeklesio tradicia hqonda.

mas Semdeg, rac arsen safarelis cnobiT, VI saukunis Sua wlebSi

nerse mijinis dros somxuri eklesia ganSorda marTlmadideblobas,

qarTuli eklesia da Sesabamisad, misi arqiteqtura qalkedonituri

sarwmunoebis simbolodac gadaiqca.

maSasadame, mcxeTis jvris arqiteqtura ukve VI s-is bolos qalke-

donitobis simbolos warmoadgenda.

am droidan am taZris aRdgena da mis qvis erTian ansamblad gada-

qceva samefo ojaxis zrunvis sagnad iqca. misi ukve tradiciuli qalke-

donuri arqiteqtura gaimeores avanis, martvilis, ninowmidisa Tu

rifsimes qalkedonitma mSeneblebma.

301

somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebi

armeniis mier iberiis teritoriebis mitacebis gamo, xorZenasa da

pariadres mkvidri iberiuli (qarTuli) mosaxleoba gaqristianebis

Semdeg TandaTan somxuri eklesiis mrevlad gadaiqca somxuri saek-

lesio eniT.

maTma erTma nawilma amis miuxedavad SeZlo qarTuli identobis

SenarCuneba, 726 wlis Semdeg armeniis am qarTvelebma Seadgines somx-

ur-qalkedonuri eklesiis raodenobrivad Zalze mniSvnelovani nawili,

xolo ufro CrdiloeTiT, basian-taosa da mimdebare mxareebis

qarTveloba dedaqarTuli eklesiis mrevlad iqca. axla isini eklesie-

bSi ukve ara somxur, aramed qarTul wirva-locvas ismendnen. yofil

saeklesio somxurenovan qarTvelTa mier qarTulenovnebis dabrune-

ba Tavis etapebs moicavda. arsebobs ramdenime saintereso magaliTi:

daviT garejis erT-erT monasterSi freskebze aRmoCnda somxuri

ganmartebiTi warwerebi, msgavsi somxuri minawerebi aRmoaCina i. abu-

laZem miqael modrekilis krebulSi da sxvaganac.

qarTuli saeklesio kulturis am Zeglebze aRmoCenilma somxurma

ganmartebiTma warwerebma aRafrTovana `qarTizacia-gaqarTvelebis~

Teoriis skolis warmomadgenlebi, maTi TvalsazrisiT aseTi somx-

uri warwerebis arseboba faqtia imisa, rom eTnikuri somxebi

qarTveldebodnen.

Cveni azriT, es Zeglebi aCveneben, rom mimdinareobda piriqiTa

procesi _ yofili armeniis eTnikuri qarTvelebi ibrunebdnen erovnul

anu qarTul-kulturul identobas, rac qvemoTaa aRwerili.

i. abulaZe ganmartavs Tu rogor qarTveldebodnen~ somxebi tao-

klarjeTSi, is wers, rom efrem mcire `warmoSobiT im kuTxidan iTv-

leba sadac somxuri ena da am enaze arsebuli mwerloba misi moRvaweo-

bis xanaze uwinares erT dros gavrcelebuli iyo garkveul wreebSi. es

kuTxea tao, sadac sakuTari eniT da mwerlobiT arsebobda IX saukunem-

de somxuri mosaxleoba, romelic garkveuli mizezebis gamo am sauku-

nidan daadga gaqarTvelebis gzas eniTac da kulturiTac~ (i. abulaZe,

Sromebi. t. II, 1971, gv. 115).

i. abulaZe xmarobs sityva `gaqarTvelebas~.

302

i. abulaZis skolis TvalsazrisiT, taos somxebma IX-X saukuneebSi

daiviwyes mSobliuri somxuri ena, ris Sedegadac `gaqarTveldnen~.

Tumca am skolis azriT, `gaqarTvelebul~ somxebs mainc scodniaT

somxuri ena da mwerloba, romelsac iyenebdnen kidec, magaliTad

miqael modrekilis naSromis gadaweris dros.

miqael modrekilis iadgaris gadaweris dros (savaraudod 978-988

wlebSi) sxvadasxva gverdze sagalobelTa muxlebis ukanasknel stri-

qonze, adgil-adgil miuweriaT somxuri sityvebi an frazebi e.i. zo-

gierT qarTul sagalobels miwerili aqvs ramdenime sityviani somx-

uri warwera. rogorc viciT sagaloblebi uamravia, xsenebuli somx-

uri warwerebi ki sul 29 daiTvala i. abulaZem (i. abulaZe, somxuri

dialeqturi formebi, Sromebi. t. II, 1976, gv. 276).

es somxuri sityvebi zogierTi qarTuli sagaloblis bolos miuw-

eriaT maT, vinc gadawera miqael modrekilis iadgari. somxuri minaw-

erebi ganmartaven, Tu romel dResaswauls eZRvneba esa Tu is saga-

lobeli. aRniSnuli 29-dan 15 minaweri pirdapir ganmartavs Tu rome-

li dResaswaulis qarTuli teqstia minaweris win.

magaliTad, minaweri nomeri 8, SobaY qristesi~ (somxurad), aRniSnavs,

rom am sityvebis wina teqsti qarTuli sagalobelia qristeSobisa.

nomeri 11 minaweri, somxurad, aris `transliteracia imave stri-

qonze mis win mdgomi qarTuli sityvisa _ `brwyinvalesa~.

danarCeni 19 minaweri, am ukanasknelis msgavsad, maT win uSualod

mdgomi qarTuli teqstis bolo sityvas gadmoscems, mxolod ara

transliteraciiT, aramed TiTqmis zedmiwevniTi somxuri Targman-

iT~ (iqve, gv. 277).

maSasadame, 29 minaweridan 20 aSkarad warmoadgens ganmartebas im-

isa Tu ra qarTuli sagalobelia am somxuri minaweris win.

msgavsivea danarCeni 9 minaweric.

somxuri minawerebis daniSnulebaa ganumartos somxuri anbanismcodne mkiTxvels, Tu ra saxis qarTuli sagalobelia mis win. maSasa-

dame, zogierTi sagalobelis somxuri minaweri ganumartavs somxuri

wera-kiTxvis mcodnes, Tu ra saxisaa qarTuli sagalobeli.

visTvis iyo saWiro somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebis arseboba?

pasuxi aseTia: saWiro iyo im eTnikur qarTvelTaTvis, romelTac

ainteresebdaT qarTuli sagaloblebi, magram ar SeeZloT qarTuleno-

303

vani teqstebis advilad wakiTxva, radganac maT siymawvilidanve taosa

da zogierT mimdebare mxareSi Seaswavles ara qarTuli, aramed somx-

uri wera-kiTxva da amitom maT uWirdaT qarTuli naweris wakiTxva-

gageba.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara yofiliyo aseTi mkiTxveli?

diax, SesaZlebelia, Cvens istoriaSi iyo identuri magaliTebi.

magaliTad, me piradad mixilavs XIX saukunis qarTuli kondakebi,

romlebsac hqondaT am kondakTa Tavdapirvel mepatrone qarTvel

mRvdelTa mier gakeTebuli rusuli ganmartebiTi minawerebi Sesrule-

buli melniT an fanqriT.

visTvis iyo isini saWiro? im qarTveli sasuliero pirebisaTvis,

romelTac XIX saukuneSi daamTavres rusulenovani seminaria, iswav-

les rusuli wera-kiTxva da Semdeg samsaxuri miiRes qarTuli sof-

lebis eklesiebSi, es qarTveli mRvdlebi gaWirvebiT kiTxulobdnen

qarTul, miT ufro xucur teqstebs, maT rusuli ufro exerxebo-

daT, amitomac, isini wirva-locvisas, drois dazogvis mizniT windawin

rusul ganmartebiTi warwerebs ukeTebdnen vrcel nabeWd qarTul

teqstebs, sadac wirvis moqmedebaTa wesebi iyo gadmocemuli.

aseTi qarTuli wignebi rusulenovani minawerebiT uamravi iyo sa-

bWoTa epoqaSi. Cven, XX s-is qarTveli sasuliero pirebi, aTeistur

anu sabWoTa epoqaSi, Zvel, XIX saukuneSi nabeWd wignebs vxmarobdiT.

imis gamo, rom imJamad aRar ibeWdeboda sasulieri wignebi, Cven

vsargeblobdiT XIX saukunis naxmari wignebiT, rogorc iTqva isini

im qarTveli mRvdlebisa iyvnen, romlebic rusuli wera-kiTxvis ukeT

mcodneni iyvnen vidre qarTulisa, rusulenovan seminariaSi ganswav-

lis gamo.

avtokefaliis aRdgenisa da qarTulenovani wirva-locvis dakanon-

ebis Semdeg aTeisturi epoqac dadga, am dros ukve Zveli, naxmari

qarTuli wignebi gamoiyeneboda, maT ki rusuli ganmartebiTi warw-

erebi hqondaT. Zveli samRvdeloeba garusebuli iyo im TvalsazrisiT,

rom maTTvis rusuli wera-kiTxva bunebrivi iyo, qarTuli ki Semdeg

naswavli. maT, rusul seminariaSi naswavl qarTvel mRvdlebs, rTu-

li qarTuli teqstebis wakiTxva uWirdaT.

304

kidev erTi magaliTi, axlaxan batonma akaki bregaZem gamosca XIX-

XX ss qarTvel mRvdelmTavarTa qadagebani (`mwignobroba qarTuli~,

t. 16, 2013), masSia XIX s-is erT-erTi qarTveli mRvdelmTavris (imJa-

mad arqimandrit aleqsandre oqropiriZis 1861 wlis) Canawerebi, ro-

melic dasavleT saqarTveloSi moRvaweobda, is TviT ixdis bodiSs

Tavisi Zalze cudi qarTulisaTvis, enis cud codnas abralebs rusul

seminarias. maSasadame, am qarTvelma sasulieri pirma rusuli kargad

icoda, qarTuli ki cudad. rusulis ucodinars imJamindel saqar-

TveloSi mRvdelmTavrad arc daniSnavdnen, radganac misi qarTuli

qveyana rusuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda.

Cans, msgavsi viTareba iyo IX-X saukuneTa taoSi, iqamde es qarTu-

li qveyana somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeboda. gaTavisu-

flebis epoqaSi, anu IX-X ss-Si, qarTveli sasuliero pirebi somx-

urenovani saswavleblebis dasrulebis Semdeg qarTul wignebSi rTavd-

nen somxur ganmartebebiT warwerebs, radgan maT ukve qarTuleno-

vani liturgia moeTxovebodaT, am qarTvelebs ki somxurenovani qalke-

donuri saswavleblebi hqondaT damTavrebuli, da albaT, qarTulze

ukeT somxuri wera-kiTxva exerxebodaT.

VI-VIII saukuneebSi somxeTSi mravali qarTveli cxovrobda da isini

iqve swavlobdnen. erTi magaliTia kaTalikosi kirion I, cxadia, man

somxuri brwyinvaled icoda.

ismis kiTxva, romel enaze iRebdnen swavla-ganaTlebas taoeli

qarTvelebi vTqvaT VII saukuneSi, roca iq, taoSi, iSxanSi, somxuri

saepiskoposo kaTedra moqmedebda?

cxadia, mkvidri qarTveloba iyo bunebiTi mrevli taos marTlma-

didebluri somxuri saepiskopososi, romlis erT yvelaze cnobil

mRvdelmTavars, kaTalikos nerse iSxnels netarad moixseniebdnen

TiTqmis misi Tanamedrove qarTveli sasuliero pirebi.

netari nerse iSxneli, marTlmadidebeli somxurenovani iSxanis

taZridan mwysavda taoel qarTvelebs, sxvadasxva kuTxis samwysos-

Tan erTad. aseT viTarebaSi, wirva-locvis ena cxadia iyo somxuri,

amitomac, Sesabamisad mTel taos saswavleblebSi qarTveli ymawvilebi

swavlobdnen ara qarTul, aramed somxur wera-kiTxvas, emzadebodnen

somxur eklesiaSi samoRvaweod, romelic imJamad maTTvis sruliad

305

misaRebi iyo am eklesiis marTlmadideblobis gamo, iseve, rogorc

XIX s-Si qarTl-kaxeTis qarTvelobisaTvis Tbilisis sionis taZarSi

rusulenovani wirva-locva iyo misaRebi.

viTareba, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, mkveTrad Seicvala 726

wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac somxuri eklesia sabolood gaemijna marTl-

madideblobas da mtkiced miiRo monofizituri mrwamsi. am momentma

gamoafxizla taoeli qarTvelebi da ara marto isini, saerTod iqam-

de somxuri eklesiis omforis (iurisdiqciis) qveS moqceuli qar-

Tveloba.

726 wlidan daiwyo mtkice nacionalizacia somxuri eklesiisa anu

somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis wevri eTnikuri somxebi SeuerTnen

maTTvis ukve deda somxur monofizitur eklesias, xolo iqamde somx-

uri eklesiis mrevli eTnikuri qarTvelebi cdilobdnen gamosuliyvnen

maTTvis ukve araerovnuli somxuri eklesiidan da mikedlebodnen

sakuTars _ qarTulerovnuls.

marTlmadideblobis moyvarul qarTvelebs axla saSualeba eZle-

odaT qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wiaRSi damkvidrebuliyvnen.

mTeli tao _ qarTul eklesiad iqca.

dedaqarTul eklesiasTan dabrunebis procesi, rogorc iTqva,

aRmtaci da sixarulis momgvreli iyo qarTvelebisaTvis ormagad,

radganac isini ukve rogorc erovnuli, aseve marTlmadidebeli ek-

lesiis wevrebi iyvnen. maT iqamde es sixaruli akldaT. Cans kargad

grZnobdnen, rom iqamde VI-VIII ss-Si marTalia iyvnen qarTvelebi, ma-

gram somxuri saeklesio kulturis sferoSi imyofebodnen, Cans maT

aRelvebdaT is, rom qarTuli ena maTi mSobliuri ena kulturuli da

saxelmwifoebrivi sferoebidan gandevnili iyo, rasac miuTiTebs,

swored aRniSnuli qarTveli mxareebidan gamosuli qarTveli bereb-

is mier naloliavebi da gadawerili qebaY da didebaY qarTlisa enisaY~,

romelSic qarTuli ena warmoCenilia, rogorc mdabali, dawunebuli

da damarxuli (Senaxuli, mouxmarebeli), rogorc marTlac iyo qarTu-

li ena taoSi VI-VIII ss-Si.

erTi sityviT, VI-IX saukuneebSi, taodan da mimdebare qarTuli

provinciebidan gamosulma qarTvelebis nawilma qarTuli ena ki ico-

da, magram naklebad icoda qarTuli wera-kiTxva, samagierod naswav-

306

li da SeTvisebuli hqondaT somxuri mwignobroba, amitomac, Cans

maTTvis, IX da Semdeg saukuneebSic, qarTul wignebSi rTavdnen somx-

ur ganmartebiT warwerebs, raTa advilad gaegoT Sinaarsi anda arsi

romelime vrceli qarTuli teqstisa. vTqvaT vrceli sagaloblis

gverdiT keTdeboda somxuri ganmartebiTi warwera, rom esaa ama da

am wmidanis sagalobeli anda ama da am dResaswaulisa. es aadvilebda

maTTvis RvTismsaxurebas. Cven piradad msgavsi qarTuli wignebi rusu-

li ganmartebiTi minawerebiTac gvinaxavs, rac zemoT aRiniSna. ase

rom msgavsi praqtika miRebuli iyo.

msgavsia daviT garejis erT-erTi monastris freskebis somxuri

ganmartebiTi warwerebic. hereTelma qarTvelebma taoeli qarTveleb-

is msgavsad somxuri eklesiis uRlidan aseve X saukuneSi daixsnes

Tavi. maT, taoeli TanamoZmeebis msgavsad icodnen somxuri wera-kiTxva,

radganac siyrmidanve naswavli hqondaT da amave dros, aRniSnul gar-

damaval momentSi naklebad icodnen qarTuli wera-kiTxva. am eTni-

kuri qarTvelebisaTvis gakeTda kidec daviT garejis erTerTi mo-

nastris freskebze warwerebi. magaliTad, jvarcmaze waaweres somx-

urad `esaa jvarcma~ da a.S.

sabolood, unda vifiqroT, rom qarTizacia-gaqarTvelebis~ Teori-

is momxreebis, maT Soris ilia abulaZisa da sxvaTa analizi ar asax-

avs realobas. am somxur warwerebs e.w. gardamaval periodSi akeTebdnen

ara gaqarTvelebuli somxebi, aramed somxurenovani eTnikuri qar-

Tvelebi.

maT qarTvelobas isic miuTiTebs, rom zogierTi somxuri warwera

SecdomiT, aragramatikuladaa dawerili.

am bolo faqtma ilia abulaZes aRuZra fantazia, rom taoSi cx-

ovrobdnen ucnobi somxuri dialeqtis mqone somxebi, romlebic

qarTveldebodnen da TavianT dialeqtze werdnen somxurad. somxuri

kulturis istoriisaTvis faqti somxuri dialeqtis Sesaxeb ucno-

bia, TviT somex mecnierTaTvisac ki.

i. abulaZe wers _ `iadgaris somxuri minawerebis enis gacnoba

udavod metyvelebs imaze, rom somxuris forma is mainc araa, rac

maSindeli saliteraturo somxurisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. minaw-

erebis ena ufro cocxali sametyvelo somxuri enis Tvisebebs am-

307

JRavnebs, vidre samwerlo enisas. misi gadaxvevani saliteraturo

somxuri enis gramatikuli normebisagan dialeqtis damaxasiaTebel

niSnebze migviTiTeben fonetikisa da morfologiis dargSi. ramdena-

dac es minawerebi tao-klarjeTSi sruldeba, imdenad dialeqturi

movlenebi, romlebic maTSi SeiniSneba, SeiZleba miviCnioT somxuri

enis taos dialeqtis damaxasiaTeblad X saukunisaTvis~ (i. abulaZe,

Sromebi, II, gv. 278).

i. abulaZe askvnis, rom X saukunisaTvis taoSi cxovrobdnen som-

xebi, romelTa enac iyo somxuris erT-erTi dialeqti, radganac, maT

mier Sesrulebuli somxuri minawerebi aragramatikuladaa Sesrule-

buli.

sinamdvileSi ki am minawerebs is qarTveli berebi asrulebdnen,

romelTac surdaT somxuri wera-kiTxvis mcodne qarTveli berebi-

saTvis miewodebinaT informacia maT win mdebare qarTuli teqstis

Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. maSasadame, termini somxurenovani qarTveli~ ewode-

ba iseT qarTvels, romelmac icis qarTuli ena, magram ganaTleba

miiRo somxur saswavlebelSi, iswavla somxuri wera-kiTxva, Tumca ki

somxuri ena mainc ver aiTvisa srulyofilad. maTTvis keTdeboda

praqtikuli daniSnulebis ganmartebiTi warwerebi.

qarTvelTa mier Sesrulebuli minawerebis avtorebs arc hqondaT

miznad literaturuli normebis dacva, maTi mizani iyo, rogorme

iqamde somxuri eklesiis wiaRSi moRvawe qarTvelebisaTvis gaecnoT

qarTuli teqstebi, romelTac gamoiyenebdnen praqtikuli daniSnuleb-

isaTvis mocemul momentSi.

taos mosaxleoba somxuri rom ar iyo da amitom maT VI-VIII ss-Si

kargad rom ar icodnen somxuri ena, amas miuTiTebs VIII s-is somexi

avtoris stefanos sivnielis cnoba, rom taoSi arsebobs Taviseburi

metyveleba~ (iqve, gv. 281). Cven es cnoba migvaCnia dasturad imisa,

rom taoSi qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, romelnic marTalia imJamad

somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyvnen moqceulni, magram mainc

`Taviseburad~, e.i. qarTulad, metyvelebdnen.

308

didi gaqceva somxuri eklesiidan

(gvirpelis sakiTxi)

vinc gaecnoba eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebis, giorgi mciresa

da sxvaTa Rvawls, raTa qarTuli wmida werilidan aRmofxvriliyo

somxuris yovelgvari nakvalevi, ris Sesaxebac miuTiTebda kidec gior-

gi mcire, misTvis maincdamainc Zneli ar iqneba warmodgena imisa, rom

e.w. yofili armeniis~ miwa-wyalze mcxovrebi qarTvelebis mizani iyo

rogorme ganeSorebinaT TavianTi Tavi somxuri eklesiisagan, somx-

uri kulturisagan, somxuri tradiciebisagan, raTa SeenarCunebinaT

TavianTi erovnuli vinaoba. isini kargad xedavdnen, rom maT Tvalwin

kvlav grZeldeboda saukuneTa win dawyebuli masobrivi procesi somx-

ebSi qarTvelTa asimilaciisa.

X saukunis meore naxevridan samxreT iberiaSi imZlavra Zlierma

patriotulma politikurma dasma, romlis saTaveSi imier taos mefe

daviT kurapalati idga, qarTuli enis, qarTuli kulturis, qarTu-

li saxelmwifoebriobisa da eklesiis didi moamage. marTalia is uS-

vilo iyo, magram misi ideebi da miswrafebebi misi qveynis Taobebma

aitaca da sabolood ganaxorciela kidec. `wyaroebi aSkarad miu-

TiTeben, rom daviTis qveSevrdomebi, saero Tu saeklesio pirebi,

samSobloSi Tu bizantiur samyaroSi, mtkiced atarebdnen daviTis

ideebs~ _ wers v. kopaliani (v. kopaliani, bizantiisa da saqarTvelos

urTierToba, 1969, gv. 64).

taosa da samxreT iberiis mxareebidan gamosuli moRvaweebi mxur-

vale SemarTebiT aSenebdnen qarTul kulturas, TavianT Tavs qarTve-

lebad~ moixsenebdnen da amasTanave mtkice TanmimdevrulobiT uary-

ofdnen yovelive somxurs. miuxedavad amisa, n. maris Semdeg, maT mainc

somxebad moixsenieben, gansakuTrebiT somexi avtorebi zogierT, me-

ore xarisxovan cnobaze dayrdnobiT.

erTi aseTia cnoba: movida gvirpeli, jojikis meganZurTa uxucesida moinaTla, rameTu somexi iyo da arseni uwodes~ (cxovreba iovanesi

da eqvTimesi, gv. 112).

am cnobaze dayrdnobiT, weren, rom eTnikurad somexi gvirpeli

monaTvlis Sedegad `gaqarTvelda~, amiT TiTqos eTnikur somexs

uwodes qarTveli. sinamdvileSi ki aseTi ram wyaroSi ar weria.

309

amasTanve unda aRiniSnos, rom im droisaTvis anu IX-XI saukuneebSi

taosa da mimdebare mxareebSi ar arsebobda `qarTuli sarwmunoeba~

am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, piriqiT qarTvelebis sarwmunoe-

ba iyo berZnuli, anu qalkedonitur marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoe-

ba. qalkedonitoba, am regionSi, sazogadod, gaidentebuli iyo

berZnul eTnosTan da ara qarTulTan, maSin, roca aRniSnuli droi-

saTvis am regionSi somxuri eklesia warmoadgenda monofizituri

sarwmunoebis yvelaze saxelovansa da cnobil umZlavres keras, Sesa-

bamisad, arsebobda somxuri sarwmunoeba~.

im dros `sarwmunoebiT somexi~ niSnavda somxuri eklesiis wevrs.

somxuri eklesiis wevrebi ki samxreT kavkasiaSi mravali arasomexi

iyo, aseve qarTvelebi.

rogorc cnobilia, sparselebica da arabebic bizantiuri orient-

aciis qarTvelebs gacilebiT ufro metad devnidnen, vidre monofizit

somxebs, romelnic berZnuli sarwmunoebis sawinaaRmdegod yvelgan

da yoveli SemTxvevisas RaRadebdnen.

aqedan gamomdinare, sparselTa da arabTa mier somxuri sarwmu-

noebis mqone pirebi ufro daculebi iyvnen, Sesabamisad, am regionis

(yofili persarmeniis) qarTvelTaTvis somxuri sarwmunoeba mimzid-

veli iyo. politikur-socialuri viTarebisa da iZulebis gamo am

regionSi mravali qarTveli iRebda somxur sarwmunoebas. eTnikur

qarTvels, romelic somxuri eklesiis wevrs warmoadgenda `somexs~

uwodebdnen. erTi aseTi piri anu `sarwmunoebiT somexi~ eTnikurad

ki qarTveli unda yofiliyo taoeli gvirpeli.

Cans, zemoT aRniSnuli cnobis avtors surda daewera movida gvir-

peli da moinaTla, rameTu somexi iyo sarwmunoebiT~ anu gvirpeli

iyo eTnikuri qarTveli, romelsac hqonda somxuri sarwmunoeba, msgav-

sad imisa, rogorc eklesiurad iyvnen imier taoeli qarTvelebi wina

ramdenime saukune, im epoqaSi roca iZulebulni iyvnen ecxovraT

somxur saxelmwifoSi.

somxuri sarwmunoebisgan gaTavisufleba da erovnuli eklesiis

wiaRSi dabruneba taoelTa da samxreTel iberielTa didi nawilis oc-

neba iyo, romelic maT aRusruldaT daviT kurapalatisa da misi

winaprebis dros.

310

samxreT iberiel qarTvelTagan qarTuli wera-kiTxva yvelam ar

icoda, radganac isini somxuri eklesiis zegavlenis wiaRSi aRizard-

nen, Tumca ki Zalze cdilobdnen am naklis Sevsebas, grigol bakuri-

anisZis monasterSi am codnas yuradReba eqceoda _ `qarTuli wera-

kiTxvisa da enis mcodne~ berebi, tipikonis mixedviT sruli wevrebi

iyvnen monastrisa. ucodinarebs ki saswavlebelSi aswavlidnen.

grigol bakurianisZis mier SemuSavebuli tipikonidan Cans, rom is

kargad arCevda erTmaneTisagan eTnikur kuTvnilobasa da sarwmu-

noebas. magaliTad, roca aRniSnavs, rom Cven qarTvelebi varT mxne

mebrZolebi da iqve aRniSnavs _ `arasodes damizogavs sisxli, bizan-

tiis imperiis gaZlierebisaTvis arc CemTan myof naTesavebisa, rom

kargad yofiliyo maTi mefobis Zalaufleba... e.i. bizantieli imper-

atorebisa. iSviaTad Tu vinme Cveni tomisagani sakuTar sarecelze

bunebrivi sikvdiliT momkvdara, yvelam sisxli daRvara saberZneTis

mterTa maxviliTa da xeliTo~ (georgika, V, 119). am CanawerSi lapar-

akia ara sarwmunoebriv orientaciaze, aramed eTnikur vinaobaze da

grigoli axsenebs kidec Sesabamis termins `toms~, Cveni tomis qveS

`Cven qarTvelebs~ _ eTnikur qarTvels gulisxmobs da ara somexs.

samxreT iberiis, maT Soris tao-basianis mosaxleoba amtkicebda,

rom isini `naTesaviT qarTvelni~ iyvnen da ara `qalkedoniti somxe-

bi~, rogorc surT maTi warmodgena.

magaliTad, giorgi mTawmindeli, roca antioqiis patriarqs eka-

maTeboda da ambobda `ugunurad Segiracxies naTesavi qarTvelTa da

Tavni Tqvenni brZen da mZime giyofiano~, cxadia, sityva `naTesavis~

qveS gulisxmobda erovnebiT qarTvels da ara somex qalkedonitebs~.

karinelma Tornike erisTavma da taoelma ioane mTawmindelma iverTa

monasteri `qarTvelTa naTesavisaTvis~ aages da ara `qalkedoniti

somxebisaTvis~, am ukanasknelT isedac mravali saepiskoposo da mon-

asteri hqondaT bizantiis imperiaSi, sadac ganadidebdnen kidec som-

xur eTnoss.

VII saukuneSi, iseve rogorc iqamdec, mravali somexi iyo marTlma-

didebeli eklesiis wevri, magram isini somxebi iyvnen da ara qarTvele-

bi. taoel didebulTa wres ganekuTvneboda patara ufliswuli~ eqv-

Time, romelsac TviT yovladwmida RvTismSoblis CvenebiT daubrun-

311

da qarTuli enis codna, radganac mas is daaviwyda bizantiaSi mZev-

lad yofnis wlebSi. maSasadame, misi mSobliuri siyrmis ena iyo qarTu-

li da am enis codna daubrunda mas.

unda iTqvas isic, rom bizantia da misi imperatorebi ar swyalobdnen

qarTul eklesias, iseve, rogorc adre sparselebi da arabebi. magal-

iTad, iberiasTan omis dros, rogorc aRvniSneT imperatorebi ganar-

isxa qarTuli eklesiis patriotizmma. Sesabamisad, isini sjidnen kidec

qarTul eklesias, auqmebdnen qarTulenovan saepiskoposoebsa da sam-

revloebs iberiis TemSi, maSin, roca imave dros swyalobdnen somxur

eklesias. lastivertecis aRwerili aqvs, roca qarTvel episkoposebs

bizantiaSi asaxlebdnen da sxva qarTveli episkoposebi saxalxo oms

meTaurobdnen bizantiis sawinaaRmdegod, im dros somexTa patriarqebi

didad aRzevebulni iyvnen keisarTa mier.

v. kopaliani wers: `anisis warCinebulTa erTi nawili, romelTa

Soris pirveli kaTalikosi petrosi iyo bizantiis imperiis agentis

rolSi gamovida, keisars mxari dauWira da misi survilis dakmay-

ofileba moiTxova~ (iqve, gv. 106). keisris survili ki anisis somxuri

samefos dapyroba iyo. cxadia, radganac somexi patriarqi aseT mZime

dros mxars uWerda bizantias, keisaric loialurad iyo ganwyobili

somxuri eklesiis mimarT. saerTod herakle keisridan, vidre basili

II-mde da mis Semdegac, bizantiis imperatorebi arc Tu iSviaTad somx-

uri eklesiis mfarvelebad warmoCndebodnen kidec. amitomac somx-

eTSi miiCneoda, rom mravali imperatori iyo somxuri warmoSobisa,

maT Soris herakle keisari da makedonelTa dinastiac, romlis war-

momadgenelni iyvnen basili meore da konstantine VIII, maT faqtiurad

mospes samxreT iberiis qarTuli saxelmwifo, riTac xeli Seuwyves

politikuri TvalsazrisiT Turq-seljukebis winsvlas bizantiisak-

en, xolo sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT iberiis TemSi darCenili

qarTvelebis kvlav armenizacias, anu maT ukan, kvlav somxuri ek-

lesiis wiaRSi dabrunebas. bizantielebma qarTuli saeklesio insti-

tutebi am regionSi mospes (arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tondrakeloba

swored im olqebSi Camoyalibda, sadac erovnul eklesias mowyvetili

qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen, romelTac aiZulebdnen gamxdariyvnen som-

xuri eklesiis wevrebi, maT ki irCies raRac sxva sarwmunoebrivi gzis

312

gamonaxva. jer kidev IX s-dan es moZraoba dawyebula apahunikis mx-

areSi. safiqrebelia, rom mas Semdeg rac es regioni Sevida daviT III

kurapalatis qarTvelTa samefoSi, albaT moZraoba Senelda, radga-

nac SesaZloa aq qarTulma eklesiam SeZlo moRvaweobis warmarTva,

magram radganac maleve aq bizantia gabatonda, moZraoba albaT kv-

lav ganaxlda. Tondrakelebi ar eridebodnen arc arabebTan da arc

bizantielebTan oms, radganac oriveni mxars uWerdnen maTTvis mi-

uRebel somxur eklesias).

313

kari mesame

qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebrivi

erTeulebi istoriul

arian-qarTlSi

Tavi XI

`qarTvelTa samefosa~ da iveriis Temis~aRorZineba istoriul arian-qarTlis miwaze

somxuri saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebisdauZlurebis Semdeg

314

`qarTvelTa samefos~ daarseba (IX-X ss.)

(ioane drasxanakerteli, somexTa istoria, 1965)

ioane drasxanakerteli gvauwyebs _ `qarTvelTa didi kurapalati

adarnase smbat mefesTan yvelaferSi erTobis, siyvarulisa da mSvido-

bis mtkice pirobas icavda. igi mTeli Tavisi SegnebiTa da ZlierebiT,didi mokrZalebiT, rogorc mamas, anda amaze ufro metadac emorCile-

boda mas... Tvals ar aSorebda mefes... da sakuTari Tavic miando. amis

gamo smbat mefe metad kmayofili iyo adarnaseTi da moswonda igi. man

didi mzrunvelobiT adarnase TavisTan miiyvana da gaamxneva. Semdeg di-

di pativiTa da didebiT gvirgvini daadga mas, Sesaferisi lamazi samkau-

liTa da saWurvliT Seamko mefis wesis Tanaxmad, _ qarTvelTa qveynis

mefed daadgina da mis Semdeg, Tavisi samflobelos meore pirad daamt-

kica igi. miiRo ra samefo pativi, da miaRwia warmatebas, adarnase ki ar

gamedidurebula, aramed mudam Tavmdablad eqceoda smbats~ (ioane

drasxanakerteli, somexTa istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gam. Tb., 1965,

gv. 89-90).

Tanamedrove istorikosebis TvalsazrisiT Tavdapirveli qarTvel-

Ta samefo~ moicavda artanujis klarjeTis teritorias.

magram es ase ar iyo.

somxuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom qarTvelTa qveyana~ VI-VII ss-Si moicav-

da somexTa mefis~ im teritoriebs, romelnic qarTvelebiT iyo dasax-

lebuli, pirvel rigSi imier taos (saerTod taos) da momijnave mxareebs.

Tu es ase iyo, da qarTvelTa qveyana~ Tavdapirvelad erqva imJamindel

somxeTis samefoSi (anu yofil arian-qarTlSi) mdebare taos, maSin Se-

darebiT gasagebi xdeba somexTa smbat mefis qmedeba. imJamad somxeTis

samefo da masSi Semavali imier tao, romelsac aseve `iveria~ erqva, ar-

abTa gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, xolo misi mezobeli klarjeTi _ bi-

zantiiis gavlenis sferoSi. klarjeTs qarTveli bagrationebi marTavd-

nen _ bizantiis vasalebi (klarjeTs qarTvelTa sakurapalato erqva).somexTa mefeebi ki arabTa vasalebi iyvnen, imJamad arabTagan miiRes

kidec mefis~ tituli da didi uflebebi.

rogorc iTqva, tao da misi momijnave mxareebi anu `iveria~ imJamad

somxeTis mefeTa samefoSi Sedioda, amitomac maT somexTa da qarTvel-

315

Ta mefeebic~ erqvaT. maSasadame, klarjeTis qarTvelTa qveyana bizan-tiis, xolo taos qarTvelTa qveyana arabTa gavlenis sferoSi iyvnen.

Tavdapirvelad smbats taxtze asvlaSi daexmara adarnase, mezobe-

li klarjeTis erTerTi mflobeli, samagierod, madlierebis niSnad,

mas smbatma samflobelod gadasca Tavisi samefos qarTuli nawili

(tao) da amave dros daadgina Tavisi samefos meore pirad~ anu somx-

eTis vrcel samefoSi taos mmarTveli adarnase gaxda somexTa sax-

elmwifos meore piri. maSasadame, klarjeTis qarTvelTa sakurapala-

tos gverdiT amoudga taos qarTvelTa samefo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel drosac, bagratunebi arSakunianebis same-

foSi meore pirebi iyvnen. SemdegSic vaSden qarTvelTa (e.i. taos)

mTavari somxeTis ufalTa Soris erT-erTi upiratesi piri iyo.

termini `qarTvelTa samefo~, imJamad, IX-X ss-Si, mxolod taosgulisxmobda, qarTvelTa sakurapalato~ ki artanuj-klarjeTs, rac

Seexeba Sida qarTls, is imJamad danawilebuli iyo afxazeTisa da

kaxeTis samefoTa Soris, misi erTi nawili Tbilisis saamirosac ekuTvn-

oda, amitomac is TavisTavadi politikur-administraciuli erTeu-

lis saxiT ar arsebobda, aqedan gamomdinare mas arc gaaCnda poli-

tikuri saxeli: imJamad `iveria~ erqva ara Sida qarTls, aramed taos

administraciul olqs, romlis mmarTveliba (mefoba) aRmoCnda klar-

jeTis kurapalatis xelSi. es orive Tanamdeboba _ mefoba da kura-

palatoba axla ukve erTi piris, adarnases ojaxis xelSi gaerTianda

da gadaecemoda kidec memkvidreobiT.

imxanad kurapalatoba~ _ bizantiis vasalobas gulisxmobda, qar-

TvelTa mefoba~ ki _ arabi xalifisagan gamomdinareobda.

arabTa xalifam IX-X saukuneebSi somexTa mefeebs uwyaloba titu-

li `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~. am titulSi `qarTvelTa samefos~qveS igulisxmeboda ara Sida qarTli, aramed somxeTis samefoSi Semava-li qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli tao-basiani. taos mmarTvelebs iqamde

ukve hqondaT iverTa mTavris~ tituli, axla ki arabTa mier ~qarTvel-

Ta mefis~ titulis tarebis ufleba mieniWa somexTa mefes, rac mas

udasturebda, rom SeeZlo qarTvelTa aRniSnuli mxareebis avtono-

miuri marTva. erT-erTi bolo somexTa da qarTvelTa~ mefe iyo smba-

ti, man ki qarTvelTa mefis tituli gadasca adarnase qarTvelTa

kurapalats.

316

am tituls atarebdnen:

aSot I 884 _ somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe;

smbat I 914 _ jer somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe, mere somexTa mefe;

aSot erkaTi 918/922/ _ somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe (safiqrebelia,

rom aSot erkaTma qarTvelTa mefis tituli miiRo saojaxo-dinasti-

uri gziT, kerZod misi meore simamri yofila `qarTvelTa didi mTa-

vari sahaki~, romelsac, i. drasxanakertelis sityviT, aSoti Tavis

memkvidred gamoucxadebia).

maSasadame, qarTvelTa mefis tituli taos mflobelobas gulisxmobda.

bagrat aSotis Ze bagrationma `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli miiRo

colis mziTvis saxiT.

bagratis coli iyo `somexTa da qarTvelTa~ mefis aSot I bagra-

tunis dai, mas mziTvis saxiT gaayoles qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli

imier tao-basiani, romelic imJamad somexTa samefoSi Sedioda.

taos _ iverias anu `qarTvelTa qveyanas~ uwodebdnen somxebi, bi-

zantielebi da arabebi.

imier taos qarTvelTa qveyana, imJamad, rogorc aRiniSna, somxe-

Tis samefoSi Sedioda, amitomac armeniis (somxeTis) mefes arabTa

xalifam `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli mianiWa.

male am samefos gamoeyo `qarTvelTa~ anu taos samefo.

misi mefeebi atarebdnen tituls `qarTvelTa mefe~, amave ojaxis

wevrebi kidev ufro adridan atarebdnen tituls `klarji xelmwi-

feebi~. rogorc iTqva, klarjeTTan erTad tao qarTvelTa qveynis

saxels atarebda.

tao, samTavros saxiT kidev ufro adridan arsebobda, bagrati

SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad qarTvelTa mTavris~ tituls atarebda, rac

taos mflobelobas udrida (es ufleba man, rogorc aRiniSna colis

gziT miiRo), Cans, aseve misi vaJi _ daviTic, xolo daviTis Svili

adarnase II `qarTvelTa mefed~ ukve oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli.

wina saukuneebSi qarTvelTa mTavaris~ tituli SesaZloa taos sxva

sagvareulos hqonda, magram axla ukve es tituli klarjma bagra-

tionebma moipoves aSot kurapalatis Zis bagratisa da SviliSvileb-

is dros.

317

am sqemidan Cans, rom adarnase meorem `kurapalatis~ tituli mi-

iRo aSot bagrationis xaziT, xolo `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli mi-

iRo aSot bagratunis xaziT.

marTlac, kurapalatebi iyvnen bizantiis imperatoris vasalebi,

xolo bagratunebi, arabTa xalifas emorCilebodnen, maT qarTvelTa

da somexTa mefis~ tituli miiRes arabi xalifasagan, viTarca xal-

ifebis vasalebma. `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli gulisxmobda tao-basi-

anis anu iveriis miwis mflobelobas.

aSot I kurapalatibagrationi (780-826)

aSot I bagratunis `somexTa da

qarTvelTa mefis~ daY+

bagrat I

(826-876)

somexTa da qarTvelTa mefis

aSot bagratunis daY+

adarnase II (888-923)

qarTvelTa mefe da kurapalati

daviT I kurapalati(876-881)

sumbat I mamfalis

colis biZaSvili+

318

mefeebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi

`qarTvelTa samefos~ saxelwodeba da `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli

dakavSirebulia taosTan da basian-karinTan.

magaliTad, sumbat daviTisZis Txzuleba qarTvelTa mefed~ pirve-

lad axsenebs adarnases, daviT I-is Zes _ `aman adarnase aRaSena bana,

xeliTa kvirike banelisaTa~ (`cxoreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~, 1990,

gv. 48) es moxda IX saukunis bolos.

adarnase (mefobda 888-923) iyo SviliSvili bagrat I kurapalatisa

(+876) da, rogorc aRiniSna, Svili daviT I-isa (+881) mas hqonda qar-

TvelTa mefis~ wodeba.

adarnase I ekuTvnoda aSot I-is (786-826) STamomavalTa taos Stos

(mxolod am Stos hqonda qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis tarebis ufleba).

aSot I-is STamomavalTa meore, klarjeTis Sto am tituls ar ata-

rebda. bizantiuri karic gansxvavdeboda am Stoebs da taos Stos

wevrebs ufro maRal tituls `kurapalatisas~ aniWebda, maSin, roca

klarjuli Stos zogierT wevrs `magistrosobiT~ akmayofilebda.

923 wlidan 958 wlamde adarnase I-is Svilebs _ daviT II-s, bagrat I-

s, aSot II-sa da sumbat I-s morigeobiT gadaecaT `qarTvelTa mefis~

tituli, anu isini (Zmebi) Cans, asakis ufrosobis Sesabamisad, erTim-

eoris Semdeg atarebdnen am tituls. maT Svilebsac (STamomavlo-

basac) Cans asakiT ufrosobis mixedviT mieniWaT ufleba qarTvelTa

mefis~ wodebisa.

kerZod, sumbat I-is Svili bagrat II regveni 958-994 wlebSi iyo

`qarTvelTa mefe~, mis Semdeg ki maTi didi ojaxis (saxlis) Svili

bagrat pirvelis Ze daviT III kurapalati 994-1001 wlebSi iyo qarTvel-

Ta mefe~.

aqedan Cans Semdegi, `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli gadaecemoda ara

mamidan ufros Zes (rogorc mcxeTel mefeebs hqondaT aseTi wesi),

aramed gadaecemoda samefo saxlis (samefo ojaxis) wevrebs ufroso-

bis mixedviT, es ufrosoba albaT ganisazRvreboda asakiT, xnovanebiT.

`qarTvelTa samefo saxlis~ Tanabaruflebiani wevrebi iyvnen adar-

nase I-is Svilebi da SviliSvilebi, e.i. daviT II, bagrat I, aSot II da

sumbat I, maTi Svilebi bagrat II regveni, daviT III kurapalati da sxva

319

is wevrebi am samefo ojaxisa, romelnic imJamad yvelaze ufrosebi

iyvnen xnovanebiT. roca maT Soris romelime gardaicvlebida `qar-

TvelTa mefis~ tituli samefo ojaxis im wevrs gadaecemoda, romel-

ic asakiT yvelaze ufrosi iyo.

Zveli iberiis samefo saxlSi aseTive wesis arsebobis Sesaxeb miu-

TiTebda straboni.

es wesi Cans asaxulia farnavazis cxovrebaSi, roca quji ucxadebs

farnavazs, rom `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa, Sen gmarTebs

ufloba Cemi~, anda `me var mona Seni~, aqedan Cans rom quji da far-

navazi erTi samefo saxlis wevrebi iyvnen, magram am dros saxlis

ufrosoba albaT asakis Sesabamisad farnavazs ekuTvnoda. radganac

farnavazis daY qujim SeirTo, SesaZloa marTlac quji asakiT far-

navazze ufro patara iyo.

yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi wesis arseboba taos anu qarTvelTa same-

foSi cxadia.

rogorc aRiniSna qarTvelTa mefoba~ gadaeca adarnase I-s da Sem-

deg mis Svilebs morigeobiT. kerZod, jer qarTvelTa mefe gaxda

daviT II magistrosi (923-937 wlebSi), mis Semdeg 937-945 wlebSi

qarTvelTa mefe iyo misi Zma bagrat I magistrosi, amis Semdeg aSot II

kurapalati 945-954 wlebSi, 954-958 wlebSi ki sumbat I erisTavT-

erisTavi, am ukanasknelis Ze bagrat II regveni gaxda qarTvelTa mefe

958-994 wlebSi, 994-1001 wlebSi ki `qarTvelTa mefe~ iyo daviT III

kurapalati, romelic iyo bagrat II regvenis mamis saxlis~ wevri, anu

bagrat II regvenis mamis Zmis (`qarTvelTa mefis~) bagrat I magistro-

sis SviliSvili.

bagrat II-is Semdeg asakis mixedviT Cans `qarTvelTa mefoba~ unda

mieRoT bagrat II-is ZmaTa Svilebs ufrosobis mixedviT da radganac

adarnase II gardacvlili iyo, es tituli da taxti ergo mis Zes daviT

III kurapalats (ZmaTa Soris samefo taxtis gadacemis wesi aRdgenila

Semdeg muxranel bagrationTa ojaxSi. magaliTad, giorgi XI-is Semdeg

qarTlis taxti mis Zmas ergo, Semdeg ki sxva Zmebs. am wesis aRdgenas,

rogorc fiqroben, cdilobda darejan dedofali, erekle II-is meuRle,

raTa ufrosobis wesiT, ZmaTa Semdeg taxti mis Svilsac rgeboda).

320

ismis kiTxva, ratom miiRo aSot I didis STamomavalTagan mxolod

erTma Stom `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli? es tituli, mxolod taos

qveynis mflobelebs eniWebodaT da es tituli imavdroulad taos

mefobas niSnavda. saerTod, qarTvelTa mefis~ wodeba taosTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli.

aSot I-is STamomavalTa taos Stos es tituli unda mieRo an mcx-

eTeli xosroani mefeebis memkvidreobiT, anda sxva gziT.

fiqroben, rom mcxeTis xosroiani mefeebi taos ar flobdnen, maSas-

adame saZebnia sxva gza.

savaraudod, `qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli aSotis ojaxSi mziTvis

saxiT Seitana aSotis Zis bagrat I-is meuRlem, somexTa mefis sumbat

aRmsareblis asulma. misi Zma, aSot I bagratuni namdvilad flobda

tituls _ `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~.

taos qarTvelTa samefos~ legitimaciis Sesaxeb Cven cnobebi Sesa-

Zloa moviZioT armeniis bagratuni mefeebis IX-X ss-is titulaturi-

dan: somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~.

ufro adre maT hqondaT tituli somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-

erisTavi~.

cnobilia, rom XII s-dan gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebsac

hqondaT msgavsi tituli `afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa, somex-

Ta mefeebi, SahinSa da SirvanSa~, magram armeniis mefeebs gacilebiT

adre, arabobis dros hqondaT wodeba `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~.

es tituli TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom misi mflobeli aerTianebda

somxebisa da qarTvelebis qveynebs.

sad mdebareobda is `qarTvelTa qveyana~, romelsac imJamad arme-

niis mefe flobda? cxadia es iyo saqarTvelos romeliRac mxare.

CvenTvis sainteresoa, is Tu IX-X ss-Si armeniis mefeTa titula-

turaSi romel teritoriaze mdebare administraciuli erTeuli ig-

ulisxmeboda qarTvelTa qveynis (qarTvelTa saerisTavos, qarTvel-

Ta samefos)~ qveS?

Tu vityviT, rom aq igulisxmeboda mcxeTis qarTlis samefo, unda

iTqvas, rom arabobis Semdeg aseTi samefo aRar arsebobda, piriqiT,

TbilisSi Camoyalibda arabuli saamiro, romelSic mcxeTac moiazre-

boda teritoriulad, ase rom, Tanamedrove Sida qarTlSi IX-X sauku-

321

neebSi saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis _ qarTvelTa samefos~ saxiT ar

arsebobda. arabTa saamiros dasustebis Semdeg Sida qarTli àfxa-

zeTis~ nawilad moiazreboda. uxtanesTan mcxeTis da Tbilisis mi-

mdebare qarTls àfxazTa qveyana~ ewodeba. mas àfxazTa~ mefeebi

marTavdnen da ara `qarTvelTa~ mefeebi. maSasadame, armeniis mefeTa

titulatura qarTvelTa mefe~, ar gulisxmobda Sida qarTlis mmar-

Tvelobas.

`qarTvelTa samefos~, rogorc wesi, am periodSi (X s-dan) uwodebd-

nen tao-klarjeTis samefos, ufro zustad taos samefos. mas bagra-

tioni mefeebi marTavdnen klarjeTTan erTad.

kidev erTxel, rom vTqvaT `qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS igulisxme-

boda taos samefo.

iqneb armeniis mefeTa titulaturaSic qarTvelTa mefe~ gulisxme-

boda taos da aseve mimdebare qarTuli provinciebis (basinis, kari-

nis an vanandis) mflobelobas?

marTlac armeniis mefeebis tituli `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~

ar gulisxmobda Sida qarTlis flobas, radganac is sadavo terito-

ria iyo, gansakuTrebiT saamiros dasustebis Semdeg iqca sadavod.

armeniis mefeebis tituli qarTvelTa mefe~ realur administraci-

ul erTeuls gulisxmobs da es unda yofiliyo `tao-basiani~.

marTlac, es ase Cans aristakes lastivertecis naSromis mixed-

viT. aristakes lastivertecisTvis `qarTvelTa qveyana~, `saqarTve-

lo~ mdebareobda ara anisis CrdiloeTiT, aramed anisis dasavleTiT.

misTvis `qarTvelTa qveyana~ da `saqarTvelo~ moqceuli iyo berZen-

Ta da sparselTa qveynebs Soris. mizezi amisa iyo is, rom marTlac,

anisis CrdiloeTiT taSir-Zorakertis `somxuri samefo~ mdebareob-

da, xolo mis maRla, rogorc iTqva Tbilisis saamiro, romelic

ebrjineboda kavkasieli mTielebis~ qveynebs.

Cven gvainteresebs, rogorc iTqva, IX-X saukuneebSi romel qve-

yanas uwodebdnen somxebi `qarTvelTa qveyanas~, `saqarTvelos~ da

`qarTvelTa samefos~. aristakes lastiverteci gamWvirvaled wers

imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTvelTa~ qveynebi moqceulni iyvnen anisis dasav-

leTiT, karinis (arzrumis) mxares da masSi taosTan erTad basianic

igulisxmeboda.

322

magaliTad, a. lastiverteci gadmogvcems aseT ambavs, giorgi afx-

azTa mefem Seariga anisis mefis gagikis Svilebi _ `movida afxazTamefe giorgi da mSvidobianad Seariga isini. sumbats asakiT ufrosobis

gamo giorgim misca wili _ anisis cixe, mis garSemo mdebare gavarebi-

TurT, xolo aSots _ qveynis Sida mxare, romelic sparseTsa da saqarTve-

los uyurebda. sumbati daTanxmda da dabrunda Tavis qalaqSi~ (a. las-

tiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 44).

am istoriidan Cans, Tu sad mdebareobda im epoqis somxebisaTvis

`saqarTvelo~: sumbats mieca anisis qveyana, mis Zmas - aSots, anisis

qveynis samxreTiT mdebare armeniis `Sida mxare~, romelsac dasav-

leTiT esazRvreboda `saqarTvelo~ (is `saqarTvelos uyurebda~),

aRmosavleTiT ki `sparseTi~ (`sparseTs uyurebda~). anu `saqarTve-

lo~ (`qarTvelebis qveyana~) Sida somxeTis dasavleTiT iyo, im Sida

somxeTisa, romelsac CrdiloeTiT anisis mxare esazRvreboda, aRmo-

savleTiT ki sparseTi (Sida somxeTs CrdiloeTidan anisis mxare es-

azRvreba, dasavleTidan saqarTvelo-qarTvelTa mxare (tao-basiani),

aRmosavleTidan _ sparseTi).

maSasadame, aristakesis mier igulisxmeboda, rom `Sida somxeTis~

dasavleTiT mdebare basiani, tao da sxva mxareebi iyo `saqarTvelo~.

giorgi I-is samflobelo ki iyo anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebare `af-

xazeTi~ anu is rasac Cven amJamad vuwodebT `saqarTvelos~ arista-

kesisaTvis iyo `afxazeTi~, xolo basiani (da tao) misTvis iyo `saqar-

Tvelo~.

aristakesi mudam wers, rom basiani _ qarTvelTa qveyanaa, magali-

Tad, basianis aRmosavleTiT mdebare Sirimnis brZolis Sesaxeb a.

lastiverteci gadmogvcems aseT ambavs, Sirimnis (somxurad SRfa)

brZolaSi qarTvelTa damarcxebis Semdeg, moxda bunebis saswauli,

kerZod daiWira Zalze didi yinvebi, iseTi, rom yinvis gamo basilis

jari ukuiqca da maTi qoneba adgilobriv mosaxleobas darCa. sabo-

lood, bizantiis imperatori aSkarad mixvda, rom mxolod uflis xels

SeuZlia misTvis qarTvelebis qveynis gadacema, rogorc mefeTa wignSi

weria: ver uZlos Zlierman kacman, ufalman uZlur yos mxdomi Tvisi~,

mefe daiZra jariT, ganvlo mravali adgili, wavida da miaRwia Tavis

qalaq konstantinopols. sami wlis Semdeg man didi ZRveniT gagzavna

323

afxazis Svili, TviTon ki igi sasikvdilo senma Seipyro~ (a. lastiverte-

ci, istoria, 1974, gv. 53).

maSasadame, marTalia basili bulgarTmmusvrelma daamarcxa qar-

Tvelebi tao-basianSi, magram mainc qarTvelTa qveyana sabolood mas

ar misca ufalma, radganac uflis mier movlinebuli yinvis gamo

basianidan iZulebiT dabrunda konstantinopolSi da mZevlad wayva-

nili `afxazi~ mefis giorgi I-is Ze 3 wlis Semdeg ukan daabruna.

aq CvenTvis mTavaria, Tu romeli qveyana iyo qarTvelTa qveyana

aristakes lastivertecis mixedviT eseni iyvnen _ tao, basiani da Tvi-

Ton SRfas anu Sirimnis qveyana, romelic airaratis arSaruniqis gavar-

Si, arSavirSi, araqsisa da aSurianis SesarTavSi mdebareobda, am arealSi

jer kidev cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, romelTac ufali SeewiaT ba-

sili II-is konstantinopolSi ukandaxevis dros yinvis saxiT, amito-

mac wers aristakes lastiverteci _ am adgilebidan yinvis gamo gaq-

ceuli basili mixvda, rom `mxolod uflis xels SeuZlia misTvis

qarTvelTa qveynis gadacema~ (iqve, gv. 53).

maSasadame, `qarTvelTa qveyana~ (iverTa qveyana) qalaq anisis dasav-

leTiT mdebareobda.

amitomac daarsa aRniSnul teritoriaze (anisis dasavleTiT) ba-

sili II-is Zmam imperatorma konstantinem bizantiuri administraciu-

li erTeuli `iberiis Temi~.

iberiis TemSi anisic ki Seiyvanes, marTlac anissa da mis garSemo

mravali qarTuli eklesia da qarTuli saepiskoposoc arsebobda, rasac

Cqmalavdnen sabWoTa istorikosebi.

am ukanasknelTa azriT `prozeliturma qarTulma eklesiam~ daiw-

yo aRniSnul qveynebSi (e.i. tao-basin-karin-airarat-SiraqSi) somxeb-

is `gaqarTveleba~ qalkedonitobis miRebiT. sinamdvileSi, qarTul

eklesias aseTi qmedebis survili arasodes hqonia, misi gamarjveba

emyareboda mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikur qarTul TviTSemecnebas,

maT erovnul gamofxizlebas arabTa uRlis gadagdebis Semdeg.

istoriuli iberiis miwa-wyalze (gugarqSi, xorZenasa da paria-

dreSi), mcxovrebi qarTvelebi marTalia, TiTqmis aTasi weli somx-

ur-bizantiur-sparsul da arabul garemoSi imyofebodnen, magram maT

mainc SeZles erovnul-eTnikuri vinaobis SenarCuneba I aTaswleul-

324

Si, amitomac Seqmnes kidec maleve `iberiis Temi~, administraciuli

erTeuli bizantiis imperiaSi. arzrum-tao-basian-valaSkertSi qarTve-

loba kidev didxans cxovrobda, maT saboloo gamusulmanebamde anu,

XVII-XVIII saukuneebamde (erTi-ori qarTveli mRvdeli aq XIX saukune-

Sic moqmedebda).

tao-basianis mflobel somex mefeebs IX-X ss-Si (am teritoriaze

qarTvelTa cxovrebis gamo) aseve hqondaT tituli `qarTvelTa me-

fisa~, ufro adre ki `somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavebi-

sa~. es tituli gulisxmobda somxeTis samefoSi Semaval qarTvelebiT

dasaxlebul tao-basian-karanis flobas.

armeniaSi Semavali `qarTvelTa samefos~ qveS, rogorc iTqva, ar

igulisxmeboda Sida qarTli da mcxeTa, aramed tao da basiani mimde-

bare mxareebiTurT.

p. ingoroyvas kvleviT ufro adre, daaxloebiT VII s-saTvis, taos

mflobels hqonia `qarTvelTa mTavris~ tituli. misi saxeli vaSdeni

yofila. maSasadame, tao-basiani `qarTvelTa samTavrod~ VI-VII ss-Sic

iwodeboda, Tumca armeniaSi iyo moqceuli, Semdeg is `qarTvelTa

samefod~ iwoda kvlav armeneli mefeebis mflobelobis qveS.

SesaZloa, armeniis mefe sumbat aRmsarebelma, romelic albaT

aseve iwodeboda `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefed~, Tavis qaliSvils

mziTvad gaatana qarTvelTa samefo~ (anu tao-basiani), es qaliSvili

ki SeirTo aSot I kurapalatis Zem bagrat I-ma, romelic 876 wels gar-

daicvala. bagrat I-is Zeebs ewodaT `taos Sto~ da isini rogorc

aRvniSneT mis Semdeg iwodebodnen qarTvelTa mefeebad~. maSasadame,

Tu aseTi mosazreba sworia, bagrat I-is STamomavlebs `qarTvelTa

mefis~ tituli ergoT dedisagan anu bagrat I-is meuRlisagan, romelic

somexTa mefis sumbat aRmsareblis qaliSvili iyo. SesaZloa man mz-

iTvis saxiT qmris, bagrat I-is, ojaxSi Seitana tao-basianis mflobe-

loba titul _ `qarTvelTa mefesTan~ erTad da es tituli misma

Svilebma da STamomavlebma dainarCunes. I aTaswleulSi es Cveulebrivi

movlena iyo.

aSot kurapaltis Zis bagrat I bagrationis coli iyo `somexTa da

qarTvelTa~ mefis aSot I bagratunis dai (Svili sumbat aRmsare-

blisa~).

325

qarTvelTa mefis tituli

`somexTa da qarTvelTa~ mefis aSot I bagratunis daY (Svili sum-

bat aRmsareblisa) SerTes bagrat aSotis Ze bagrations da mas mziT-

vis saxiT gaayoles `qarTvelTa qveyana~ anu tao-basiani.

am naSromis gverd 315-ze moyvanili sqemidan Cans, rom adarnase

meorem kurapalatis~ tituli miiRo aSot bagrationis xaziT, xolo

`qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli miiRo aSot bagratunis xaziT.

marTlac kurapalatebi iyvnen bizantiis imperatoris vasalebi,

xolo `qarTvelTa da somexTa mefis~ tituli bagratunebma miiRes

arab xalifasagan, viTarca xalifebis vasalebma. `qarTvelTa mefis~

tituli gulisxmobda tao-basianis anu iveriis miwis mflobelobas.

sxva sakiTxia is, Tu IX-X ss-mde ratom hqonda somxeTis mefes titu-

li qarTvelTa mefe~ ?

amis mizezi unda yofiliyo is, rom armeniam adridanve xelSi Caigdo

is miwa-wyali, romelsac odesRac arian-qarTli~ erqva. mis mefes, ars-

en beris sityviT, arian-qarTvelTa mefis tituli hqonda anu mas

`qarTvelTa mefe~ ewodeboda.

`qarTvelTa samefo~ anu arian-qarTli moicavda tao-basianis nawilsa

da mimdebare arzrumis regionis mxares.

SemdegSi, somxeTSi Semavali qarTvelTa samTavro~ ZiriTadad amaveolqs moicavda, axla ukve mis mflobel somxeTis mefes Sesabamisad ewo-

da - `qarTvelTa mefe~, rac am qveynis (tao-basianis) mflobelobas

gulisxmobda.

rogorc aRiniSna, es qarTvelTa samefo~ IX saukunidan artanujeli

kurapalatebis xelSi gadavida da amis Sesabamisad miiRes kidec

`qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli klarjma xelmwifeebma. e.i. maT xelSi ga-

davida taoc.

326

`somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~

870-880 wlebisaTvis `somxeTSiac moikribes Zala adgilobrivma

erisTavebma. sxvebze ufro Zlieri iyo erisTavT-erisTavi aSot bagra-

tuni... mas somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ saxeli miuRia~

(iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, tomi II, 1983, gv. 102).

iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT aSot bagratunma `somexTa da qarTvel-

Ta erisTavT-erisTavis~ saxeli albaT imis gamo miiRo, rom mas Sida

qarTlSi ulaSqria, sadac afxazTa mefes SebrZolebia da kidec gaumar-

jvnia, rogorc aRniSnuli tituli afiqrebinebs mecniers. maSasadame,

Sida qarTli somexTa mefis xelSi gadasula. rogorc iTqva esaa varau-

di, raime wyaro amas ar miuTiTebs. iv. javaxiSvils rogorc iTqva

mxolod aSotis `somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ titu-

li afiqrebinebda amas.

Cveni azriT, ki `qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavis~ Tu `qarTvelTa

mefis~ tituli miuTiTebda ara Sida qarTlis, aramed tao-basianis

mflobelobas, marTlac qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli maleve, SemdgomSi

taos mflobelebs hqondaT.

meore magaliTic gvaqvs, romelic Cvens mosazrebas garkveulad

aZlierebs. es magaliTia tituli tao-basianis mflobelebisa VI-VII

ss-Si. rogorc iTqva, p. ingoroyva Zvel somxur wyaroze dayrdnobiT

miuTiTebs, rom, am mxareebis mflobels VI-VII ss-Si qarTvelTa mTavris~

anu iverTa mTavris tituli~ hqonda.

maSasadame, am titulis Sesabamisad tao-basianis mxareebSi VI-VII

ss-Si arsebobda politikur-administraciuli erTeuli `qarTvelTa

samTavro~ (SevadaroT, rom IX-X ss-Si iq iyo `qarTvelTa samefo~).

aRniSnuli `qarTvelTa samTavro~ arsebobda qveyanaSi, romelsac

xan `bizantiuri armenia~ xan ki `persarmenia~ erqva. VI-VII ss-Si tao-

basianis ufals qarTvelTa mTavari vaSdeni~ erqva. vaSden qarTvelTa

mTavars~ Tavis diswul hamamTan dava hqonia.

hamami qaldea-WaneT-zRvispireTis mflobeli yofila. vaSdeni ki,

rogorc iTqva, mis zemoT, zeganze gadaSlili da vrceli qveynisa,

tao-basianisa.

327

maSasadame, marTalia es qveyana armeniis nawilad iTvleboda (ig-

ulisxmeba tao-basiani), magram mkvidri mosaxleobis eTnikuri TviT-

saxelis Sesabamisad `qarTvelTa samTavro~ erqva VI-VII ss-Si.

`qarTvelTa samTavro~, Cans, IX saukuneSi somexTa mTavris anu eris-

TavT-erisTavis aSotis xelqveS moqceula. maSasadame, Sesabamisad mas

miuRia wodeba `somexTa da qarTvelTa erisTavT-erisTavisa~ Semdeg

ki wodeba `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefisa~ (daaxloebiT IX saukunis

70-ian wlebSi).

erTi Taobis Semdeg qarTvelTa mefis~ tituli mieniWa adarnase I

kurapalats, qarTvel bagrationTa Stodan, qarTveli aSot I didi

kurapalatis SvilTaSvils, adarnase amave dros iyo taos erTpirovnu-

li mflobeli. maSasadame, taos mflobeloba mis mepatrones aZlevda

uflebas hqonoda tituli `qarTvelTa mTavari~ anda `qarTvelTa

mefe~, taos mflobeloba mis mepatrones uflebas aZlevda qarTvel-

Ta erisTavT-erisTavis~ wodeba hqonoda.

Tu davubrundebiT qarTvel bagrationebs SeiZleba daisvas kiTx-

va, rogor gaxda adarnase I taos mflobeli?

taos mflobeloba mas uflebas aZlevda qarTvelTa mefis~ titu-

li etarebina. iyo Tu ara misi mama daviT I taos mflobeli?

Tu daviT I, romelic 881 wels mokles, ar iyo taos mflobeli

unda vifiqroT, rom misma Svilma adarnase I-ma aSot somexTa mefis

memkvidreebisagan miiRo samarTavad taos (e.i. `qarTvelTa~) qveyana,

xom ar miaTxova aSot somexTa mefis memkvidrem Tavisi qaliSvili

adarnase I-s da mziTevis saxiT miiRo tao siZem? diax, es ase yofila,

rac zemoTaa aRwerili.

aseve sakiTxavia, iyo Tu ara somexi bagrationi aSoti vaSden iverTa

mTavris~ uflebrivi memkvidre, vaSden iverTa mTavris samarTlebrivi

memkvidreni iqneb qarTveli bagrationebi adarnase, daviT I da misi

mama bagrat I iyvnen?

328

bagrationTa legitimacia

grigol xancTeli _ `daviT winaswarmetyvelisa da uflisa mier

cxebulsa Svilad wodebulo xelmwifeo mefoba misni dagimkvidren

qristeman RmerTman, romlisTvisca amas mogaxseneb:

ara moakldes mTavroba SvilTa SenTa da naTesavTa maTTa qveyanaTa

amaT ukunisamde JamTa, iyvnen igini mtkiced ufrois kldeTa myarTa da

mTaTa saukuneTa da didebul iyvnen ukunisamde~

konstantine porfirogeneti _ `kurapalatis iberebi, amboben rom

isini urias (xeTelis) colis STamomavlebi arian, romelic daviT

winaswarmetyvelma Seacdina, misi Svilisgan STamomavloben, daviTis-

gan rom SeeZina, isini RvTismSoblis naTesavebi arian, radgan isic dav-

iTisaganaa~.

juanSeri, qarTlis cxovreba _ maSin movida misa mTavari erTi, rome-

li iyo naTesavisgan daviT winaswarmetyuelisa, saxeliT adarnase,

Zmiswuli adarnase brmisa, romlisa mama misi mzaxebul iyo bagra-

tionianTadve, da berZenTa mier dadginebul iyo erisTavad areTa somx-

isaTa, da tyveobasa mas yruisasa STasrul iyo igi SvilTa Tana guaram

kurapalitisTa klarjeTs, da mun darComil iyo. iTxova arCilisgan

da rqua: ukeTu inebo da myo me viTarca mkvidri Seni, momec qveyana.~

da misca artani.~

latavri iyo aSot mefis daY, romelic miaTxoves farnavazian ar-

Cil mefis Zes juanSers.

qarTlis cxovreba _ guram bagrationi (qarTlis mefe me-6 saukune-

Si _ xolo ese guaram iyo dediT xosroiani da mamiT bagratoani. da ese

bagratoanni SvilisSvilni da naTesavni arian ama guaramisni~

ambavi bagratoanTa, sumbat daviTis Ze _ da viwyoT yovelive ambavi

bagratoanTa, Tu viTar arian naTesavni daviT winaswarmetyuelisani

da solomonisni, anu viTar moiwivnes queyanasa Cuensa. viwyoT ad-

amiTgan, da warmovTquaT yoveli naTesaoba maTi~

...da eseni Svidni Zmani, Zeni amis solomisani, moiwivnes eklecs

winaSe raqael dedoflisa da misgan naTel-iRes.

da daSTes igini queyanaTa somxisiTisaTa, da mun dReindelad dRemde

Svilni mTavroben somxiTs.

329

da oTxni maTni Zmani movides qarTls. xolo erTi maTgani, saxeliT

guaram, ganaCines erisTavad, da ese ars erisTavi qarTlisa da mamai

bagrationTa. da ese bagratonianni SvilisSvilni da naTesavni arian

guaramisni.

xolo ZmaY misi, saxeliT sahak, warvida kaxeTs da daemzaxa igi nerses.

da sxuani orni igi Zmani amaT, saxeliT asam da varzavard, war-

vides kambeCans, da mokles maT sparsTa spasalari da daipyres kambe-

Cani, da dasxdes mun igini cxovrebad xornabujs. da ama Jamamde Svilni

maTni mTavroben mas Sina.

eseni warmovides ekleciT, romelni monaTla raqael dedofalma,

Zmani Svidni huriani, tyueobiT mosrulni queyaniT filistimiT, da

naTel iRes eklecs xeliTa raqael dedoflisaTa, romelman samTa

maTganTa ucvala saxeli, rameTu erTsa saxel-sdva muSel, da erTsa

bagrat, romel ars mama bagrationTa, erTsa abgavar, erTi Semoiyvana

siZed, da orni maTgani amzaxna somexT mefeTa.

xolo oTxni ese Zmani warmoemarTnes qarTls, viTa zemo vaxseneT,

da guram ganaCines erisTavad~.

330

mirdatis Zeni da bagrationebi klarjeTSi

vaxtang gorgasals meore colisagan, elenesagan SeeZina Ze, mir-

dati da aseve asuli, romelsac wyaroebSi `daY mirdatisa~ ewodeba.

SemdegSi `daY mirdatisa~ SerTes guram bagrations.

sikvdilis win vaxtang gorgasalma keisris asulisagan SeZenili

Svilebis samyofelad daadgina qarTlis samefos is teritoria, romel-

ic moqceulia egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua, radganac es teritoria

mziTvis saxiT moyva maT dedas, keisris qaliSvils qarTlis mefeTa

ojaxSi Sesvlisas, keisarma bizantiis es teritoria qarTls gadasca

keisris asulis xeliT.

vaxtang mefis anderZi ufliswul daCisadmi (momavali mefisadmi)

aseTi iyo _ sazRvari afxazeTisa, romelic mocemul ars egriswyalsada klisuras Sua, igi TviT ZmaTa SenTa dedisa ars _ igi aqundes maT~

(q.c. I, gv. 204). daCis ZmaTa (gerTa) deda iyo keisris asuli elene,

misi mziTvi iyo teritoria egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua.

marTlac, rogorc iTqva, keisris asuls teritoria klisurasa da

egriswyals Sua mziTvad mohyva da is SeuerTda qarTlis samefos. es

teritoria (klisurasa da egriswyals moqceuli) ergo saerisTavos

saxiT elenes Svilebs. am miwa-wyals ewoda `dasavleTi qarTlisa~,

radganac md. klisura qarTlis samefos ukiduresi sazRvari iyo dasav-

leTiT.

vaxtangis anderZis aRsasruleblad _ coli da orni Zeni vaxtang-isani wariyvanes erisTavTa da daipyres dasavleTi qarTlisa~ (q. c., I,

gv. 204), e.i. faqtobrivad daeuflnen teritorias egriswyalsa da

klisuras Sua.

rogorc iTqva, egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua moqceul terito-

rias dasavleTi qarTlisa~ ewodeboda (q. c., I, gv. 204). maTi erisTavebi

iyvnen vaxtangis Svilebi leoni da mirdati.

leonis gardacvalebis Semdeg daCi mefem gadawyvita eTxova am

mirdatisaTvis, raTa mas gaecvala teritoria, e.i. moenacvlebina

Tavisi saerisTavo, marTlac _ `daCi mefeman gaucvala qveyana da aR-iRo mirdatisagan egris-wyalsa da klisuras Sua mirdatis dedulisazRvari saberZneTisa da misca nacvlad javaxeTi tasiskaridan vidrezRuamde sperisa da erisTavobda mun~ (q. c., I, gv. 205).

331

e.i. teritoria egris-wyalsa da klisuras TviT qarTlis mefe daCim

daiWira, rogorc samefo miwa-wyali, sanacvlod iqaur mirdat erisTavs

ufro samxreTiT _ taSiskaridan zRvamde moqceuli teritoria gada-

sca saerisTavod.

klarjeTSi iqamde erisTavebi iyvnen artavazis STamomavlebi. maT

axla daemataT axali erisTavebi _ vaxtang mefis STamomavlebi, maT

`Svilni mirdatisni~ erqvaT.

VI s-Si `Svilni daCisani hmorCilebdes sparsTa, xolo Svili mir-

datisni daadgres morCilebasa berZenTasa~ (q. c., I, gv. 207).

VI s-Si qarTlis sparsTagan dapyrobis Jams _ qarTvel mefeTa sax-

lis Svilebi _ `Svilni bakurisni darCes mTiuleTs kaxeTisasa da

naTesavni mirdatisni, vaxtangis Zisani, romelni mTavrobdes klar-

jeTs da javaxeTs, igini darCes kldeTa Sina klarjeTisaTa~ (q. c., I,

gv. 217).

am umefobis Jams ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqvnes yovelni

erisTavni qarTlisani zemoni da qvemoni da wargzavnes mociquli

winaSe berZenTa mefisa da iTxoves raTa uCinos mefe~ (q.c. I, gv. 217).

`maSin keisarma mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa,

berZnis colisagan, romelsa erqva guaram, romeli mTavrobda klar-

jeTs da javaxeTs, mosca keisarman kurapalatoba da warmogzavna

mcxeTas~ (q. c., I, gv. 218).

bagrationebi vaxtang gorgaslis berZeni meuRlis STamomavlebis

_ mirdatisa da misi dis genetikuri da legitimuri memkvidreebi

iyvnen, kerZod, mirdatis dis Ze iyo iberiis anu qarTlis samefos

pirveli kurapalati guaram I bagrationi _

`xolo ese guaram iyo dediT xosroiani da mamiT bagrationi. ese

bagratoanni Svilis-Svilni da naTesavni arian ama guaramisni~ (q. c., I,

gv. 218). ese guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda berZenTasa~

(q. c., I, gv. 221).

mematianis cnobiT, sazogadod, vaxtang gorgaslis Zeebidan ori

Sto Camoyalibda _ baqarianebi da mirdatianebi.

baqarianebi marTavdnen qveyanas VI s-Si, roca sparselebma qarTli

daipyres. baqarianebma mefoba dakarges. qveyana umefod darCa. spar-

seTSi areulobis dawyebiT isargebles qarTvelma didebulebma da

bizantiis keisars Txoves maTTvis mefe daeniSna.

332

marTlac, keisarma qarTlis mefed daniSna `mirdatis dis~ Svili _

guaram bagrationi.

aq Seusabamoba qronologiurad isaa, rom mirdati V s-Si cxovrob-

da, xolo guaram kurapalati TiTqmis asi wlis Semdeg. ase rom, mir-

datis da~ uSualod guaram I kurapalatis deda ver iqneboda.

safiqrebelia, rom mirdatis dai~ klarjeTSi SeirTo adgilobrivma

didebulma da am ojaxidan gamosuli qaliSvili SemdgomSi SerTes

guaram kurapalats.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, klarjeTidanaa warmomavlobiT guaram kurapa-

lati da misi ojaxi. mematianis cnobiT, kurapalati guaram II bagra-

tioni iyo _ `ocdamecxramete mefe qarTlisa~.

Tu ligan-klarjeTi lazikaa, berZnuli wyaroebiT cnobilia maTi

`basilevsebis~ saxelebi _ eseni iyvnen gubazi da waTe. xolo qarTu-

li wyaroebiT klarjeTis erisTavi iyo artavazi.

am adgilobrivi didebulebis (waTes, gubazis da artavazis) oja-

xebidan unda yofiliyo guaram kurapalatis deda, TavisTavad ig-

ulisxmeba, rom es ojaxebi Tavis droze mirdatTan, vaxtangis ZesTan

iyvnen damoyvrebulni. (SeiZleba mirdatis dis~ wyalobiT Sevida guba-

zisa da waTes ojaxSi basilevsad~ wodebis legitimuri ufleba).

Semdeg ki am ojaxis siZem _ guaramma (SesaZloa, aseve basilevsma~)

miiRo qarTlis mefis wodeba, Tumca imperatorma mxolod kurapala-

toba~ akmara. arabobis dros ki es ojaxi mcxeTidan kvlav klarjeTs

daubrunda.

333

Zveli lazikis mefeebis warmomavloba

WaneT-taos samefodan

lazebi da Wanebi zogjer erT tomad, zogjer ki erTmaneTis me-

zoblebad warmodgebian bizantiel mweralTa mier, lazika WaneTs

moicavda da ufro zogadi erTeuli iyo.

lazTa ramdenime mefea dasaxelebuli wyaroebSi IV-V saukuneebisa,

Tumca ki iqvea naTqvami, rom arsebobda winandel lazTa mefeTa gene-

alogiuri siebi.

favstos bizantielis Txzulebidan SeiZleba gavigoT, rom lazTa

mefeebis qveS igulisxmeba WanTa mefeebi da WaneTis samefo, romelic

IV saukuneSic arsebobda.

Zveli lazeTis samefo mdebareobda ara dasavleT saqarTveloSi,

aramed istoriuli qarTlis samefos gareT da moicavda WaneTs, mim-

debare zogierT mxaresTan erTad, misgan gansxvavebiT, axali laze-

Tis samefo klarjeT-ligans moicavda.

kerZod, favstosi wers, rom IV s-Si somxeTis mefes mimarTa taos

mflobelma manuel mamikonianma Semdegi sityvebiT: `Cveni winaprebi

Wenastanis mefeebi iyvnen... sisxlisRvris gamo davtoveT samSoblo da

movediT Tqvens karze mSvidobis saZebnelad~, e.i Wenistanis mefeebi

taos mflobelebi iyvnen.

p. ingoroyva imowmebs n. adoncs, rom `Wenastani~ aris WaneTi,

taos gverdiT.

favstosis cnobiT, WaneTis, anu lazeTis Zveli samefo, Cans, erT

periodSi imdenad Zlieri yofila, rom misi mefeebis Rirseba aranak-

lebi yofila somexTa mefeebisaze.

amasTan dakavSirebiT manueli somexTa mefis winaSe ambobs _ `Cven

arasodes vyofilvarT Tqveni msaxurni (e.i. WaneTis samefo damoukide-

beli saxelmwifo iyo), aramed viyaviT Tqveni amxanagi (anu RirsebiT

Tanaswori) da iqneb Tqvenze metad saxelovannic~.

am cnobidan Cans, rom Zvel lazeTs, anu WaneTs IV saukunemde hyavda

saxelovani samefo dinastia.

am dinastiidan unda yofiliyvnen lazTa mefeebi waTe, gubazi da

sxvebi, Semdeg maT sammarTvelod klarjeT-liganic gadaecaT (istori-

334

uli WaneTis gareT VI s-is lazikaSi Sedioda fazisis anu md. Woroxis

SesarTavi da misi dasavleTi sanapiro, aRmosavleTis erT nawilTan

erTad Woroxis saTaveebis CaTvliT).

p. ingoroyva, somxur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT varaudobs, rom III

saukunisaTvis WaneTis samefo WaneTTan erTad moicavda taosac.

III saukuneSi samefo saxlis SigniT Sinauri SfoTis gamo tao iqau-

rma mmarTvelma (WaneTis samefo ojaxis taos Stom) gadasca somexTa

samefos, anu tao dapyrobis gareSe Sevida somxeTis samefos Semad-

genlobaSi (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 490) da aseve dapyrobis

gareSe (daaxloebiT 500 wlis Semdeg) tao somxeTis mefem ukan gada-

sca saqarTvelos _ aSot I kurapalatis Zes bagrat I-s

WaneTs _ qaldea/qarTea erqva, taos ki _ qarTvelTa~ samefo. maSas-

adame, orive am qveyanas-WaneTsa da taos anu qaldeasa~ da qarTvel-

Ta~ samefos TviTsaxelwodeba _ `qaldea~ _ `qarTu~ erTi fuZidan

amomavali sityvebia, aqedan gamomdinare es ori qveyana albaT odesme

erT mTlian samefos Seadgenda qarTu~ saxelis mqones (`arian-qarT-

li~-kolxeTi saxelTa fuZeebic /qarT-kol/ identurebi arian).

rogorc aRiniSna, favstos bizantielis saistorio TxzulebaSi

manueli Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs somxeTis mefes varazdats (374-

377ww.) `Cven arasodes vyofilvarT Tqveni msaxurni, aramed viyaviT

Tqveni amxanagni da iqneb Tqvenze metad saxelovanic, radgan Cveni

winaparni iyvnen mefeni WenastanSi, magram ZmaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis

gamo moxda didi sisxlisRvra, Cven davtoveT samSoblo da movediT

aq mSvidobis saZebnelad~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 489).

rogorc aRiniSna, Wanistans, anu WaneTs Tavisi mefeebi hyolia ukve

III saukuneSi, radganac manuels mefisaTvis miumarTavs 228-297 wleb-

Si (iqve, gv. 490).

favstos bizantielis es cnoba eTanadeba sxva berZen-bizantiel

avtorTa cnobebs, romlebic lazTa, anu kolxTa mefeebisa da tomis

Sesaxeb ambobdnen: isini Zalze amayebi arian da qedmaRloben kolxe-

Tis Zveli didebis gamo~, favstosis cnobiTac, Wanebis mefeTa STa-

momavali armeniis mefesTan ambobs: `Cveni dinastia Tqvenze metad

saxelovanic SeiZleba iyos~. es ori cnoba erTmaneTis identuria da

miuTiTebs kolxeT-lazeTis Zveli samefos Sesaxeb.

335

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Zveli lazikis anu

WaneTis dinastiis erTi frTa, Cans Siga areulobis gamo iZulebuli

gamxdara Tavi somxeTisaTvis Seefarebina da Tavisi samefos erTi

nawilis (taos) gadacemiT somexTa mxardaWera moupovebia, xolo me-

ore frTas WaneTis ZiriTadi nawili daukargavs V saukuneSi. am dros

bizantiis imperatori molaparakebia lazTa mefe gubaz I-s da mis-

Tvis samefos erTi nawili CamourTmevia. am dros sazRvari punqt

xufaTze gadebula. sanacvlod, VI saukuneSi iustinianes dros laz-

Ta mefeebisaTvis mmarTvelobaSi gadauciaT klarjeT-ligani. ase

Camoyalibebula `axali lazikis~ samefo `Zveli lazikis~ saxelovani

dinastiis mmarTvelobiT.

bagrationebi baiberdidan klarjeTSi

bagrationebis sagvareulo (Tavdapirveli) cixe-simagre yofila

baiberdi- istoriul sperSi. n. adonci wers viciT, rom kantoni speri

ekuTvnoda bagratid mTavrebs~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqa-

Si, 1908, gv. 122).

n. adonci cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom speri _ bagrationebis Tavda-

pirveli mamuli iyo, iRebs Zveli somxuri wyaroebidan da wyarod

miuTiTebs `fausti~, V, 44; sebeosi, 139.

pontos zRvispireTSi Camosaxlebuli qarTvelebisaTvis nabuq-

odonosors, xorenacis mixedviT, uflad daudgenia mihrdatis _ dare-

his (dariosis) STamomavlebi (m. xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984,

gv.107). es `pontospireTi~ moicavda vrcel mxares sinopidan dasav-

leT saqarTvelos CaTvliT, trapezuntis olqs baiburdisa da Semdgomi

arzrumis CaTvliT. bagrationTa Tavdapirveli sacxovrisi, rogorc

iTqva, baiberdi yofila.

baiberdi CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom aq yofila paipertis

saepiskoposo, Semavali trapezuntis samitropolitoSi. es samitro-

polito ki, noticiebis mixedviT, lazikaSi yofila.

aqve, sperTan mdebareobda WaneTis mTianeTi. maTi saerTo berZnu-

li saxeli `lazika~ yofila, VI s-Si iustinianem daipyro trapezun-

336

tis Crdilo SavizRvispireTi da iq daaarsa qalaqi petra. ramac safuZ-

veli daudo spars-romaelTa omebs petrasaTvis.

g. meliqiSvilis Tanaxmad, kolxeTis barSi Casaxlebula trapezun-

tis samxreT-aRmosavleT mTianeTis mosaxleoba-Wanebi (sanebi?), berZne-

bi maT, Cans, _ lazebs uwodebdnen. maT albaT bagrationebis cnobili

sagvareulos warmomadgenlebic wayvnen (Wanika baiberdTan axlos mde-

bareobda). es sagvareulo VI saukuneSi iberiaSi gamefda droebiT, IX

saukunidan ki cnobilia bagration mefeTa klarjul-artanujuli da

taouri saxlebi. safiqrebelia, rom isini yvelani gamomdinareobdnen

speris (baiberdis) fuZe sagvareulo saxlidan.

kidev erTxel mivuTiTebT adoncis frazas _ kantoni speri ekuTvn-

oda bagratid mTavrebs~ (n. adonci, armenia iustinianes epoqaSi, 1908,

gv. 122) da is wyarod miuTiTebs `fausti~, V, 44; sebeosi, 139.

bagrationebs TavianTi gvari aRebuli hqondaT

dedis mxridan

`gadmovida arCil egrisiT da dajda nacixarsa xidrisasa. maSin mo-vida misa mTavari erTi, romeli iyo naTesavisagan daviT winaswarme-tyvelis, saxeliT adarnase, Zmiswuli adarnase brmisa, romlisa mama misi

mzaxebul iyo bagratonianTadve da berZenTa mier dadginebuli iyoerisTavad areTa somxiTisaTa da tyveobasa mas yruisasa STasul iyo igiSvilTa Tana guaram kurapalatisaTa klarjeTs da mun darComil iyo.

iTxova arCilisagan da rqua `ukueTu inebo da myo me viTarca mkvidriSeni, momec queyana~ da misca Sulaveri da artaani~ (qarTlis cxovre-

ba, 1955, I, gv. 243).

qvemoT SevecadoT avxsnaT, rom adarnase mTavari, romelic mivida

mefe arCilTan, iyo daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomavali mamis mxri-

dan, xolo dedis mxridan is iyo bagratoniani (bagrationi), anu Tvi-

Ton am mTavars da mis mamasac bagratoniani qalebi hyavdaT SerTuli,

maTi Svilebi dediT bagrationebi, xolo mamiT `naTesavisagan daviT

winaswarmetyvelisa~ anu ebraelebi iyvnen.

337

es Tvalsazrisi gamomdinareobs wyaroSi naxmari sityvidan `mzaxa-li~. `damzaxeba~ _ niSnavs `damoyvrebas~ (`Zveli qarTuli enis SeerTe-

buli leqsikoni~, 2008, gv. 102). mZaxali axlac colis (rZlis) naTesavia.

`romlisa mama mzaxebel iyo bagratonianTadve~ _ niSnavs, rom adar-

nase mTavris mamasac da TviT adarnasesac bagrationebis qalebi hyav-

da SerTuli, anu bagrationebi adarnases `mzaxlebi~ _ anu naTesavebiiyvnen dedisa da colis mxridan.

`berZenTa mier dadginebul iyo areTa somxiTisaTa~ niSnavs, Sem-

degs _ artaani arCilis samefoSi Sedioda, klarjeTi `berZenTa~ uf-

lebis qveS iyo, xolo danarCeni qvemo mxareebi (tao, TorTomi, speri

da a.S.) _ im momentSi `somxeTis ared~ iTvleboda (herakle keisris

wyalobiT), sadac bizantielTa nebiT mTavrobda adarnase, daviT winas-

warmetyvelis STamomavali.

arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg is (adarnase) moridebia arabebs da klar-

jeTSi gadasula, sadac darCenila sacxovreblad.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arCil qarTlis xosroiani mefis dab-

runebis Semdeg ki, misula masTan da misTvis uTxovia raTa mieRo

qveynis mkvidrad da Caericxa samefo erisTavTa wreSi.

arCilma Seusrula Txovna da misca samflobelod qarTlis same-

fos artaanisa da Sulavris provinciebi.

maSasadame, adarnases ukve ufleba gaaCnda sam qarTul provin-

ciaze; 1. misi imJamindeli mamulebi bizantiis xeldebul klarjeTSi

iyo; 2. amave dros is iyo qarTlis samefos erisTavi; 3. xolo misi

Zirimamuli tao-speris mxareebi iyo.

klarjeTi, artaani, da tao _ bagrationTa qveynebad iqca.

maSasadame, adarnase mTavari, Tavdapirvelad, dadgenili iyo somx-

eTis areTa erisTavad~ (igulisxmeba imJamad armeniis qarTuli mxa-

reebi tao-speri da basiani), aqedan Semdeg arabobis gamo gadasula

klarjeTSi (bizantielTa xeldebul qveyanaSi).

klarjeTis mezobeli artaanisa da Sulaveris qveynebi~ arCilis same-

foSi Sedioda. SemdegSi isini (es qveynebi) gadaeca adarnase bagrati-

ons arCilis mier.

(aqedanaa Semdgomi titulebi artanujeli xelmwife~, klarjeli

xelmwife, taoeli anu qarTvelTa mefe~, radganac tao iveriad iwode-

boda, rogorc somexTa, ise bizantielTa mier).

338

berZnuli sakariskaco titulebi

berZnuli sakariskaco titulebi ar hqondaT farnavazian-xosroian

mefeebs, magram VI s-dan is damkvidrda qarTul samefo karze, am titu-

lis mqoneTagan pirveli, iyo klarjeTis erisTavi guram bagrationi,

vaxtang gorgaslis siZe, romelic avida samefo taxtze. mis Semdgom

es titulebi (`kurapalati~ da sxva) vidre XII s-mde hqondaT qarTvel

mefe-erisTavebs.

Cemi azriT, es tituli iqamde hqondaT lazikis (e.i. klarjeTis)

basilevsebs (erisTavebs) da qarTlSi gamefebis Semdeg (igulisxmeba

guram bagrationi VI s-Si) is (tituli) SeinarCunes.

SesaZloa, aseTi bizantiuri titulebi abazg erisTavebsac hqon-

daT (e.i. VI-VII ss.) da roca saqarTvelos taxtze avidnen Zveli ti-

tulebic dainarCunes).

SesaZloa, pirveli bagrationebi iyvnen legitimuri memkvidreebi

lazTa anu klarjTa~ mefeebisa~ anu im lazTa mefeebisa~, romelT-

ac berZnul-bizantiuri samefo kari aniWebda samefo titulebsa da

sigelebs (amas unda miuTiTebdes pirveli bagrationi mefeebis titu-

latura klarjeli xelmwife~).

(Cans, am legitimuri~ uflebiT aRWurvil-gamSvenierebuli guaram

I bagrationi Sevida xosroinTa samefo ojaxSi viTarca siZe vaxtang

gorgaslis dros, xolo SemdegSi ki bagrationebma arCil mefis same-

fo saxlis memkvidreoba miiRes).

339

taoelebi arian-qarTvelTa~ memkvidreebi

taosa da `zemo qveyanaTa~ mkvidri mosaxleoba odesRac àrian-

qarTvelebad~ iwodeboda, da am mxareebSi ZvelTaganve cxovrobda.

g. meliqiSvilis mtkicebiT arian-qarTlis samefo mdebareobda iberi-

is im miwebze, romelic armeniam Zv.w. II saukuneSi miitaca iberiisagan.

I saukuneSi, roca gaZlierda mcxeTis iberiis samefo, imdenad, rom

somxeTis samefo taxtze qarTvelebi adiodnen, albaT, es `zemo qvey-

nebic~ gaTavisufldnen somexTa batonobisagan.

yovel SemTxvevaSi VI-VII saukuneebSi aq yofila ìverTa samTavro~

vaSdenis meTaurobiT, maleve aq Camoyalibda `qarTvelTa samefo~.

faqti imisa, rom swored taosa da mimdebare regionebsa da mis

mosaxleobas uwodebdnen ucxoelebi iberiasa~ da iberebs~, Tanamed-

rove saqarTvelos ki afxazeTs~, miuTiTebs, rom ucxoelebisaTvisac

taoelebi qarTvelebi iyvnen. amitomac ewoda kidec aq Camoyalibebul

samefos `qarTvelTa samefo~. Cans, aRniSnul miwa-wyalze mcxovreb

àrian-qarTvelebs~ iberielebis saxeliT icnobdnen ucxoelebi. es

eTnosi cxovrobda aq istoriulad da maT X-XI ss-mdec miuRweviaT.

amis Tqmis saWiroeba gamowveulia CvenSi gabatonebuli azris gamo,

romlis mixedviTac am mxareTa ZiriTadi mosaxleoba TiTqosda eTni-

kuri somxebi iyvnen, romelnic gaqarTveldnen~ da amiT Seadgines am

regionis qarTuli masa.

araa swori mtkiceba, TiTqosda taoSi Casaxldnen qalkedoneli

somxebi, `gaqarTveldnen~ da Semdeg ki ase vTqvaT jaWvuri reaqciis

saxiT `gaqarTvelda~ zemo qveynebis qalkedonuri somxuri mosaxle-

obac.

sinamdvileSi procesi iyo piriqiT _ iqamde armeniaSi (bizantiur

Tu persarmeniaSi) moqceuli qarTveloba, romelic somxurma ekle-

siam daiqvemdebara, arabobis epoqaSi nawilobriv gaTavisuflda som-

xuri eklesiis uRlisagan, arabobis gamo somxebis Zalis Sesustebis

Semdeg iqaurma qarTvelobam aRidgina Tavisi identoba, daibruna

erovnuli saxe.

stefanos taronci (asoRiki) wers: lmobierebiT daviT kurapalati

yvelas aRemateboda, misi wyalobiT damyarda mSvidoba somxeTsa da

340

iberiaSi~ (Асохик, 198, narkv. II, gv. 486). aq, cxadia, iberiis qveS taos

anu `qarTvelTa~ samefo igulisxmeba.

mkvidri mosaxleobis erTguleba (X s.)

daviT kurapalatis mier `zemo qveyanaTa~ floba miuTiTebs, rom

am qveyanaTa aznaur-didebulebi da, Sesabamisad, mkvidri mosaxleoba

warmoadgenda am `flobis~ politikur sayrdens.

imJamindeli socialuri viTarebis gamo romelime teritoriaze

mkvidri mosaxleobis erTgulebis gareSe aravis SeeZlo politikuri

nebis ganxorcieleba. magaliTad, roca bagrat IV-s siymawvilis wleb-

Si didebuli taoeli aznaurebi `warvides saberZneTs~ anu keisris

mxareze gadavidnen (`gandges kualad aznaurni~, warvida CanCaxi fale-

li saberZneTs, misca cixe garylobisa, mierTo berZenTa~ da aseve

sxvebi) - amis Sedegad taoSi Seirya bagrat IV-is mmarTveloba, miTu-

metes, rom didebulebma `eric aaRelves da aamoZraves~, anu taos

mkvidri mosaxleobac berZenTa mxares gadaixara. aman cxadia Searyia

mefis mmarTveloba (Tu ara saba mtbevari da ezra anCel episkopose-

bis gmiruli Tavdadeba, qveyana daikargeboda) Sesabamisad, msgavsadve,

Tu ara zemo qveyanaTa~ xalxis erTguleba qarTvelTa mefis mimarT,

daviT kurapalati am qveynebs ver daiWerda.

marTalia, bizantiam daviT kurapalats dauTmo zemoni qveyanani~,

magram daviTma es qveynebi realurad daiWira ara bizantielTa dax-

marebiT, aramed mkvidri mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT. es mxardaWera da

saocari erTguleba kargad aqvs aRwerili aristakes lastivertecis.

magaliTad, daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg am qveynebSi

gabatoneba inebes bizantielebma, mkvidrma mosaxleobam maT winaaRm-

degoba gauwia, ris gamoc bizantielebi daundoblad da masiurad

xocavdnen xalxs, ar indobdnen arc moxucs, axalgazrdas, qals Tu

bavSvs, mospes uamravi sofeli, daba da qalaqi, daangries mTeli mxa-

reebi da qveynebi.

341

cxadia, `zemo qveyanaTa~, mkvidr mosaxleobas SeeZlo imTaviTve

mimxroboda bizantielebs, ganecxadebinaT erTguleba keisris mima-

rT, gamoexataT orguloba qarTvelTa mefis mimarT, bolos SeeZloT

bizantiuri jaris imediT ajanyebuliyvnen kidec qarTvelTa winaaRm-

deg, magram ara, mkvidri mosaxleobis erTguleba da Tavdadeba qarTu-

li saxelmwifos mimarT mtkice iyo. da, piriqiT, roca bizantielebma

SemdegSi SeZles am mxareTa dapyroba, sakmaod xSir ajanyebebs keis-

ris winaaRmdeg qarTvelebi edgnen saTaveSi, magaliTad feris jojikis

Ze, zaqaria valaSkerteli da sxvebi.

riT iyo ganpirobebuli qarTvelTa mimarT e.w. `zemo qveyanaTa~

mosaxleobis erTguleba? Cveni azriT es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom

zemo qveyanaTa mkvidri mosaxleobis umetesi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen

da maTi erTguleba nacionalur safuZvels eyrdnoboda.

arsebobs sxva Tvalsazrisi, romelic gabatonebulia Tanamedrove

istoriografiaSi, rom mkvidri mosaxleoba iyo ara eTnikuri qarTve-

lebi, aramed e. w. qalkedoniti somxebi. Tu isini qarTvelebi ar iyvnen

da mxolod sarwmunoebis gamo debdnen Tavs qarTvelobis mimarT,

gana ufro Zvel marTlmadideblebad berZnebi ar miiCneoda? zemo

qveynebs xom qarTveli mefeebi sul ramdenime aTeuli weli marTavd-

nen, isic didi gaWirvebiT, maT xan mahmadianebTan, xan ki berZnebTan

uxdebodaT brZola. amitomac ismis kiTxva, rogor moxda, rom miuxe-

davad berZenTa mier zemo qveynebis~ dapyrobisa da mosaxleobis kon-

stantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi Sesvlisa, mainc am mov-

lenaTa Semdeg, saukuneTa manZilze, aRniSnul qveynaTa mkvidri mo-

saxleoba mtkiced qarTvelobda da saepiskoposoebic. maSasadame, ek-

lesiebic qarTuli hqondaT? erTi aseTia vTqvaT valaSkertis qarTuli

saepiskoposo, romelic TiTqmis vidre XVII saukunemde arsebobda.

342

ganmaTavisuflebeli laSqrobaxalxis mxardaWeriT (X s.)

989 wels barda fokas ajanyebis dacxromis Semdeg ajanyebis Tana-

monawile daviT kurapalati iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi samflobeloe-

bi basili II-isaTvis eanderZebina. magram, amis Semdegac man ilaSqra

vanis tbis mimarTulebiT da 990 wels aiRo Zalze mniSvnelovani qalaq

manaskerti, romelic, asoRikis cnobiT, qarTvelebiTa da somxebiT

daasaxla, radganac is damarcxebul mahmadianebs miutovebiaT.

qarTvelTa xelSi vanis tbis mimdebare qveynebi XI s-is pirvel aTeul

wlebamde iyo.

am qveynebSi (armeniis iveriul zolSi) mravali qarTveli marTl-

madilebeli qristiani cxovrobda, romelTac TavianTi samrevloebi,

eklesiebi da saepiskoposoebic ki hqondaT, Cans, swored isini iyvnen

gaerTianebulni taos samamamTavroSi, erT-erTi udidesi saepisko-

poso am mxareebSi iyo valaSkertisa.

episkoposi valaSkerteli qarTuli eklesiis ierarqiaSi saukune-

Ta manZilze Sedioda.

`marTalia, im politikuri marcxis gamo, mas rom 989 wels SeemTxva,

daviT kurapalati iZulebuli Seiqmna Tavisi samflobelo bizantiisimperiisTvis eanderZa, magram albaT, mainc fiqrobda am mdgomareobisgamosworebas da amis sakompensaciod 90-ian wlebSi iwyebs im did dapy-

robiT omebs, romelTa Sedegad xelT igdebs mTel rig somxur provin-ciebs~ (narkv. II, gv. 487).

sabWouri epoqis istorikosebs am sakiTxSi ver daveTanxmebiT, rom

TiTqos qarTvelTa omebi am mimarTulebiT iyo `dapyrobiTi~, omebi

`somxuri provinciebs xelSi Casagdebad~.

daviT kurapalatis omebi vanis tbis mimarTulebiT iyo ara dapy-

robiTi, aramed ganmaTavisuflebeli.

is im Turqul tomebs ebrZoda, romelTac vanis tbis midamoebi

daipyres.

es teritoriebi qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblos nawili iyo, am

adgilebTan ixila qsenofontem qarTvelTa tomebi, strabonis cno-

biT, am mxareebTan axlos mdebareobda xorZena, iqve gogarena da par-

iadres kalTebi, romelnic armeniam iberiisagan miitaca.

343

mitacebis miuxedavad iq darCnen da saukuneTa manZilze cxovrobd-

nen aqaur qarTul tomTa STamomavalni, romelTac daviT kurapala-

tis qarTvelTa samefos gafarTovebam erovnul-qarTuli identoba

gamoucocxla. ase, rom am e.w. `somxur provinciebSi~ ZirZveli

qarTvelebic cxovrobdnen da am mxareebSi qarTvelTa gamarjvebebi

aCvenebs, rom maTi ricxvi mcire ar yofila.

daviTis triumfaluri, moulodneli gamarjvebebis ZiriTadi mizezi

unda yofiliyo adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis mxardaWera.

qarTuli warmoSobis mosaxleoba ormagad iyo aRfrTovanebuli

qarTuli jaris maT qveyanaSi SesvliT, radganac somxuri eklesiis

uRlisaganac Tavisufldebodnen da qarTul saxelmwifoebriobasac

ibrunebdnen.

isini iyvnen ara e. w. `somexi qalkedonitebi~ aramed eTnikuri

qarTvelebi, somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis arasomxuri mrevli,

romelic eloda xelsayrel moments religiur-eklesiuri Tavisu-

flebis mosapoveblad. es momenti ki maT daviT kurapalatis dros

daudgaT.

Tu ra uTanasworo iyo qarTvelTa brZola manaskertis, xlaTis,

berkrisa Tu arWeSis gasaTavisufleblad iqedanac Cans, rom magali-

Tad manaskertisa da xlaTis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg mahmadianebma

100 000-iani laSqari Sekribes qarTul jarTan saomrad, qarTvelebma

ki maT Zlies sul ramdenime aTasi jariskaciT (6000 mxedari gaigzav-

na feris jojikis Zis sardlobiT).

aseT gamarjvebas 100 000-ian jarTan qarTuli jari ver SeZlebda,

Tu ara adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWera.

valaSkertSi, sadac qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedra idga, mniSvnelo-

vani odenobis qarTuli mrevlis cxovrebaze SeiZleba is faqtic miu-

TiTebdes, rom manaskertis brZolebis dros daviT kurapalatis

laSqari valaSkertSi dabanakda, albaT imis gamoc, rom aq Tavs dac-

ulad grZnobda mkvidri mosaxleobis keTilganwyobis gamo, radganac

somxuri mosaxleoba qarTuli jaris mimarT keTilganwyobili ar iyo.

somxur mosaxleobaSi nergavdnen azrs, TiTqosda qarTuli jari

maT somxur saeklesio siwmindeebs bilwavda.

344

stefanos taronelma (asoRiki) gaavrcela cnoba, rom qalaq xla-

Tis aRebisaTvis gacxarebuli omis dros qalaqgareT mdebare mitove-

buli somxuri eklesiebi qarTvelma jariskacebma `gadaaqcies Tavle-

bad da sadgomebad iberielTa laSqrisaTvis~ (asoRiki, gv. 193, narkv.

II, gv. 487).

qarTvelebi am cxare ganmaTavisuflebeli omis dros, Cans, mainc

da mainc ar endobodnen somxebs, piriqiT, isini ar miaCndaT myar

dasayrdenad, es Cans, iqidan, rom, q. xlaTis somxuri eklesiebis Tav-

lebad gadaqcevis Semdeg qarTveli jariskacebi ambobdnen _ `Cven

erTnair mniSvnelobas vaZlevT musulmanur da somxur salocavebs~

(iqve, gv. 193).

eklesiebis Tavlebad gamoyenebiT gaocebuli mahmadianebi qalaqis

kedlebTan mimdgar qarTvelebs uyvirodnen _ ase scemT qristianebi

pativs qristianul salocavebs? amaze iberielebi pasuxobdnen - `CvenerTnairad vuyurebT somxur eklesias da Tqvens meCeTs~ (asoRiki, gv.

193, narkv. II, gv. 487).

aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli jarisa da qarTuli ganmanTavisuflebe-

li moZraobis dasayrdeni vanis tbis qveynebSi iyo ara somxuri, aramed

adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleoba.

asoRiki wers, rom daviT kurapalati `somexTa mowyale~ xelmwife

iyo, radganac is qristianebis qveyanas dampyroblisagan aTavisuflebda.

Tavis mxriv mahmadianTagan gaTavisuflebuli mxareebis qarTveloba

Tavisufldeboda ara mxolod mahmadianebisgan, aramed somxuri ek-

lesiis batonobisaganac.

vanis tbis mimarTulebiT mcxovrebi qarTvelebisaTvis daviT kura-

palati ormagi ganmaTavisuflebeli iyo.

mkvidri qarTvelebis ricxvi ki am mxareebSi Zalze didi iyo, razec,

rogorc iTqva am mxareebSi qarTuli saepiskoposos arseboba miu-

TiTebs, igulisxmeba CvenTvis cnobili valaSkertis kaTedra, savar-

audod aq CvenTvis ucnobi sxva qarTuli kaTedrebic unda yofiliyo.

somxuri da mahmadianuri zewolisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg aqau-

ri qarTvelebi udidesi energiiT avsebdnen daviT kurapalatis

laSqars, es apirobebda qarTvelTa swraf marSs vanis tbis sanapiro

qveynebSi.

345

asoRiki wers, da mas eTanxmebian istorikosebi, rom daviT kurapa-

lati vanis tbis mimdebare gaTavisuflebul da SemoerTebul qalaqebSi

`qarTvelebsa da somxebs asaxlebda~.

ismis kiTxva, saidan unda moeyvana daviTs qarTuli mosaxleoba

aseT Soreul qveyanaSi? taodan?

tao TviTon iyo mcire qveyana, unda vifiqroT, rom mahmadianTagan

gaTavisuflebul qalaqebSi daviT kurapalati asaxlebda am qalaqeb-

is irgvliv mdebare soflebSi mcxovreb qarTul da somxur mosaxle-

obas, qarTvelebi da somxebi ki iqve cxovrobdnen, gaTavisuflebuli

qalaqebis mimdebare soflebSi.

iqamde es qarTvelebi ar Candnen, radganac isini somxuri eklesiis

mrevlSi iricxebodnen, kurapalatis laSqrobebma ki maTi identoba

warmoaCina, amiT gulmicemulebma ukve daufaravad ganacxades, rom

isini ara somxebi, aramed eTnikuri qarTvelebi iyvnen, amiT unda aix-

snas qarTvelTa ricxovnobis saocari zrda taos mimdebare qveynebSi

da ara e.w. somexTa gaqalkedonitebiT~ e.w. gaqarTvelebiT.vanistbispira qarTvelobis bedi saqarTvelos politikur wreebs

didxans, aRelvebda, da mis gadaWras cdilobdnen yoveli xelsayre-

li momentis dros. magaliTad, saqarTvelos gaZlierebam XIII sauku-

nis daswyisSi kvlav gaaqtiura es sakiTxi da gadawyda vanistpispireT-

Si samxedro eqspediciis mowyoba. `1204-1210 wlebSi qarTvelTa sam-

xedro eqspediciebi umTavresad mimarTuli iyo vanis tbis regionisak-

en~ (a. TvaraZe, V jvarosnuli laSqroba..., macne, istoriis seria,

2012, 2. gv. 37).

Semdgom saukuneebSi, samcxe saaTabagos samTavromac miaRwia val-

aSkertamde, Cans amave mizezis gamo, Tumca am droisaTvis vanistbi-

spireTis qarTvelobas ZiriTad mTlianad hqonda dakarguli iden-

toba da gasomxebuli iyo.

armeniis iberiuli zolis qarTvelobis armenizacia kidev ufro

daaCqara Tamar mefis epoqaSi Wyondidelobis institutis damarcxe-

bam da Zalovani struqturebis somex mxargrZelTa xelSi gadasvlam.

mxargrZelT miecaT kidec armeniis iberiuli zolis mTavari naw-

ilebi samarTavad. am faqts gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieca araqsispi-

ra da vanistbispira iberielebis saboloo armenizaciisas.

346

Tavi XII

iberiis Temi

iberiis Temi (XI s.)

(p. ingoroyva)

1021-1023 wlebSi bizantiis imperatori basili bulgarTmmusvre-

li saTaveSi Caudga Tavis jars, romlic trapezuntidan Sevida da

basianSi SeebrZola saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-s. am omSi damarcxe-

bis gamo saqarTvelom dakarga `zemo qveyanani~. àm teritoriebidan

Seiqmna ori Temi~ (olqi) bizantiis imperiis farglebSi: erTi _ Teo-

dosiopolis Temi, romelic moicavda dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi

mdebare zonas (arzrumis mxare), meore olqi, romelsac bizantielebma

daarqves ìberiis Temi~, aerTianebda Tavis farglebSi samxreT taos

samflobelos, basianis mxares da arawanis xeobis mimdgom raionebs~

(p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 526).

Tumca, arsebobs mosazrebac, rom iberiis Temis dedaqalaqi iyo

Teodosiopolisi, maSasadame, is iberiis TemSi Sedioda.

rogorc iTqva, arawanis (aRmosavleT evfratis) saTave vanis tbasTan

axloa.

iberiis da Teodosiopolis (erzrumis) Temebs Soris moqceuli iyo

bizanasa da olnutis saepiskoposoebi, aqve (bizanasa da olnuts Sua)

iyo xorZena, istoriuli mxare. is taronis provinciis Crdilo sazR-

varTan mdebareobda. xorZenas CrdiloeTiT ki manralia iyo. manra-

lia, somxuri VII s. geografiiT, samxreT egrisis qveynis mxares erqva.

ìberiis Temi~ bizantiis SemadgenlobaSi 1023-1074 wlebSi iyo, 1068

wels iberiis Tems SeuerTda karis mxare (is karis somexma mefem gagikma

dauTmo bizantias), iberiis Tems SeuerTda anisic. andakis saepiko-

poso karidan 60-ode km-iT iyo daSorebuli.

347

lazikis eparqia moicavda istoriul samxreT egriss (Semdgom qal-

deas Tems), aseve Teodosiopolisisa da iberiis Temebs.

iberiis Temi bizantiis istoriis~ mixedviT

(История Византии, T. 2, М. 1967)

1967 w. moskovSi dastambul bizantiis istoriis~ II tomSi naTqva-

mia: imperatorma basili bulgarTmmusvrelma mniSvnelovnad gaafar-

Tova imperiis sazRvrebi Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mcire aziaSi _ ar-

meniasa da iveriaSi. 990 wels man ilaSqra kavkasiaSi iveriis mmarT-

vel daviTisa da bagratidebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic daexmarnen bar-

da fokas. bagratidebisa da daviTis gaerTianebuli jari damarcxda.

daviTma aRiara bizantiaze damokidebuleba da misi Zalauflebis qveS

mdebare miwebi imperators uanderZa. 1001 wels daviTi gardaicvala.

iveriis zogierTma didebulma ar ineba daviTis anderZis cnoba da

basili saswrafod kavkasiaSi gaemgzavra. taos olqis didebulebi

valdebulni iyvnen damorCilebodnen, Sida iveriis arxontma uari

ganacxada ecno es anderZi.

magram imperiis poziciebis ganmtkiceba iveriasa da armeniaSi basil-

ma mxolod Tavisi mefobis dasasruls SeZlo, 1021-1024 wlebis laSqro-

bisas basili II-m ramdenjerme daamarcxa afxazeTis mmarTveli gior-

gi, SeZlo aRekveTa misi mcdeloba Seekra samxedro kavSiri al-xakimTan

da ajanyebul samxedro didebulebTan, giorgi iZulebuli gaxda ecno

imperiisadmi damokidebuleba, mZevlad misca imperators Tavisi Ze

bagrati.

am laSqrobebis dros vaspurakanis mmarTvelma gadasca basils

Tavisi miwebi. 1020 wels gardacvlili anisis mefis gagik I-is Zem,

smbatma aseve dado basilTan xelSekruleba, imis msgavsad, romelic

basilTan adre dado daviTma.

am SematebaTa Sedegad, imperiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT warmoiSva

axali Temebi: vaspurakani, iveria da Teodosiopolisi~ (ИсторияВизантии, T. 2, М. 1967, стр. 225).

348

manralia da mardalia _ iberiis Temis

ZiriTadi nawilebi


n. mari Wan-lazebs iberebs uwodebda, megruls ki iveriul enas.

somxuri geografiiT, samxreT egrisSi Semavali olqebi manralia da

mardalia (basianis samxreT-dasavleTiT) iberiis Temis nawilebs Sead-

gendnen.

somxuri geografiiT samxreT egrisis anu `egris~ qveyana moicavda

Wanikas, lazeTs, manralias da egrivs. n. adonci, istoriuli geografi-

is sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mcodne, manraliasa da mardalias olqe-

bis mdebareobas Teodosiopolis-arzrumis samxreTiT da samxreT-

aRmosavleTiT gansazRvravda. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, es mxareebi

(olqebi) XI s-is bizantiuri iberiis Temis centralur nawilebs war-

moadgendnen, anu egri da samxreT iberia erTmaneTs faravdnen. iqve

iyo iberiis Temis sxva nawilebi, anu samxreTis am mxareebSi iberia da

egri (egrisi) erTmaneTs faravdnen. iberiisa da egrisis igiveoba Zvel

epoqaSi albaT arc iyo gasakviri, radganac protoqarTuli enis da

Semdeg misgan miRebuli e.w. zanur-qarTuli enis diferenciacia

gamyreliZisa da maWavarianis mixedviT daiwyo axali welTaRricxvis

dasawyisSi (`welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze~, T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani,

`sonantTa sistema~), anu egriselTa da iberTa ena erTi da igive yofila

jer kidev axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi, SesaZloa, isini I aTas-

wleulSi erTmaneTis mimarT Zalze axlo mdgom dialeqtebs warmoad-

gendnen, imdenad axlos myof, rom maT qristianuli RvTismsaxurebi-

saTvis SemoiRes orive tomisaTvis saerTo ena, romelsac amJamad Zve-

li qarTuli ena~ ewodeba.

enobrivi mTlianobis gamo taos samxreTiT iberiis Temi da egris

olqi erT mTlianobas Seadgendnen ara mxolod geografiulad, aramed

eTnikuradac.

349

basianelni anu mesxni

qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT (IX-XI ss.)

IX-XI saukuneebis saqarTvelos yovel saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmnSi

mcxovreb qarTvelobas saxeli sakuTari kuTxis mixedviT hqonda miRe-

buli. magaliTad, afxazeTis samefos xalxs erqva - afxazebi, kaxeTi-

sas _ kaxelni, taos da qarTlis `qarTvelTa samefos~ xalxs _

`qarTvelni~, vis erqva mesxni IX-XI ss-Si?

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnul saukuneTa wyaroebSi `mesxi~ gvxvdeba

mas Semdeg, rac basianis provincia Semovida qarTul politikur sam-

yaroSi. pirvelad es moxda taos mefis daviT kurapalatis dros, ro-

melmac `zemoni qveyanani~, anu Teodosiopol-basianis mxareebi Se-

moierTa. rogorc cnobilia, `mesxi~ am dros pirvelad iqna moxsenie-

buli matiane qarTlisaisaSi _ `gamovida Teodosi saberZneTiT, movidasamcxes da dadga margis meres, uxmobda mesxTa aznaurTa~ (q.c., I, gv. 270).

sityva `mesxi~ saxel `basianTan~ unda iyos dakavSirebuli eti-

mologiuradac, rogorc cnobilia xi~ vinaoba-sadaurobis mawarmoe-

beli sufiqsia _ kolxi, kaxi da sxva. basianis, anu fasianis mcxovrebs

`basxi~ _ mesxi unda rqmeoda (rogorc, es daamtkica p. ingoroyvam

afxazeTis mxareTa ganxilvis dros).

Semdeg sityva `mesxi~ ixsenieba bagrat IV-sTan kavSirSi, roca is

saberZneTidan dabrunda, movida, jer arzrum-basianis qveyanaSi, radga-

nac trapezuntidan gza jer iq adioda. aq mas daxvdnen _ didebulni,erisTavni, aznaurni taoelni, mesxni da qarTvelni~ (q. c., I, gv. 284).

aq `qarTveli~ niSnavs yofili `qarTlis samefos~ xalxs, taoelni

niSnavs yofili `taos samefos~ xalxs (taos bolo mefe iyo daviT

didi kurapalati), xolo mesxni ki unda niSnavdes basianis qveynis

xalxs, anu am SemTxvevaSi basianel didebulebs.

ratom unda Sexvedrodnen bagrat IV-s basianelebi, es provincia

xom mis mamas, giorgi I-s imperiam CamoarTva?

saqme isaa, rom miuxedavad damarcxebisa, giorgi I-s imperatorma

basilim SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad dautova calkeuli adgilebi da sof-

lebi zemo qveynebSi~.

matiane wers _ yves mSvidoba da daizavnes da misca giorgi mefeman...

qveyana, romeli hqonda daviT kurapalatsa taosa, basians, kola-artan-

350

Ta da javaxeTs. xolo romelime ama qveyanaTagan eklesiani, sofelni daadgilni daulocna giorgi mefesa~ (q. c., I, gv. 288).

maSasadame, bagrat IV-is mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifos ekuTvnoda taosa, basiansa da kola-artaan-javaxeTSi zo-

gierTi eklesia, sofeli da adgili. am soflebisa da adgilebis, aseve

eklesiebis ricxvi, cxadia, arc Tu mcire iqneboda, radganac isini

TviT basili imperatorma dauloca giorgi mefes~, anu locva-ficiT

miarTva. swored am adgilebis didebulebi, erisTavebi da aznaurebi,

(TavianTi Tanmxlebi laSqriT) Sexvdnen bagrat IV-s bizantiidan dab-

runebisas.

es adgilebi yofila taoSi, basianSi, da kola-artaan-javaxeTSi,

aqaurebs ki erqvaT taoelni, mesxni da qarTvelni~, anu taodan _ tao-elebi, basianidan mesxebi, kola-artan-javaxeTidan _ qarTvelebi, anuam qarTvelobas saxelebi erqvaT TavianTi mxareebis momcveli poli-

tikur administraciuli erTeulebis saxelebis mixedviT. imJamad,

Cans, es samxareo saxelwodebani jer kidev ar atarebda Camoyali-

bebul eTnografiul niSans, aramed aRniSnavda mxolod qveynis macxov-

reblebs, magram Semdgom saukuneebSi am saxelebma kuTxur-eTnikuri

niSani SeiZines.

saukuneTa politikuri sazRvrebis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad ku-

TxeTa mcxovreblebis saxelebic icvleboda. Sua saukuneebSi, mas Sem-

deg, rac daiSala erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, `qarTvelni~

daerqvaT qarTlis samefos mcxovrebT, xolo mesxni daerqvaT sam-

cxe-saaTabagos mcxovrebT, magram X s-is dasawyisSi ase ar yofila,

Cvens wyaroebSi, rogorc iTqva, `qarTveli~ iyo kola-artan-javaxe-

li, e.i. qarTvelTa samefoSi mcxovrebi, xolo mesxi~ _ basianelni.

XI-XII ss-Si, rac gauqmda e.w. `qarTvelTa samefo~, `mesxis~ mniS-

vneloba gaizarda imiT, rom `mesxebs~ axla uwodebdnen samcxe-tao-

basianis mcxovrebT, bagrat IV-is drosve `gamoiyvana mawyverelman

mesxni Svelad mefisa... liparit Sekribna kaxni~ (q. c., I, gv. 300).

aq `mesxi~ samcxe-taoel-javaxelia, kaxi ki kaxeTis mcxovrebi.

mesxni arian kalmaxisa da artanujis, misi mimdebare qarTuli qvey-

nebis mcxovrebni. sula erisTavman kalmaxisagan, grigol erisTavman

artanujisagan SeaerTes sityva da Seiwvivnes maT Tana sxvanica aznurni

mesxni~ (iqve, gv. 301).

351

erTian saxelmwifoSi `qarTli~ mxolod Sida qarTls ewodeboda,

amitomac samxreT saqarTvelos mcxovrebni mesxebad iwodnen. mesxni

aznaurni da zemosa kerZisani Zlierad dges axalqalaqs~ (q. c., I, gv.

306) _ igulisxmeba sultan arfasaranis Semosevebis dro. giorgi II

`gardmovida samcxes, moirTna mesxni~ (gv. 316).

daviT aRmaSeneblis dros, roca Turqebma tao-basiani daiWires,

maT winaaRmdeg ubrZana, anu acnoba qarTvelTa da mesxTa, raTa klar-

jeTs dauxvdnen paemansa~ (q.c., I, gv. 333). TviTon ki quTaisidan laSqriT

ganvlo zRvispiri xufaTis gziT Sevida klarjeTSi da SeebrZola

Turqebs basianSi.

maSasadame, saxeli mesxi IX-XII ss-Si jer kidev ar atarebda satomo-

eTnikur niSans, aramed ewodeboda sxvadasxva regionalur-adminis-

traciuli erTeulis SigniT mcxovrebT zogad mesxeTis sazRvrebSi.

anisi _ iberiis Temis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi,

erevani _ `saqarTvelos qalaqi~

`iberiis TemSi, anu iberiis sakatepanoSi Sedioda imier tao, Crdi-

lo basiani, olTisi, TorTomi, kola, artaani, SavSeTi, javaxeTi da

e.w. zemoni qveyanani~ _ araqs-evfratis auzSi mdebare vrceli eTni-

kurad araerTgvarovani mosaxleobiT iyo dasaxlebuli teritoria,

romelSic mravalricxovnobis gamo dominantur eTnoss iberebi anu

qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. am Tems qarTvelTa siWarbis gamo `iveriis

fema~ anu Temi uwodes bizantielebma. am saxelis miniWebis dros bi-

zantielebi gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen iberebs daviT kurapalatis memkvi-

dreobisaTvis. es brZola ise iyo gamZafrebuli, rom TviT impera-

torebi winamZRvrobdnen iberiaSi mebrZol TavianT jarebs. mravali

marcxiTa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis winaaRmdegobiT gamwarebul

basili II keisars isic ki ukadrebia, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT,

rom Zelicxovlis wmida saswaulTmoqmedi jvris mimarT upativcemu-

loba gamouCenia, miwaze dausvenebia da sajarod ganucxadebia _ arRa-

ra Tayvanis gce ukunisamde~, Tuki am omSi qarTvelebi (iverebi) gai-

352

marjvebeno~. ufro meti, basili II-is saflavis warweraSi imperiisa-

Tvis yvelaze saZulvel xalxTa Soris iberebi yofilan dasaxelebu-

li. iberTa saxeli, imJamad, arcTu kargad JRerda bizantiel xelis-

ufalTa yurSi. amis miuxedavad, isini iZulebuli gaxdnen TavianTi

imperiis erTerTi nawilisaTvis mainc `iberiis Temi~ ewodebinaT da

sabolood dapyrobil iberias bizantielebma iberiis Temi~ uwodes.

imJamad maTTvis miuRebel saxels bizantielebi TavianT Tems ar

uwodebdnen, Tu ara iZuleba imisa, rom es miwa-wyli iberebisad anu

qarTvelebisad iwodeboda sayovelTaod. es miwa-wyali ZiriTadad

iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, radganac adgilobrivma mkvidrma mosax-

leobam am urTules epoqaSi moaxerxa TviTidentifikacia, daufara-

vad aRiara Tavisi vinaoba, rom is eTnikurad iyo ara somexi, aramed

qarTveli anu iberi, marTalia, kulturulad garkveulwilad armeni-

zebuli, magram ara im doniT, rom Tavisi eTnikuri vinaoba ver gaerkvia.

ufo metic, iberebTan mebrZol bizantielebs adgilobrivi mosaxle-

oba ebrZoda viTarca eTnikuri iberebi, da ara viTarca e.w. `somexi-

qalkedonitebi~. bizantielebisaTvis es omi iber xalxTan omi iyo da

ara omi marTlmadideblebTan, rogorc xataven aruTinova-fidaniani

da sxvani. am omisas bizantielTa winaSe mkvidri mosaxleoba Tuki

eTnikur somxebad waradgenda Tavis Tavs xocva-Jletasa da ojaxis

aoxrebas Tavs daaRwevda. am epoqis omebis aRmweri a. lastiverteci

kargad aRwers am iberiaSi iberebisa da maTi sofel-qalaqebis rbeva-

aoxrebas bizantielTa mier.

mogvianebiT iberiis Temis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida klarjeTis miwa-

wyali, xolo konstantine X monomaqosis dros (1042-55) _ Siraqis

samefo da qalaqi anisi, romelic iberiis Temis dedaqalaqad iqca

1045 wlisaTvis. aqac, rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad qarTvelebma anu

iberebma kargad gaarkvies, rom isini eTnikuri qarTvelebi iynen. ase-

Ti vinaobaaRorZinebuli xalxi mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawilad iqca,

amitomac maTi olqebic SeuerTes iberiis Tems, iberiis Tems Crdi-

lo-aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda qarTvelTa da vanandis samefoebi

(qarTvelTa samefosTan sazRvari banis wyalze gadioda), dasavleTiT

bizantiis administraciuli erTeuli _ qaldiis Temi, samxreT-dasav-

leTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT taronisa da vaspurakanis olqebi.

353

Temma arseboba Sewyvita seljukTa Semosevebis Sedegad 1072-1074

wlebSi (qse, 5, 1980, gv. 68).

iberiis Temis didi nawili iyo daviT kurapalatis memkvidreoba~,

anu is miwa-wyali, romelic daviT III-m uanderZa keisars. daviT III-is

samemkvidreo samflobelos Seadgenda imier tao Crdilo basianiTurT.

979 wels ajanyebuli barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg gaweuli daxmare-

bisaTvis bizantiam daviTs gadasca `zemoni qveyanani saberZneTisani,

raTa Tavis sicocxlesa hqondin~ (g. mTawmideli).

XI s-is somexi istorikosis stefanoz taronelis (asoRiki) cno-

biT, es qveynebi iyo: cixe xaltoY-ariWi da masTan mdebare klisura

dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi, Cormairis Temi md. Woroxis saTaveebT-

an, karini anu Teodosiopoli Tavisi TemiT, cixe sevuki mardaliis

kantonSi, md. araqsis saTaveebTan, harkisa da apaunikis provinciebi

aRmosavleT evfratis xeobaSi (qse, 3, 1978, gv. 340).

moskovSi dastambuli `bizantiis istoriis~ Tanaxmad, XI s-Si tra-

pezuntidan vanis tbamde bizantiam daaarsa axali administraciuli

erTeulebi _ `vaspurakanis Temi, iberiis Temi da Teodosiopolis

Temi~. iqamde arsebobda `qaldeas Temi~. lazikis samitropolitod

wodebuli bizantiuri saeklesio erTeuli Sesabamisad moicavda aRniS-

nul mxareTa did nawils da isic XI s-Si unda gafarToebuliyo am

Temebze saeklesio iurisdiqciis ganvrcobis Sedegad. rogorc aRin-

iSna, olnutis saepiskoposo mardaliaSi, xorZena da bizana manrali-

asTan axlos, taronis mimarTulebiT, andaki _ vanandSi (yarsis olq-

Si) iyvnen ganlagebulni. es, yofili arian-qarTlis mxareebi, kidev

didxans iwodebodnen iveriad da saqarTvelod.

magaliTad, arsebobs sakmaod mravali somxuri wyaro, romlebSic

erevani saqarTvelos qalaqad iwodeba, XIV s-is somexi poeti da xel-

nawerTa gadamweri terter erevanci, imJamad yirimSi mcxovrebi, Tavis

mSobliur qalaq erevans uwodebs `saqarTvelos qalaqs~, is wers: `me,terteri, uRirsi mwerali... movedi saqarTvelodan, xor-virapisa da eC-miaZinis mezobeli SesaniSnavi qalaqidan _ erevanidan~ (somxur xelnaw-

erTa anderZebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 1978, gv. 23).

aqedan kargad Cans, rom erevani saqarTvelos qalaqad miiCneoda

TviT erevneli somxebis mier. aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod erevnis

mxare, aramed vrceli miwa-wyali _ araqsis regionSi.

354

mxolod erevnelebi miiCnevdnen TavianT qalaqs saqarTveloSi mde-

bared, Tu amave, samxreTis regionis sxva qalaqTa mcxobrebnic?

am kiTxvas TiTqos pasuxobs qalaq baiburdSi mcxovrebi XIV s-is

somexi mwerali, is arzumidan anisisaken mimarTul teritorias `qar-

TvelTa qveyanas~ uwodebs.

qarTvelTa am qveyanas misi sityviT aseve erqva aRmosavleTi~.

is wers _ `Teodosiopoli dacarielda. aseve gaudaburda aRmosav-

leTi, e.i. qarTvelTa qveyana, sadac bevri amowyda~ (iqve, gv. 24). is asax-

avs im realobas, roca es mxareebi iveriad iwodeboda.

iqamde, XI s-Si am regions (Teodosiopol-arzrumisa da anisis CaTv-

liT) XI saukunisaTvis iberiis Temi~ erqva, Semdgom ki, XII-XIV sauku-

neebSi, erevani da sxva axlo qalaqebi, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi

Sedioda, avani (amJamad erevnis erTerTi ubani), XI-XV saukuneebSi,

rogorc bizantiis imperiis dros, ise Semdegac Sedioda iberiis Te-

mis anda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi.

erevnis mezoblad mdebare olqi siunqi (siskani) saqarTveloSi Se-

dioda, rac imJamindeli somxuri wyarodan Cans.

somxur XIV saukunis xelnaweris minawerSia _ `daiwera siskanSi,

somexTa da qarTvelTa didi mxedarTmTavris burTelis mbrZaneblobi-

sas~ (iqve, gv. 23).

sanainis monasteri, XIV s-is somexi mwerlis cnobiT, saqarTveloSi

mdebareobda. is wers: `gvqonda SesaZlebloba aq, sanainad xmobili

salxineblis karze damkvidrebisa giorgis mefobaSi, mis dros didi mSi-

dobianoba iyo saqarTveloSi~ (iqve, gv. 26). e.i. sanaini saqarTveloSi

mdebareobda.

aseTive viTareba iyo Semdg saukuneSic.

avani didxans iyo saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi da saqarTvelos

qalaqad miiCneoda, mizezi amisa is iyo rom misi regioni qarTvelebiT

iyo dasaxlebuli, romelic sabolood somxuri eklesiis mrevlad

iqca. avanis eklesiis arqiteqtura, iseve rogorc qalkedonuri rif-

simes monastrisa, qarTuli stiliTaa aSenebuli, mkvidri qarTuli

mosaxleobis gemovnebisa da erovnuli midrekilebebis Sesabamisad.

355

gogarena _ `hereTi~

(p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, 1954)

somexTa kaTalikosi ioane X s-Si gogarenas uwodebda mTel aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos, mtkvris marjvena da marcxena sanapiroebs, mis

mosaxleobas ki iverebs (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 463).

es ramdenadme eTanadeba strabonis cnobas, rom gogarena mdebar-

eobda mtkvris imier~, e.i. marcxena sanapiroze (straboni, XI, XIV, 5).

straboni garkveviT wers, rom gogarena mtkvris iqiT~ mdebareob-

da da is `armenielebma waarTves iberebs~, mtkvris marcxena sana-

piroze gogarenas garda, strabonisave cnobiT aseve mdebareobda Sua

iberia~, anu `Sua qarTli~ (Sida qarTli).

maSasadame, strabonisave cnobebiT mtkvris iqiT mdebareobda Tavis-

ufali iberiis erT-erTi nawili e.w. `Sua iberia~ da misi mezobeli

aRmosavleTiT dapyrobili iberiis gogarena, isini strabonis dros

sxvadasxva olqebi iyvnen.

maSasadame, gogarena Sua iberiis~ mezoblad mdebareobda mtkvris

iqiT. realurad aseTi teritoria iyo kaxeTis gverdiT mdebare e.w.

hereTi. anu Semdgomi Saqi, romlis iqiTac albaneTi iyo.

`sazRvari iberiasa da somxeTs Soris, strabonis cnobaTa mixedviT,

iwyeboda taos samxreTiT, nawilobriv gasdevda araqss (basianis zonaSi),

Semdeg mihyveboda mosxis mTebs~ (e.i. wyalgamyof mTebs, romelic gahy-

ofs mtkvris xeobebs araqsis xeobidan), xolo ufro aRmosavleTiT mtk-

vars (gogarenis seqtorSi)~ _ wers p. ingoroyva (dasax. naSr. gv. 467).

misi sityviT, am sakiTxSi strabons eTanxmebian plinius sekunde

(23-79), romlis mixedviTac iberiaSi Sedioda taSiri da TrialeTi

pariadres (anu bambakis) mTebamde, plutarqe (46-126), romlis mixed-

viT mtkvris saTave iberiis mTebSi iyo, klavdi ptoleme, romlis

mixedviTac iberiis sazRvrebSi Sedioda artaani (artanisa) da qarTuli

wyaro `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~, romlis mixedviT IV s-Si mefe mirianis

dros saeklesio mSenebloba daiwyo artaanis mxareSi _ eruSeTSi.

m. xorenaci qarTlis pitiaxSs arSuSas uwodebs gogarenis pitiax-

Ss~. somxuri geografiis cnobiT, gogareni Seicavda taSirs, gardabans

(Zors, kolbs, wofs da kangrs), TrialeTs, javaxeTs, artaansa da klar-

356

jeTs~ (iqve, gv. 405-465). aqedan Cans, rom gogarena _ zogadi saxeli

iyo qarTuli teritoriebisa, rogorc mtkvris erT, ise meore mxa-

res. strabonis dros is mtkvris iqiTa mxares erqva, ioane kaTaliko-

sis dros ki orive mxares.

zogadad Cans, rom gogarena aris qarTli, iberia, zogjer mtkvris

orive sanapiro. marTlac, sityva gogarenaSi~ fuZiseuli Tanxmovne-

bi `ggr~ eTnikuri qarTvelis gamomxatveli sityvebis saerTo fuZea

ara marto qarTulSi, aramed ucxourSic. magaliTad, georgien (grg),

gurj (grj), jurzan, gurzan (grz), saidanac miRebulia qarTvelTa

aRmniSvneli yvela dasaxeleba sxvadasxva enebSi _ georgia (grg), gruzia

(grz) da sxva. amave sityvaTa rigSia gugari (ggr), qarTuli TviT-

dasaxelebebi guria, egrisi, argveTi (gr, rg), saerTod, Cans, fuZiT

gr (rg) da aseve ggr(grg) gamoixateboda saxelebi eTnikuri qarTveleb-

isa da maTi qveynebis; erTi aseTi yofila gugarq. klarjeTi, Zori Tu

kolbi da sxva regionebi gugarqSi Sediodnen. SemdgomSi gugarqi somx-

ur samyaroSi mxolod mtkvris marjvena sanapiros momcvel qveyanas

erqva, misgan gansxvavebiT ki strabonis gogarena mtkvris iqiT~, anu

marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda.

maSasadame, sxvadasxva qveynebi iyvnen gogarena da gugarqi. eti-

mologiurad ki orive qarTvelTa qveyanas aRniSnavda.

357

Tavi XIII

iberiis Temis qarTuli samamamTavro

(lazikis eparqiis teritoriis zrda iberiis Temis daarsebis Semdeg)

`iberiis Temis~ olqebi da gzebi

arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg bizantiis imperiam miatova mcire aziis

mniSvnelovani nawili, magram saxalifos mouZlurebisas IX-X ss-Si

kvlav ganacxada pretenziebi Tavisi yofili teritoriebis mimarT.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zogjer bizantias ar yofnida Zalebi mus-

limebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, aseT dros, jer kidev mtris xel-

qveS myof teritoriebs, droebiTi sargeblobis saxiT aZlevda qarTul

samTavroebs.

bizantiam, magaliTad, samxreT taos mefes daviT kurapalats bar-

da skliarosis ajanyebisas daxmarebis sanacvlod gadasca vrceli

miwa-wyali, romelic ganfenili iyo olTisidan TiTqmis vanis tbam-

de, meti wili am miwa-wylisa muslimTa xelSi iyo.

am miwa-wyliT dainteresebuli iyo qarTveloba, radganac miaCn-

daT rom iq, maT Tanametomeni (eTnikuri, Tumca armenizebuli qarTve-

lebi) kompaqturad cxovrobdnen.

saubaria teritoriebze sadac qsenofontem jer kidev qristeSo-

bamde V saukuneSi aRwera mravali qarTuli tomi, maT Soris taoxebi-

sa, fasianebisa, xalibebisa da karduxebisa.

taoxebisa da fasianebis sacxovris adgilze, rogorc fiqroben,

Camoyalibebula provinciebi tao da basiani. somexi avtoris las-

tivertecis cnobiT, basiani X s-saTvis qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebu-

li. tao, basiani da TorTomi ZiriTadi teritoriebi iyo samxreT

taos qarTuli saxelmwifosi, romelsac X s-is 60-iani wlebidan dav-

358

iT mesame kurapalati marTavda. am saxelmwifos ucxoelebi, maT Soris

berZeni da somexi avtorebi, uwodebdnen iberias (iverias)~, qarTvelebi

ki `taos samefos~. misi dedaqalaqi iyo olTisi.

zogadad, taos vrceli qveyana or nawilad, or samefod iyo ga-

yofili.

samxreT taos saxelwifos CrdiloeTiT arsebobda taos meore

qarTuli saxelmwifo. qarTveli mwerlebi, rogorc Cans, mas uwodebd-

nen `qarTvelTa samefos~, misi dedaqalaqi iyo bana. am samefoSi Se-

dioda Crdilo tao da mimdebare teritoriebi. X saukunis 50-ian

wlebidan mas marTavdnen bagrat meore regveni~ da Semdeg gurgeni _

masac `iberiis mefe~erqva.

iberiis anu taos es ori samefo, ori iveria, ori `qarTvelTa

samefo~ imier tao da amier tao erTmaneTisagan iyofoda mdinare

banas wyliT.

sxva samTavro iyo klarjeTi, romelsac adarnase aSotis Zis STa-

momavlebi marTavdnen.

zogadad, am qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis sazRvrebi bizan-

tiasTan mtkiced iyo dadgenili, mag., konstantine porfirogenetis

cnobiT bizantiis sazRvari iberiasTan gadioda mdinare fazisze anu

araqsze. meore sasazRvro xazi ido Savi zRvis pirze punqt xufaT-

Tan (xofa).

sazRvarze ido xufaTi, parxali, TorTomi, basiani, tao da araqsis

miwebi.

qarTuli miwebi araqsis samxreTiTac ido, jer kidev skliarosis

ajanyebamde gacilebiT adre konstantine porfirogenetis dros. ab-

nikis cixe fasianis anu araqsis samxreTiT iyo da, amrigad aSot IV kura-palati araqsis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals moiTxovda~ (v. kopaliani,

saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wleb-

Si, 1969, gv. 18). es xdeboda X s-is dasawyisSi, radganac aSot IV 954 w.

gardaicvala.

saerTod, qarTvelebi mudam miiswrafvodnen md. araqsis da evfratis

saTaveebis momcvel teritoriebisaken, q. Teodosiopolis (arzrumis)

mimdebare mxareebisaken, radganac isini maTi istoriuli samSoblos

nawilebad miaCndaT.

359

konstantine porfirogeneti gaocebuli wers kidevac, rom qarTve-lebs ar undodaT bizantiis xelSi gadasuliyo Teodosiupoli am qala-qis `siyvarulis gamo da imis gamo, rom Teodosipolis cixe ar ganad-gurebuliyo~ (georgika, t. IV, naw. II, gv. 266).

arabTa mouZlurebis Semdeg, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, bizan-

tielebma gadawyvites xelSi CaegdoT uZvelesi qalaqi Teodosiopo-

li (karnu-qalaqi) Tavisi mimdebare qveyniT, magram axla ukve qalaqis

mkvidrebi uwevdnen sastik winaaRmdegobas mtrebs. bizantielebi TiTq-

mis naxevari saukune ibrZodnen qalaqis xelSi Casagdebad, maT Soris

usastikesi xerxebiTac, magaliTad, alya Semoartyes qalaqs da gada-

wyvites SimSiliT amoexocaT moqalaqeebi, mizans ver miaRwies, maT

aRmoaCines, rom qarTvelebi TavianTi qajis (kejes) cixidan farulad

sursaTiT amaragebdnen qalaqs. bizantielebma xangrZlivi molapar-

akebiT scades qarTvelTa interesebis ganeleba. bolos darwmund-

nen, rom qarTvelebs `uyvardaT qalaqi~, misi moqalaqeebi da saer-

Tod karinis anu karnu-qalaqis mxaris mosaxleoba.

es saintereso momentia, imiT, rom swored am mxareebSi ivaraudeba

istoriuli arian-qarTlis arseboba, es mxareebi Cans IX-X saukuneeb-

Si jer kidev qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, da swored amis gamo

`uyvardaT~ qarTvelTa laSqarsa da politikur moRvaweebs es mxa-

reebi da Teodosiopolis moqalaqeebi enanebodaT mtris mier dasaxo-

cad. sxvagvari `siyvaruli~ Zalze ucnaurad gamoCndeboda, imdenad

bunebrivi iyo Sua saukuneebSi xalxis xocva-Jleta da miwaTa dapy-

robani, maT Soris dapyrobac bizantielTa mier.

sxvadasxva avtorebis mier arian-qarTlis qveynad moiazreba tao,

basiani da maT samxreTiT mdebare qveyana, kerZod aqemeniduri sparse-

Tis me-18 da me-19 satrapiebis erTi nawili.

rogorc iTqva, es is qveynebia, sadac qsenofontem qarTuli tome-

bi naxa araqsis xeobis gayolebiT, evfratis saTaveebis CaTvliT, vi-

dre TiTqmis vanis tbamde.

qarTul politikur erTeulebs am qveynebis mimarT gaaCndaT in-

teresi da swored es qveynebi gadasca bizantiam daviT III kurapalats.

kerZod es qveynebi yofila:1. dasavleT evfratis xeobaSi mdebare klisura da misi cixe xaltoY-

ariWi; 2. araqsis saTaveebTan mardaliis kantonis cixe sevuki; 3. vanis

360

tbis Crdilo-dasavleT raionebSi harkisa da apahunis provinciebi;

4. samxreT basiani; 5. Teodosiopoli (arzrumi) Tavisi TemiT, anu karini;6. Woroxis saTaveebTan Cormairis Temi (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 38).

rogorc aqedan Cans, daviT III kurapalats gadaeca vrceli te-

ritoriebi Woroxis saTaveebidan vidre vanis tbamde. es iyo istori-

uli miwa-wyali qarTuli tomebisa, savaraudod istoriuli arian-

qarTli.

am qveynebs XI s-is qarTuli wyaro uwodebs `zemoni qveyanani sa-

berZneTisani~.

v. kopalianis TvalsazrisiT is daviT kurapalats gadaeca ara

erTbaSad, aramed sxvadasxva wlebSi, kerZod pirvelad 965 wels erTi

nawili gadasca `berZenTa mefem~, meored ki gadasces `berZenTa me-

feebma~ 979 w.

es mefeebi yofilan jer kidev bavSvebi basili da konstantine.

gadacema, rogorc iTqva, gulisxmobda imasac, rom am miwa-wylis

erTi nawilis musulmanTagan ganTavisuflebis Semdgom qarTvelebs

ufleba hqondaT emarTaT is droebiT, daviT kurapalatis sicocx-

lis periodSi, Semdeg ki ukan unda dabruneboda bizantias.

marTlac, xangrZlivi omebis Semdgom, bizantiam ukan daibruna

aRniSnuli miwa-wyali. mis qarTulobas sxvadasxva wyaroTa garda miu-

TiTebs isic rom qarTvelebiT Zalze ganawyenebulma bizantiam am

mxareebs mainc `iberiis Temi~ uwoda.

am droisaTvis bizantiaSi iyo mravali administraciul-politikur

erTeuli, maT Soris XI s-is 20-30 ww. Camoyalibda axali bizantiuri

administraciuli erTeuli iberiis Temi.

aRniSnuli teritoriebis garda masSi Sevida aseve samxreT tao,Crdilo basiani da TorTomi, anu is teritoriebi, romelsac iqamde

iberiis anu samxreT taos mefe daviT kurapalati flobda.

`iberiis Tems~ imdroindeli avtorebi ubralod iberias uwodebd-

nen, masSi moiazreboda, rogorc iTqva, teritoriebi mdebareni Woroxis

saTaveebidan vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde.

iqamde Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT iberiis Temis mosaxle-

oba medgrad ebrZoda basili II bulgarTmmusvrels, da Semdeg imper-

atorebs _ konstantinesa da romanozs.

361

aTeulobiT wlis manZilze mkvidri qarTvelobis winaaRmdegoba

imdenad didi iyo, rom lastivertecis cnobiT bizantielebi daun-

doblad xocavdnen iberiel qalebsa da bavSvebs, moxucebsa da axal-

gazrdebs, anadgurebdnen mTel soflebsa da qalaqebs ise, rom didi

nawili aRgaves pirisagan miwisa, samxreT taos dapyrobis Semdeg ax-

lad mitacebuli miwa-wylis xarjze bizantiis xelisuflebam, rogorc

iTqva, daaarsa iberiis Temi, anu iberiis sakatepano, da iq mmarTvelad

daniSna Tavisi moxele wodebiT _ katepani.

iberiis Temis mmarTveli (`katepani~) samxedro pativiT iyo aRWur-

vili. mas zogjer iberiis mTavarsac uwodebdnen. misi sammarTvelo

qveyana, rogorc iTqva vrclad iyo gadaWimuli Woroxis saTaveebidan

vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde. misi dedaqalaqi iyo Teodosiopoli, an

olTisi. dasavleTiT iberiis Tems esazRvreboda aseve qarTvelebiT dasax-

lebuli xaldiis Temi (anu trapezuntis olqi).

bizantiis es olqebi sasazRvrod iTvleboda da iq bizantiuri jari

iyo ganlagebuli, kerZod maT am TemebSi variagebis jari hyoliaT (v.

kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-

1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 239).

iberiis Temi moicavda aseve arabobis epoqaSi yofili somxeTis

samefoSi Semaval e.w. iverTa samTavros~ (VII s-Si, rogorc iTqva iverTa

mTavari yofila vaSdeni). aRsaniSnavia, rom dapyrobis Semdeg bizan-

tielebma anisic iberiis Tems SeuerTes, Cans, imis gamo, rom konstan-

tine porfirogenetis sityviT sazRvari bizantiasa da iberebs Soris

X s-Si md. araqze ido, bizantiuri dapyrobebis Semdeg maT araqsis dasav-

leTic, e.i iberebis mxarec moicves. am mxares mdebareobda anisi.

1047-49 wlebSi iberiis Temis mmarTveli yofila katakalon kekav-

menosi (iqve, gv. 245).

1054 wels Turq-seljukebi mesamed Seesivnen iberiis Tems. garkveu-

li mosazrebiT bizantia xels uwyobda Turq-seljukebis mier iberi-

is Temis dasustebas.

bizantia iberiis Tems imiTac asustebda, giorgi kedrenes gadmo-

cemiT, rom iq didZal gadasaxads akrefinebda `uRvTo gadasaxadis

amkreblebs, maTi meSveobiT agrovebda fuls usamarTlo wyaroebidan~

362

(iqve, gv. 262). ase vTqvaT, Tanamedrove TurqeTis Crdilo aRmosav-

leT mxare (iberiis Temi) TviT bizantielebis winaswarganzraxuli

Tu ugunuri politikis wyalobiT Turq-seljukebis xelSi moeqca.

aRmosavleTis provinciebis da kerZod, iberiis Temis Sesaxeb giorgi

kedrene werda: `ganuwyveteli Tavdasxmebisa da Zarcva-glejis gamo

yvelaferi nadgurdeboda, amitom iberiis mdidari qveyanac, romelmac

ukve winaTac ganicada rbeva da dasustebuli iyo, sabolood daeca da

ganadgurdao~ (georgika V, gv. 82).

v. kopaliani aRniSnavs, rom imdenad gawamebulebi iyvnen iberiele-

bi bizantielebis mier, rom wyaros cnobiT isini TavianT mtrebad

Tvlidnen romaelebso, anu bizantielebsao (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa

da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 263).

imperator konstantine dukas (1059-1067) dros bizantiis aRmosav-

leTSi yvelaferi ingreoda da nadgurdeboda TurqTa Tavdasxmebis daZaladobis gamo, iberiis mdidari qveyanac ganadgurda~ (iqve, gv. 275).

e.i. mas bizantielebica da Turqebic anadgurebdnen.

maSasadame, iberiis Temi mdidari qveyana yofila, dadgenilia misi

simdidris wyaroebic, upirvelesi iyo masze gamavali saerTaSoriso

mniSvnelobis gza, romelic, basili II-s sityviT bizantias sparseT-

Tan aerTebda.

iberiis Temis Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo, is, rom iberi-

elebi (viTarca mxne mxedrebi) daqiravebuli jariskacebis saxiT msax-

urobdnen bizantiur armiaSi da maT qira eZleodaT. maTi ricxvi didi

iyo, magaliTad kedrenes cnobiT imperator konstantine monomaxis

dros 1053 wels bizantiis iberiuli jari~ 50000 (ormocdaaTi aTasi)

kacisagan Sedgeboda, rogorc iTqva, isini iyvnen iberiis Temidan anu

Woroxis saTaveebidan vidre vanis tbamde gadaSlili qveynis mosax-

leobidan gamosulni. maTi ricxvi kidev ufro meti unda yofiliyo,

radganac aRniSnuli mxolod is ricxvia jariskacebisa, romelic im-

peratorma samsaxuridan daiTxova aRniSnul wels (iqve, gv. 262). iberiis

Temidan gamosul laSqars bizantia zogjer saqarTvelos winaaRmde-

gac iyenebda (iqve, gv. 262).

qsenofontes cnobiTac fasianidan da mimdgomi qarTuli qveyne-

bidan daqiravebul jariskacebs jer kidev qristeSobamde V s-Si iye-

363

nebdnen sparsul armiaSi, amitomac araa sakvirveli, rom basianidan

da mimdgomi qveynebidan (e.i. iveriis Temidan) daqiravebul jaris-

kacebs IX-X saukuneebSic iyenebdnen ucxo qveynebi.

magaliTad, imperator nikifore fokas 964 wels iberiul jarTan

erTad kilikiaSi ulaSqria _ `TiTqmis yvela did brZolaSi, romelic

ki am periodSi bizantias aRmosavleTis frontze (mesopotamiaSi, selev-

kiaSi da sxv.) uwarmoebia qarTvelTa laSqari iRebda monawileobas~

(iqve, gv. 23).

qarTvelebi ara mxolod imperatoris, aramed imperatorobis mow-

inaaRmdege ajanyebuli bizantieli mxedarTmTavrebis jarSic mniS-

vnelovan Zalas Seadgendnen. magaliTad, konstantinopolis winaaRm-

deg barda fokas ajanyebisas, `qarTvelTa qveiTi jari Seadgenda sau-

keTeso laSqars~ (iqve, gv. 76).

mkvlevari vasilevski aRniSnavs, rom am ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg

`bizantiis armiaSi qarTvelebis adgili rusebma daikaves~ (v. kopaliani,

saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wleb-

Si, 1969, gv. 77).

saerTod, barda fokasadmi mxardaWera gaxda mTavari mizezi samxreT

taos saxelmwifos ganadgurebisa da mis adgilze iberiis Temis daar-

sebisa.

daviT kurapalatis samefo bizantiam SeierTa, Tumca amis Semde-

gac gahyavdaT iberiis Temidan jariskacebi bizantiur armiaSi, rogorc

iTqva konstantine monomaxs marto 1053 wels 50000 iberieli jarisk-

aci dauTxovia samxedro samsaxuridan.

moqiravne jariskacebis qira iberiis Temis simdidris erT-erTi

wyaro iyo, umTavresi ki iyo is Semosavali, romelsac iRebda masze

gamavali saerTaSoriso gziT mosargeble vaWrebisagan.

iqamdec, iberiis Temis daarsebamde, maSin, roca aRniSnuli teri-

toriebi samxreT taos anu daviT kurapalatis samefoSi Sedioda, iq

gaCaRebuli iyo Zalze mniSvnelovani aReb-micemoba umetesad am gzis

wyalobiT.

samxreT taos samefo iqamdec mdidari saxelmwifo iyo, magram X s-

is bolodan axali olqebis SemoerTebam misi politikuri da ekonomi-

kuri mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaaumjobesa.

364

am miwa-wyalze (Woroxidan da trabzonidan vanis tbamde) gadioda

`saxalifodan wamosuli udidesi savaWro gza, romelic mcire aziasa dapontoSi miemarTeboda. am gzaze mravali savaWro centri iyo da maT Sorisyvelaze ufro cnobili _ arcni da karnu qalaqi, igive Teodosiopoli,dRevandeli arzrumi. arcni Teodosiopolis axlos md. evfratis uki-dures saTaveSi mdebareobda, sadac aristake lastivertecis cnobiT,udidesi simdidre modioda zRviTa da xmeleTiT~ (iqve, gv. 43).

arcni (arwe) udidesi da Zlieri savaWro centri iyo. is idga mTa-

var savaWro gzaze, romelic konstantinopolidan (da trapezuntidan)

_ yarsis, anisisa da dvinis gavliT iranSi miemarTeboda, mis Sesaxeb

kedrenec werda: arcnSi vaWrobdnen iranidan, indoeTidan da sxva-

dasxva mxridan Semosuli aziuri saqonliT.

aranaklebi savaWro qalaqi iyo arzrumi.

saxalifodan da sparseTidan konstantinopolisken mimavali gza

jer gaivlida dvins, anissa da yarss. amis Semdeg, yarsis raionSi gza

orad iyofoda. erTi, CrdiloeTis Sto Sedioda artanujSi, romelic

udidesi savaWro kvanZi iyo, xolo meore, gzis samxreTi Sto SediodaarzrumSi, Semdeg orive es Sto isev erTiandeboda. maTi SeerTebis

punqti iyo trapizoni.`es aniWebda trapizons udides mniSvnelobas. aRmosavleTSi bi-

zantiis imperiis yvelaze udidesi qalaqi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT

iyo trapizoni. mas mxolod konstantinepoli aRemateboda ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT~ (iqve, gv. 44).

arzrumisaken mimavali gzis gasaRebi iyo yarsi, xolo Tavis mxriv

arzrumi iyo konstantinopolis gasaRebi, radganac warmoadgenda ana-

toliis strategiuli da savaWro gzebis centralur punqts (iqve,

gv. 44).

TiTqmis msgavsi mniSvneloba hqonda artanujs, sadac aseve yarsidan

Sedioda gza artaanis gavliT.

yarsSi ki, rogorc iTqva, gzebi Sedioda dvinidan, anisidan, ar-

tanujidan da arzrumidan.

am qalaqTa Soris, konstantinopolis strategiul gzaze arzrumi

idga, romelsac X s-Si daviT kurapalati akontrolebda.

iberiis samefos SemadgenlobaSi gadmosul olqebs bizantiis impe-

riisaTvis udidesi ekonomiuri da strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda.

365

`politikurma gaWirvebam aiZula bizantiis mTavroba droebiT da-

viT kurapalatis mflobelobaSi ecno es olqebi, magram moZlierebis

Semdeg gaafTrebiT daiwyo brZola am miwis isev misataceblad~ (iqve,

gv. 45).

maSasadame, saerTaSoriso gzebi aseTi iyo:

1) dvini-anisi-yarsi-artaani-artanuji-arTvini-Savi zRva;

2) dvini-anisi-yarsi-arzrumi-trapezunti.

am gzebiT zRvispira portebi uerTeboda dvins, iqidan ki sparseT-

sa da saxalifos.

pirvel anu dvini-artanuj-Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso gzis erT mniS-

vnelovan monakveTs klarji xelmwifeebi akontrolebdnen, xolo me-

ore _ dvini-trapezuntis saerTaSoriso gzisas taos mefeebi, radga-

nac maT xelSi iyo arzrumis Sesasvlelebi.

am gzaTa baJiT maT didi simdidre daagroves, SeZles grandiozu-

li mSeneblobebis wamowyeba da dasruleba, maT Soris banasa da oSkis

saxelovani taZrebisa.

bizantiaSi am gzis gakontrolebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen

da mas gza sparseTisa~ erqva, radganac aerTianebda trapezunts spar-

seTTan.

es gza viTarca strategiuli obieqti yvelaze metad ainteresebda

bizantias da cdilobda mis xelSi Cagdebas, radganac am gzas basili

keisramde qarTvelebi akontrolebdnen, amitom aristakes lastiverte-

cis sityviT Txovda kidec imperatori basili II mefe giorgi I-s _

`sparseTis gzaze nu meRobebi~ anu iTxovda misgan swored am strate-

giuli gzis gadacemas, rac cxadia mimdebare qveynebis gadacemasac

iTvaliswinebda.

gaZlierebis Semdeg basili keisars surda am gzis mTlianad gakon-

troleba, amitomac basianis qveyanaSi Tavisi jarebiT Sesvlis Semdeg

saqarTvelos mefes giorgi pirvels, rogorc aRiniSna, elCad gaug-

zavna valaSkerteli qarTveli episkoposi zaqaria da `tkbili si-

tyvebiT miwera... nu gadameRobebi gzaze, romelic sparseTisaken mid-

iso~ (a. lastiverteci, istoria, 1974. gv. 51).

es gzebi moqmedi iyo XIX saukunemde. germaneli mogzaurisa mecni-

eris gustav rades aRweridan kargad Cans, rom Woroxis xeobaSi gam-

366

avali saerTaSoriso gza erTmaneTTan aerTebda yarss baTumTan da

Sav zRvasTan.

am gzam saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba dakarga rusebis batonobis dros

XIX-XX ss-Si.

gustav rade wers: `arTvinma, rogorc savaWro centrma, romelicuwin erTTmaneTTan akavSirebda erT mxriv, konstantinopolsa da trapi-zons, meore mxriv yarssa da ardagans, rusebis gabatonebis Semdeg, TavisimniSvneloba dakarga da es procesi amJamadac grZeldeba, savaWro brun-va adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis masobrivi gadinebis gmo mniSvnelovnadSemcirda~ (g.saiTiZe, i.aRlaZe, germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri gustav

rade, macne, istoriis seria, 2012, 2, gv. 121).

is XIX s. 70-90 wlebSi mogzaurobda.

(Woroxis xeobis miseuli aRwera sruliad eTanadeba strabonis,

prokofi kesarielisa Tu agaTias mier aRweril lazikis aRweras. magal-iTad erTnairad aRiwereba is faqti rom cxenebis sakvebi Zalze mcirea,

amis gamo lazikaSi sparselebs 20000 cxeni daeRupaT, gustav rade wers

_ cxenebisaTvis sakvebis SeZena gvindoda, magram versad viSoveT~ (iqve,

gv. 117) anda is wers`Woroxis xeobaSi sakvebis Sovna uWirT~ (iqve, gv. 120).

es sityvebi gvagonebs cnobas, rom sarapanasa da akandaSi Rvino, puri da

sakvebi uWirdaT. misi aRweriT xalxiT datvirTuli navi (katarRa) art-

Tvinidan baTumSi 5 saaTSi Cadioda. rom Woroxi wyaluxvi iyo da arTvin-

Tan Zalze yuriswamRebad~ xmaurobda (iqve, gv.122), iseve rogorc fazi-

si sarapanasTan strabonis cnobiT. xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-

qarTlis safuZveli).

saerTod, daviT kurapalatis samflobelo, anu `qarTvelTa same-

fos~ didi nawili (anu taos samefo) Zalze momgebiani da Semosav-

liani saerTaSoriso gzebiT iyo daserili. klarjeTis zRvispireTSi

im sazRvao punqts, sadac mTavrdeboda artaanuj-dvinisaken mimava-

li saerTaSoriso gza X saukuneSi SeiZleba yofiliyo xufaTi (xofa),

radgan mis axlo mdgari Zveli petras cnobili simagre ukve VI sauku-

neSive daingra.

`zemoni qveyananis~ SemoerTebam aRamaRla taos samefos ekonomikuri

mdgomareoba. rogorc iTqva, SemoerTebul qveyanaze gadioda imdroin-

deli aRmosavleTis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani savaWro gza, romelze-

367

dac mdebareobda qalaqebi arcni, karnu qalaqi (igive Teodosiopo-

li, arzrumi).

es savaWro gza saxalifodan artanujis gavliT dvinze gadadioda

da trapezuntamde miemarTeboda. am savaWro gzidan da qalaqebidan

samefos didi Semosavali Semosdioda~ (narkv. II. gv. 484, А. Манандян.О торговле в городах Армении, gv. 215).

wina TavebSi aRiniSna, rom artanuj-dvinis damakavSirebeli gza

SavizRvispira portebs persarmeniasTan aerTebda VI saukuneSi, ri-

Tac interesdeboda rogorc bizantiis ise sparseTis imperiebi. Sahi

xosro swored dvini-artanujis gziT unda Sesuliyo lazikaSi pe-

tras cixesTan (prokofis lazika Woroxis xeobas moicavda zRvispireT-

Tan erTad).

prokofi kesarielis dros SesaZloa artanujs sxva saxeli erqva.

artanuj-dvinis savaWro gzas gulisxmobda konstantine porfiro-

genetic, roca artanujis savaWro mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb werda.

daviT kurapalatis drosac a. manandianisa da qarTveli istori-

kosebis kvleviT artanuj-dvinis magistrali erT-erTi mTavari

monakveTi yofila, romelic saxalifos trapezuntTan akavSirebda.

368

basili II-isa da sxva imperatorebis omebi

iberiis winaaRmdeg (1001-1054 ww.)

1001 wels gardaicvala daviT kurapalati, am cnobis miRebisTanave

imperatori basili II Tavisi laSqriT swrafi marSiT gamoeSura taos

samefos dasapyrobad, radganac daviTi Tavisi anderZiT mas utoveb-

da Tavis vrcel samflobeloebs.

daviT kurapalatis samefo, romelsac ucxoelebi iberias (iver-

ias) uwodebdnen, rogorc iTqva, moicavda samxreT taos, Crdilo ba-

siansa da TorToms, amis garda ki mas droebiT sargeblobaSi hqonda

vrceli miwa-wyali TiTqmis vanis tbamde _ dasavleT evfratis xeoba-

Si mdebare klisura da misi cixe xaltoi-ariWi; araqsis saTaveebTan

mardaliis kantonis cixe sevuki; vanis tbis Crdilo-dasavleT raion-

ebSi harqisa da apahunis provinciebi; samxreT basiani; Teodosiopoli

(arzrumi) Tavisi TemiT, anu karini; Woroxis saTaveebTan Cormairis Temi.

mTlianad es mxareebi axla ukve basil II-m daikanona.

`daipyra basili mefeman mamuli daviT kurapalatisa~ _ wers sum-

bat daviTis Ze, amasTanave, aiZula qveynis aznaurebi TavianTi saku-

Tari cixeebi bizantielebisTvis gadaecaT, didgvarianTagan yvelaze

gamoCenili patriotebi ki bizantiaSi gadaasaxla.

kedrene wers: iberiaSi rom Cavida, micemuli memkvidreoba daidg-

ina... Tan waiyvana iberiis didgvarianebi, romelTagan umTavresni iyvnen

bakuriani, Tevdrate da fersi _ RviZli Zmebi, romelnic patrikiosTa

xarisxSi aiyvana~ (georgika, V, gv. 45).

rogorc iTqva, taoSi ori saxelmwifo iyo.

Crdilo taos saxelmwifos mefe gurgens, basilma SeunarCuna damo-

ukidebloba, ufro metic Sekra masTan zavi, romlis pirobiTac gur-

gens Tavisi laSqriT ar unda ebrZola samxreT taos gasaTavisufle-

blad, mas imperatorma magistrosoba uboZa. basils Seegeba aseve gur-

genis vaJi bagrati, romelic ukve iyo afxazTa mefe, mas ufro meti

pativi _ kurapalatoba uboZa.

kedrene Crdilo taos samefos _ `Sida iberias~ uwodebs (v. kopa-

liani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070

wlebSi, 1969, gv. 46).

369

`Sida iberiis~ anu Crdilo taos mefe gurgeni ver Seurigda udi-

des danakliss, rac qveyanas samxreT iveriis dakargviT miadga, amit-

omac mTeli Tavisi laSqriT SeiWra olTisSi _ samxreT taos deda-

qalaqSi, magram basili II-m mas didi jari daaxvedra da kidev erTxel

dauzavda.

qveynis dakargva gansakuTrebiT aSfoTebdaT samxreT iveriis azna-

urebsa da didebulebs, amitomac basils maleve dasWirda xelmeored

laSqroba qveynis dasaufleblad. qarTveli aznaurebi bizantiaSi ga-

daasaxles da iq mamulebi dauriges (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 81).

rogorc iTqva dapyrobil samxreT iveriaSi bizantiam e.w. iberiisTemi _ sakatepano daaarsa.

samxreT iberiis mosaxleoba, mkvidri qarTveloba, ver urigdebo-

da samSoblos Tavisuflebis dakargvas, eseni iyvnen ara marto, rogorc

mematiane uwodebs mamaci taoelebi, basianelebi, aramed arzrumis

qveynis, (anu karinis) da sxva mxareebis qarTvelebi, magaliTad, ufro

adre karinSi mamulebi da monastrebi hqonia Tornike erisTavs, da

iq, karinis qarTul monastrebSi, mravali qarTuli wigni iwereboda.

karinis mimdebare mxareebidan iyvnen is qarTveli didebulebi, rom-

lebmac iberiis damoukideblobisaTvis Tavi dades.

lastivertecis Txzulebidan kargad Cans, rom ara mxolod qarTve-

li didgvarovnebi da aznaurebi ibrZodnen bizantielTa winaaRmdeg,

aramed ubralo adamianebic. amitomac, mTel maT soflebsa da qalaqebs

mteri sastikad anadgurebda.

samxreT iberiis mosaxleobis ganwyobilebam da patriotizmma erT-

gvari stimuli misca CrdiloeTiT mdebare saqarTvelos mefes gior-

gi I-s (bagrat III Zes), esargebla imiT, rom roca basili II dakavebuli

iyo bulgarelebTan omiT, gaefarTovebina Tavisi sazRvrebi da daax-

loebiT 1013-1020 wlebSi bizantielebs xelidan gamoglija yvela is

cixe-simagre, romlebic adre daviT III kurapalats ekuTvnoda.

bulgarelebis damarcxebis Semdeg basili II-m epistole gaugzavna

giorgi I-s da moiTxova aRniSnuli cixe-simagreebis dacla. uaris miRebis

Semdeg bizantiuri laSqari gaagzavna qarTvel mefesTan saomrad.

`bizantielTa winaaRmdeg a. lastivertecis cnobiT, taoelebi mama-

curad ibrZodnen da uxtigis (olTisis axlos) brZolidan bizantielTa

laSqari gaaqcieso~ (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 91).

370

Tavisi laSqris am damarcxebam ganarisxa basili II, da is 1021 w.

piradad SemouZRva Tavis saimperio jars.

Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos mefem giorgim Sekriba didi laSqari

bizantiis imperatorTan sabrZolvelad.

bizantiuri da qarTuli laSqari erTmaneTs Sexvda basianis qveya-

naSi da erTmaneTis pirispir dadgnen ramdenime dRis manZilze, brZo-

lis gareSe. am dros qarTulma sardlobam, rogorc Cans Secdoma

dauSva da ukan daxevis brZaneba gasca. aman mteri ufro gaaaqtiura,

is qarTvelTa laSqars ukan daedevna.

sasawyobo Senobebi, sursaTisa da iaraRis saTavsoebi qarTul

laSqars q. olTisSi gadauwvavs, raTa mters ar esargebla amiT.

ukan daxeuli qarTuli laSqris bolo nawilebs wamoewia bizantiis

mowinave laSqari, brZola gaimarTa palakacios tbasTan sofel Sir-

imnTan.

omis Sesaxeb xma giorgi mefes sakmaod gvian miuvida. is mivida

omis adgilas, sadac am dros basili mefec movida _ qarTlis cxov-

rebis cnobiT, `iqmna brZola didi, da mosrnes berZenni friad da

warmoiRes avari, ezom gagrZelda maT Soris brZola, romel sivlto-

lad ganemzada basili mefe~ magram, samwuxarod `sulmokle iqmnes

qarTvelni, morides da warmovides~.

mterma gaimarjva. basilim gagzavna jarebi sxva da sxva mima-

rTulebiT da ubrZana maT aravin SeebralebinaT, arc moxuci, arc

axalgazrda, arc bavSvi, arc qali. ase daangria da mospo Tormeti

qarTuli qveyana.

iahia antioqielis cnobiT basilma Tvalebi daTxara orasi aTasze

met qarTvel mamakacs (v. kopaliani saqarTvelosa da bizantiis poli-

tikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 95).

amasobaSi kaxeTisa da hereTis laSqriT gaZlierda giorgi I, ba-

sili iZulebuli gaxda ukan dabrunebuliyo da trapizonSi gamo-

izamTra.

qarTul miwa-wyalze kvlav, xelmeored Semosul mters SeebrZola

saqarTvelos laSqari 1022 wlis 11 seqtembers arzrumTan axlos,

SerfTan _ lastivertecis cnobiT, magram qarTvelebi kvlav dama-

rcxdnen.

371

daido zavi, romlis Tanaxmadac daviT kurapalatis mTeli miwa-

wyali mterma miiTvisa.

erT dros ayvavebuli samxreT iberia ganadgurda, 1025 w. basili II

gardaicvala, magram man moaswro da mZevlad wayvanili mefe giorgis

Ze bagrati ukan daabruna.

yofili samxreT iberiis adgilas, rogorc iTqva, Camoyalibda bizan-

tiaSi Semavali iberiis Temi. miuxedavad amisa qarTvelebi am TemSi

mainc ganagrZobdnen damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas, amitomac 1025-

1028 wlebSi imperatorma konstantine VIII-mac Tavisi laSqari kvlav

aoma iq mojanyeTa winaaRmdeg. es omi grZeldeboda imperator ro-

manozis drosac, 1028-1034 wlebSi.

valaSkerti da Tormeti qarTuli gavari (XI s.)

a. lastivertecis cnobiT

1021 wels imperatori basili II didi jariT Semovida karinis qvey-

anaSi qarTvelTa qveynis asaRebad, Tavdapirvelad elCi gaugzavna

saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-s. es elCi iyo qarTveli episkoposi romel-

ic qalaq vaRarSakertSi ijda, Seegeba mefes (e.i. imperators) da daaime-

da igi, rom rogorc ki ekeReacSi (e.i. ekelecSi) an karinSi amoxval, gior-

gi Sen geaxlebao. mefem daijera episkoposis sityvebi da darCa giorgis

mosvlis molodinSi, xolo giorgim ver gabeda wasuliyo mefis daZaxil-

ze... roca CaiSala elCoba, mefe Zlier ganrisxda da brZana cecxliT,

maxviliTa da tyveobiT gaenadgurebinaT didi daba-qalaqi okomi da mis

garSemo mdebare soflebi, aoxrda miwis savargulebi, brZana tyveebi

waeyvanaT qaldiis gavarSi, TviTon ki basianisaken gaemarTa da miaRwia

vanandis gavars, xolo giorgim miaRwia qalaq uxtiqs (e.i. olTiss) ubr-

Zana jarebs daewvaT lamazi nagebobebi, iavareyoT maTi saqoneli, magram

xalxisaTvis vneba ar mieyenebinaT (!), es rom Seityo mefem (imperatorma)

ufro ganrisxda... qveynis oTxive mxares jari gagzavna, marbieli mohfi-

372

na, mkacri brZanebiT moiTxova ar daendoT arc moxuci da arc axalgazr-da, arc yrma, arc srulasakovani, arc kaci, arc qali da saerTod arc

erTi asakisa. amgvarad man daangria da aaoxra Tormeti gavari... vfiqrob,

yovelive es Tavs gadaxdaT nacvlad imisa, rom maT moglijes wmida kaTo-

like eklesiis karidan samefo niSnis mqone jvris lursmnebi da Seu-

racxmyofelad gaiZaxodnen - cxenebisaTvis nali unda gavakeToTo. ase

samarTlianad maT (!) Tavs daatydaT ubedureba, rac sazarel sanaxaobas

qmnis... ZuZumwovara yrmebs, zogs dedis mkerdidan glejdnen da qvebs

urtyamdnen, nawils ki dedis mkerdze aklavdnen SubiT... cxenis Cliqeb-

Si agdebdnen... gaukacrielda keTilmowyobili qveyana~ (a. lastiverte-

ci, istoria, 1974, gv. 47).

a. lastivertecis cnobidan Zalze kargad Cans, rom basianis, kari-

nis, taosa da vanandis mosaxleoba qarTulia, radganac isini, misi

sityviT, samarTlianad daisajnen anisis eklesiis jvris Seuracxy-

ofisaTvis, anisis somxuri eklesiis jvari qarTvelebma Seuracxyves,

risTvisac mwared daisajnen. es `samarTlianad~ dasjilebi ki okomisa

da mimdebare 12 gavaris mcxovrebni iyvnen. anu okomisa da mimdebare 12

gavaris mosaxleoba qarTulia, aq upirvelesad igulisxmeba karin-tao-

basian-vanandis dasjili qarTveloba. ase aRwers istorikosi.

qalaqi valaSkerti mdebareobda saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis gza-

ze, basianis aRmosavleT mxares.

am qalaqze gamavali gza erTmaneTTan aerTebda trapezuntsa (bi-

zantiasa) da sparseTs. X saukunis bolosaTvis aRmoCnda, rom am gzis

mniSvnelovani nawili qarTvelTa xelSi iyo, radganac isini aq sax-

lobdnen _ basianSi, taoSi, valaSkertidan Teodosiopolamde anu

arzrumamde, Cans araqssa da murad-sus Suac.

giorgi I-isaTvis aRniSnuli teritoria ar iyo Soreuli mxare, is

iyo qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli miwa-wyali, romlisaganac iRebda kidec

did Zalas, gansakuTrebiT mkvidri didebulebis (aznaurebis) mxri-

dan. magaliTad, momijnave, kidev ufro samxreTiT mdebare turube-

ranis gavaris mmarTveloba jojik erisTavT-erisTavis sagvareulos

xelSi iyo moqceuli, isini iq mkvidrebi iyvnen, am qarTvel patriot-

Ta saxlis wevri iyo cnobili fersi jojikis Ze. is iyo memamule

vrceli miwebisa zemo araqssa da murad-sus Sua, romelsac tvar-

373

watafi erqva (e. metreveli, narkvevebi aTonis keris istoriidan, 1996,

gv. 32). iq, sadac qsenofontes qarTuli tomebi Sexvda (araqssa da

murad sus Sua). fersi jojikis Ze mudam saqarTvelos interesebis

damcveli iyo, uSiSari mebrZoli bizantielebis winaaRmdeg,

jer kidev 1001 wels iberiaSi Tavisi pirveli laSqrobis Semdeg

imperatorma basilim konstantinepolSi gadaasaxla fersi (feris)

jojokis Ze da misi Zma Tevdrati sxva didaznaurebis ojaxebTan er-

Tad, imedi hqondaT, rom isini iq daiviwyebdnen samSoblos, magram ara.

fersi 1019 wels dabrunda mSobliur miwa-wyalze da daiwyo ajanyeba

imperiis winaaRmdeg, imdenad STambeWdavi, rom imperatoris taxti

sagrZnoblad Seirya, kerZod, qarTvelTa qveynis siRrmeSi (basianSi)

basili II-is jaris dabanakebis Semdeg mis zurgSi momzadda didi ajan-

yeba imperatoris winaaRmdeg. keisris spaspetma da barda fokas Ze warve-

zim iseTi didi jari Sekribes, rom imperiis aRmosavleTi maT xelSi

moeqca didad SeZrwunda amisTvis basili~ (sumbat daviTis Ze, cxovre-

ba bagrationTa, 1990, gv. 55). mojanyeTa erT-erTi ZiriTadi Zala qarTve-

li aznaurebi rom iyvnen, iqedanac Cans, rom gamarjvebis Semdeg ba-

sili II-m upirvelesad feris jojikis Ze daasjevina sikvdiliT.

ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg a. lastivertecis cnobiT basili II-s

upirveles saqmed miuCnevia fersis da misi siZis andronikes Sepyro-

ba `moiyvanes xaRtoiariWis cixe-simagremde, karinis sazRvarze, maTmiaRwies cixesimagris pirdapir mdebare mindors, iq SeCerdnen, moiyv-anes fersi da andronike da Tavebi mohkveTes, es mefisagan iyo nabrZane-bi, radganac fersi da andronike TavianTi ajanyebis dros afxazis mokav-Sireni iyvnen da aRuTqves mas am adgilamde mTeli teritoriis micema,vinaidan jer kidev winaT es adgilebi daviT kurapalats epyra~ (a. las-

tiverteci, istoria, gv. 50).

maSasadame, `qarTvelTa mTavari~ fersi anu feris jojikis Ze sxva

patriotebTan erTad miiyvanes karinis anu Teodosiopolis qveyana-

Si, radganac am qveynis gadacema surdaT maT `afxazTa~ mefisaTvis,

giorgi I-saTvis, da swored amitom basili II-m sagangebod aqve dasaja

isini.

rogorc iTqva, rom ar yofiliyo karineli qarTvelebis didi mx-

ardaWera, fersi jojikis Ze ver gadascemda am miwa-wyals saqarTve-

los (afxazTa) mefes.

374

am qveyanaSi mxolod ori Zala Canda (bizantiuri da qarTuli),

somexi patriotis a. lastivertecis naSromSi odnavi miniSnebac ki ar

aris imisa, rom iyo mesame _ somxuri Zala, romelsac Tavisi poli-

tikuri neba an zraxvebi hqonoda karinsa Tu basianSi, maSasadame,

rogorc Cans, feris qarTvelTa mTavari~ azrumis (karinis) dasabrune-

blad ibrZoda, raTa saqarTvelos SemoerTeboda is, viTarca kidev erTi

qarTuli mxare.

rogorc iTqva, qarTvelTa mTavris~ tituli hqonda aseve VII sauku-

neSi vaSdens (`qarTvelTa mTavars~), rac memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda

mis ojaxs. SesaZloa, am ojaxis memkvidre iyo feris jojikis Ze, Tum-

ca imJamad misi qveyana (anu tao da mimdebare mxareebi) somxuri ek-

lesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli. somxuri eklesiis udidesi naw-

ili VII s-Si qalkedonituri iyo, amitomac somxuri eklesiis mrev-

lisa da ierarqiis erT nawils maSin eTnikuri qarTvelebi Seadgendnen,

gansakuTrebiT taosa da mimdebare mxareebSi.

saeklesio iurisdiqciaTa cvlileba (XI s.)

ivane javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom bizantiuri

administraciuli erTeuli _ iveriis anu iberiis Temi daaarsa imper-

atorma konstantinem, romelic romanozis Semdeg mefobda.

`bagrat IV-is Tanamedrove keisarma konstantinem bizantia-saqarTve-

los sazRvrebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia da daucxromlad

cdilobda TandaTanobiT rogorme gamoeglija saqarTvelosaTvis mona-

pire qveynebi. man daaarsa iveriis Temi - sakatepano, romelic Tavda-pirvelad daviT kurapalatis samflobelosagan Sedgeboda, magram mere

sxva miwebic miemata~ (iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. II, 1983, gv. 137).

am momentidan, Tu ufro adredan ara, mTlianad Seicvala saekle-

sio iurisdiqciac. kerZod, bizantiuri administraciuli erTeulis

iveriis Temiis daarseba TavisTavad gulisxmobda imas, rom am miwaze

qarTuli eklesiis adgils iWerda konstantinopolis sapatriarqo.

maSasadame, valaSkertis an banas qarTuli samamamTavro ukve eklesi-

375

urad aRar iyo uflebamosili iveriis Temis miwa-wyalze, mis adgils

axla daiWerda konstantinopolis romelime samitropolito.

iveriis Temi, rogorc aRiniSna moicavda daviT kurapalatis sam-

flobeloebs, kerZod, imier taos, basians, mis mimdebare vrcel qvey-

nebs vidre vanis tbamde, maT Soris valaSkertsac, dasavleTiT ki

albaT arzrumsac. am miwa-wyalze marTlac mravali qalkedonuri sae-

piskoposo iyo, romelnic konstantinopolma dauqvemdebara lazikis

eparqias~.

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis eparqiis centri trape-

zunti iyo, axla misi sazRvrebi gaizarda, moicva iberiis Temic, anu

vrceli miwa-wyali vidre vanis tbamde.

imer taos teritoriebis meti wili `iberiis TemSi~ Sevida, Sesa-

bamisad gamoiyvanes qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciidan da dauqvem-

debares konstantinopolis patriarqs.

iberiis Temis Camoyalibebam Secvala bizantiuri iurisdiqcia, ker-

Zod es axali administraciuli erTeuli eklesiurad gadauciaT la-

zikis eparqiisaTvis, anu trapezuntis samitropolitosaTvis.

Sesabamisad, iberiis Temis daarsebis Semdeg konstantinopolis sa-

patriarqos lazikis eparqiaSi Sevida vrceli miwa-wyali mravali

saepiskoposoTi vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, iqamde isini Sedioda daviT

kurapalatis samefos tao-valaSkertis qarTul samamamTavroSi.

376

saba mtbevari, ezra anCeli, baneli ioane da

zaqaria valaSkerteli (XI s.)

(qarTulenovani samitropolito olqi bizantiis imperiaSi

(1001-1025 ww.)

qarTveli mRvdelmTavrebi, episkoposebi da TviT kaTalikos-mama-

mTavrebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen bizantia-saqarTvelos omisas

mxareTa dasazaveblad.

1021 wels trapezuntSi gamosazamTreblad dabanakebulma basilim

da saqarTvelos mTavrobam gadawyvites dazaveba, kerZod giorgi I

daTanxmda daeTmo daviT III kurapalatis sruli memkvidreoba. bizantias

dazaveba surda, giorgi I zavs daTanxmda iZulebiT.

zavis garantorebad basilim airCia saqarTvelos eklesiis meTau-

rebi.

imperatorma giorgi I-is elCebs Tan gaayola Tavisi warmomadgen-

lebi, raTa maTi TandaswrebiT qarTvelTa eklesiis meTaurebs piro-

ba CamoerTmiaT giorgi I-isaTvis, rom is aRar ibZrolebda daviT kura-

palatis memkvidreobisaTvis.

maleve basili II-is winaaRmdeg bizantiaSi moewyo didi ajanyeba

barda fokas Svilis nikiforesa da anatoliis mmarTvel qsifes me-

TaurobiT. saqarTvelos mTavroba miemxro ajanyebulebs. maSasadame,

miRweuli zavi dairRva.

radganac zavis garantori qarTuli eklesia iyo da zavis darRve-

vis gamo basili II aRar endoboda mas, miTumetes, rom ufro adre,

iberiaSi Semosvlis win aristakes lastivertecis TqmiT keisarma mefe

giorgisTan gaagzavna valaSkerteli qarTveli episkoposi zaqaria,

winadadebiT, xeli aeRo daviT III-is memkvidreobaze _ tkbili sityve-

biT werda mas, rom rac memkvidreobiT Seni araa, xeli aiRe imaze, nu dami-

brkoleb gzas sparseTiskeno~.

valaSkertelma episkoposma zaqariam daarwmuna mefe giorgi I da-

Tanxmeboda basilis moTxovnebs, CamoarTva mefes xelwerili, rom is

uTmobda basils Tavisi winapris daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobas

da sixaruliT wavida imperatorTan, magram gzaSi mas daewia mefe

giorgis malemsrboli da moiTxova werilis ukan dabruneba.

377

xelmocaruli zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposi arc imperatorma

Seiwynara, piriqiT, cilic daswama, TiTqos is ajanyebulebs emxrobo-

da. sabolood ki nawyenma basil meorem dasaja qarTveli episkoposi

imiT, rom Camoacila valaSkertis kaTedras, Tavis qveyanas da sacx-

ovreblad konstantinopolSi gaamgzavra.

lastivertecis cnobiT zaqarias imperatoris brZanebiT enac amo-

glijes, sxva cnobiT ki zaqarias ena mokveTes ara 1021 wels, aramed

Semdeg, daaxloebiT 1025 wels sxva ajanyebaSi monawileobis gamo.

garda basilisa, arc sxva imperatorebi swyalobdnen imJamad qarTul

eklesias.

imperator konstantines brZanebiT 1027 (1028) wels imperiis laSqar-

ma moarbia samxreT iberiis qveyana da zogadad didi safrTxe Seuqmna

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobas _ mematianes sityviT `gandges kv-

alad aznaurni da warvides igini saberZneTs~ es imas niSnavs, rom qvey-

nis didebulebisa da aznaurebis erTma nawilma bizantiis saxelmwi-

fos gadasca sakuTari mamulebi da miwa-wyali da cixe-simagreebi da

romelTa sanacvlodac imperiaSi miiRes sxva miwa-wyali da sasaxlee-

bi, ase rom qveynis Sua gulSic bizantiis imperias samarTlebrivad

gauCnda sakuTari miwa-wyali, mamulebi da cixe-simagreebi. sumbat

daviTis Zis cnobiT bizantielebs wvrili eris erTi nawilic, anu

glexobac mimxrobia, xolo saqarTvelos mefem Tavisi laSqari moar-

ida mters, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis aseT umZimes dros

qveynis dacvis wminda saqme Tavis xelSi aiRo qarTulma eklesiam, ker-

Zod SavSeTis episkoposma saba mtbevarma da meore episkoposma, aseve

Zalze saxelovani kaTedris mRvdelmTavarma ezra anCelma.

episkoposebma saba mtbevarma da ezra anCelma Tavis xelSi aiRes

qveynis Tavdacvis organizaciis saqme, aaSenes Tavdacvis centri, didi

cixe-simagre e.w. `sveti~, da marTlac RvTis SewevniT SeiZleba iTq-

vas moxda namdvili saswaulebrivi movlena _ bizantiis laSqarma da

maTma meTaurma nikita parakimanosma, romelsac konstantine keisris

mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg brZola evaleboda, ver SeZles qarTveli

episkoposebis mier mowyobili TavdacviTi xazis garRveva.

mterma ver daimorCila `sveti~, anu rogorc aRvniSneT, ver Se-

Zles episkoposebis mier aRmarTuli cixe-simagris damorCileba.

378

sumbat daviTis Ze wers, rom svetsa mas Sina myofni `viTarca erT-

gulni da WeSmaritni martvilni saRmrToni TavTa TvisTa ganwirvidesda sisxlTa dasTxevdes sityvisaebr mociqulTasa da ganZlierdebodes~.

saba mtbevari ase amxnevebda Tavis mebrZolebs `numca Segvityue-

ben Cven liqnani ese da safaseni mswraflwarmavalni, aramed movigoT

madli erTgulebisa da gvirgvini axovanebisa~. aqedan Cans, rom ara

mxolod ubralo mebrZolebsa da wvril ers~, aramed TviTon episko-

posebsac ki bizantieli agentebi pirdebodnen did simdidres Rala-

tis sanacvlod, iseve rogorc zemoT xsenebuli aznaurebi da dide-

bulebi moxibles bizantiaSi qonebis micemiT.

sabednierod, amjerad qarTulma eklesiam gaimarjva da bizantiele-

bi iZulebulebi gaxdnen daeTmoT.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulma basili keisari, Semdeg ki konstantine

VIII da saerTod bizantiuri mTavroba ganawyo qarTuli eklesiis winaaRm-deg, rac gamoixata qarTuli monastrebis berebis devniT bizantiis im-

periaSi XI s-is I naxevarSi.

qarTuli eklesia da qarTuli sasuliero pirebi gansakuTrebu-

lad idevnebodnen bizantiis mier dapyrobil daviT III kurapalatis

egreTwodebul samemkvidreo miwa-wyalze, anu arzrumidan vidre va-

nis tbamde, amis magaliTia zaqaria valaSkerteli episkoposis devna

da amis magaliTi unda iyos aseve baneli episkoposi iovanes saberZneTSi

wasvla. baneli episkopos iovanes bizantiaSi miwveva emsgavseba XIX s-Si

qarTlis kaTalikosis anton II-s ruseTSi miwvevas da gadasaxlebas.

rogorc aRiniSna, XI saukunis 20-ian wlebSi bizantielebma daviT

kurapalatis samemkvidro miwa-wyalze, misi dapyrobis Semdeg, daaarses

iberiis Temi.

iqamde, rogorc cnobili aris, taoSi, da mis xeldebul miwebze,

arsebobda qarTuli samrevloebi, qarTuli monastrebi da qarTuli

saepiskoposoebi - amier taoSi banas cnobili samRvdelmTavro kaTe-

dra, imier taos samefoSi, rogorc Cans, msgavsi Rirsebisa da dide-

bulebis mqone qarTuli samRvdelmTavro kaTedra iyo qalaq val-

aSkertSi.

qalaqi valaSkerti (Tanamedrove elaSkerti) mdebareobda basian-

is sazRvarTan axlos, erT-erT umTavres saerTaSoriso savaWro gza-

379

ze, ufro metic am qalaqTan ikvreboda savaWro gzebis kvanZi. q. val-

aSkertSi, magaliTad daibanaka daviT kurapalatma, rodesac is vanis

tbisaken gaemgzavra manaskertisa da arWeSis gasaTavisufleblad mah-

madianTa batonobisagan.

valaSketeli episkoposi zaqaria cnobili qarTveli saeklesio

moRvawe iyo. rogorc aRvniSneT, is 1021 wels basili II-m gaagzavna

giorgi I-Tan mosalaparakeblad.

wyaroebSi sakmaod xSirad valaSkertel episkoposs ewodeba aseve

mamaTmTavari. is aseve yofila baneli svingelozi.

mamaTmTavari, saeklesio samarTlis terminia da aris Targmani si-

tyvisa patriarqi.

`mamaTmTavaris~ maRali sasuliero wodeba taos damoukidebeli sa-

xelmwifos SemTxvevaSi, Cans, gulisxmobda samitropolito olqis me-

Taurobas.rogorc viciT samitropolito olqis meTaurs, anu mitropolits

Tavis xelqveviT hyavda episkoposebi, romelTa kurTxevis uflebac

mas hqonda. aseTi iyo pirvelqristianuli eklesiis mowyobis wesi.

aseTi gagebiT saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi, ZiriTadaT, ori samit-

ropolito olqi arsebobda: qarTlis sakaTalikoso da afxazeTis

sakaTalikoso, oRond maT meTaurebs ara mitropoliti, anda arqiepisko-

posi, aramed kaTalikosi (sayovelTao episkoposi) ewodeboda.

IX-X ss-Si, saqarTvelos eklesiis sazRvrebis zrdis kvaldakval,

axalwarmoqmnil qarTul saxelmwifoebriv erTeulebSi qarTuli samit-

ropolito olqebic yalibdeboda magaliTad erTi aseTi iyo afxaze-

Tis sakaTalikoso _ TavisTavadi qarTuli saeklesio-administraci-

uli erTeuli, rogorc Cans XIV-XV saukuneebSi Crdilo kavkasiaSi

daRestanSi Camoyalibebula meore aseTi saeklesio erTeuli xunZe-

Tis sakaTalikoso, moRweulia misi meTauris saxeli _ xunZeli kaTa-

likosi oqropiri~. rogorc Cans mas daqvemdebarebaSi sakuTari

saepiskoposoebic hyavda, albaT waxurisa, anwuxisa da sxva, anu xun-

ZeTis sakaTalikoso, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos msgavsad warmoadgen-

da berZnuli gagebiT samitropolito olqs.

Cven gamovTqvamT Tvalsazriss, rom SesaZloa daviT III kurapala-

tis vrclad gadaSlil miwa-wyalze olTisidan arzrumamde da vanis

380

tbamde viTarca damoukidebel samefoSi Camoyalibda axali qarTuli

saeklesio erTeuli, samitropolito olqis statusis mqone, iseTive

rogorebic iqamdec iyvnen, vTqvaT qarTlis sakaTalikoso, anda afx-

azeTis sakaTalikoso, xolo am axali samitropolito olqis meTaurs

gaaCnda ara wodeba kaTalikosisa, aramed mamaTmTavrisa.

Cven vfiqrobT, aseTi xanmokle rom ar yofiliyo daviT kurapa-

latis samxreT taos samefos arseboba, aRniSnuli qarTuli samitro-

polito olqi arzrumidan vanis tbamde albaT realur saxes miiReb-

da, magram rogorc Cans misi arseboba gagrZelda sul ramdenime aTeu-

li weli da zaqaria valaSkertelTan erTad gaqra asparezidan.

aRniSnul teritoriaze, rogorc vTqviT, Semdeg bizantiuri iberi-

is Temi~ Camoyalibda, romlis miwawyalze, daviT kurapalatis yofil

samefoSi iqamde arsebuli qarTuli marTlmadidebluri saepiskopo-soebi bizantiam SeuerTa lazikis, anu trapezuntis samitropolitoolqs.

albaT, iberiis Temis daarsebamde atarebda zaqaria valaSkerteli

mamaTmTavris tituls e.i XI s-is 20-25-ian wlebamde.

eqvTime mTawmindelis mier Targmnil da zaqaria valaSkertelisa-

Tvis gadaweril sjuliskanonis minawerebSi ikiTxeba `ufalo iesoqriste adide wmida mamaTmTavari zaqaria valaSkerteli~, da `RmerToadide zaqaria mamaTmTavari aqa da saukunesa~ (T. Jordania. qronikebi,

t. I, gv. 155).

T. Jordanias cnobiT yofila aseve sxva wignis minaweri `qristeadide orTave Sina cxovrebaTa zaqaria mamaTmTavari, banaeli svin-gelozi~ da aRniSnavs, rom zaqaria valaSkerteli unda gamdxariyos

banel svingelozado. SesaZloa zaqaria valaSkerteli da baneli svin-

gelozi sxvadsaxva piri iyo.

v. kopaliani wers `Tu zaqaria valaSkerteli iyo maSin roca mas

ena mohkveTes, amis Semdeg is baneli svingelozi ver gaxdeboda.

rogorc Cans zaqarias ena mohkveTes ara 1021 wels, aramed 1025 wels,

radganac skilice zaqarias 1025 wlis SeTqmulebis monawiled, da

amis gamo dasjilad Tvlis (v. kopaliani, dasax. naSr. gv. 115). Sesa-

Zloa 1021 wlamde valaSkerteli zaqaria 1025 wlamde baneli svinge-

lozi gaxda, albaT konstantinepolSi misces mas es sapatio wodeba mas

Semdeg rac iovane banelma episkoposma banas kaTedra datova.

381

amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania v. kopalianis mosazreba _

`SeiZleba danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom zaqaria ara saqarTvelos samefo-Si Semavali saeklesio obieqtis mamaTmTavari aramed, qarTuli pro-vinciis, magram bizantiis imperiis mier dapyrobili romeliRac saek-lesio centrisa da misi mrevlis mamaTmTavaria~ (v. kopaliani, sa-

qarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi,

1969, gv. 116).

Cven veTanxmebiT am mosazrebas da migvaCnia, rom zaqaria iyo mamaT-

mTavari daviT kurapalatis samefos marTlmadidebeli mrevlisa,

xolo mas Semdeg rac 1001 wels es samefo daipyro bizantiam, bizan-tia erT xans kidev iTmenda am dapyrobil qveyanaSi am qarTuli saekle-sio olqis arsebobas, Tumca ki misi mamaTmTavari konstantinepolSi iyogadasaxlebuli, xolo 1025 wlidan zaqarias dasjis Semdeg qarTulisamitropolito olqi gauqmda da iberiis Temis marTlmadidebeli mrev-li gadaeca trapezuntis, anu lazikis mitropolits.

am gadacemamde, anu 1001 wlidan 1025 wlamde TiTqmis meoTxedi

saukunis ganmavlobaSi bizantiaSi moRvawe qarTveli sasuliero pire-bi yoveli RonisZiebiT Tavdadebuli SromiT cdilobdnen rogormeSeenarCunebinaT taos yofil teritoriaze eklesiis qarTulenovneba,raTa aRniSnuli miwa-wylis eklesiebsa da saepiskoposo kaTedrebSi

wirva-locva yofiliyo kvlav qarTulenovani. rogorc Cans berZenTa

mxridan es wamowyeba did winaaRmdegobas awydeboda, berZnebs ar See-

ZloT pirdapiri uariT qarTveli mrevlisaTvis qarTulenovani wir-

va-locvis akrZalva, amitomac eZebdnen sababs. gamoCenilan `mayve-

dreblebi~, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom qarTuli wminda werili ar

iyo sworad Targmnili, rom mas raRac monofizituri biwi gaaCnda,

radganac somxuri redaqciebidan iyo Targmnili.

giorgi mcire, Tavis `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi~ aRniSnavs

kidec, rom qarTuli saeklesio literaturis nawili namdvilad iyo

Targmnili somxuridan. unda vifiqroT, rom aTonis mTis wmida mama-

Ta mTeli SemarTeba, raTa berZnulidan eTargmnaT saeklesio liter-

atura mizanmimarTulad emsaxureboda iberiis TemSi qarTulenovani

RvTismsaxurebis SenarCunebis saqmes, raTa qarTulenovani wirva-lo-

cva ar aekrZalaT, raime momizezebiT, da mis nacvlad ar daenergaT

berZnulenovani wirva-locva.

382

giorgi mcires sityviT, braldebaTa gamo, iverTa monasterSi, aTo-

nis wminda mTaze, eqvTime mTawmindelma wamoiwyo didi Sroma, raTa

qarTuli wminda wignebi SeejerebinaT da gaesworebinaT imJamad miRe-

buli berZnuli redaqciebis mixedviT. am Sromas eweoda radenime

Taoba, magram, pirveli, eqvTime mTawmidelisa da zaqaria valaSkerte-

lis Taobis SemarTeba am mxriv gasaocari iyo.

sabolood mainc, samxreT taos qarTuli samefo iqca berZnul

`iberiis Temad~, saidanac gaZevebuli iqmna qarTuli saeklesio ier-

arqia da is eklesiurad konstantinopolis sapatriarqos lazikis

eparqiis nawilad iqca.

zaqaria mamaTmTavari aqtiurad TanamSromlobda aTonis mTis mTarg-

mnel mamebTan, raTa Tavis eparqiis mrevlisaTvis `ubiwo~ qarTul-

enovani liturgikuli literatura SeeTavazebina, rom amiT berZen

`mabralobelTa~ guli moego, magram politikuri mizezebis gamo misi

Sroma amao aRmoCnda, mis mrevls qarTulis nacvlad berZnulenovani

wirva-locva dauweses.

Cans, Crdilo taos umTavresi saeklesio centri banac iberiis Temma

SeierTa.

am didi saeklesio marcxis Semdegac, roca qarTvelma mamebma ver

SeZles iberiis TemSi~ qarTulenovani eparqiis SenarCuneba (Tundac

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi), isini ukve iRvwod-

nen raTa danarCeni saqarTvelos mrevls mainc SeenarCunebina erovnul-

eklesiuri TavisTavadoba.

unda iTqvas, rom XI s-is 20-50-iani wlebSi qarTuli eklesiis Tav-

dadebuli brZola saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis mtrulad ganaw-

yobda bizantiis saxelmwifo da saeklesio centrebs qarTuli ek-

lesiis mimarT.

mTel bizantiis imperiaSi dawyebuli devna qarTuli sasuliero

pirebisa da monastrebisa gagrZelda 1054-1057 wlebamde da ZiriTadad

Sewyda bagrat IV-s konstantinepolSi Casvlis da molaparakebaTa dam-

Tavrebis Semdeg.

383

ìberiis TemSi~ qarTulenovani

eparqiis gauqmeba (XI s.)

saeklesio iurisdiqcia, rogorc wesi, asaxavs politikur cvlile-

bas. Sesabamisad, taos samefos gauqmebam da misi teritoriebis bizan-

tiis imperiaSi Seyvanam saeklesio iurisdiqciac Secvala.

iqamde taos qarTuli eparqia Tavisi qarTulenovani saepiskoposo

kaTedrebiTa da monastrebiT brwyinavda mTel qarTul eklesiaSi,

magram, mas Semdeg, rac taos `qarTvelTa samefo~ gaauqma bizantiis

imperiam da mis teritoriaze Tavisi administraciuli erTeuli iberi-

is Temi~ daaarsa, Seicvala saeklesio iurisdiqciac.

axla ukve taos yofil samefoSi, romelic vrcel iberiis Temad~

gadaiqca, qarTuli eklesiis adgili konstantinopolis sapatriarqom

daiWira.

ìberiis Temis~ qarTuli eklesia-monastrebi konstantinopolis

iurisdiqcias, kerZod lazikis samitropolitos daeqvemdebara.

konstantinopolis iurisdiqciaSi yofna cxadia iTvaliswinebda

berZnulenovan wirva-locvas, magram es mkacrad savaldebulo ar iyo

pirvel etapze mainc.

rogorc masala miuTiTebs, qarTveli mamebi XI saukunis 20-30-ian

wlebSi (da Semdegac) ibrZodnen imisaTvis, raTa bizantiaSi Semavali

ìberiis Temis~ eparqia yofiliyo qarTulenovani, rom konstanti-

nopolis sapatriarqoSi Sesul am miwa-wyalze eklesia-monastrebSi

qarTulenovani wirva-locva SenarCunebuliyo, Seabamisi qarTulen-

ovani wignebiT, galobiTa da sxva wesebiT.

erTi sityviT, qarTvel mamebs surdaT, konstantinopolis sapatri-

arqos iberiis Temis~ eparqia qarTulenovani yofiliyo. am ideis mTa-

vari sulisCamdgmeli da ganmaxorcielebeli iyo valaSkerteli qarTve-

li episkoposi zaqaria. marTalia igi konstantinopolSi iyo gadasax-

lebuli imperator basili II-is mier, magram Cans inarCunebda saekle-

sio Tanamdebobebsa da xarisxebs, Cans, is svingelozadac iwodeboda.

konstantinopolis patriarqis mekare beri _ svingelozi maRali

wodeba iyo da rogorc wesi eniWeboda sxvebTan erTad iberiel didg-

varovnebs (patrikiosma Tornike erisTavma barda skliarosTan gama-

384

rjvebis Semdeg svingelozis wodeba miiRo), Cans zaqaria valaSkerte-

li iberieli didgvarovani iyo da daimsaxura es wodeba.

zaqaria valaSkerteli konstantinopolSi didad iRvwoda, raTa

iberiis Temis eparqia qarTulenovani yofiliyo da man did warmate-

basac miaRwia, magram XI s-is 30-ian wlebSi imperatoris winaaRmdeg

SeTqmuleba dabralda, risTvisac daisaja.

unda vifiqroT, rom zaqaria valaSkertelis dasjis Semdeg, e. i.

XI s-is 30-50-iani wlebidan ìberiis Temis~ eparqia ukve uSualod

daeqvemdebara trapezuntis samitropolitos da gaerTianebuli iqna

lazikis berZnulenovan eparqiaSi. amiT ìberiis Temis~, ase vTqvaT,kulturuli avtonomiuroba gauqmda.

magram, amas Znelad eguebodnen qarTveli mamebi da XI saukunis pir-

vel naxevarSi, gardamaval etapze, bizantia-saqarTvelos zavis dade-

bamde (1054-1057 wlebamde), Tavdauzogavad iRwodnen iberiis Temis~

saeklesio qarTulenovnebisaTvis.

maT winaaRmdeg ìberiis Temis~ berZnulenovnebis mosurne bizan-tiel sasuliero pirebs namdvili omi hqondaT gaCaRebuli kulturissferoSi. kerZod, bizantieli mamebi moiTxovdnen qarTulenovani wig-nebis, wmida werilis amoRebas iberiis Temis saeklesio praqtikidan,radganac, maTi mtkicebiT qarTuli wignebi arasworad iyo Targmnili,miuTiTebdnen, rom isini Targmnilni iyvnen somxuri redaqciebis e. i.biwieri, araswori, Seryvnili teqstebidan, amis Sesaxeb vrclad werenaTonis mTis mamaTa Rvawlis aRmweri mwerlebi.

amis gamo, XI saukunis mTeli pirveli naxevari mieZRvna qarTuli

redaqciebis berZnulis mixedviT Casworebas. mTargmnelobiTi muSaobis

saTaveebTan idgnen taoeli, zogadad ìberiis Temidan~ gamosuli

qarTveli mamebi. berZnulis mixedviT Targmna-redaqtirebis es pro-

cesi daiwyo gansakuTrebiT keisar basilis tao-basianSi 1001 wels

laSqrobis Semdeg, radganac maSin ukve Seerya taos qarTul eparqias

safuZveli.

samwuxarod, didi, grandiozuli SemoqmedebiTi samuSaos Sesruleb-

is miuxedavad ver moxerxda SenarCuneba ìberiis Temis~ eparqiis

qarTulenovnebisa. marTalia, misi zogierTi eklesia-monasteri kv-

lav qarTulenovani tipikoniT moqmedebda, magram sabolood mTli-

anad ìberiis Temis~ eparqia berZnulenovani gaxda.

385

`iberiis Temis~ miwa-wyali, rogorc iTqva, miuerTes lazikis ber-

Znul eparqias, romlis samitropolito centri trapezuntSi mdeba-

reobda. e.i. 1001 wlidan 1030-ian wlebamde es eparqia qarTulenovani

iyo, xolo 30-70-ian wlebSi TandaTan berZnulenovnad iqca.iqamde, basili II-is SemoWramde, 1001 wlamde, imier taos qarTvelTa

samefoSi~ Semavali miwa-wylis sasuliero centrad gamocxadda q.

valaSkerti (p. ingoroyva. giorgi merCule, 1954, gv. 67-68) da val-

aSkerteli episkoposi faqtiur mitropolits warmoadgenda, romel-

ic meTaurobda taos mier axladSemoerTebuli qveynebis qarTul ek-

lesia-monastrebs, Tavis mxriv, es qarTuli eparqia mcxeTas eqvemde-

bareboda ukve X s-is 70-iani wlebidan. valaSkertis eparqiis iuris-

diqciaSi Cans Sedioda qarTvelTa mier gaTavisuflebuli miwa-wyali

_ `zemoni qveyanani~ Sesulni taos samefoSi.

am vrceli mxareebis mkvidrma qarTvelma mosaxleobam gaTavisuf-

lebisTanave gadaigdo somxuri saeklesio uReli da daubrunda de-

daqarTul eklesias, romelsac mowyvetili iyo saukuneTa manZilze.

maTi sulieri mamebi, eTnikurad aseve qarTvelebi, Cans iqamdec,

gaTavisuflebamdec, zrunavdnen, raTa maT mrevls ar daekarga erov-

nul-qarTuli identoba, TviTSemecneba da qalkedonuri sarwmunoe-

ba. ase ukve Semzadebulma qarTulma mrevlma Seadgina mTeli sisavse

valaSkertis eparqiis mravalricxvovani samwysosi.

es SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tu ara mrevlis saojaxo qarTulenovne-

ba da maTi didi survili dabrunebodnen dedaeklesias. daviT kura-

palatma maTi didi xnis ocneba aRasrula. daviT kurapalatis dros,

isini qarTuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad iqcnen, iq moRvawe suli-

erma qarTvelma mamebma ki ganagrZes iqamde, didi xniT adre dawyebu-

li saqme.

saubedurod, es didi erovnul-eklesiuri aRtkineba umowyalod Cak-

la bizantiis jarma da imperatorma basil II-m, romelic 1001 wels Sevi-

da taoSi, daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobis misaRebad.

1018 wels basil II meored SemoiWra saqarTveloSi kidev ufro

didi jariT, qarTuli jari ukuiqca, mterma kola-artaani da javax-

eTi gaanadgura basianTan da taosTan erTad. 1022 wels daido qar-

TvelTaTvis mZime zavi. imperiaSi daiwyo qarTveli berebis, saerTod

386

qarTvelebis devna. e. xinTibaZis sityviT, saimperatoro karze iberTa

saxeli imperiis orgul mterTa saZulvel saxelebs Soris ixsenieboda.basili II-s am dapyrobil iveriis miwebze Seuqmnia samxedro-admin-

istraciuli erTeuli iberiis sakatepano~, igive ìberiis Temi~, mis

erT-erT mmarTvels `matiane qarTlisa~ uwodebs àRmosavleTis ka-

tabans~, romelsac iqamde mZevlad wayvanili yrma bagrat IV konstan-

tinopolidan amier taoSi daubrunebia.

ìberiis TemSi~, anu e.w. àRmosavleTSi~ zogierTi istorikosis

TvalsazrisiT, Sedioda _ imier tao, Crdilo basiani, olTisi, Tor-

Tomi, da aseve kola, artaani, SavSeTi, javaxeTi da aseve is vrceli

miwa-wyali, romelic Sedioda araqs-evfratis xeobebSi.

v. goilaZis azriT am qveynebis mierTebisTanave imperiis eklesiam

Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcela maTze, amis gamo misi azriT oSkis

cnobili taZaric ki am periodSi imperiis eklesiaSi Sedioda, (v. goil-

aZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva qarTul epografikaSi,

2008, gv. 122).

bizantiis imperiis eklesiaSi Sesula daviT kurapalatis samefos

mTeli teritoria (iqve, gv. 125).

imperiis SemadgenlobaSi es qarTuli teritoriebi darCenila 1001

wlidan 1072-74 wlebamde _ Turq-selCukebis mier maT dapyrobamde.

valaSkerti, romelic iqamde imier taos samefos sasuliero cen-

tri iyo _ konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqcias daeqvemde-

bara oSkis taZarTan da sxva qarTul eklesia-monastrebTan erTad

(ix. iqve, gv. 137). Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom 1018 wlamde bizantiis

batonoba am miwaze ar iyo myari, aq isev igrZnoboda qarTuli sax-

elmwifos xeli.

XI saukunis 30-ian wlebamde, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli sasuliero

pirebi cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT bizantiis imperiaSi Sesuli am

miwa-wylis eklesiebis qarTulenovneba. qarTuli wmida werilis xe-

laxalma redaqtirebam, berZnul redaqciebTan Sedarebam, TiTqmis

naxevari saukune moicva.

sabolood ki mainc iberiis Temis eparqia berZnulenovani gaxda

zogadi TvalsazrisiT, Tumca eklesia-monastrebis arcTu mcire naw-

ilma SeinarCuna qarTulenovneba.

387

daviT kurapalatis yofili samefos qarTuli saepiskoposoebis mrev-

li Semdgom saukuneebSic qarTuli eklesiis wevrad darCa Turq-sel-Cukebisa da osmalebis batonobis drosac ki, aseTebi iyvnen ara mxolod

oSkisa, banasa Tu xaxulis, aramed valaSkertisa da arzrumis da sxva

qarTveli saepiskopsoebis mrevlic.

valaSkertis samamamTavro da lazikis

samitropolito (XI s.)

ZiriTadi saeklesio administraciuli erTeulis _ samitropoli-

tos meTaurs anu mitropolits, rogorc cnobilia, Tavis uSualo

daqvemdebarebaSi hyavs sakuTari episkoposebi. aseTi saeklesio erTeu-

lebi saqarTveloSi, rogorc iTqva, iyo qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTa-

likosoebi (kaTalikosi iseTive saeklesio xelisufali iyo, rogoric

berZnul eklesiaSi aris mitropoliti).

sazogadod, msoflio pirvelqristianul eklesiaSi samitropoli-

to olqTa iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda mis momcvel adgilobriv poli-

tikur-administraciul erTeulebze, eseni iyvnen Tavis droze ro-

mauli provinciebi, Semdeg bizantiuri teritoriuli politikuri

erTeulebi.

saqarTveloSic afxazeTis sakaTalikosos iurisdiqcia vrcelde-

boda afxazTa samefos farglebSi, mcxeTisa _ danarCeni saqarTve-

los farglebSi.

valaSkertis samamamTavros, anu valaSkertis `samitropolito

olqis~ iurisdiqcia, Cans, vrceldeboda taos samefos (imier taos)

farglebSi. taos samefo Tavdapirvelad moicavda imier taos, Semdgom,

daviT kurapalatis dros mas miuerTda vrceli miwebi e.w. `zemoni

qveyanani~, gadaWimuli TiTqmis vanis tbamde. maSasadame, am miwa-wylis

momcveli taos samefo~ iyo valaSkertis mamamTavris~ iurisdiqciis

qveS. sxva sityviT rom vTqvaT, saqarTvelos eklesiaSi iyo imdeni

sakaTalikoso erTeuli, ramdeni politikuri erTeuli anu samefoc~

arsebobda qveyanaSi, Tumca kaxeTis samefos SigniT arsebobda Tu

388

ara aseTi `samitropolito~ CvenTvis ucnobia, aq SeiZleba iyos

gamonaklisi, radganac kaxeTs Tavdapirvelad qorepiskoposebi mar-

Tavdnen viTarca saero-saeklesio xelisufalni, qorepiskoposebi ki

mcxeTeli kaTalikosis xelqveiTebi iyvnen. Cans, kaxeTis saqorepisko-

poso Zveli qarTlis samefos saeklesio iurisdiqciaSi iyo. afxazeT-

Si viTarca TavisTavad samefoSi _ saeklesio iurisdiqcias adgilo-

brivi mitropoliti, anu kaTalikosi axorcielebda, afxazeTis ga-

reT msgavsi politikuri erTeulebi, rogorc iTqva, iyo qarTlisa

da taos samefoebi. maSasadame, Cveni azriT, taos sazRvrebSi Camoy-

alibda taos qarTuli saeklesio-administraciuli erTeuli _ taos

samamaTmTavro, romlis iurisdiqcia TiTqmis vanis tbamde ganivrco.

`naTesaviT qarTvelni~ (grigol bakurianis Ze)

iberiaSi mosvlisas basili keisarma zavi Sekra Sida iberiis mmarT-

velTan da bizantiaSi mZevlebad `waiyvana iberiis didgvarianebi,

romelTagan umTavresni iyvnen bakuriani, Tevdrate da fersi, RviZli

Zmebi~ _ wers kedrene (georgika, V, gv. 45).

SemdegSi cnobili didebuli, iberieli didgvarovani _ grigoli -

iyo erT-erTi am gadasaxlebulis _ bakurianis Ze.

grigoli TviTonve aRniSnavs Tu vin iyo is _ `var RviZli Svili

netari bakurianisa, brwyinvale erisTav-erisTavisa, warmoSobiT varaRmosavleTis mxareebidan iberTa ubrwyinvalesi gvaridan~ (georgika,

V, gv. 99).

Tavis erovnuli warmomavlobis, Tavisi qarTvelobis Sesaxeb grigo-

li petriwonis monastris tipikonSi aRniSnavs _ Cven varT mamaci

qarTvelebi da gamovlili gvaqvs yovelgvari samxedro cxovrebao _

`romelni ese mkvidr varT monastersa amas Sina... qarTvelni varT naTe-

saviT mxneni da mxedrobaTa Sina aRzrdilni~.grigol bakurianis Ze amayobda Tavisi qarTuli warmoSobiT, qarTve-

lebs mxne anu mamac ers uwodebda, samxedro saqmeSi daxelovnebuls

(SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom grigolma, mxedarTmTavarma, Tavis

389

monasterSi Sekriba ukve moxucebuli (demobilizebuli) qarTveli

jariskacebi, romelTac beroba gadawyvites).

Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi grigols eTnikur somxad miiCn-

even, romelsac TiTqosda `naTesaviT qarTveli~ marTlmadideblo-

bis gamo erqva.

petriwonis tipikonSi, iseve, rogorc yvelgan, sityva `naTesavi~

erovnul vinaobas, eTnikur warmomavlobas aRniSnavs da ara sarwmu-

noebriv orientacias. grigoli wers varT qarTvelni naTesaviT mxne-

ni~. is mxne anu gmiruli, heroikuli suliskveTebis mqone eris, qar-

TvelTa naTesavis~ wevria da ara heroikuli konfesiisa. konfesias

`mxnes~ aravin uwodebs, rac Seexeba erebs, zogi heroikuli, meomru-

li suliskveTebisaa, zogi ki ara.

v. kopaliani aRniSnavs, rom grigols (maSasadame, aseve Tevdrates,

ferss, bakurians, zaqaria valaSkertelsa da sxvebs) qarTvelad miiC-

nevdnen TviT maTi Tanamedrove somexi avtorebi _ stefanoz tarne-

li, maTe edeseli, aristakes lastiverteci (is grigolis naTesav

zaqaria valaSkertels `qarTvels~ uwodebs), sxva avtorebidan iahia

antioqieli, skilice, kedrene da sxvebi (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa

da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 307).

ana komnene grigols somexs uwodebs, Cans imis gamo, rom grigolis

mamuls _ taos, basians, vanands Tu karins zogadad `armeniis~ olqe-

bad miiCnevdnen ukve mis Semdeg, rac pariadre, xorZena da gogarena

armeniis mefeebma iberebisagan miitaces jer kidev qristeSobamde.

grigoli im iberTa Rirseuli STamomavali iyo, romelnic ukve arme-

niad wodebul regionSi cxovrobdnen.

grigolis ojaxis yvela wevri saqarTvelosaTvis Tavdadebuli iyo.

erT-erTi iyo bizantiaSi gadasaxlebuli feris jojikis Ze, is

cdilobda rogorme CamoeSorebina saimperatoro taxtidan basili,

romelmac daipyro samxreT tao da mospo iq qarTuli saxelmwifoe-

brioba. feriss unari Seswevda da SeZlo kidec basilis sawinaaRm-

dego did ajanyebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis miReba. is marTlac ajan-

yda. grigolis biZas feris jojikis Zes samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirvis

gamo `Tavi warekveTa~ bizantiis imperatoris brZanebiT.

390

ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 1022 wels, feris jojikis

Ze basilma daasjevina Tavis sakuTar mamulTan axlos karinis qveya-

naSi. ajanyeba iseTi didi masStabis iyo, rom basilis samxedro banaki

`SiSma da Zrwolam moicva~.

1025 wels samSoblos gasaTavisufleblad mowyobil sxva ajanyeba-

Si monawileobisaTvis dasajes grigolis ojaxis wevri zaqaria val-

aSkerteli episkoposi. Tavis mxriv is iyo aseve iberiis Tavisufleb-

isaTvis dasjili _ `Tevdrate patrikiosis naTesavi~. amave ojaxidan

iyvnen Tevdrates ZmisSvilebi, samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis

SemdgomSi ajanyebuli cnobili pirebi giorgi da varazvaCe. Tevdrates,

rogorc viciT ori Zma hyavda bakuriani da ferisi, bakurianis Svilebis

saxelebi cnobilia, amitomac fiqrobs v. kopaliani `iqneb fersis

Svilebi arian giorgi da varazvaCe~ (v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da

bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi, 1969, gv. 174).

imperatori romanoz argvirosis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi monaw-

ileobisaTvis kedrenes sityviT 1028 w. Teodosi patrikis ZmisSvilebi

giorgi da varazvaCe garozges da saxalxod gamoyvanilni gadaasax-

les~ (iqve, gv. 172).

kopaliani eTanxmeba n. skabalanoviCs da miiCnevs, rom konstantine

VIII-s mier dasjili zaqaria valaSkerteli naTesavi unda yofiliyo

giorgisa da varazvaCesi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom romanozis winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi monawileobi-

saTvis dasajes agreTve mesame winamZRvari iverTa monastrisa gior-

gi maSenebeli (giorgi ukeTuri). k. kekeliZe fiqrobda, rom zemoT

aRniSnul giorgi da varazvaCe ara ori, aramed erTi piri iyvnen,

igive giorgi maSenebeli, rasac ar eTanxmebian sxva mkvlevarebi, rad-

ganac maT miiCneven ara sasuliero, aramed saero pirebad.

iberiis Tavisuflebis ZiebisaTvis ase daisajnen mravalgzis ajan-

yebuli saxelovani qarTveli didebulebi, grigolis naTesavebi.

dapyrobis Semdgom bizantiam ver upatrona da mtrisagan ver da-

icva samxreT iberia.

piriqiT mxne iberielTa~ damarcxebam Turq-seljukebs gza gauxs-

na konstantinopolisaken.

391

samxreT taos samefos yofili miwa-wyalis aoxrebiT mters gza

gaexsna trapezuntisa da bizantiis siRrmeebisaken.

aseT dros, Cans, bizantiaSi maRali Tanamdebobis qarTvelebi cdi-

lobdnen daeTanxmebinaT saimperatoro kari, raTa kvlav saqarTve-

los SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebuliyo samxreT iberiis nawili mainc.

erTi aseTi moRvawe yofila grigol bakurianis Ze, romelic pi-

radad eaxla banaSi saqarTvelos mefe giorgi II-s da mas bizantiis

saxeliT gadaeca qalaq kari (yarsi).

mematianis cnobiT, grigol bakurianis Zis xelSi yofila imJamad

olTisi (samxreT taos yofili dedaqalaqi) da aseve arzrumi (karnu

qalaqi).

giorgi II-s kari (yarsi) gadaeca misi mimdgomi qveyniT anu vanandiT.

ufro adre, daviT kurapalatis epoqaSi qarTvelTa samefo sao-

cari siswrafiT gaizarda, misi sazRvrebi TiTqmis vanis tbamde gada-

iwia, rogorc iTqva, es SeuZlebeli iqneboda evfratis saTaveebisa

da vanis tbis dasavleTiT mcxovrebi mosaxleoba rom ar yofiliyo

eTnikuri qarTveloba, romelTac surdaT da natrobdnen qarTul

saxelmwifoSi cxovrebas.

qarTvelebis ricxvi aRniSnul regionebSi Zalze didi rom iyo,

iqedanac Cans, rom am movlenis axsnas Cveni Tanamedrove somexi is-

torikosebi imiT uZebnian, rom isini e.w. qalkedoniti somxebi~ iyvnen,

romelnic TiTqosda `gaqarTveldnen~. sinamdvileSi ki, isini iyvnen

pirdapiri STamomavalni fasianebis, qaldebisa da taoxebis im qarTu-

li tomebisa, romelnic qsenofontem am adgilebSi ixila qristeSo-

bamde 400 wliT adre da romelTa erovnul-eTnikuri qarTuli iden-

toba mkveTrad gamoikveTa daviT kurapalatis epoqaSi, rac grigol

bakurianis drosac grZeldeboda.

392

qarTuli saepiskoposoebi

yofili mesxeTis miwebze

(XII-XVI s. qronikebis~ mixedviT)

samxreT iberiis didma nawilma XI-XII ss-Si SeZlo im didi Wrilobeb-

is moSuSeba, romelic mas miadga bizantiis imperatorebisa da Turq-

seljukebis SemosevaTa Semdeg. qarTveloba kvlav gamravlda da mrava-

li saepiskoposo Camoayaliba. saeklesio Canawerebis mixedviT esenia:

1. iSxnelis samwyso gurjiboRazis aqeT sula TorTomi, taos qve-

moTi, artanujis Tavi (sakrulavi hqvian, imas aqeTi), daRmiT orjox-

is mTis aqeTi, sula sakavkasiZeo-sakavkasi(Z)o, ispiri, trapizonis

mTas gadmoRma.

2. anCelis samwyso, samwyals aqeTi xancxas. (xancTas) da opizas Sua

daxatula, amis qvemoTi niglis-xevi, gadaRma da gamoRmarTi, goniis

samZRuramdin.

3. mtbevaris samwyso, daxatulas zedaTi, ankerTs aqeTi, sula SavSe-

Ti, miWixianT batonis kaTalikosis yofila, im qveynis episkoposis

iasaulic is yofila. aWara dandalos zeviTi mas hqonebia da dandal-

os qvemoTi aWara quTaTelis samwyso yofila.

4. wurwyabelis samwyso, xursiZis saxli, sula bocoT-xevi, xerTvisis

qveiTi, _ misia.

5. wyarosTvelis samwyso, zevTi, da imas zeiT palakacio kolis

samZRvramdin, mtkuars aqeTi artani.

6. eruSnelis samwyso, talaSos zeiTi, sula artana, kolis

samZRvramdin.

7. valaSkertelis samwyso, yazevans zeiTi, valaSkeTis aqaT, xinusi

da devabonis aqeTi (T. Jordanias SeniSvna _ xinusi _ baiburTis ax-

los).

8. anelis samwyso sula zariStiani da Sirvoini da baRasbereTi

9. karelis smwyso sula kari da kolisa da olTisis samzRuris

gardmoRma ggeCviani da kaRzevani.

10. banelis samwyso sula bani, taoskari, fanaskerti, parizis xeo-

ba, sula olTisi da namurakani.

393

11. dadaSnelis samwyso sula kola da xortevani, yarasalzed mid-

gomamdin.

am episkoposTa mwyemsi da upiratesi saqarTvelos kaTalikosi amis

xelaT yofilan~ (qronikebi, II, 1897, gv. 53-54).

yofili iberiis Temis mimdebare qarTuli

saepiskoposoebi (XIV-XVII ss.)

yofili iberiis Temis~ qarTveloba airaratSi, SirakSi, vanandSi,

taosa, kolasa da artaanSi XIV-XV saukuneebSi kvlav aRorZinda da

eklesiurad mravali qarTuli saepiskoposo daaarsa am mxareebSi, ker-

Zod XIV-XV saukuneebis xelnaweris mixedviT eseni iyvnen _ vanis tbis

Crdilo-dasavleTiT _ yofil iberiis TemSi, istoriuli arian-qarT-

lis miwaze:

1. airaratSi valaSkertis qarTuli saepiskoposo. misi sazRvrebi

iyo _ `yaRzevans zeviT, valaSkeTs aqeT xinuri, devaboinis aqeTi;

2. SirakSi _ aneli _ anisis qarTuli saepiskoposos sazRvrebi iyo:

`sula ziriStiani da Siravoni da maRasbereTi~;

3. vanandSi kareli (yarsis) qarTuli saepiskoposos samwyso iyo:

`sula kari da kolisa da olTisis sazRvris gardmoRma gagCevani da

kaRzevani~;

4. taoSi baneli episkoposis samwyso iyo fanaskerti, parizis xeo-

ba, olTisis qveyana da narumakani;

5. kolaSi dadaSneli episkoposis _ `kola, xortevani yarasalzed

midgmamdi~;

6. artaanSi eruSneli episkoposisa _ artaani taloSidan kolas

sazRvramde;

7. palakacioSi wyarosTavelisa _ palakacios tbidan artaani kolamde.

qarTvelTa mkvidrobas da Zireulobas yofil iberiis TemSi~ miu-

TiTebs is, rom miuxedavad mtrebis gamanadgurubeli Semosevebisa

karinis (arzumis), TorTomis, taos, vanandis (karis), basianis da mimde-

bare mxareebis kuTxeebSi trapizonidan _ vanis tbamde (valaSkerti)

394

qarTuli saepiskoposoebi uwyvetad arsebobdnen XV- XVII saukuneSic ki.

aRniSnulTa garda m. TamaraSvilis cnobiT sxvebic arsebobdnen:

a) a. lambertis cnobiT qarTuli saepiskoposo XVII saukuneSi md.

evfratTan iyo, misi sakaTedro taZari yovladwmida RvTismSoblis

saxelobisa yofila, `arqanjelo lamberti 1633-1653 wlebSi werda:

`arzrumis qalaqis maxloblad axlac qarTuli soflebia. TviT am

qalaqSi ijda qarTveli episkoposi _ arzrumelad wodebuli~ (`moam-

be~, 1900, 4).

b) arTvinSic iyo qarTuli saepiskoposo, misi sakaTedro taZari

mociqul barTlomes saxelze yofila nakurTxi, saerTod aRsaniSna-

via, rom tao-klarjeTSi samxreT saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad mo-

ciquli barTlome miaCndaT.

g) sperSic ijda qarTveli episkoposi, misi mTavari taZari mo-

ciqul andrias saxelobis iyo.

d) gansakuTrebiTaa aRsaniSnavi, rom XVII saukuneSi arzrumSi da

mis regionSi, Cans, meore qarTveli episkoposic ijda, misi taZari mo-

ciqul Tomas saxelobis iyo.

e) olTisSi, romelsac somxebi uxtiks uwodebdnen amave saukuneSi

kvlav ijda qarTveli episkoposi, misi taZari mociqul petres sax-

els atarebda.

v) a. lambertis cnobiT mis dros saepiskoposoebi iyo eruSeTSi,

kumurdoSi, iSxanSi, dadaSenSi, karSi (yarsSi), anisSi (anSi), tbeTSi, is

CamoTvlis aseve amave regionis sxva saepiskoposoebs, romelTa sax-

elebi damaxinjebulia, eseni iyvnen sxalteli, azikieli, anJeli, sxal-

tbeli, wurwyabeli, isemeli da sxva (m. TamaraSvili, qarTuli eklesia

dasabamidan dRemde, 1995, gv. 469). cxadia, yvela isini samcxe-saaTa-

bagos samTavroSi Sediodnen, zogi ki mis gareT iyo, erTi sityviT, im

miwa-wyalze, romelic XI s-Si iberiis Temad~ iwodeboda. Cans sxalT-

eli, aZikveli, sxaltbeli, wurwyabeli.

a. lambertis cnobiT guriaSi ninowmideli episkoposi mjdara,

Tumca aq albaT xonowmidels gulisxmobda.

a. lamberti saqarTveloSi imyofeboda 1630-1649 wlebSi. mis gar-

da gelasi kesarielic wers, rom wmida ninos mier da mis dros iberi-

elebma da lazebma erTdroulad miiRes qristianoba, mas eTanxmeba

395

movses xoreneli, romelic wers, rom wmida ninom iqadaga klarjeTidan

_ masquTebamde~. XVII s-Si devnili lazikis ierarqebi werdnen, rom

lazeTSi iverTa ganmanaTleblis saxelobis eklesiac iyo. lazTa mit-

ropoliti iverTa ganmanaTlebels lazeTis ganmanaTlebladac miiC-

nevda, Tumca iq mociqulebis barTlomesa da andrias avtoriteti

Zalze maRali iyo, radganac maT mouvliaT es mxareebi. lazikis mit-

ropolitis cnobiT, wmida ninos of-rizes kaTedra dauarsebia.

unda iTqvas isic, rom Cans iveriis Temis daarsebamdec, konstan-

tinepoli akontrolebda nawilobriv taosac, es iqedan Cans, rom gior-

gi I-is sikvdilisTanave, roca Zalze mcirewlovani bagrat IV taxtze

avida, amiT isargebles taoelma orgulma didebulebma `warvides

aznaurni taoelni saberZneTs, vaCe kariWis Ze da baneli episkoposi

ioane da maT Tana simravle aznaurTa taoelTa~ (matiane qarTlisa,

gv. 254).

es wasvla gulisxmobda imas, rom cixe-simagreTa mqone aznaurebi

am TavianT qonebas da miwa-wyals aZlevdnen imperators, sanacvlod

ki misgan iRebdnen mamulebs imperiis Sida provinciebSi.

maT Soris yofila baneli episkoposi ioanec.

misi wasvla gulisxmobda Tu ara banas taZris da misi eparqiis

gadacemas imperiisaTvis es gaurkvevelia, es momxdara 1027-1028 wlebSi.

banas taZarSi, TiTqmis maleve jvari TviT mefes bagrat IV-s dauw-

eria. bagrats iq samefo gvirgvini daudgams.

Tu bana marTlac `waRebuli~ iyo anu Tu is bizantiis saeklesio

iurisdiqciaSi gadaiyvanes, is maleve ukan daubrunebiaT qarTveleb-

isaTvis, ukanve daubrunebiaT saqarTvelos saeklesio iurisdiqcia-

Si. imperatoris naTesavi elene dedofali bagrat IV-s miaTxoves,

qorwili da gvirgvinis kurTxeva aRsrulda banas didebul taZarSi

1029-1030 wlebSi.

banas da valaSkertis kaTedrebi swored am epoqaSi, bizantia-

saqarTvelos omianobis dros gaerTianebuli yofila da mas erTi

mRvdelmTavari zaqaria valaSkerteli igive baneli marTavda Tu ki

zaqaria namdvilad iyo baneli svingelozi.

valaSkerti, rogorc iTqva, did saerTaSoriso gzaze idga. safiqre-

belia, rom basianSi giorgi I-sa da basili II-s jarebs Soris SebrZoleba

396

aRniSnuli gzis kontrolis mosapovebladac moxda (arSaruniqis ga-

varis punqt SRfaSi, matiane qarTlisais SirimnSi). savaWro gza didi

Semosavlis wyaro iyo qarTvelTaTvis, bizantielebisaTvis ki strate-

giuli mniSvneloba hqonda, radganac basili II sparseTis mimarTulebiT

afarTovebda Tavis imperias.

397

Tavi XIV

`Zveli qarTuli ena~`Zveli qarTuli ena~

Zveli qarTuli ena _

salaparako norma regionebSi

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi ar igrZnoba kuTxuroba, mxa-

reebisTvis niSandoblivi metyvelebis (enakavebisa Tu dialeqtebis)

gavlena. rogorc iTqva, romel regionSic unda iyvnen isini dawer-

ilni (afxazeTSi, egrisSi, svaneTSi, argveTSi, guriasa Tu tao-klar-

jeT-kaxeT-hereTSi) _ yvelgan enobriv-gramatikuli norma erTnair-

ia, erTi da igivea.

kuTxur-regionalur warmomavlobas enobriv-stilisturad ar asax-

avs qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebi.

regionaluri warmomavlobis miuxedavad Cvenamde moRweul Zveli

qarTuli mwerlobis yvela ZeglSi daculia erTi da igive enobrivi

norma.

ra iyo amis mizezi?

mizezi, Cans, iyo is, rom IV-X ss-Si (da Semdeg) qarTuli ena jer kidev

ar iyo daSlili dialeqtur doneze, amitomac saliteraturo normis

dacva (da misi Seswavla) ar iyo saZnelo saqme kuTxeebSi moRvawe mwer-

lebisaTvis (isini xom ZiriTadad berebi iyvnen, umetesad safiqrebelia,

arcTu mainc da mainc ganswavluli).

Zveli qarTuli ena dialeqtur doneze daSlili rom yofiliyo

I aTaswleulSi (an mis maxlobel xanaSi), es uTuod aisaxeboda mwer-

lobaSi.

magaliTad, XX saukuneSi Cven gvyavda sagangebod, umaRles saswav-

leblebSi ganswavluli mwerlebi, miuxedavad amisa, isini TavianT naS-

romebSi mainc amJRavnebdnen TavianTi kuTxeebis metyvelebaTaTvis dam-

398

axasiTebel niSnebs, magaliTad, galaktion tabiZes aqvs _ `gadiwera

Cemi leqsi~ (unda iyos gadaiwera), vaJa-fSavela da TviT akakic, romel-

ic gmobda literaturaSi kuTxuri metyvelebis danergvas, TavianT

SemoqmedebaSi avlendnen TavianTi kuTxeebis salaparako normebs, Tu

aras vityviT otia ioselianze, o. CxeiZesa, e. TaTaraiZesa da sxvaTa

Sesaxeb. ratom?

mizezi amisa aris is, rom XX saukuneSi dialeqtur doneze qarTu-

li ena mkveTrad iyo dayofili, ramac saliteraturo mwerlobaSic

gaJona. es magaliTi gviCvenebs Semdegs:

Zvelad dayofili rom yofiliyo qarTuli ena (e.i. Zveli dialeqtebi

Zalze ganviTarebulni rom yofiliyvnen), es uTuod aisaxeboda Zvel

qarTul literaturaSi, sadac amis niSan-wyalic ki ar Cans.

marTalia, k. kekeliZem daamkvidra Tvalsazrisi, rom haemetoba

anda xanmetoba TiTqosda dialeqturi normis asaxva iyo, magram,

safiqrebelia, rom xanmetoba da haemetobac iyo saerTo sazogado

saliteraturo movlena. e.i. xanmetobis dros xanmeti iyo mTeli

literatura, anu xanmetoba mTeli xalxis salaparako enis norma iyo,

roca xani Seicvala haeTi, haemetoba iqca saliteraturo normad,

anu is ar iyo romelime kuTxis movlena, aramed mTel qveyanaSi sal-

aparako enis norma iyo, enis ganviTarebis Sedegi.

meore magaliTi, rasac patriarqi ilia II miuTiTebs xolme, aris is,

rom Zveli qarTulis normebi da leqsika amJamadac daculia kuTx-

eebSi, magaliTad, imereTSi gavrcelebuli sityva `tylipi~- Zveli

qarTulia (elenTa _ axali qarTuli sityvaa), Zveli qarTulis si-

tyvebi kveri, kveJo~ _ imereTSi axlacaa gavrcelebuli (axal qarTul-

Sia- CaquCi), aseve sityva `kuro~ (axali qarTulis buRa) da sxva.

amJamadac, rogorc mTis, ise baris kiloebis uamravi gramatikuli

warmoTqma da leqsikuri erTeuli _ Zveli qarTulidanaa darCenili,

rac miuTiTebs, rom Zveli qarTuli odesRac am kuTxeebis salapara-

ko norma iyo.

399

zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba

zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad arsebobs sami

Tvalsazrisi.

1. akad. g. meliqiSvilis naSromebis mixedviT (romelic mkafiod

aisaxa saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebSi~) kolxeTis ena iyo qarTul-

zanuri. zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTobisaTvis Zveli welTaRricx-

vis XII-VI saukuneebi iyo Sualeduri xana, es periodi emTxveva kolx-

uri kulturis ayvavebis xanas, amitomac qarTul-zanur erTobas aseve

kolxuri periodi ewodeba, igulisxmeba XII-VI ss.

am periodis dasasruls Seexeba g. maWavarianis da T. gamyreliZis

mier sinantTa sistemebSi~ (1984) gadmocemuli Teoria, rom qarTul-

zanuri enobrivi erTobis daSla daiwyo ara qristeSobamde VI sauku-

neSi, aramed ufro gvian `Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze~.

Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnis qveS cxadia unda vigulisx-

moT I-II saukuneebi qristeSobis epoqa.

am dros qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebisas, wm. saxareba

zepirad iTargmneboda. saxarebis zepiri Targmanis ena mTel istori-

ul saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze zanur-qarTuli ena yofila, amis mizezi

iyo zanur-qarTuli jer kidev dauSleli enobrivi erToba. anu

rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi I-III saukuneebSi

imJamad moRvawe uamravi mqadagebeli saqarTvelos xalxs erT enaze

acnobdnen wmida werils, es ena ki jer kidev dauSleli zanur-qarTuli

iyo, rac Semdeg maleve safuZvlad dadebia Zvel qarTul saeklesio-

saliteraturo enas, romelzec iTargmna wmida werili.

2. meore Tvalsazrisi gamoTqva arqeologma o. jafariZem, romlis

mixedviTac qarTul-zanuri erToba arsebobda ufro adre Triale-

Turi da ara kolxuri kulturis xanaSi, qarTul-zanuri erToba misi

azriT TrialeTuri kulturis dasasruliT unda daTariRdes (o.

jafariZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi TrialeTSi, 1969, gv. 232-235).

3. mesame Tvalsazrisi ekuTvnis T. miqelaZes. is kolxur kultur-

as megrul-Wanur (zanur) eTnikur samyaros ukavSirebs. misi azriT,

qarTul-zanur erTobis daSla ara ugvianes Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dam-

degs unda momxdariyo (ix. miqelaZe, Ziebani kolxeTisa da samxreT-

dasavleT SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis istoriidan, 1974).

400

misgan gansxvavebiT, Cveni Tvalsazrisi mTlianad eTanxmeba akad. g.

meliqiSvilisa da g. maWavarianis Teorias, romelTa mixedviTac zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba arsebobda farnavazis mier Zveli qarTuli

erTiani saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis epoqaSi da is mxolod maSin iwyeb-

da dialeqtur doneze daSlas. ufro metic, im enobrivi reformebis

Semdeg, romelic Zveli qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis cnobiT gaatara

mefe farnavazma, moxda enobrivi mTlianobis saxelmwifoebrivi dafiq-

sireba, zanur-qarTuli gadaiqca saxelmwifo da kulturis enad da mas

ewodeba Zveli qarTuli ena~.

anu Zveli qarTuli ena iyo e.w. zanur-qarTuli jer kidev dauSle-

li ena.

wyaroTa mixedviT farnavazis samefos formirebaSi aqtiurad monaw-

ileobda egrisis mosaxleoba. zan-qarTuli ena, anu Cveni TvalsazrisiT

igive Zveli qarTuli ena, gadaiqca saxelmwifo savaldebulo enad da

amasTanave is dafiqsirda viTarca erTaderTi RvTismsaxurebis da

kulturis ena.

Zveli qarTulis pirvandeli formebi xanmeturi da hemeturi _

ufro axlos idga zanur-qarTul enasTan, vidre Cveni Tanamedrove

qarTveluri dialeqtebi.

megrul-lazuri dialeqti rom saliteraturo zogadqarTuli enis

saTaveebTan idga, amas TiTqosda arqeologiuri Ziebac miuTiTebs.

arqeolog virjilio korbos mier md. iordanis napirze, beTlemis

CrdiloeTiT 1952 wels aRmoCenili monasteri wyaroebSi iwodeba

`lazTa monastrad~ (e. mamisTvaliSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri

samyaro, gv. 85).

`lazTa monasteri~ V saukunis 40-ian wlebSi augia petre iberis

moZRvars ioane lazs.

VI s-Si, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT, iustinianes ganuaxlebia lazTa

monasteri ierusalimis udabnoSi~ (georgika, II, 1965, gv. 223).

e. mamisTvaliSvilis mosazrebiT wmida miwis am monasterSi ioane

lazTan lazeTidan Casuli ber-monazvnebi iyridnen Tavs (e. mamisTval-

iSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, 1998, gv. 85).

lazTa monasteri imiTaa saintereso, rom aq aRmoCnda qarTuli damw-

erlobis yvelaze adrindeli Zeglebi, lazTa monastris qarTuli war-

401

werebi arian dRemde aRmoCenil qarTul warweraTa Soris yvelaze uZ-

velesni, isini naxevari saukuniT win uswreben dRemde yvelaze ZveladmiCneul bolnisis warwerebs (g. wereTeli, uZvelesi qarTuli warw-

erebi palestinidan, 1960, gv. 29).

ierusalimis udabnos lazTa monasterSi aRmoCnda oTxi qarTuli

warwera.

ismis kiTxva, ratom aRmoCnda lazTa monasterSi qarTuli warw-

erebi?

saerTod, qarTuli ena istoriuli saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi (da

lazeTSic) erTaderTi saliteraturo, saxelmwifo, kulturis, saek-

lesio da administraciis enas warmoadgenda, magram, radganac Cvens

epoqaSi, XX s-Si, gaCnda tendencia imisa, rom sxva kulturis nawilad

warmoadginon egris-lazeTi, saWiroa am kiTxvis dasma.

am kiTxvis pasuxis Ziebisas Cven SeiZleba gavixsenoT ori kesarie-

lis, kerZod prokopi kesarielisa da gelasi kesarielis cnobebi laze-

Tis enisa da eklesiis Sesaxeb.

magaliTad, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT lazeTis qveynis cnobil

qalaqs, romelsac berZnulad erqva kutaia~, lazur enaze ewodeboda

`quTaTisi~. maSasadame, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT quTaTisi~ lazuri

sityvaa, lazebis enis Sesabamisad nawarmoebi, magram es sityva Tavisi

sufiqsebiT aris Zveli qarTuli enis mixedviT nawarmoebi, es miu-

TiTebs rom qarTuli saliteraturo ena da lazuri dialeqti prokofi

kesarielis dros uaRresad Zalze axlos idgnen erTmaneTTan. prokofis

cnoba mniSvnelovania, sazogadod, Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ena

ki igive saeklesio enaa, romelzec iTargmna wmida werili da daiwyo

wirva-locva saqarTveloSi.lazebis saeklesio enac Zveli qarTuli unda iyos, radganac gela-

si kesarielis cnobiT iberebma da lazebma `tyve qalis~, anu wmida ni-

nos mier miiRes qristianoba.

e.i. gelasi kesarielis am cnobiT wmida nino lazebis ganmanaTle-

beli iyo, amasTanave, is iyo erTiani qarTuli eklesiis damaarsebe-

li, erTi eniTa da saeklesio tradiciebiT.

Cans, wmida ninos dros lazuri jer kidev ar iyo bolomde gamoyo-

fili fuZe qarTuli enisagan.

402

marTalia, amJamad miRebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom zanur-qarTuli

enobrivi erToba daiSala qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT adre,

magram, rogorc iTqva, ar unda iqnas daviwyebuli g. maWavarianis is

Tvalsazrisi, romelic gamoTqva wignSi `sonantTa sistema~, rom za-

nur-qarTuli enobrivi mTlianoba welTaRricxvis mijnaze jer kidev

arsebobda, anu axali welTaRricxvis dawyebisas, I-II saukuneebSi qris-

tianobis qadagebisas zanur-qarTuli enobrivi mTlianoba jer kidev

arsebobda.

III-IV saukuneebSi wmida werilis adgilobriv enaze zepirad qadage-

bis epoqaSi, Cans yvela qarTuli tomisaTvis gamoyenebuli iqna imJa-

mad yvelasaTvis gasagebi jer kidev erTiani ena - es unda yofiliyo

zanur-qarTuli saerTo ena, romelsac SemdgomSi ewoda Zveli qarTu-

li ena~ da gadaiqca saliteraturod.

zanur-qarTuli saerTo ena, romelsac SemdgomSi ewoda Zveli qar-Tuli ena~ Cans, saeklesio oficialur enad gadaiqca IV saukuneSi, roca

zepiri saliteraturo ena iqca damwerlobis enad.

mosazrebas, rom wmida werilis qarTuli Targmanebis Caweris dros

gamoyenebuli iqna mTel imJamindel qarTul samyaroSi gavrcelebu-

li e.w. zanur-qarTuli anu Zveli qarTuli saerTo ena, ganamtkicebs

is faqtebi, rom V saukunis ierusalimis lazur monasterSi aRmoCnda

ara lazuri dialeqtiT Sesrulebuli warwerebi, aramed saliter-

aturo qarTuliT, aseve faqti imisa, rom ioane lazi V saukunis

dasawyisSi, Cvil petre ibers wmida werils aswavlida qarTuli eniT.

wmida petre iberiis cxovrebis mixedviT 411 wels dabadebuli pe-

tre iberi mZevlis saxiT waiyvanes konstantinopolis saimperatoro

karze 423 wels sul 12 wlis asakisa.

am droisaTvis mas ioane lazis daxmarebiT ukve zepirad hqonda

Seswavlili wmida werili qarTul enaze, swored am enas SeiZleba

vuwodoT `qarTul-zanuri~, radganac es ena mTel qarTul samyaroSi

gamoiyeneboda.

misi cxovrebis aRmweris cnobiT berZnuli ena da mwerloba petre

ibers Seuswavlia konstantinopolSi, xolo Semdeg ierusalimSi Seus-

wavlia asuruli ena da mwerloba. aqedan Cans, rom petre ibers sam-

SobloSi wmida werili Seswavlili hqonda ara berZnul da asurul

403

enebze, aramed qarTulad. saerTod, qarTuli enis meoxi da qomagi

iyo petre iberis samefo ojaxi. movses xorenacis cnobiTac, petres

papa bakuri idga saeklesio qarTuli damwerlobis ganvrcobis saTa-

veebTan. lazTa monasterSi aRmoCenili qarTuli warwerebi ganamtki-

cebs am mosazrebas.

maSasadame, ioane lazi, rogorc mematiane wers, `3 wlis asakidan~

petre ibers aswavlida qarTuli eniT, is sagangebod unda moewviaT

lazeTidan ufliswulis aRsazrdelad.

aq, Cven SeiZleba davsvaT kidev erTi kiTxva, ufliswulis aR-

sazrdelad iberiis samefo karze lazeTidan miiwvevdnen Tu ara iseT

moZRvars, romelmac saukeTesod ar icoda qarTuli ena? cxadia, io-

ane lazi qarTulis SesaniSnavi mcodne iyo, imdenad, rom ufliswuls

zepirad Seaswavla wmida werili qarTul enaze, Semdeg ki mis monas-

terSi qarTulad SesaniSnavi warwerebi aRbeWdes.

ioane lazis qarTulenovnebis mizezi, rogorc iTqva, unda yo-

filiyo is, rom zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba I-V saukuneebSi jer

kidev SenarCunebuli iyo. imJamad lazuri da vTqvaT, qarTl-kaxuri,

Zalze axlo dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen erTmaneTis mimarT. maSasa-

dame, megrul-lazuri iseve idga zogadqarTuli saeklesio-salite-

raturo enis saTaveebTan, rogorc sxva kuTxeTa dialeqtebi.

qarTuli saliteraturo-saeklesio ena ar warmoadgenda qarTl-

kaxeTis mosaxleobis dialeqtze aRmocenebul enas, rogorc axla we-

ren, aramed zogadqarTul saerTo-saeklesio enas, romelic lazeTSic

iseve gasagebi iyo, rogorc vTqvaT kaxeTSi.

rogorc iTqva, am mosazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva Semdegi

faqtebi:

1) ierusalimis lazTa monasterSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi IV-V sauku-

neebis qarTuli warwerebi, yvelaze pirvelni qarTul warweraTa Soris.

e.i. qarTuli warwerebi lazTa monasterSi, cxadia lazi berebisa da

mlocvelebisTvis keTdeboda da maT qarTuli icodnen.

2) gelasi kesarielis cnoba, rom tyve qalma~ anu wmida ninom moaq-

cia `lazebi da iberebi~, e.i. lazebis gamaqristianebeli iyo wmida

nino, zogadqarTuli eklesiis damaarsebeli, amis asaxva iyo is, rom

Zveli saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, maT Soris svaneTsa, afxazeTsa

404

Tu samegreloSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arsebob-

da erTaderTi saeklesio, anu wirva-locvis ena, romelzec iTargmna

wmida werili.

3) erTaderTi lazuri sityva, romelic Semonaxulia berZnul wya-

roebSi `quTaTisi~, prokofi kesarielis cnobiT lazuri enis Sesa-

bamisad iyo nawarmoebi, sinamdvileSi is zogadqarTuli sityvaa. rac

safuZvels iZleva mosazrebisa, rom zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erTo-

ba jer kidev ar iyo daSlili VI saukuneSi. zanur-qarTuli enobrivi

erTobis gamo iyvnen qarTulenovanni egris-lazeTidan gamosuli saek-

lesio moRvaweebi da didi mamebi _ ioane lazi da ioane minCxi, Wyon-

didelebi da sxvani, aTeulobiT da aTasobiT mama, Semoqmedni zogad

qarTuli kulturisa.

qarTuli kulturis mkvlevarTa mier faqtiurad dRemde miviwye-

bulia udidesi Rvawli wmida werilis pirveli qarTveli mTargmneleb-

isa, gasaocari mTargmnelobiTi Sroma IV-V ss-is wmida moRvaweebisa,

romelnic idgnen qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis saTaveebTan.

maTi Rvawli erTgvarad gadaCrdila X-XI saukuneebis mTargmnel-

Ta didma muSaobam.

unda iTqvas, rom TviTon X-XI saukuneebis didi mTargmnelebi _

giorgi mTawmindeli, efrem mcire da sxvebi Zalze afasebdnen IV-V ss-

is pirvelmTargmnelTa namuSakevs.

1500 welia dRemde, rac qarTul eklesiaSi kvlav gamoiyeneba te-

qstebi Targmnili `pirveliTganve~ anu IV-V saukuneebSi, isini TiTq-

mis ucvlelad movidnen Cvenamde da dResac gamoyenebulni arian saek-

lesio saWiroebisaTvis. eklesiaSi medaviTnis mier wakiTxuli teqstebi

(Jamnis wigni Tu sxva) ZiriTadad IV-V ss-dan modian TiTqmis ucvleli

saxiT.

eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebma xelaxla ki ar Targmnes wmida

werili, aramed pirvelmTargmnelTa teqstebi Seadares da dauaxloves

X-XI ss-Si bizantiis eklesiaSi gamoyenebul berZnul redaqciebs.

IV-V ss-is pirvelmTargmnelTa didi pleadis wevrebi unda yofil-

iyvnen ioane lazi, moZRvari petre iberisa, TviTon petre iberi, TiTq-

mis maTi Tanamedrove, iberiis samefo karze moRvawe pirebi da Cans

ierusalimSi, petres garemos wevrebi.

405

somexTa mier wmida werilis Targmna imave epoqaSi, IV s-is bolosa

da V s-is dasawyisSi, daiwyo.

miiCneva, rom mesrop maStocma somxuri anbani 405 wels Seqmna.

daaxloebiT amave dros albaT ukve intensiurad muSaobdnen wmida

werilis qarTulad gadmosaRebad.

qarTvel pirvelmTargmnelTa didi pleadis wevri anda SeiZleba,

meTauric iyo ioane lazi, unda vifiqroT, rom mis monasterSi ieru-

salimSi aRmoCenili warwerebi amas adasturebs _ isini SeiZleba mar-

Tlac pirveli iyvnen qarTul saeklesio warweraTa Soris. 414 wli-

dan is ukve qarTul wmida werils aswavlida petre ibers.

lazTa monastris satrapezos iatakis mozaikur warweraSi naxsene-

bi pirebi _ antoni, aba da iosia, safiqrebelia, wmida werilis qarTveli

mTargmnelebi iyvnen.

ierusalimis lazTa monasterSi aRmoCenili teqsti aseTia: `Sew-evniTa qristesiTa da meoxebiTa wmidisa TevdoresiTa Seiwyalen anto-

ni, abai da iosia, momsxmeli amis sefisai da ded-mamai iosiaisi, amen~.

miiCneva, rom monasteri aSenebuli yofila wmida Tevdores sa-

xelze, winamZRvari yofila antoni, mozaika ki daumzadebia (mousxams)

iosias (e. mamisTvaliSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, 1998,

gv. 86).

Cveni azriT, romelic adreve gamovTqviT, aq moxsenebuli pirebi

antoni, abaY da iosia unda yofiliyvnen wmida werilis qarTveli

pirvelmTargmnelebi, petre iberis mama-papebis samefo karis sxva

moRvaweebTan erTad (ix. mitropoliti anania `ioane lazi~ da petre

iberi marTlmadidebeli episkoposi~).

aseTi varaudis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva is, rom jer kidev XIX s-

Si am warweris aRmoCenamde pirvelmTargmnelebis saxelebs TiTqmis

amave TanmimdevrobiT gadmocemdnen, oRond maT umatebdnen `davi-

Tis~ saxels. xolo petres papis bakur mefis karze qarTuli anbanis

SeqmnisaTvis da saliteraturo-saeklesio enis SemuSavebisaTvis ga-

weul Rvawls aRwerdnen movses xorenaci da sxva somexi avtorebi IV-

V saukuneebisa.

antoni da abaY sxvadasxva pirebi unda yofiliyvnen.

ara anton abati, aramed antoni da abaY.

406

ZvelqarTuli saxeli abai saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo, misganaa gvari

abaiSvili. iosia ki unda yofiliyo ara mozaikis momsxmeli xelosani,

aramed qtitori, romlis safasiTac (TanxiTac) moisxa iataki.

saerTod, xelosnebis saxelebs Zvel teqstebSi adgils ar uTmobd-

nen, miT ufro aseT gamoCenil adgilas, xolo qtitorebis moxsenieba,

miT umetes Tu isini cnobili adamianebi iyvnen, miRebuli wesi iyo.

maSasadame, Cven unda vifiqroT, rom petres papis bakur mefis karze

IV s-is bolodanve gaCaRebuli iyo mTargmnelobiTi muSaoba. am saqmi-

saTvis samefo karze unda miewviaT ioane lazi, xolo roca ufliswuli

daibada _ ufliswulis aRmzrdelad anu gansaswavlad dainiSna is

(ioane lazi), rogorc am saqmis _ axladfexadgmuli qarTuli litera-

turis _ specialisti.

marTlac, 411 wlisaTvis, qarTuli saeklesio literatura sul

axali Camoyalibebuli unda yofiliyo (411 wels, rogorc iTqva dai-

bada petre iberi). Zvel somxur wyaroebSi, rogorc iTqva, Semonax-

ulia cnobebi, rom qarTuli saeklesio anbanis da qarTuli saekle-

sio enis CamoyalibebisaTvis muSaoba mimdinareobda IV s-is bolosa

da V s-is dasawyisSi qarTlis samefo karze.

bakuri _ petres papa dedis mxridan, aseve buzmariosi buz-mihri

mamis mxridan iveriis mefeebi iyvnen swored am dros, maT uTuod

Rvawli miuZRviT qarTuli wmida werilis Targmnis saqmeSi, Cveni azriT

amitomac arian isini moxsenebulni lazTa monasterSi sxva pirvel-

mTargmnelTa msgavsad.

petres mama _ buzmariosi cxadia, am saqmis xelisSemwyobi iqnebo-

da, deda _ bakurduxtTan erTad (buzmariosi _ Cans, Zvel saqarTveloSi

cnobili saxeli iyo, adigenis raionis sofel udeSi dafiqsirebulia

toponimi `buzmareTi~, petres saxeli ki maruani yofila siymawvile-

Si, saxel maruanisgan SeiZleba iyo nawarmoebi gvari _ maruaSvili,

saerTod ki, saxeli maruani igive miriani unda iyos _ iberiis samefo

karze miRebuli saxeli).

ase, rom `lazTa monasterSi~ Cven unda gvqondes pirvelqarTvel

mTargmnelTa saxelebis CamonaTvali. maTi moxseneba am monasterSi

saWirod miuCneviaT, radganac maTi pleadis wevri unda yofiliyo mo-

nastris damaarsebeli ioane lazi. maTi RvawliT giorgi mTawmindel-

407

isa da giorgi mcires sityviT _ pirveliTaganve gvqondes werilnica

da sarwmunoebai WeSmariti da marTali~.wmida werilis qarTuli pirvelTargmanebi WeSmariti da marTali

yofila, amitomac X-XI ss-is mTargmnel-redaqtorebs~ isini ar Seucv-

liaT. am teqstebma dRemde ucvlelad moaRwies da saeklesio msax-

urebaSi amJamadac gamoiyenebian.

k. daneliam, gamoCenilma enaTmecnierma, gamowvlilviT Seiswavla

XI s-is dasawyisSi `Targmnili~ teqstebi da mivida daskvnamde, rom

sinamdvileSi XI s-Si xelaxla ki ar iTargmna berZnulidan qarTul

enaze wmida werili da sxva saeklesio teqstebi, aramed moxda Zveli,

ukve arsebuli qarTuli Targmanebis (teqstebis) Sedareba-redaqtire-

ba imJamindel berZnul redaqciebTan da amis Sedegad miRebul iqna

eklesiisaTvis `kanonikuri~ teqstebi. maSasadame, eqvTime da giorgi

mTawmidelebi, maTi epoqis wmida mamebi iyvnen ara mTargmnelebi am

sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, aramed mxolod redaqtorebi. àm faqts

mxolod danaxva unda~ - werda am faqtSi absoluturad darwmunebu-

li k. danelia, radganac man es teqstebi, rogorc iTqva enaTmecnier-

ulad gamowvlilviT Seiswavla.

aRsaniSnavia, rom giorgi mTawmideli Tavis anderZSi swored am

faqts aRniSnavs, rom is iyo ara axlad mTargmneli~ wmida werilisa,

aramed mxolod `Semmowmebeli~ anu redaqtori romelic àwamebda~,

adarebda erTmaneTs ukve arsebul Zvel qarTul teqstebsa da im-

droindel berZnul redaqciebs.

erTmaneTTan `Sewameba~ anu Sedareba cxadia udides codnasa da

Sromas iTxovda mSromel-redaqtorisagan. giorgi mTawmidelis

anderZis ori redaqcia arsebobs, erTi redaqcia (Seuryvneli teqsti

anderZisa) daucavs samegreloSi, moqvSi dacul saxarebas, aseve bre-

Tis, axalcixisa, eCmiaZinisa da ubisis saxarebebs. am Seuryvnel anderZ-

Si naTqvamia _ èse wmidai oTxTavi ara Tu axlad gviTargmnia, aramed

friadiTa iZulebiTa ZmaTa vieTme, berZnulTa saxarebaTa Segviwamebia

friadiTa gamowvlilviTa~. am anderZidan sruliad aSkarad Cans, rom

giorgi mTawmidelma ki ar Targmna _ am sityvis Semdegdroindeli

gagebiT wmida oTxTavi, aramed mxolod Seawama~ anu Seadara berZnul

redaqciebs da Caaswora maT mixedviT.

408

Semdgom saukuneebSi aRniSnul wmida mamebs siyvaruliT uwodebd-

nen `mTargmnelebs~.

maTi xelidan gamosuli wmida werilis redaqciebi iqca oficial-

ur saeklesio teqstebad, amitom pativiscemisa da siyvarulis niSnad

maT `mTargmnelebis~ aRniSnuli wodeba daimkvidres.

Cans, am damokidebulis gamo, SemdegSi romeliRac gadamwers am

Tvalsazrisis Sesabamisad Seusworebia~ giorgi mTawmidelis anderZi,

kerZod misgan amouRia zogierTi sityva, ramac warmoSva anderZis

axali teqsti iseTi saxisa, romelic dResdReobiT ufro gavrcelda.

amJamad, ratomRac imaleba anderZis pirvelsaxe, romelic Seryv-

nilad miiCneva.

sinamdvileSi giorgi mTawmideli TviTon uxsnis mkiTxvels Tu

ratom ar esaWiroeboda Zvel qarTul teqstebs xelaxla Targmna.

misi Zalze dabejiTebuli mtkicebiT daaxloebiT IV-V ss-Si Ses-

rulebuli Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi `wmidadaa Targmnili~ Tavisi

drois mTargmnelebis mier. amis gamo pirvelmTargmnelTa xelidan

gamosuli teqstebi iyvnen `keTilni~ anu misaRebi eklesiisaTvis, maS

ratom dasWirda am `wmidad da keTilad~ Targmnil teqstebs Sedare-

ba berZnul redaqciebTan XI s-is daswyisisaTvis? am kiTxvas TviTon

scems pasuxs giorgi mTawmideli.

giorgi mcires sityviT, `friadi iZulebiT~ giorgi mTawmidels

gauwevia udidesi Sroma, romelic ase saWiro iyo imJamindeli qarTuli

eklesiisaTvis, raTa cilismwameblebs (`mabraloblebsa da mayve-

dreblebs~) avtoriteti ar SeebRalaT qarTuli wmida werilisaTvis.

giorgi mTawmidelis sityviTac, mis gverdiT yofilan sasuliero pire-

bi `Zmanni~, romelTac dabejiTebiT uTxovniaT gaewia es Sroma.

erTi sityviT, giorgi mTawmidelma iRvawa qarTuli wmida werilis

avtoritetis amaRlebisaTvis, daumtkica yvelas, rom is iseTive Rirse-

bisa iyo, rogorebic iyvnen yvelaze kargi berZnuli redaqciebi misi

droisa. Tumca ki miaCnia rom ufro Zveli, pirvelqarTuli Targ-

manebi Zalze kargi Targmanebi iyvnen _ is wers anderZSi _ `Cvenni

yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnilia da keTilad _ xan-

metnica da sabawmidurnica~ (n. papuaSvili, axali aRTqmis qarTuli

Targmani, 2007, gv. 92).

409

maSasadame, giorgi mTawmideli didad afasebda qarTvel pirvel

mTargmnelTa skolis muSaobas. es skola, rogorc iTqva, Camoyalib-

da IV s-is bolosa da V s-is dasawyisSi, somxuri wyaroebis cnobiT

bakur mefis karze. anu petre iberis papis ojaxi iyo mecenati, spon-sori da damkveTi im didi muSaobisa, romelic esaWiroeboda axalfexa-dgmul qarTul saeklesio mwerlobas, romelic am ojaxis Tvalwin ya-libdeboda.

movses xorenacis sityviT, qarTvelTa samefo karze SemoukrebiaT

qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxidan qarTuli enis mcodneebi.

sxva wyarodan Cans, rom maT Soris erTerTi rCeuli yofila ioane

lazi _ radganac swored is airCies axalgazrda ufliswulis aR-

mzrdelad, anu sityvierebis maswavleblad.

marTlac, man patara petres zepirad Seaswavla axalTargmnili wmida

werili.

es iyo, ase vTqvaT _ pirveli aprobacia pirvelmTargmnelTa moR-

vaweobis Sedegis dasadgenad.

misi cxovrebidan Cans, rom petres marTlac keTilad Seuswavlia

wmida werili, imdenad, rom SemdgomSi yvelas aocebda wmida werilis

codniT konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze.

qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobac pirvel nabijebs dgamda petres

siymawvilis wlebSi.

saqme is iyo, rom Tu ki mesrop maStocs mravali Zieba dasWirda

somxuri anbanis aso-niSnebis moxazulobis mosaZebnad, qarTvel ma-

mebs ar esaWiroebaT amdeni Zieba _ qarTlis samefo karze iqamde sauku-neTa manZilze iyenebdnen e.w. armazul damwerlobas.

armazuli damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli warwerebi aRmoCenilia van-

Si, borSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), mcxeTaSi da sxvagan. es iyo fini-

kiuri damwerlobidan warmoSobili arameuli damwerlobis erT-erTi

saxe.

rogorc Cveni Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis (r. patariZe) naSrome-

bidan Cans, Cvens pirvel wmida mamebs mouZebniaT arameuli damwer-

lobis pirveli saxe, anu am anbanis saukeTeso varianti. da Cveni fiqriT,

is daudviaT safuZvlad qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobisaTvis.

magaliTad, asomTavruli `a~, aris arameuli anbanis pirveli aso-

niSani, romelic igive saxisaa, maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom arameuli

410

`a~ swori xazebis urTierTgadakveTiTaa miRebuli, xolo asomTavru-

lis `a~, igive xazebia, oRond damrgvalebuli saxisa.

arameuli anbanis samkuTxedebi _ asomTavrulSi wreebiTaa gad-

mocemuli. magaliTad, aso-niSani bani~ arameulsa da qarTulSi erTid-

aigivea, oRond arameulSi `bani~-s muceli samkuTxedis formis mqo-

nea, xolo qarTulSi is mrgvalia.

cxadia, qarTul saeklesio anbanSi saWiro iqneboda ramdenime aso-

niSnis damateba, Tumca, SesaZloa iqamdec, armazulSi es aso-niSnebi

arsebobda kidec.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, armazulis Tavdapirveli deda-saxe (Zveli

arameuli) unda yofiliyo safuZveli qarTuli saeklesio anbanisa.

maSasadame, qarTvelma pirvelTargmanebma ioane lazisa da petre

iberis yrmobis epoqaSi SeZles armazul-arameulis damwerlobis

safuZvelze asomTavrulis Seqmna, amasTanave qarTulad Targmna wmi-

da werilisa da aseve misi Cawera qarTulive, ukve qarTuli saekle-

sio asoebiT.

aqedan Cans, rom ioane lazi idga zogadqarTuli saliteraturo enisa

da qarTuli saeklesio damwerlobis saTaveebTan.

rogorc aRiniSna, amis mizezi unda yofiliyo is, rom ioane lazis

dros aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xalxis metyveleba Zalze axlos idga

imJamindel megrul-lazurTan, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

kuTxeebis metyvelebebTan. saerTo saliteraturo ena is-is iyo isaxe-

boda da ibadeboda ioane lazis SromiT.enaTmecnierulad aseve iyo evropisa da aziis sxva regionebSic.

magaliTad, IX-X ss-Si rodesac kirilem da meTodem slavurad gadm-

oiRes wmida werili, slavuri saerTo enas warmoadgenda zogadad

slavebisaTvis, mxolod Semdeg XIV-XV ss-saTvis TandaTan Caisaxa sla-

vur enaSi ukrainuli, belarusuli, da e.w. `velikorusuli~ (mosko-

vuri) ena-metyvelebani, dasavleT slavebSi Semdgom Camoyalibda ser-

buli, bulgaruli da sxva enebi. ase, rom slavuri wmida werili eno-

brivad saerTo iyo Semdeg Camoyalibebuli ukrainelebis, belaruse-

bis, da sxva slavuri xalxebisaTvis. msgavsadve laTinuri ena, ro-

melzec iTargmna pirvel saukuneebSi wmida werili, iqca safuZvlad

Semdeg Camoyalibebuli franguli, espanuri, italiuri Tu ruminuli

411

enebisaTvis. maSasadame, jer iTargmna laTinurad wmida werili, xolo

Semdgom Camoyalibda laTinuri enis safuZvelze sxvadasxva xalxebis

enebi, amitomac am xalxebisaTvis laTinur enaze wirva-locva pirvel

xanebSi, sanam am xalxebis enebi Tanamedrove saxes miiRebda, sruliad

gasagebi iyo. cxadia, am erTgvari zogadi wesisagan ar unda yofil-

iyo gamonaklisi qarTulic.

IV-V ss-Si zogadqarTul enaze iTargmna wmida werili, romelic

gasagebi iyo yvela kuTxis qarTvelTaTvis, radganac es ena imJamad mSob-

liuri da gasagebi iyo yvela kuTxis mcxovrebisaTvis, mxolod Semdeg

saukuneebSi am kuTxeebis metyvelebani gadaiqca erTmaneTisagan daSore-

bul dialeqtebad. e.i. ioane lazis dros lazeTisa Tu kaxeTis

qarTveloba metyvelebda erTmaneTisaTvis gasageb saerTo enaze,

romelzec iTargmna wmida werili da romelsac SemdgomSi ewoda Zve-

li qarTuli saliteraturo ena. mxolod Semdeg saukuneebSi, rogorc

iTqva daSordnen erTmaneTs es metyvelebani.

enebi swrafad viTardebian, amitomac gvaqvs Zveli berZnuli, Zve-

li somxuri, Zveli qarTuli da a.S. Cven erTmaneTs vadarebT Tan-

amedrove megrulsa da Zvel saeklesio-saliteraturo enas. rogorc

viciT Tu arsebobs Tanamedrove megrul-lazuri, unda yofiliyo

Zveli megrul-lazuric.

ra saxisa iyo is (megrul-lazuri) 1600-1500 wlis win, ioane lazis

dros? Cveni TvalsazrisiT, rogorc mravaljer aRvniSneT, IV-V sauku-

neebSi megrul-lazuri Zalze axlos idga saliteraturo Zvel qarTul-

Tan. amitomac ioane lazi, albaT mSobliur dialeqtze dayrdnobiT

sxvadasxva kuTxeebis mamebTan erTad ayalibebda saliteraturo-saek-

lesio enobriv normas, raTa gasagebi yofiliyo rogorc mTis, ise

baris morwmuneebisaTvis, qveynis rogorc erT, ise meore kuTxeSi.

Cvens Tvalsazriss, rom ioane lazis epoqaSi megrul-lazuri salite-

raturo qarTulis erT-erT safuZvels warmoadgenda ganamtkicebs Zvel

matianeTa da wyaroTa cnobebi. magaliTad, `moqcevaY qarTlisaY~-s

cnobiT, aleqsande makedonelis epoqaSi arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azo-

ni samxreTidan wamouZRva samxedro elitis mravalsulian ojaxebs,

romelTac Camoayalibes saxelmwifo _ qarTlis samefo~. amave wyaros

cnobiT mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda egrisi _ dasavleT saqarTvelo,

412

radganac am saxelmwifos Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari gadioda md.

egriswyalze.

sad mdebareobda arian-qarTlis samefo, saidanac CrdiloeTiT, maT

Soris egrisSi, Casaxlda axali qarTuli saxelmwifos Semqmneli azo-

nis samxedro elita? vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT klarjeTi azo-

nis mamuli qveyana iyo, misi mimdebare mxareebiT. e.i. arian qarTli

moicavda klarjeTs, qaldeas, tao-basiansa da im mezobel kuTxeebs.

lazebis qveynis _ `qaldeas~ da `qarTlis~ etimologia erTi da

igive unda iyos, radgan orive sityvis fuZeSi Tanmxovnebia qld~ da

`qrT~, cxadia, es erTi fuZea, radganac kanonzomieria gadasvlebi l-

r, d-T. lazTa (WanTa) qaldeas Semounaxavs arian-qarTlis qveynis

saxelis fuZe `qarT~.

Zvel wyaroebSi `samegrelo~ da `sofeli megrelTa~ erqva trape-

zun-qaldeas regions, sadac pirvelad iqadaga andria pirvelwode-

bulma. am qveynis anu qaldeas xalxis ena Semoinaxa saliteraturo

Zvelma qarTulma enam.

XX saukuneSi, sabWoTa okupaciis dros, saqarTveloSi Sesabamisma

samecniero wreebma gaabatones Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda Zvel qarTul

saliteraturo enas IV-V saukuneebSi safuZvlad daedo qarTl-kax-

uri dialeqti.

es Tvalsazrisi Zireulad gansxvavdeboda saqarTveloSi iqamde

aTaswleulTa manZilze arsebulisagan, rom Zveli qarTuli saerTo

ena iyo qarTuli eklesiis mrevlisaTvis, romlis iurisdiqciaSic

yoveli qarTuli Temi Sedioda afxazeT-svaneTidan araqsamde da Se-

maxiamde. qarTvelTa garda am faqts ucxoelebic aRniSnaven, arqan-

jelo lamberti wers samegreloSi gamoiyeneba qarTuli wignebi,

`romelic dawerilia maTis namdvilis, Zveleburisa da wmida eniT. am

enisagan maTi mdabiuri ena ise ganirCeva, rogorc Cveni mdabiuri

laTinuridan ganirCeva~ (arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera,

2011, gv.185). is wers: `saqarTvelos samefo gavrcelebuli iyo Tav-

rizamde, arzrumamde da kafamde, romelic xersonesSia. am mxriT

saqarTvelo Seicavda Tavis samflobeloSi afxazebs, anu abasqebs,

Cerqezebs da jiqebs anu Ziqebs. saqarTvelos samefos rom aseTi sivrce

eWira, amis cxadi kval dReac ipoveba iq. arzrumis qalaqis maxlo-

413

blad axlac moipoveba qarTuli soflebi. uwindel droSi TviT am qalaq-

Si ijda qarTveli episkoposi, arzrumelad wodebuli. kolxidis ga-

reT, afxazebisa da jiqebis qveyvebSi mSvenieri taZrebi dganan qarTu-

lad aSenebulebi da qarTulis zedwarwerebiT. iranis mxriTac, TviT

Tavrizamde, rogorc qarTuli eklesiebis, ise qarTuli soflebis

cxadi kvali dResac sCans~ (iqve, gv. 30).

lazikis samitropolitos

Zveli mosaxleobis ena

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fondebSi daculia XV-XVI sauku-

neebiT daTariRebuli qarTuli xelnaweri (# 3475), romelsac aqvs

berZnulenovani minawerebi, romelnic Sesrulebulia ara berZnuli,

aramed qarTuli asoebiT.

xelnaweri, rogorc n. maxaraZem gamoikvlia, Sesrulebulia samxreT

saqarTvelos im nawilSi, romelic osmalebma miitaces da Sesabamis-

ad, misi marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba konstantinopolis sapatri-

arqos iurisdiqciaSi aRmoCnda (n. maxaraZe, liturgikuli praqtika

da pontouri dialeqtis gavlenis sfero, bizantia, qarTuli wyaroe-

bi, 2010, gv. 303).

iqamde bizantiis qaldeasa da iberiis Temebis miwawyalze mcxovrebies mrevli, daaxloebiT XIII-XVI saukuneebSi kvlav dedaqarTuli eklesiiswiaRs daubrunda, magram Semdeg, osmalTa batonobis epoqaSi, isini xe-lmeored, kvlav, berZnuli eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi aRmoCndnen.

xelnaweridan da misi minawerebidan Cans, rom osmalTa epoqaSi,

qaldea-WaneTsa da, aseve, samcxe-saaTabagos samxreT nawilSi qarTule-novan mrevls da mis samRvdeloebas daukanones valdebuleba, raTa maT

wirva-locva da RvTismsaxureba aRar hqo nodaT qarTulad, aramedberZnulad.

am valdebulebis gamo zemoT aRniSnuli xelnaweris mepatrone

qarTulenovani mRvdeli, romelsac berZnuli ar codnia, iZulebuli

gamxdara xmamaRla, mrevlis gasagonad warmosaTqmeli locva _ e.w.

414

`asamaRleblebi~ warmoeTqva berZnul enaze, am dros ki mas xelSi

eWira kondaki, sadac es berZnuli asamaRleblebi Cawerili iyo qarTu-

li asoebiT. e.i. am mRvdelma berZnuli wera-kiTxva ar icoda, amitom

berZnulenovani asamaRlebeli qarTuli asoebiT dawera da wirvis

dros xmamaRla waikiTxa.

xelnaweridan, Cans, rom wirvis dros is, e.w. `saidumlo locvebs~

kvlav qarTulad kiTxulobda, xolo asamaRleblebs ki berZnulad

warmoTqvamda, aseve kvereqsebs. berZnuli asamaRlebeli ki, rogorc

iTqva, qarTuli asoebiT hqonda dawerili.

mkvlevarma, xelnaweris SeswavliT, daadgina, rom am regionis mrev-

lica da samRvdeloebac qarTulenovani iyo, oRond maT sacxovrebel

garemoSi ukve axali ena, e.w. pontouri berZnuli ena ikvalavda gzas.

mkvlevaris mier moZiebuli monaceTa erToblioba mowmobs faqts,

rom am garemoSi axali ena-metyveleba isaxeba, romlisTvisac ukve

`pontoika~ anu pontos dialeqti mSobliuri xdeboda.

es regioni istoriuli qadea-WaneTia, gumuSxanes regioni, saidan-

ac ayrili mosaxleoba XIX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi Camosaxlda. maT

imJamad ukve `berZnebs~ uwodebdnen, magram maT yofil saeklesio

qarTulenovnebas is faqtic miuTiTebs, rom maT WaneTis sofel ime-

radan Tan Camoitanes qarTulenovani Zvirfasi saxareba, sxva qarTul

saeklesio wignebTan erTad. yofili Wanebi berZnebad iqcnen, qarTu-

lenovani wirva-locva, niSani mTeli maTi istoriuli regionis qarTu-

lobisa _ daviwyebul iqna. isini memkvidreni iyvnen pariadres mTiane-

Tis iberebisa.

strabonis mier naxsenebi pariadres, xorZenasa, gogarenasa da mi-

mdgomi olqebis mosaxleobis anu Zveli iberebis ena unda yofiliyosustad diferencirebuli fuZe-qarTuli (e.w. fuZe-qarTveluri) ena,

anu is ena, romelic safuZvlad daedo Zvel qarTul saliteraturi

mwerlobas _ amis gamo Zveli qarTuli enis codna amave regionSi

mdebare taos, basianisa da mezobeli mxareebis mcxovrebTaTvis, am

mxareebidan gamosuli qarTvelebisTvis, bunebrivi iyo.

amis anareklia is, rom am da mimdgomi mxareebidanac gamosuli

moRvaweebis somxurenovan TxzulebebSi qarTulenovnebis naSTebia

SemorCenili.

415

magaliTad, grigol parTelis arabulenovan cxovrebaSi qarTuli

sityvebi gvxvdeba, iseve, rogorc daviT uZlevelis naSromebSi. aR-

saniSnavia, rom qarTuli sityvebi aRmoCnda aseve, somxur xalxur

sagmiro epos `daviT sasuncSi~, misi ZiriTadi plastebi VIII-X ss-s

ganekuTvneba (Caiweres 1874 w.) da asaxavs 4 Taobis sagmiro saqmeebs.

rogorc aRiniSna, XI saukuneSi bizantiam aRniSnuli miwa-wyali Camo-

aSora saqarTvelos. iqauri qristiani marTlmadideblebi ganaSora

mcxeTis deda eklesias da Seiyvana konstantinopolis sapatriarqos

lazikis samitropolitoSi, magram am qmedebiT bizantiis imperiam,

iseve, rogorc VI-VII ss-Si, ZirTadad TavisdauneblieT, xeli kvlav

Seuwyo qarTvelTa Soris somxuri identobis ganvrcobas, radganac

iqauri qarTveloba faqtiurad somxur-qalkedonituri eklesiis

iurisdiqciaSi moeqca.

armenizaciis procesis Tavidan asacileblad iqaurma qarTvelo-

bam mxolod is moaxerxa, rom eklesiurad ganSorda somxur centrebs

da lazikis samitropolitos somxur-qalkedonitur saepiskoposoeb-

Si gaerTianda.

iqaur qarTul samrevloTa bazaze Camoyalibda lazikis, anu tra-

pezuntis samitropolitoSi qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebi _ olnut-

isa, xorZenasi, bizanasi, andakisa da sxva, xolo vanis tbis irgvliv

iyo somxuri mrevlis qalkedonuri saepiskoposoebi wm. nikolozisa,

arWeSisa, berkrisa, vanisa da sxva.

416

qarTulenovnebis naSTebi armeniaSi

somxeTi erTenovani qveyana ar yofila, aq gavrcelebuli yofila

sxvadasxva enebi, kerZod, korduelTa ena, albanelTa ena, sivnielTa

ena, xoiTelTa (artinis) ena, orTielTa ena, dasavleT WaneTisken ki

`ar ismoda somxuri ena~ (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, gv. 499).

VIII s-is somexi mwerali stefanos sivnieli werda, rom somxeTis 7

mxare somxeTis sanapiroebze, enobrivad ganirCeoda Sida somxebisa-

gan, radganac am mxareebSi adgilobrivi enebi (`mosazRvre dialeqte-

bi~) yofila gavrcelebuli. es mxareebi yofila tao (imier tao), speri

(zemo speri), xoiTi _ sasunis mxare, arcaxi, sivnieTi, korduena (kor-

Wea) da sxvebi. korduenaSi am droisTvis, p. ingoroyvas sityviT, qurTu-

li yofila gavrcelebuli, Tumca ki korduena Zveli qarTuli qvey-

ana iyo n. adoncis sityviT. taosa da sperSi qarTuli ena yofila

gavrcelebuli. xoiTel-sasunelTa ena orTaelTa enad iwodeboda da

`artani~-s saxeliTac iwodeboda (Sdr. artaanelTa, anu qarTuelTa

ena). zemoTaRniSnuli es mxareebi lazikis samitropolitos farglebSi

aRmoCnda, misi mrevli ZiriTadad identoba da vinaoba Seryeuli

qarTveloba iyo, romelic xan somxur, xan ki berZnul enobriv gare-

moSi moeqca.

Crdilo, Sua da dasavleT armenia karduxebisa da xalibebis epoqa-

Si (Zv. w. V-IV ss.) qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, amitomac aq

mdebare vrceli miwa-wyali pariadres mTianeTidan, xorZenasa da gog-

arenas CaTvliT iberebis sacxovrisi iyo.

rogorc aRiniSna, strabonis cnobiT, mxolod qristeSobamde II

saukuneSi SeZlo imJamad gaZlierebulma armeniam iberebisagan mieta-

cebina maTi samSoblos mniSvnelovani nawili _ pariadres mTiswine-

Ti, xorZena da gogarena.

es teritoria armeniis nawilad gadaiqca.

miuxedavad amisa, qarTulenovnebis naSTebi mainc Jonavs am mxa-

reebidan gamosuli zogierTi somexi moRvawis Txzulebidan da TviT

xalxuri Semoqmedebidanac ki. magaliTad, qarTulenovnebis naSTebi

gvxvdeba:

417

a. daviT sasuncis cxovrebaSi, sadac gvxvdeba Semdegi qarTuli

sityvebi: nena, amirani, biWi, kakaba, iqvea lazizmebi (v. goilaZe, asurel

mamaTa samSoblo, 2002, gv. 39);

b. qarTulenovnebis naSTia agaTangelozis wm. grigolis cxovreb-

is arabul TargmanSi;

g. vanis tbispira mxaris qarTulenovnebas mianiSnebs asureli ma-

mebis qarTulenovneba. v. goilaZis azriT, isini am mxareebidan iyvnen;

d. daviT anRaTis wignSi gvxvdeba qarTuli sityva.

armeniaSi am qarTulenovan naSTebs Cveni mecnierebi qarTizaciad~

Tvlian.

Tu ase Zlieri iyo qarTizacia da man SeZlo mesxeTis (tao-klar-

jeTis) sruli gaqarTveleba~ imdenad, rom dResac, XXI s-is dasawyisSi,

taoeli glexebi qarTulad laparakoben, maSin, roca tao erTian

saqarTveloSi sul 2-3 saukune iyo, ratom ver gaxda es SesaZlebeli

zogierT mxareSi, sadac qarTuli ena, eklesia da kultura uwyvetia

dRemde?

amitom iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa biWi (buSis mniSvnelobiT, es

sityva gvxvdeba daviT sasuncis cxovrebaSi) goWi (es sityva gvxvdeba

grigol parTelis cxovrebis arabul TargmanSi) da sxva, aris xalxis

Sida enobrivi samyarodan gamosuli da ara kulturuli zemoqmedeb-

is, anu qarTizaciis Sedegi.

418

enis SenarCunebis mizezebi

trapezunt-arzrum-valaSkertis arealSi mcxovrebma mkvidrma

qarTulma mosaxleobam SeZlo qarTulenovnebis SenarCuneba, rac gan-

sakuTrebiT gamovlinda arabobis dasrulebis Semdgom IX-X ss-Si.

arabebis Semosevamde aRniSnuli miwa-wyali erTmaneTs Soris gain-

awiles bizantiisa da sparseTis imperiebma da mas armeniis nawilad

miiCnevdnen, radganac IV-V ss-Si somxeTis saxelmwifoSi Sedioda.

radganac qristeSobamde II saukuneSi es miwa-wyali armeniam ibe-

rias Camoacala, Sesabamisad bizantielebmac da sparselebmac Tavi-

anT mier dapyrobili qarTuli miwebis nawili Seiyvanes e.w. `dasav-

leT armeniaSi~, sxva nawili `maRal armeniaSi~, nawili ki `persarme-

niaSi~ da a.S.

miuxedavad dampyrobelTa xSiri cvlisa, arzrum-tao-valaSkertis

regionis mkvidrma qarTvelebma mainc SeZles qarTulenovnebis Senar-

Cuneba, amis erT-erT mizezs asaxelebs v. goilaZe, Tumca sxva re-

gionTan dakavSirebiT is wers: `SuamdinareTi da vanis tbis irgvliv

mdebare raioni, marTalia araerTi dampyroblis da saxelmwifos xe-

lSi iyo, magram, rogorc Cans, ama Tu im teritoriaze Sesuli da

gabatonebuli ucxo eTnikuri elementi, yovelTvis ver axerxebda damx-

vduri mosaxleobis asimilacias. maTi moTaveobiT Seqmnili saxelm-

wifos dacemis Semdeg Zveli mosaxleoba arsebobas ganagrZobda, da

ara Tu eTnikur Segnebas, zogjer enasac mSobliurs inarCunebda

rogorc cnobilia, ase moxda aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi Zv. w. XIII s-is

damlevs xeTebis saxelmwifos daRupvis Semdeg muSqebma Tavisi eTni-

kuri saxe da ena SeinarCunes, albaT ase moxda SuamdinareTSic. asure-

Tis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, rogorc `Zveli msoflios istoriaSia~

miTiTebuli, `ar momxdara raime mniSvnelovani eTnikuri cvlileba!

daiRupa mxolod asiriuli sazogadoebis zeda fena, nawilobriv

qalaqelebi. soflis mosaxleoba darCa Tavis adgilas da maTi STamo-

mavlebi cxovroben Crdilo eraySi dRemde, Tumca aqaduri ena didi

xnis win dakarges~ (Zveli msoflios istoria, t. II, moskovi, 1982, rus.

enaze. gv. 42. v. goilaZe, asurel mamaTa samSoblo, 2002, gv. 49).

419

msgavsadve, arabTa batonobis dasasrulisTanave, yofili dasav-

leT armeniisa da agreTve persarmeniis mkvidrma mosaxleobam (taos,basiansa da mimdebare regionebSi) warmoaCina, rom isini SesaniSnavad

flobdnen qarTul enas, ufro metic, maT gaaCndaT qarTuli identoba,

Tumca ki ganaTlebuli qarTveloba flobda somxur enasa da wera-

kiTxvas. amJamad maT, usafuZvlod, somexi-qalkedonitebis erT gaqar-

Tvelebul nawilad~ miiCneven.

somexi qalkedonitebis ena

bizantiis imperiaSi somex-qalkedonitTa monastebsa da eklesieb-

Si wirva-locva da saerTod RvTismsaxureba mimdinareobda somxur

enaze. amis Sesaxeb arsebobs wyaroebi. magaliTad, wmida saba ganwmedi-

lis monasterSi, romelic somxeTidan Sors, antioqiaSi mdebareobda,

RvTismsaxurebis enad somxebisaTvis somxuri iyo nebadarTuli.

somexi-qalkedonitebi somxeTis patriotebi iyvnen da maTTvis Zalze

Zvirfasi iyo erovnuli kultura da somxuri eklesiis tradiciebi.

amitomac mtkiceba maTi e.w. `gaqarTvelebisa~ maTi patriotizmis Se-

ufaseblobaa.

`gaqarTvelebis~ Teoria mxolod politikuri mizniT Camoyalib-

da XX saukunis dasawyisSi somxuri nacionaluri interesebis dasak-

mayofileblad. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb TviT somexi avtorebi weren pra-

voslavnaia enciklopediaSi~:

`somexi qalkedonitebi TviTon TavianT Tavs Tvlidnen saak parTe-

vis, mesrop maStocis da nerse didis memkvidreebad (da ara farnavazisa,

kirionisa da grigol xanZTelisa, mitr. anania). somxuri ena somex-qalkedonitTa saRvTismsaxuro ena iyo im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca isini

Sekedlebulni iyvnen berZnul monastrebs (maS rogorRa xdeboda maTi

`gaqarTveleba~? mitr. anania), magaliTad, somexTa saqmeebis moTxrobe-bis~ Tanaxmad, VI saukuneSi saba ganwmedilis monasterSi somxebs nebas

rTavdnen RvTismsaxureba mSobliur enaze hqonodaT, imis Semdegac ki,

rac somxeTSi gaimarjva antiqalkedonurma mimarTulebam, somexi-

420

qalkedonitebi mainc inarCunebdnen mSobliur enas da mas iyenebdnen

samisionero miznebisaTvis (amis Sedegad SeZles maT VI-VII ss-Si taosa

da sxva qarTul Tavisuflebadakargul olqebSi gabatoneba da iSxnis

kaTedris daarseba qarTvel-qalkedonitTa Soris. mitr. anania), ma-

galiTad, iosebi, konstantinopolis marTlmadidebluri somxuri Te-

mis wevri, romelmac konstantinopolSive Seiswavla somxuri ena da mwi-

gnobroba, 991w. Targmna berZnulidan mokle wliuri svinaqsari konstan-

tinopolis eklesiisa, romelic man Seavso somxuri wyaroebis cnobe-

biT da gagzavna somxeTSi. somex-qalkedonitTa wreebidan gamovida aseve

berZnulidan gamomavali Tveni XI s-sa, somexi-qalkedonitebi monawi-

leobdnen somxuri literaturis Seswavlasa da ganviTarebaSi~, _ wers

pravoslavnaia enciklopedias statiaSi v. aruTinova-fidaniani (pra-

voslavnaia enc. t. III, 2001, gv. 328).

aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuladac iTargmneboda somex-qalkedonitTa

mdidari somxurenovani literatura, aseve somex-qalkedonitTa dogma-

tur-saRvTismetyvelo polemikuri traqtatebis Semcveli wignebic

(iTargmneboda qarTul enaze) (iqve, gv. 328). somxur-qalkedonuri agi-

ografiuli, egzegetikuri da filosofiuri literaturis qarTulad

Targmna mimdinareobda rogorc V-VIII, ise IX-X ss-Sic (iqve, gv. 328).

qarTulTan SedarebiT, somxur-qalkedonituri literatura siR-

rmiTa da sisavsiT gamoirCeoda. amis mizezi iyo is, rom berZnuli da

siriuli qalkedonuri teqstebi somxur enaze ZvelTaganve funda-

menturad iyo gadmoRebuli.

aTonis mTis berebi aRniSnavdnen kidec, Tu ra mwirad miaCndaT

TavianTi epoqis mSobliuri literatura da iRwvodnen eTargmnaT

sxvadasxva enebidan.

armeniis iberiuli zolis mosaxleobis erTi nawili somxur-qalke-

donuri eklesiis mrevli iyo, maTi armenizacia mimdinareobda da ara

qarTizacia.

aqedanac Cans, rom somexi qalkedonitebi somxebadve darCnen da

SeuerTdnen maTTvis mSobliur somxur eklesias, xolo imJamindel

somxeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri qarTvelebi yovel gzas eZebdnen, raTa

mSobliur qarTul eklesiis wiaRs dabrunebodnen.

421

Zv. lazuris da Zv. qarTulis erTianobis

mtkicebulebani

bizantiur epoqaSi qaldea erqva bizantiis administraciul olqs

anu Tems WaneT-lazikaSi.

trapezuntis mimdebare mxareebs iqamdec erqva qaldea. is Ziri-

Tadad dasaxlebuli iyo WanebiT.

es qveyana sainteresoa Tavisi saxelwodebiT.

rogorc cnobilia, qaldea jer kidev qristeSobamde aTaswleulebiT

adre erqva SuamdinareTis erTerT olqs, SemdgomSi `qaldu~ urar-

tuelebma TavianT mTavar `RmerTs~ uwodes, magram maTgan, anu semi-

turi qaldisagan gansxvavdeboda qarTuli qaldu~, romelic, rogorc

Cans, ufro luviur-frigiul samyarosTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

gordu, qordu, qaldu _ frigiel samyaroSi sakmaod gavrcelebu-

li saxelebi iyo.

saxeli kardu-karduxi~, vanis tbasTan mcxovreb qarTvelur toms

erqva.

karduxebis qveyanaSia saZebni is Zveli iberia, saidanac qristeSo-

bamde VI saukuneSi nabuqodonosors (babilon-mesopotamiis mefes)

gadmousaxlebia iberebi pontos zRvis pireTSi, trapezuntis regionSi,

romelsac daerqva kidec saxeli _ qaldea.

`iberiel-megreli Stos tomebis sakuTar saxelebSi erTi da igive

qveynis saxeli gvxvdeba. igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am qveynis saxe-

li orive Stos tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba, ueWvelia igi qarTve-

lebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo unda yofiliyo.

samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos warmomadgenels, svanebsac aqvT Ser-

Cenili - es karTu, anu qarTu ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea aris~ (iv. javax-

iSvili `qarTveli eris istoria, I, 1981, gv. 403-404).

WaneTs _ qaldeas, mis xalxs ki qaldevelebs uwodebdnen.

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT sityva qaldeveli~ miRebulia qarTvelTa

fuZe qveynis qarTu~-s saxelidan (aqedanvea `qarT~-ueli da svanebis

sasoflo Temebis xalde~ da sxva msgavsi saxelebic). saxelebi galat~,

`galatu~ saxelebi aseve mcire aziaSi gadmosaxlebul kelt-galateb-

sac gaaCndaT.

422

aRsaniSnavia, rom prokofi da sxva Zveli berZen-romaeli avtore-

bi ar axseneben sityva ègriss~, radganac saxelebi ègrisi, guria,

argveTi~ da sx. momdinareoben erTi saerTo fuZidan `gur~, `gor~,

rac etimologiurad Zalze axloa fuZe kol~-Tan, am fuZidanaa nawar-

moebi kolxi~ da kolxida~, md. enguris Zveli saxelwodeba eguri~,

aseve egrisis Zveli saxelwodeba èguri~. Cans saxelebi eguri da

kolxida erTmaneTis mimarT identurni iyvnen.

fuZe `gur~ saerTo mniSvnelobisa unda yofiliyo.

fuZe `gur~, rogorc iTqva, albaT igive `kol~ (kolxida) fuZea.

amave fuZidanaa Cans argueTi, guria, egurisi (egrisi).

amave `gr~ fuZidanaa `gardmani~, `gardabani~, àgaraki~, `garisi~

(amJamad TeTriwyaro), algeTi, liganisxevi (lig-rig) da sxva.

amave fuZidan (`rg~, gr~) unda iyos nawarmoebi qarTvelTa aRmniS-

vneli eTno saxelebi _ `georgia~, ~georgien~, `gurj~ `gurZ~.

ase, rom kolx~ dakavSirebulia qarT~ da qarTvelTa qveynis sax-

elebTan (gurgaq, georgien, georgia, gurZistan). gadasvlebiT g-k-q;

l-r; o-a (magaliTad, kol _ qar);

Zveli avtorebi dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben, rom SavizRvispirze (Sem-

degdroindel afxazeTSi) cxovrobda kerketebis~ tomi, xolo Crdi-

lo kavkasiaSi tomi `georgebi~, Cemi azriT `kerketebi~ igive `gerg~,

`georg~ tomia. Zalze cdebodnen qarTveli sabWoTa mecnierebi, roca

amtkicebdnen, TiTqosda `kerketebi~ igive `Cerqezebi~ arian etimo-

logiuri TvalsazrisiT. aq ucnauri isaa, rom Turquli sityva Cer-

qez-Carqaz~ araa Zveli warmoSobisa da Sua saukuneebSia dafiqsire-

buli. maSin roca etimologiurad `kerketi~ yvelaze ufro axloa

`gerget~ - `gerg~ `georg~ `gogar~ fuZeebTan (Sed. `gergetis mTa~

yazbegis r-Si).

sabWoTa istoriografia XX s-Si amtkicebda, rom TiTqosda kolxi

xalxi~ sxva eTnosi iyo, xolo qarTvelebi~ sxva, etimologiuri Zie-

ba sxvas aCvenebs.

enobrivadac lazebis anu `kolxebis~ ena da danarCeni qarTveleb-

is ena erTidaigive unda yofiliyo, axlos mdgomi Zvel qarTulTan.

rogorc zemoT iyo gamokvleuli, am gancxadebis Tqmis uflebas

iZleva prokofi kesarielis cnoba, rom lazebis eniT cixe-simagre

kotaions erqva `quTaTisi~.

423

prokofi wers: am mxares Camoudis erTi mdinare, saxelad reoni, mis

sanapiroebTan Zveladve kolxebs augiaT cixe, ... maSin am cixes kotiaionsuwodebdnen elinuri eniT, amJamad ki mas lazebi quTaTiss eZaxian,

berZnuli enis ucodinarobiT mosdiT, rom am saxelwodebis namdvili

saxe Seryvnes. ase aqvs es moTxrobili arianes.

sxvebi ki amboben, Zvel droSi am adgilas qalaqi iyo da kvitaioni

ewodebodao, aqauri iyo aieti, ris gamoc poetebi mas kvitaiels eZaxd-

nen, kolxidis qveyanas ki kvitatidso ... quTaTisis maxloblad ki aris

erTi metad magari cixe, saxelad uqimerioni~ (georgika, II. gv. 196).

maSasadame, lazebma, TavianTi enis bunebis Sesabamisad, awarmoes

im cixis saxeli, romelsac berZnebi kvitaions uwodebdnen. lazebma

TavianT enaze mas uwodes quTaTisi~. Cven viciT, rom es sityva nawar-

moebia Zveli qarTuli enis Sesabamisad _ quTaTisi (sufiqsi `aT~,

rogorc, magaliTad _ baRdaTi, gelaTi, mamaTi, da sufiqsi `isi~,

rogorc magaliTad Tbilisi, dmanisi, Zmuisi da a.S.), aqedan safiqre-

belia, rom lazuri ena igive iyo rac Zveli qarTuli ena, yovelSem-

TxvevaSi es ase yofila I saukuneSi arianes dros, im drosac Turme am

cixes lazuri enis Sesabamisad quTaTisi~ erqva da VI s-Sic prokofis

drosac. es faqti amtkicebs imas, rom Zveli lazuri da Zveli qarTu-

li erTi ena iyo anda erTi enis axlo dialeqtebi.

fuZe qarTuli ena naklebad iyo diferencirebuli arianesa da pro-

kofis dros, diferenciacia Semdgom gaRrmavda, Sesabamisad qarTuli

qristianuli kulturisa da wmida werilis Targmnis epoqaSi (IV-V ss-

Si) fuZe qarTuli ena aerTianebda iberebsa da lazebs. isini erT eno-

briv da kulturul sivrces qmnidnen IV-V ss-Si. Zveli qarTuli ena maTi

(lazebisa da iberebis) saerTo kulturis ena iyo, amitomac quTaTisi~erTdroulad lazuri da Zveli qarTuli sityva iyo.

Zv. lazuri da Zv. qarTuli enis erTianobis, erTi bunebis gamo,

rogorc iTqva, moRvaweobdnen erTad ioane lazi da petre iberi ieru-

salimSi. swored qarTul enas aswavlida petre ibers misi aRmzrdeli

ioane lazi saqarTveloSive 6 wlis asakidan (mTavarepiskoposi anania,

`petre iberi marTlmadidebeli episkoposi~, 2002, gv.8).

radganac quTaTisi~ Zveli qarTulis enobrivi normebiTaa nawar-

moebi, magram prokofi mas `lazur enad~ aRiqvams, unda vifiqroT,

424

rom VI saukunisTvis jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli lazur-qarTu-

lis diferenciacia da arsebobda saerTo fuZe ena, romelic erT-

droulad iyo lazurica da qarTulic. rogorc aRvniSneT, am mo-

sazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas albaT isic iZleva, rom g. maWavarianis

mixedviT zanur-qarTulis diferenciacia I aTaswleulSi daiwyo (so-

nantTa sistema), Cans aRniSnul regionSi am diferenciaciis procesi

VI s-Si jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli. amiT unda aixsnas albaT is

movlena, rom Cven uamravi zanuri toponimi da hidronimi gvaqvs guri-

asa da samxreT saqarTveloSi. sinamdvileSi SesaZloa isini jer kidev

gaudiferencirebeli zanur-qarTulis enobrivi naSTebia. dasavleT

saqarTvelos saeklesio qarTulenovneba I aTaswleulSive (mag. ioane

minCxis qarTulenovneba) gamowveuli unda yofiliyo imiT, rom es ena

aq yvelas esmoda, radganac aqauri adgilobrivi metyvelebani war-

moadgendnen saerTo kulturis enis erT-erT safuZvels.

kolxi da glexi n. maris mixedviT

`lazi~ eTnonimia, romliTac berZeni avtorebi moixsenebdnen sa-

mxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis mosaxleobas. es sityva cnobilia

ukve I-II saukuneebidan.

aRniSnuli regioni, rogorc cnobilia dasaxlebuli iyo qarTve-

luri tomebiT.

rogorc cnobilia, qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi sityva `lazika~

ar gvxvdeba. is yovelTvis iTargmneboda (`sofeli megrelTa~ an

`samegrelo~) da igulisxmeboda trapezuntis sanaxebi, sadac, somx-

uri wyaroebiT, ègris~ olqi iyo ganlagebuli.

maSasadame, sityva lazika~ qarTuli samyarosaTvis ucxo iyo misi

sufiqsis -ìk~ gamo. marTlac, Cveni azriT, sityva lazika~ nawarmoe-

bia somxuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sufiqsiT ik~, iseve, rogorc

ùtik~, alznik~, `parsaik~, korsaik~ da sxva. Tumca misi fuZe laz~-

qarTulia. strabonis cnobiT am fuZe `laz~-iTaa nawarmoebi xali-

425

bebis aRmniSvneli eTnonimi àlazonebi~ da maTi qveynis saxeli _

àlazonia~.

xalibebi anu alazonebi mravalricxovani xalxi iyo.

maTi zogierTi sacxovrisi SemdegSi somxebma daimkvidres. maT Soris

unda yofiliyo somxuri provincia saxelwodebiT _ àlznik~. sityva

`lazik~ SesaZloa iyos àlznikis~ variacia. aRsaniSnavia, rom XI s-Si

àlznik~-Si ganlagebuli iyo lazikis saepiskoposoebis erTi jgufi.

kidev erTxel SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom trapezuntis mxareebisaken

mcxovrebi qarTuli tomebis eTnonimebSi gvxvdeba qarTvelTa aRm-

niSvneli eTnofuZe gr~ sxvadasxva variaciebiT, magaliTad, beqireb-

is tomi cxovrobda trapezuntidan afsarosamde da maT qveyanas `be-

qirias~ uwodeben.

trapezunti mdebareobda regionSi, romelic `makroniad~ iwode-

boda.

trapezuntis dasavleTiT farnakia `tibareniad~ iwodeboda.

yvela tomis saxelSi gamoiyofa zemoT aRniSnuli fuZe _ `gr~,

`qr~, kr~, `bgr~.

beqirebi - beqir = bqr =bgr

makronebi - makron = kr = gr

tibarebi - tibar = ibar = br

beqirebi cxovrobdnen iq, sadac Semdeg Zidritebi, romelsac Sem-

deg ewoda `lazika~.

amave eTnofuZiT unda iyos nawarmoebi cnobili eTnosaxelebi

`kolxi~ da `kolxida~.

`n. mari qarTuli sityva `glexis~ Sesaxeb dasZens _ socialuri

termini glexi Sesatyvisi somxuri `greh-ik-isa~, mdabiuri wodebrivi

saxeli. glexisagan warmoiqmna glaxaki~, glaxa~. glaxa~ igive kolx-

ia~, aRniSnavs glexs an monas~ (i. abulaZe, Sromebi, t. II, 1976, gv. 168).

n. mari wers `ZiriTadi socialuri terminebi kavkasiaSi aris eTni-

kuri warmoSobisa, udablesi fena qarTvelebsa da somxebSi iwodeba

kolxebis saxelis mixedviT qarTulad glexi~, somxurad grexiki~ (n.

mari, baTumi, ardagani, yarsi, petrogradi, 1922, gv. 31 (rusul enaze).

`glexi~ Seicavs fuZe-Zir gl~ anu gr~-s am fuZiT ki iwodebodnen

qarTvelebi (georgien, gugarqi, egrisi, guria da a.S.) qarTlis cxov-

426

rebis~ mixedviT maT zeda fenad iqcnen e.w. `makedonelebi~ anu `ari-

an-qarTvelebi~. `moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, Sesabamisad, mkvidri qarTve-

lebi ki iqca qveda fenad _ glexad. ase, rom glexs kavSiri aqvs ara

mxolod sityva kolxTan~, aramed zogad qarTul eTno fuZesTan gr~,

`gl~-sTan. es eTno-fuZe TiTqmis yvela qarTuli tomis saxelSi Cans,

magaliTad, georgien, gurZ, margveli, guruli, egreli, provinciebi

_ gogarena, gugarq, garisi, gardabani da sxva.

427

kari meoTxe

arian-qarTlis warsuli

Tavi XV

argonavtebi da amiraniani

aia-kolxida da pelasgur-kavkasiuri identoba

XX s-is dasawyisSi lingvistma berjix groznim gaSifra xeTuri

lursmuli damwerloba da waikiTxa xeTebis dedaqalaqis mdidari same-

fo arqivi. am dokumentebSi Canda, rom xeTebis mezoblad arsebobda

saxelmwifo haiasa, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT haiasas adgilmde-

bareoba urartusas emTxveoda. is arzrumis platozec Canda.

radganac somxeTs haiastans uwodeben, saxelma `haiasam~ aRafrTo-

vana somexi mecnierebi, axla maT saSualeba eZleodaT, rom ukve Zv. w.

XIV s-dan emtkicebinaT mcire aziaSi somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis

arseboba. radganac iqamde miiCneoda, rom somxuri kvali mcire azia-

Si mxolod Zv. w. VI s-dan Canda.

iqamde, haiasas qveS igulisxmeboda Zv. w. VI s-dan urartus mezo-

blad mdebare patara somxuri saxelmwifo, romelmac isargebla urar-

tus dasustebiT, daiwyo mis winaaRmdeg brZola, sabolood mospo da

misi adgili daiWira.

428

xeTur warwerebSi sityva `haiasas~ amokiTxvis Semdeg, somexi mec-

nierebi amJamad amtkiceben, rom TiTqosda, haiasas memkvidre iyo ura-

rtu da haiasa aris urartus Tavdapirveli, namdvili saxeli, rom

urartu-haisasa haikebis anu somxebis qveyana iyo, rom Sesabamisad

urartuelTa ena iyo somxuri. aseTi mosazreba sxva wyaroebiT ar

dasturdeba, is usafuZvloa.

Cveni fiqriT, qristeSobamde II aTaswleulis haiasas qveynis qveS

unda igulisxmebodes ara haikebis qveyana, aramed berZnul wyaroebSi

cnobili qveyana àia~ anu aia-kolxida. is (aia-kolxida) amave regions

Woroxisa da evfratis saTaveebs moicavda zRvispirTan erTad.

aia-kolxida saxelovani da cnobili qveynis saxiTaa mocemuli Sem-

degi drois gadmocemebsa da miTebSi, romelTac Tavisi safuZveli

unda hqonoda.

miCneulia, rom homerosis (Zv.w. IX-VIII ss.) odisea~ pirvelad ixse-

niebs qveyanas saxeliT _ àia~, es kolxeTis pirvandeli saxelwode-

baa. homerosma ar icoda saxeli `kolxida~, Cans imis gamo, rom mis

epoqaSi kolxeTis adgilas mdebare qveyanas saxeli aia~ erqva. odis-

eaSi~ homerosi geografiul saxel àias~ sam adgilas axsenebs (simR-

era X, XI, da XII). òdiseas~ mixedviT àiaie~ mdebareobda mzis amosv-

lis mxares, òkeanis~ (ase uwodebda zogierTi antikuri wyaro Sav

zRvas) aRmosavleTiT. àia~ berZen mwerlebs, Cveulebriv, kolxeTSi

mdebare qveynad miaCndaT, zogierTis komentirebiT homerosi kolx-

ikes~ nacvlad xmarobda àias~, rogorc adgilis aRmniSvnel saxel-

wodebas, rac imas miuTiTebs, rom haiasas ~ samefos gaqrobis Semdeg

misi saxeli àia~ darCa, rogorc adgilobrivi geografiuli saxeli.

herodotec aias~ kolxeTTan aigivebs. is wers xomaldiT miscures

aia-kolxidaSi, mdinare fazisTan~.

miiCneva, rom aia-kolxidaSi~ aia~ niSnavs kolxidis~ uZveles saxels.

herodotes mixedviT mis droindel `kolxidas~ winaT, argonavte-

bis epoqaSi, saxelad àia~ erqva. asevea apolonios rodoselTanac.

misTvis aia kolxeTis sinonimia. zogi mwerlisaTvis aia kolxeTis

nawili, misi erT-erTi qalaqia, maSasadame, isinic aias kolxeTTan

akavSireben. Tavis mxriv albaT, SesaZlebelia termin kolxeTis dakav-

Sireba sityva qaldeasTan.

429

Cven qvemoT vikvlevT, rom amiranis (da zogierTi sxva) qarTuli miTi

TiTqmis zustad emTxveva im berZnul miTebs, romelnic kolxur sam-yarosTanaa dakavSirebuli (miTi argonavtebisa da miTebi promoTes

Sesaxeb). amiranis miTis naSTebi SemorCenili iyo vrcel terioriaze _

vanis tbasTan mdebare sasunis mTebidan vidre afxazeTis CaTvliT Crdi-

lo kavkasiamde. aia-kolxidis kulturis vrceli areali ekontaqtde-

boda berZnul-balkanur samyaros. maT erTnairi miTebic ki hqondaT.

erT-erTi luviuri miTis Tanaxmad, rogorc aRiniSna, mokvdav-

aRorZinebadi RvTaeba telefinus simbolo (niSani) _ eias xeze unda

CamoekidaT misdami msxverplSewiruli cxvris tyavi (sawmisi), anu,

oqros sawmisis miTi ara mxolod kolxeTSi, aramed ufro adre lu-

via-muSqebis qveyanaSi iyo cnobili.

saerTod, yamaris xasiaTi miagavs argonavtebis miTis kolxeTis

mefis asulis medeas xasiaTs, kerZod, yamari medeas msgavsad Rala-

tobs Tavis ojaxs, Tavis mamas da mihyveba saqmros. argonavtebis mi-

Tis siuJetis mixedviT iasons daedevneba medeas mama, am dros medea

exmareba iasons da akvlevinebs Tavisianebs, aseve, msgavsad _ yamari

exmareba amirans, raTa man mamamisi (e.i. yamaris mama) moklas _ maRla

nu ki scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa, daeWrebian ZarRvebi

daecemian Zirosa~ _ urCevs yamari amirans, Tu rogor moklas mamami-

si. yamaris mama ambobs amis gamo: `uyure bozsa qalasa qmari irCia

mamasa~ da swored aseTivea medeas xasiaTi. SesaZloa, is berZnuli

miTebi, romelnic kolxeTis Sesaxeb SeiTxza _ mosxebis (muSqebis)

qveyanasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.

marTlac, mosxebi _ kolxuri tomia~ _ werda am epoqasTan yvelaze

axlos mdgomi qristeSobamde VI saukunis avtori hekatos mileteli.

Cveni kvleviT, `mosxebi~ igive kolxebi, igive qaldebi iyo, is eTno-

substrati, romeliTac Camoyalibda qarTveli xalxi da romlidanac

warmoiSva qarTvelTa tomebi e.w. `qarTebi~, `zanebi~ da `svanebi~. misi

miTebi aia-kolxidas miTebia, mcire aziisa da kavkasiis qarTul sam-

yaroSi gavrcelebuli.

f. haasis mier dadgenilia, rom mcireaziaSi gavrcelebuli rwmena-

Sexedulebebi da miTebi identuria antikur samyaroSi cnobili zo-

gierTi miTisa.

430

Cveni TvalsazrisiT iasonisa da medeas miTi garkveulwilad iden-

turia amiranisa da yamaris Tqmulebisa, romelic Cans mcireaziis

mkvidr qarTvelTa winaprebSi iyo gavrcelebuli, anu aia-kolxidis

vrcel samyaroSi, romlis erTi nawili Semdgom urartum moicva.

iazoni da amirani

amirani yvela qarTul qveyanaSi iyo cnobili, vanistbispireTidan

kavkasiis mTebs iqiT, Cans, is gavrcelebuli iyo arian-qarTlSic, aq

unda hqonoda urTierToba qarTul da balkanur samyaros.

aqamde yuradReba aravis miuqcevia im saocari faqtisaTvis, rom

qarTuli eposis gmiris amiranisa da argonavtebis meTaur iazonis

ambebi ara Tu saocrad emsgavseba erTmaneTs, aramed identuricaa,

kerZod amirani da iazoni erTi sqemiT moqmedeben:

1. iazoni midis medeas mamis samefoSi;

amirani midis yamaris mamis koSkSi;

2. medeas mama adamian-RmerTia, zevsis STamomavalia, magiuri Za-

lis mqonea - Tesavs kbilebs da amodian veSapebi,

aseTive bunebisaa amiranis sacolis mamac _ yamars mama caSi hyavs~

_ wvimis da amindis momcemia;

3. medea uRalatebs sakuTar mamas da midis Tavisi ojaxidan,

aseve yamaric lanZRavs Tavis mSoblebs da midis mamis saxlidan _

nawyeni mSoblebs eubneba _ `misusurebdiT danasa~.

4. medeas Tavisi mamis saxlidan malulad miaqvs saganZuri _ oqros

sawmisi,

yamarsac malulad miaqvs Tavisi ojaxidan simdidre _ jadosnuri

jam-WurWeli.

5. iazons daedevneba medeas mama;

aseve amirans daedevneba yamaris mama.

6. orive qali (yamari da medea) aswavlan TavianT qmrebs rogor

daamarcxon misive (qalis) axlonaTesavebi;

431

yamari amirans aswavlis rogor daamarcxos mamamisi _ `maRla nuki

scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa, daecemian ZarRvebi, daecemi-

an Zirosa~;

msgavsadve, iazoni medeas daxmarebiT amarcxebs mis Zmas arfsirtes

da hklavs.

6. iazoni Tavis megobar TanamolaSqreebTan erTad midis medeas

qveyanaSi,

aseve amiranic Tavis megobar-TanamolaSqreebTan badrisTan da

usupTan erTad midis yamaris qveyanaSi.

8. iazoni klavs gveleSaps, amirani hklavs veSaps.

9. iazonic da amiranic oqros mflobelebi arian, iazons aqvs oqros

sawmisi, amirans aqvs oqros kbili.

10. iazonic da amiranic TanamolaSqreebTan erTad ieriSiT iReben

koSks an maRali simagris kedels (iazonis molaSqreni). (ukarebo br-

olis koSks, romlis kari iq Cndeba, sadac amirani wixls dakravs).

unda arsebobdes argonavtebisa da amiranis eposebis gmirebis mo-

qmedebaTa msgavsebis sxva niSnebic.

maSasadame, amirani da azoni erTi sqemiT moqmedeben:

1) amirani midis yamaris mamis koSkSi,

azoni midis medeas mamis (aietis) samefoSi;

2) yamars mama caSi hyavs _ wvimis da amindis momcemia,

medeas mamac msgavsi gmiria, Tesavs kbilebs da amodian veSapebi;

3) yamari lanZRavs Tavis mSoblebs da midis mamis saxlidan. ambobs

_ `misusurebdiT danasa~, Tan miaqvs ganZi _ WurWeli,

medeac midis mamis saxlidan, miaqvs ganZi _ sawmisi;

4) amirans daedevneba yamaris mama,

iazons daedevneba medeas mama;

5) rac yvelaze mTavaria, orive es qali aswavlian TavianT qmrebs

Tu rogor daamarcxon misi axloblebi anu colis axlo naTesavebi.

yamari Tavisi sakuTari mamis mokvlis xerxs aswavlis amirans, am-

bobs: maRla nu ki scem spilosa dabla Semohkar rbilosa daeWrebian

ZarRvebi, daecemian Zirosa~.

am xerxiT, yamaris RalatiT, amirani klavs yamaris mamas.

medeac aswavlis iazons rogor moklas misi Zma arfsiste. am xerx-

iT medeas RalatiT, iazoni amarcxebs medeas Zmas;

432

6) amirans hyavs TanamolaSqre megobrebi (argonavtebi) da maTTan

erTad midis yamarTan,

iazons hyavs TanamolaSqre megobrebi (badri da usupi) da maTTan

erTad midis medeasTan;

7) iazonic amarcxebs gveleSaps da amiranic;

8) iazonic da amiranic oriveni oqros mflobelebi arian, erTs _

oqros sawmisi aqvs, meores _ oqros kbili;

straboni, aseve sxva berZen-romaeli istorikosebi midebs, Crdi-

lo somxebs, albanelebsa da iberelebs, aseve kavkasiis zRvispira

tomebs miiCnevdnen argonavtebisa da medeas STamomavlebad.

amiranisa da iazonis gmirobis ambebis msgavseba ar unda iyos Sem-

TxveviTi.

rogorc Cans, balkaneTidan kavkasiisaken gadmosaxlebaTa dros fri-

gielebs, pelsagebs da sxva tomebs da ufro adre piriqiT, kavkasielT

balkaneTSi, Tan gadahqondaT gmirebis ambebic.

luviaSi - vanisa da urmiis tbasTan mcxovrebi karduxi _ gordienebi

Cans gadasaxldnen trapezuntisken daaxloebiT qristeSobamde VIII-VI

saukuneebSi. amas unda erqvas iberebis gadasaxleba da es unda iyos asax-

uli Zvel avtorTa cnobaSi, rom nabuqodonosorma libielebis (lu-

vielebis) mezobeli iberebi gadaasaxla [Cans, karduxebis (gordieneb-

is) qveynidan] pontos zRvispireTSi, trapezuntisaken.

iberebi da pelazgebis gmirebi albaT amitom emsgavsebian erTma-

neTs.

e.i. karduxebis qveynidan anu luviidan nabuqodonosorma mosax-

leoba gadaasaxla trapezuntisken SavizRvispireTSi.

433

amirani iasonia, xolo medea _ yamari

f. haasis TvalsazrisiT Zveli mcireaziuri rwmenebi Semdgom sico-

cxles berZnul antikurobaSi poulobdnen (n. abakelia, medeas mi-

Tologiuri saxis interpretaciisaTvis, krebuli _ eTnografiuli

Ziebani, 1988, gv. 5).

iazons Tavisi gmirobisaTvis qalRvTaeba~ medeas daxmareba dasWirda.

f. haasis mier dadgenilia rom aseTi miTebi mcireaziaSi iyo gavrce-

lebuli, saidanac SeaRwia antikur samyaroSi, Sesabamisad gamoyofs

da erTmaneTis gverdiT ayenebs wyvilebs inarasa da xufasias, medeasa

da iazons, n. abakeliam maT rigSi Caayena dali (nadirTpatroni) da

monadire _ qarTuli miTebis personaJebi.

Cveni TvalsazrisiT iasonisa da medeas miTi garkveulwilad iden-

turia amiranisa da yamaris Tqmulebisa, romelic Cans mcireaziis

mkvdr qarTvelTa winaprebs Soris iyo gavrcelebuli.

f. haasis cnobiT centralur anatoliaSi gavrcelebuli yofila

miTi gvel iluanqaze, romelic ebrZvis amindis RvTaebas.

amindis RvTaebas ki, Tavis mxriv exmareba qalRmerTi inara.

mas (inaras) surs daamarcxos iluanqa, risTvisac Tavis mxriv masac

esaWiroeba mokvdavi xufasias daxmareba.

xufasia da inara amyareben satrfialo kavSirs, inara aZinebs gv-

els. miiCneva, rom es mcireaziul (xaTur-protoxeTuri) miTi safuZ-

velia iason-medeas ambisa.

Tqmulebis erTi versiiT iasons ylapavs gveleSapi am epizods, f.

haasis aRniSvniT, aseve vxvdebiT qarTuli promeTeosis~ erT Tqmule-

baSi, romelSic gveleSapi amirans ylapavs~ (iqve, gv. 8).

Cveni azriT, amiranis TqmulebaSi yamaris mama, amindis RvTaeba

unda iyos, radganac mas SeuZlia `tarosis Secvla~ - misi cxenebis

Cliqebis mier aCqafebuli wylis nami wvimad iqceva.

f. haasis azriT, paralelebi aSkaraa _ inara da medea aZineben

urCxuls, orive uaxlovdeba mas uSiSrad, orives kavSiri aqvT oqros

sawmisTan,

Cveni azriT, saxelebi inara da yamari emsgavsebian erTmaneTs (yi-

nara _ yamari), aseve saxelebi `xufasia~ da `aram-xutu~ (xufasia _

xutu) (amirans megrel-lazur samyaroSi aramxutu erqva).

434

haasi erTmaneTs akavSirebs xufasias da iazons.

f. haasis azriT, amirani qarTuli promeTeosis gmiria.

Cven, Cveni mxriv, amiranis Tqmulebas argonavtikasTan vakavSirebT.

mogvyavs mravali magaliTi iasonisa da amiranis, medeasa _ yamaris

msgavsebisa.

amiranis Tqmuleba (misi pirvelsaxe) erT-erTi wyaro unda yofil-

iyo argonavtebis miTisa. amiraniani da argonavtika erTi saerTo

Tqmuleba-warmodgenis nayofia.

gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom miTebi oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb mcireazi-

ulma migraciulma talRam Seitana balkaneTSi, Semdgom ki Zv. w. 750

wlidan ukan, kolxeTSi, Semoitanes berZenma kolonistebma.

amirani da argonavtebi

zogierTi ucxoeli mkvlevaris azriT, argonavtebisa da oqros sa-

wmisis Tqmuleba xeTur-aRmosavlur anatoliaSi iyo gavrcelebuli,

aRsaniSnavia, rom amiranis Tqmulebasa da argonavtebis miTs erTi

siuJeti aqvT. kerZod, rogorc iTqva:

1. amirans ylapavs gveleSapi da kidev ufro Zlieri gamodis misi

muclidan, man daniT gauWra Signidan muceli gveleSaps.

zemo svaneTSi sofel lenjeris mTavarangelozTa eklesiis gare

kedelze gamoxatulia amiranis brZola veSapTan, mas aqvs aseTi war-

wera _ `odes amiran veSapma STanTqa, veSapi mokla da gamovida~.

iazonsac ylapavs drakoni da medeas daxmarebiT muclidan gamodis.

2. iazoni megobrebTan erTad miemarTeba samogzaurod.

amiranic megobrebTan erTad (badri da usupi) miemarTeba samogza-

urod (salaSqrod). svaneTis imave eklesiis garekedelze daxatulia

amiranis megobrebi _ `badri, sefedavle da usupi~.

am mogzaurobis dros iazoni amarcxebs gigant ciklops, amave ek-

lesiis kedelze gamoxatulia Tu rogor Wris gigant devs amirani

Tavs, mis gverdiT misi megobrebia SubiTa da fariT SeiaraRebuli;

435

3. amiranis sacole yamari Ralatobs Tavisi ded-mamis ojaxs, mamis

uCumrad mihyveba amirans, Semdeg ki akvlevinebs sakuTar mamas.

iazonis sacole medeac akvlevinebs sakuTar Zmas da amarcxebinebs

sakuTar mamas.

4. amiranis sasimamros magiuri Zala aqvs _ aminds cvlis, misi cx-

enebis CliqebiT aCqefebuli wylis nami awvimebs.

iazonis sasimamrosac aseve magiuri Zala aqvs _ spilenZis Cliqiani

xarebi hyavs, Tesavs kbilebs da amodian jariskacebi.

5. amiranis sacoles (yamars) _ WurWleuli aumxedrdeba, isini ze-

caSi mijriT garbian raTa Seatyobinon asulis Ralati mamas.

iazonis sacole iparavs yvelaze Zvirfas oqros sawmiss.

(rogorc Cans oqros sawmisis~ identuri amiranianSi aris `saWur-

Wle~ _ WurWeli~).

6. iazonis ambavSi apolonios rodoseli axsenebs `kvitaieli ai-

etis koSkebs~, sityva koSki~ amiranianSic gvxvdeba _ algeTis xeoba-

Si, `brolis koSkia~, romelsac karebi ara aqvs. mas uvlis garSemo

amirani, Semdeg wixls kravs da koSkis kedels Seangrevs.

iazonic gadalaxavs kedel-godols.

daskvna: argonavtebis miTi aris ara realuri ambavi, aramed miTi

pelazgur-Tesaliuri da misi monaTesave xalxebisa, romelTa ricx-

vSic Cans, qarTvelTa winaprebic Sediodnen. an qarTvelTa winapreb-

ma gaitanes balkaneTSi es miTi.

saxeli `amirani~ Semdeg Seerqva gmirs. cecxlTayvanismcemlobis

epoqaSi mas albaT `ahrimani~ ewodeboda _ `boroti suli~.

amiranis mamis saxeli sulkalmaxi~ _ kolxs~ gvagonebs, mas erqva.

sul-kalmax-i

kolxi

aia _ kolxida, SesaZloa aia-qaldeasac niSnavdes.

qarTulSi `q-g-k~ da d-t-T~, aseve a-o~ gadasvlebi iZleva safuZv-

els vifiqroT, rom sityva kolxi~, SesaZloa JRerda aseve, rogorc

`qalxi~, `qaldi~. sufiqsebi `xi, ti, Ti, di~ simravles aRniSnavs da

identuria. amitomac SesaZloa sityvam `kolxi~, mogvces sityva _

`qalxi~, qaldi~.

436

etimologiurad sityvebi kolxi da qaldi erTmaneTis identuria.

haiasas qveynis qveS SesaZloa igulisxmebodes aia-kolxida anu aia-qaldea.

qaldea SemdegSi erqva trapezuntis regions, istoriul kolxeT-

Si, gacilebiT adre ki urartus. qaldebis tomi, qsenofontis cno-

biT, Savi zRvidan vidre TiTqmis vanis tbamde cxovrobdnen. ase, rom

`qald~ termini uwyvetad cocxali iyo am regionSi (Savi zRvidan va-

nis tbamde) saukuneTa manZilze. misi saxeli kolxididan urartumde

qmedebda.

rogorc vTqviT, urartus qaldea erqva da ara haiasa.

amasTanave, àia~ fuZe-Ziri JRers urartus TviTsaxelwodebaSi _

`biaianili~, bi-aia-nili, sadac `bi~, SesaZloa prefiqsi iyos mravlo-

biTobis aRmniSvneli. nili, ili~ _ qarTuli sufiqsebia.

`haiasas~ qarTul samyarosTan kavSirs unda miuTiTebdes am ter-

minis sufiqsi sa~. miiCneva, rom terminSi _ `haiasa~, sifiqsi `sa~ aris

xeTuri warmomavlobisa da aRniSnavs rasac qarTuli èTi~. magram

imaves aRniSnavs aseve qarTuli sa-si~ (Tbilisi, quTaisi, ubisa, kvaisa,

jvarisa da sxva).

`haiasa~ _ àia-kolxida~, igive aia-kardu, kolxida-qaldu, qaldea

unda iyos, anu saxeli vrceli qveynisa trapezuntidan-vanis tbamde.

437

Tavi XVI

arian-qarTlis winaistoria

(aia-kolxida da arian-qarTli)

`haiasa~ _ aias qveyana~ (Semdgomi kolxida)

`haiasa~, `haiasa_acci~ (azzi) _ iyo saxelmwifo, romelic moixse-

nieba xeTur lursmnul teqstebSi Z.v.w XVI-XIII saukuneebSi.

xeTologTa umetesoba haiasas aTavsebs SavizRvispirze Woroxisa

da evfratis saTaveebTan.

haiasis qveynis arseboba msoflio samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis

cnobili gaxda XX s-is dasawyisisaTvis, mas Semdeg rac gaiSifra xe-

Turi warwerebi, am siaxles didi rezonansi hqonda da Secvala iqam-

de arsebuli warmodgenebi msoflios Zveli istoriisa.

sityva haiasas da somexTa TviTsaxelwodebis hai~-s msgavsebam somex

mecnierebs Camouyaliba amJamad somxeTSi damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisi,

rom haiasis qveyana iyo somxuri saxelmwifo da haiaselebi proto-

somxebi iyvnen.

es Tvalsazrisi msoflio samecniero wreebSi saeWvod miiCneva.

Tumca gavrcelebuli aris somxeTSi (da Cans saqarTveloSic, rogorc

amas uCvenebs qarTuli sainterneto statiebi somxeTisa da somxebis

eTnogenezis Sesaxeb).

somxebs haiasasTan akavSireben Zalze cnobili somexi mecnierebi.

Cveni azri ki gansxvavebulia _ aRniSnul teritoriaze (Woroxis saTa-

veebidan vidre Sav zRvamde, sadac XIV s-Si mdebareobda haiasa), berZnu-

li wyaroebis Tanaxmad (qristeSobamde XIII-XII saukuneebisaTvis) mdebar-eobda saxelmwifo saxelwodebiT aia~ da swored misi saxelia asaxuli

xeTur wyaroebSi.

438

Sesabamisad, haiasa unda iyos aias saxelmwifo, romelsac Semdgom-

Si kolxeTi ewoda.

rogorc cnobilia, kolxeTis Zveli saxeli aris aia~, sadac, mefe

aietis dros, Savi zRvis sanapiros moadgnen argonavtebi da miTis

mixedviT moitaces oqros sawmisi. herodote wers: elinebma grZeli

xomaldiT micures aiaSi, kolxidaSi, mdinare fazisTan, moitaces me-

fis asuli medea~ (I. 2).

marTalia aia~ da argonavtebi miTebis sferos ganekuTvnebian, ma-

gram, xeTuri wyaroebis `haiasa~ swored aRniSnul adgilas mdebare

saxelmwifo aRmoCnda, TiTqmis imave saxelwodebiT, es Cven SeiZleba

miviCnioT erT-erT dadasturebad imisa rom miTSi aRwerili ambebi

aireklavda istoriul realobas.

Cvens eramde XII saukunisaTvis, rogorc Cans, haiasa daiSala da

misi teritoria daipyres.

am periodSi haiasas teritoria SeiZleba daiaenis nawilad Cai-

Tvalos.

cnobilia, rom Cvens eramde XIV saukuneSi haiaselebi SeiWrnen xe-

Tebis teritoriaze da gadawves misi dedaqalaqi, romlis Semdegac

Tavis sazRvrad aqcies qalaqi samuxa. haiasa drodadro debda samSvi-

dobo zavs xeTebis samefosTan da xeTebs uxdida xarks.

lursmnuli firfitebidan cnobilia ramdenime haiaseli mefis sax-

eli. rodesac xeTebis samefo taxtze avida mefe dudxalia III haia-

selebis winaaRmdeg gaigzavna mxedarTmTavari, memkvidre mefisa.

imJamad haiaselebi Tavis qveyanaSi ifaravdnen ltolvilebs xeTe-

bis teritoriidan, mxedarTmTavars daevala maTi da qalaq samuxas

ukan dabruneba.

haiasas mefem xeTebis mxedarTmTavarTan dado samSvidobo xelSek-

ruleba da dauzavda.

xeTebis mefem haiasas mefes colad misca Tavisi dai, im pirobiT,

rom haiasas mefes aekrZaleboda xeTebis samefo saxlis sxva qalebT-

an raime saxis urTierToba.

samSvidobo SeTanxmeba Semdgom dairRva da haiasas beladi Tavs

daesxa xeTebis erT-erT olqs, Tavis mxriv xeTebmac alya Semoartyes

haiasa-accis cixe-simagre uras. brZolebi gagrZelda. xeTebis erT-

439

erTma mefem gadalaxa pontos mTebi, gavida Savi zRvis sanapiroze da

aiRo iq mdebare haiaselebis qalaqi aripse, iqedan gaemarTa accis

centrisaken, haiasis qveyana damorCilebul iqna.

rogorc iTqva, haiasis qveynis arsebobis Sesaxeb mecnierebma Se-

ityves mxolod xeTur-lursmnuli damwerlobis gaSifvris Semdeg,

XX saukunis dasawyisSi. iqamde urartus saxelmwifos, eTnossa da

kulturas protoqarTvelebTan, qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis fuZe

`qaldTan~ akavSirebdnen, armenielebs ki am arealze mxolod Zv.w. VI

saukuneSi gamoCenilebad miiCnevdnen, romelTac urartus proto-

qarTvelTa memkvidreoba gaiTavises.

am Teorias aviTarebdnen wm. ilia marTlis epoqis gamoCenili evro-

peli mecnierebi. iliam es faqti asaxa Tavis `qvaTa RaRadSi~, sadac

mkacrad gaakritika cnobili somexi istorikosi q. patkanovi da, ro-

gorc werda: `misi Segirdi niko mari~, tendenciuri kvlevebisaTvis.

i. WavWavaZis Sefasebam gaaRiziana n. mari, man miznad daisaxa sakadri-

si pasuxiT Tavisi samecniero Rirseba daemtkicebina. am miznis miRw-

evas man mravali aTeuli weli da mravali naSromi miuZRvna. sabolood,

mis kvleva-Ziebebs farTo asparezi mieca sabWoTa kavSirSi XX s-is

20-30-ian wlebSi mis sicocxleSive. amave periodSi is da misi mim-

devrebi gaaxara xeTur warwerebSi ara qaldis (qarTvelTa eponomis),

aramed haiasas (somexTa eponomis) saxelis amokiTxvam. radganac es

faqti SeiZleboda gamoyenebuliyo sawinaaRmdegod ilias mtkicebi-

sa, rom urartu qaldis e.i qalduelebis, qarTvelebis qveyana iyo.

axla, xeTuri warwerebi maT saSualebas aZlevda, faqtebze dayrdno-

biT sazogadoebisaTvis daemtkicebinaT TavianTi miukerZoebloba.

am aRmoCenam aRafrTovana n. maris gavlenis sferoSi momuSave mec-

nierebi, radganac xeTurma warwerebma maT saSualeba misca `mecnier-

uli pasuxi~ gaecaT qarTveli `moxalise istorikosebisaTvis~, rom

armenielebi ara Zv.w. me-6 saukuneSi gamoCndnen urartusTan, aramed

ukve Zv.w. 14 saukunidan mkvidrobdnen iqamde qarTul samyarod miC-

neul qveynebSi, da maT ara mxolod Worox-evfratis saTaveebTan,

aramed mcire aziis sxva regionebSic sakuTari saxelmwifoebi hqon-

daT, da ufro metic, maT axla ukve daiwyes mtkiceba, rom urartu

TviTve iyo protosomxuri saxelmwifo. Tavdapirvelad ki n. maris

440

mimdevarma mecnierebma gamoaqveynes didtaniani wignebi da gamokv-

levebi, rom urartus ar erqva qaldea, rom urartus xalxs ar erqva

qaldevelebi, rom aseTi Tvalsazrisic ki didi Secdoma iyo da mi-

uRebeli samecniero TvalsazrisiT, axla maT daiwyes mtkiceba, rom

yvelaferi piriqiT iyo da xeTur warwerebSi haiasa erqva Worox-

SavizRvispireTis saxelmwifos Zv.w. XIV s-Si.

jer kidev haiasas qveynis raobis gaazrebamde sxvadasxva wyaroebis

urTierT SejerebiT g.gozaliSvilma gamoTqva azri, rom qveyanas

Woroxis saTaveebidan vidre Semdgom droindel trapezuntamde erq-

va saxeli `gaia~, `aia~, `miwa _ qveyana~ (g. gozaliSvili, miTridate

pontoeli 1965 gv. 8,9).

Zalze mniSvnelovania gozaliSvilis azri, rom iqamde, sanam aRniS-

nul miwa-wyals ewodeboda kolxida, mas erqva saxeli `gaia~, gozal-

iSvilis es azri SemdegSi praqtikulad daadastura xeTuri warwere-

bis analizma, maTSi marTlac aRmoCnda qveyana saxelwodebiT haiasa.

xeTologTa mier aRiarebulia, rom am terminSi haiasa~, fuZea haia~

xolo sa~ aris xeTuri sufiqsi, gamoyenebuli qveynis saxelis sawar-

moeblad, igivea rac vTqvaT inglisurSi `lend~, `land~, anu haiasa

niSnavs, haias qveyanas, unda aRiniSnos, rom amave sufiqsiT `sa~, `si~,

qarTulSic aRiniSneba geografiuli saxelebi, magaliTad: Tbilisi,

quTaisi, bolnisi, kvaisa, jvarisa, ubisa, gorisa, dRnorisa, perevisa,

sxva soflebisa da qalaqebis saxelebi.

maSasadame, Cveni azriT, haiasa igivea, rac berZnul miTologiis

aia, aias qveyana, romelsac Semdgom kolxida uwodes.

aRniSnaven, rom lursmnul warwerebSive moixsenieba haiasas max-

loblad mdebare qveyana saxelwodebiT giuriani~, iuria~ an guria~,

am qveynis saxeli zustad ar ikiTxeba (magram mas rogorc aRiniSna

erqva giuriani, iuria an guria) (Дъяконов, И. М. Предисторя Армянскогонарода, глава II, Исторя Армянского нагоря в эпоху бронзи и раннего железа,ст. 43/46).

qvemoT, sxvadasxva statiaSi mivuTiTebT, rom aia-kolxida igivea

rac haiasa-qaldi, arian-qarTli, rom etimologiurad erTmaneTis

identurebi arian terminebi haiasa, aia da ariani (aia, Cans aqedan

441

sityva _ ariani, aia-ariani), aseve qaldi da kolxida (qal-kol, d~ da

`x~ mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli identuri niSnebia).

diakonovi Tavis am naSromSi ramdenjerme aRniSnavs, rom qaldebi,

qarTul (qarTvelur) enovani tomi iyo, is aseve aRniSnavs rom n.

marma strabonis mier moxseniebuli haliZon-qaldebi qarTul sam-

yaros daukavSira, xolo Tavis mxriv qaldebis tomi iyo haiasas Semdgom

warmoqmnili urartus mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifos erT-erTi Semad-

geneli tomi.

Cven aseve erTmaneTs vukavSirebT Zvel qarTul termin arian-qarTlsa

da zemoT aRniSnul haiasa-qalds. termini qarTveli igivea rac qal-

dueli, Tavis mxriv qaldu iyo urartus xalxTa uzenaesi RvTaeba.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom haiasas unda daukavSirdes termini àia~ da

aseve troas qveynis meore saxeli ilioni~, ìlia~ (aqedan homerosis

iliadas, poemisa da gmirebis saxelebi).

amasTanave, ilions etimologiurad unda daukavSirdes strabon-

isa da sxva Zveli avtorebis mier aRniSnuli terminic _ `haliZoni~

(ali(Z)on _ alion _ ilioni).

vfiqrobT, rom sityva haliZonSi `h~ da `Z~ meryevi da cvalebadi

Tanxmovnebi iyvnen da zogjer arc ki gamoiTqmodnen, amitomac aseT

SemTxvevaSi, sityva aliZonidan sityva alianis an da ilionis miReba

SesaZlebelia, alianidan SemdgomSi SesaZlebelia miviRoT sityva-

alia(aria), aia.

`daiaeni~, `diaoxi~, `biainali~ da sxva aRniSnul terminebSi mudam

gamoyenebuli xmovnebi aia~ ucvlelad gadadioda amave regionSi war-

moqmnili saxelmwifoebis saxelebSi _ àia~, ìlia~, `gaia~, `giuria~,

`haiasi~, daiaeni~, diaoxi~, taoxi~, biainali~, maTSi, rogorc iTqva,

mudam meordeba erTi da igive fuZe-xmovnebi, es aris àia~ (aRsani-

Snavia, rom megrulSi, Sesabamisad protoqarTulSi, qveyanas, miwa-

wyals, teritorias ewodeba `qiana~).

aia

gaia

haiasi

daiaeni

diaoxi

442

taoxi

biainali

ilia -ilioni,

alia -aliZoni

giuria da sxva.

zogjer am xmovanTa (igulisxmeba aia) Soris Cndebian sonantebi

(sonorebi) _ `l~, `n~ da `r~, da viRebT amave regionSi cnobil sax-

elebs, magaliTad: nairi, ariani, da sxva. amasTanave aRniSnuli l~ da

`n~ unda iyvnen e.w. `rbili l~ da `rbili r~, rac damaxasiaTebelia

qarTulisaTvis.

rbili `r~ da `l~ xSirad moismoda, rogorc ì mokle~, anda arc

ismoda, Sesabamisad magaliTad termini ilioni, moismoda, rogorc

iiani, an iia, alioni (aqedan aliZonebi), rogorc ariani, aiani, aia. maSas-

adame, Tu asea, maSin aliani, ariani da aia erTida igive terminebia,

saxeli im qveynisa, romelsac Semdgom kolxida ewoda.

rogorc termin nairSi~, aseve termin arianSi~ Cven SegviZlia gam-

ovyoT xmovnebi àia~, aseve Tanxmovnebi `r~ da `n~, isini, rogorc

iTqva, SeiZleba iyvnen rbili l~, rbili r~. termini haiasa-acci~-Si

àcci~ zogjer iwereba rogorc azzi~, safiqrebelia, rom am or zz~-

s Soris idga rbili l~, maSin miviRebT cnobil termins alzi~ (aqedan

aqauri tomis saxeli alizoni anu aliZoni). es saxeli (àlzi~) Semdgom

saukuneebSi erqva qveyanas vanis tbis siaxloves. SeiZleba vifiqroT,

rom yofili haiasa-azzis qveyanaSi e.w. zRvis xalxis dasaxlebis Sem-

deg azzi anu alzi (igive aliZoni) xalxis erTi nawili ufro aRmosav-

leTiT gadasaxlda da Seqmna alzis olqi. (aRsaniSnavia, rom termini

haliZoni SesaZloa safuZvlad daedo mweral arianes mier naxseneb

qveynis saxels `xorasmions~. is wers, rom aleqsandre didTan mivida

xorasmionis mefe farasmani, romelsac konfliqti hqonda kolxebT-

an. saxeli xorasmioni _ horasmioni (xorazm) _ horasm=horasm=harasm=

halasm=halazm=halaZm=halaZn=halaZon=xalizon. an xorazm=xalizon.

Tu aseea xorasmionis samefo alaZonebis tomisa yofila. kolxebisa

da xorasmielTa omi Sida konfliqtad unda CaiTvalos).

aRniSnuli saxelebi da terminebi ar aris xelovnurad mofiqrebu-

li, aramed dasturdebian am teritoriaze (Savi zRvispireTidan TiTq-

443

mis vanis tbamde) sxvadasxva epoqaSi warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebisa da

qveynebis saxelebSi, romelnic saistorio wyaroebiTaa dadasture-

buli.

Cveni azriT, rogorc iTqva, trapezuntidan vidre vanis tbamde

gadaSlil mTianeTs unda ewodos arian qarTlis~ mTianeTi, sxvadasxva

saukuneebSi aq Camoyalibda sxvadasxva saxelmwifo, romelTa termi-

nologiaSi mudam meordeba erTi da igive xmovnebi _ àia~.

unda iTqvas rom amave mTianeTSi Zalze xSirad gamoiyeneba ter-

minebi kolxi, xalitu da qaldi, Tavis mxriv es terminebic erTmaneT-

Tan unda iyvnen dakavSirebuli.

rogorc viciT, Tanxmovnebi g, k, q protoqarTulSi gamoiTqmoda

erTi TanxmovniT, aseve Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT rom erTi saSualo

TanxmovniT gamoiTqmoda d,t,T da xmovnebi a,o. Tu Cven aRniSnul

terminebSi, kolxsa da qaldSi aRniSnul Tanxmovnebs SevcvliT Tanaid-

enturi TanxmovnebiT, anu `k~-s Tu SevcvliT `q~-Ti, ò~-s SevcvliT

à~-Ti, maSin sityva kolxidan SeiZleba miviRoT sityva `qalxi~.

rogorc cnobilia `xi~ gamoxatavs mravlobiTobas, iseve rogorc

eb (b), T, d Tanxmovnebi, amitomac sityva kolxSi sufiqs xi~-s Secvla

SesaZlebelia sufiqsiT d TanxmovniT, maSin sityva kolxi qalxidan~

SesaZloa miviRoT sityva `qaldi~ da `qalitu~ (xalitu). marTlac,

qaldelebi erqva kolxeTSi mcxovreb aliZonebs, aseve, Cans, urar-

tus mravaleTnikur qveyanaSi mcxovrebTac, maT mTavar `RmerTs~ am-

itomac urartus _ qaldis qveyanac erqva, aqedanvea xalitu.

sabolood, unda vTqvaT, rom haiasas qveyana iyo protoqarTvelebis

saxelmwifo, aia_kolxida romlis xalxmac Semdgom Woroxis saTavee-

bidan araqsamde da vanis tbamde xalitusa da nairis~ qveynebi warmo-

qmna, xolo Semdgom urartus _ qaldus qveyanas daudo safuZveli,

Zveli kolxebis anu imJamindeli qaldebis uzenaesi RvTaebis (qal-

dis) meTaurobiT, vfiqrobT mTeli es miwa wyali iyo arian-qarTli,

uZvelesi aia-qaldu.

rogorc aRvniSneT, cnobili xeTologebis mier gamokvleulia, rom

termin `haiasaSi~ fuZe Ziria `haia~, xolo `sa~ warmoadgens xeTur

sufiqss, am sufiqsiT (asa, isi), xeTurSi aRiniSneboda qveyana. ase

rom haiasa~ niSnavs haias qveyanas~, uamravi mcdelobaa, rom sufiqsi

444

`sa~ rogorme daukavSiron imave mniSvnelobis somxur sufiqss `k~-s,

an da iranul `stan~-s, magram uSedegod, Tumca amis dasamtkiceblad

gamoqveynebulia mravali naSromi, Tumca, am naSromebSi arsad miu-

TiTeben rom `sa~, ìsa~, àsa~ qarTul enaSi imave mniSvnelobiT gam-

oiyeneboda, rogorc xeTurSi `sa~, rogorc inglisurSi `land~ da

iranulSi stan~, rom qarTulSi isa~ da asa~ aRniSnavs qveynis, sof-

lis Tu qalaqis saxels.

ase, rom termini haiasa iyo `qveyana haia~, es sityva qarTuli

sufiqsiT `sa~ _ ase gamoiTqmoda _ `haiasa~ (anu qveyana haia), igivea

rac berZnuli miTebis cnobili qveyana aia~, romelsac Semdeg kolx-

ida ewoda.

e. w. somxeTis zeganze istoriulad arsebuli

saxelmwifoebi

(i. diakonovis mixedviT)

arian-qarTli, savaraudod, mdebareobda vanis tbidan arzrum-Sav

zRvamde mdebare teritoriaze, romelsac, i. diakonovi Tavis wignSi

(`somexi xalxis winaprebis winaistoria~) somxeTis zeganis anu mTiane-

Tis nawilad miiCnevs da wers, rom uZvelesi saistorio monacemebi

somxeTis mTianeTis Sesaxeb gvxvdeba xeTur wyaroebSi, Cvens eramde

XIV s-dan, sadac ixsenieba saxelmwifo haiasa-acci xeTebis samefos

yvelaze CrdiloeTiT (kaskebis satomo kavSiridan aRmosavleTiT).

dRemde daudgenelia am ori saxelis `haiasa~ da àccis~ urTierT-

damokidebuleba, isini iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori Tu

erTi sazogadoeba.

gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom haiasa unda veZioT erzinjanisa da

arzrumis axlos evfratis saTaveebTan, magram cnobilia, rom xeTeb-

is mefe mursil II-is dros accis erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari cixe-

simagre aripsa idga zRvis napirze, miiCneva, rom haiasa mis iqiT mde-

bareobda. diakonovis azriT acci mdebareobda pontoSi mdinare xar-

tiSis regionSi, am SemTxvevaSi, ambobs is, haiasa SeiZleba movaTav-

445

soT Woroxis xeobaSi Tanamedrove baiburdTan da Semdgom misi Za-

laufleba gavrcelda evfratzec.

diakonovis azriT, dRemde moRweuli haiaselebisa da accelebis

sakuTari saxelebi da aseve maTi RmerTebis da maTi dasaxlebuli

punqtebis saxelebi sruli damajereblobiT SeuZlebelia mivakuTvnoT

romelime CvenTvis cnobil enas, cdilobdnen maT dakavSirebas xu-

ritulTan da aseve CvenTvis ucnob indo-evropul enasTan, magram

yvela warmodgenili etimologia masalis simciris gamo Zlier uime-

doa, cdiloben mis dakavSirebas xeTebis anda Crdilo-dasavleT

kavkasiis enaTa jgufebTan. asea Tu ise haiaselebis mikuTvneba, ro-

melime enaTa jgufTan gadauwyveteli sakiTxia. aseve dausabuTebeli

aris misi mikuTvneba somxur enasTanac. is wers: `es nakleb damaje-

rebelia~.

accis samxreTiT evfratis saTaveebTan mdebareobda cuxma, asiri-

ulad suxmu. mdinare arawan (muradsu)-evfratis SesarTavTan mde-

bareobda isuva (asiriulad iSua), romelic iyo am raionSi mniSvnelo-

vani qveyana, qvemoT samxreTisken evfratis aRmosavleTiT mdebare-

obda tegarma (Tegarma), aqedan xeTebis samflobelo iwyeboda. aqve

maxloblad iyo xurebis qveyana, rac miTanis sinonimadac miiCneoda,

maTi sakuTari saxelebidan zogierTi miiCneva xuritulad, nawili ki

luviurad (Cveni azriT, rogorc iTqva, nabuqodonosoris mier gada-

saxlebuli libiis gverdiT~ mcxovrebi iberebis qveS unda igulisxme-

bodes luviis qveynis gverdiT mcxovrebi iberebi), aqve mdebareobda

qveyana alzi. misi mdebareoba lokalizdeba mdinare tigrosis Senakade-

bis saTaveebTan isuvas aRmosavleTiT mdinare arawanis dablobze.

asiriuli analebi Cvens eramde XIII saukuneSi ixsenieben qveyanas an

toms (ufro sworia tomTa kavSiri) uruatri anu uruatru, vanis tbis

raionSi.

termini `nairi~ aRniSnavda ufro daSorebul mTian olqs, romel-

ic moicavda e.w. armeniis mTianeTs da samxreT kavkasias.

Cvens eramde XIV saukuneSi `accis~ xalxi SeiWra xeTebis samflo-

beloSi (mdinare Ralisis zemowelze) da Tavis sazRvrad aqcies qala-

qi samuxi, es moxda xeTebis mefe xatusil III-is dros (1275-1250), sxva

mefeebis drosac Cans msgavsi procesebi grZeldeboda, mefe tutxa-

446

lia III-is dros haiasam droebiT morCileba gamoacxada, Tumca maT

winaaRmdeg damsjeli laSqrobebic grZeldeboda. tutxalia III ebrZoda

haiasas mefeebs karanniss da laniss, teqsti ambobs, rom brZola mox-

da kummaxis qvemoT, SemdgomSi xalSekruleba daido haiasas mefe xuk-

kanasTan.

haiasasTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom xeTebi mi-

Tans miuaxlovdnen, sadac kandidatebi erTmaneTs taxtisTvis ebrZod-

nen, aman misca saSualeba xeTebis mefes evfratis saTaveebidan dau-

faravad SeWriliyo miTanSi, maT platsdarmad miiCneva tegarma. alz-

ic moeqca xeTebis gavlenis qveS, sabolood xangrZlivi brZolebis

Semdgom miTanis samefo ganadgurda. erT xeTur teqstSi naTqvamia _

`miTani ukve aRar arsebobs, asurisa da alzis xalxebma is gaiyves~.

(Cven davamatebT, rom saerTod mTeli am vrceli olqis saxelebi

da terminologia Tavisi JReradobiT saocrad miagavs qarTuls, ma-

galiTad saxelebi dudxalia (tutxalia), samuxi da sxva mravali, es

saxelebi TiTqosda Tanamedrove qarTuli saojaxo-saubno-xalxuri

sityvierebidan aris aRebuli, pirTa es saxelebi, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom axlac ki ismis im zedmetsaxelebSi, romelTac mezoblebi da

maxloblebi arqmeven qarTvel bavSvebs skolamdel periodSi _ sax-

elebi titia, minua Tu tutxalia, amJamadac ki mogesmebaT imereTisa

Tu kaxeTis SukebSi (minua _ erqva erTerT urartuel mefes, `mita~ _

frigia-muSqebis mefe midasis adgilobrivi saxelia, `titia~ _ mxe-

darTmTavarisa, `tutxalia~ _ xeTebis mefesa, pixunia _ kaskebis (ha-

iasas mezobeli) qveynis beladis saxelia, rac, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli

bavSvis zedmetsaxels gavs da a.S. TiTqmis yvela saxeli haiasa_urartus

vrceli regionisa _ qarTuli JReradobisaa. msgavsi Cans haiasas mefeTa

saxelebi _ mariia, karanni, xukkana, anania).

diakonovis sityviT haiasas saxelebis qarTulTan msgavsebis Sesaxeb

miuTiTebia kapaniancs, romelmac Tavis wignSi `haiasa _ somexTa ak-

vani~ (erevani, 1947) sagangebod gamoikvlia etimologia haiasas saku-

Tari saxelebisa da miiCnia, rom is iyo narevi tipis ena, romelic

Sedgeboda qarTuli elementebisaganac (gv. 247). mas ar eTanxmeba i.

diakonovi (dasax. naS. gv. 31/46).

447

i. diakonovi ganagrZobs, rom miTanis damxobis Semdeg, isargebles

ra imiT, rom haiasas (accis) mefe ananiasi SeiWra erTerT xeTur olq-

Si da iqidan tyveebi gaitaca, xeTebma omi daiwyes haiasas winaaRmdeg.

haiaselebma isic ki SeZles, rom aiRes xeTebis cixe-simagre, sabolood

xeTebma dakarges tegarma da Ralisis zemowelis olqis miwebi (ev-

fratis dablobi tegarmas maRla).

mxolod omis meoTxe wels xeTebis mefe mursilisi II piradad gae-

marTa haiasa-accis winaaRmdeg da miaRwia SavizRvispireTamde arpi-

sis cixe-simagremde, aiRo is da accis centr tukkamasaken gaswia.

accis qveyana xeTur saxelmwifos SeuerTda.

amave epoqaSi asureTis mefe salmanasar I (1280-1260 Zv.w.) _ pi-

radad gaemarTa uruatrisa da sxva maxlobeli tomebis winaaRmdeg,

aiRo cixe-simagre saxelwodebiT arinna~, rac Zalze waagavs qarTul

termins àriani~. aseve ibrZoda Subarebis (e.i. xuritebis) mTieli

tomebis `babxebis~ winaaRmdeg.

erTerTi asirieli mefe ebrZoda nairis qveynis 43 tomis mefeebs~.

`nairi~ _ siriul teqstebSi armeniis mTianeTs erqva (rogorc iTqva,

am naSromSi mas Cven arian-qarTlis mTianeTs vuwodebT).

xeTebis samefos dacema ukavSirdeba Zv.w. XII s-Si e.w. `zRvis xalx-

ebis~ Semosevebs. jer kidev egviptis faraoni ramzes III (Zv.w. XIII s-is

dasawyisi) miuTiTebda, vercerTma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo win aRdgo-

moda maT~ (am qveynebs Soris moxseniebulia arcava~, romelic mcire

aziis dasavleTiT mdebareobda, Cemi azriT, SesaZloa am saxeliT (ar-

cava) moixseniebodes haiasas qveyana àcce~. Tu acce _ igive arcavaa,

SesaZloa Semdgomi àrze~-àrwe~ misgan iyos nawarmoebi, am dasax-

elebiT I aTaswleulSi mravali punqti saxeldeboda aRniSnul re-

gionSi (arzrumi, erzinjani, arwe da sxva).

zRvis xalxebSi igulisxmebian balkaneTidan gadmosuli aqavelebi

da sxva tomebi, maT Soris frigielebic, romelnic Trakiidan fexiT

Sevidnen mcire aziaSi, aqavelebi ki zRviT.

berZnuli tradicia miiCnevda, rom mcire aziaSi mdebare troa war-

moadgenda mikenis mTavar mters. egviptelebi troelebs eTnikurad

dardanelebad miiCnevdnen, romlebic xeTebs exmarebodnen egvipte-

lebTan omisas. homerosis eposSi, romelic Cans Cvens eramde X-IX

448

saukuneebSi Camoyalibda, SemorCa zogierTi saxeli XIII-XII saukuneTa

troelebisa, romelTa qalaqi dawves mikenelma berZnebma 1200 wli-

saTvis (troas aseve erqva ìlioni~).

xeTebis mefe tutxalia IV-is (Zv.w. 1250-1220) dros aqeas mefe Sei-

Wra mcire aziaSi da daiWira sanapiros qveynebi, Tavis mxriv xeTebic

cdilobdnen am qveynebis dabrunebas Tavis gavlenis sferoSi, maT

Soris ixsenieba arcavi~.

homerosis eposis Tanaxmad troas omamde ramdenime xniT adre troas

mefe priamosi, viTarca frigielTa mokavSire, ebrZoda àmazonebs~

md. sangarias (Tanamedrove saqarias) sanapiroze.

Cveni fiqriT, radganac amaZonebisa (amazonebisa) da alazonebis

(qaldebis) saxelebi identuria, amitomac amazonebi unda yofiliyo

erTerTi qalduri tomi. erTerTi cnobiT amazonebi qaldebis tomis

mamakacebi iyvnen, romelnic grZel Tmebs atarebdnen da amitom qale-

bad miiCnevdnen. qaldebs _ qarTulenovan tomebad Tvlian TviT i.

diakonovi da n. mari, amitomac SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom berZnebs roca

`qaldebis~ tomis saxels, ase vTqvaT, uTargmnidnen, sityva qaldSi,

`qal~ miCneuli iqna sityvis fuZe-Zirad, qarTuli qalis~ (Женщина)Sesatyvisad, xolo sufiqsi `d~ mravlobiTobis niSnad. `qaldi~, anu

`qalebis tomi~ (Cans ase iTargmna qarTulidan berZnulad qaldebis

am meomari tom alazonebis _ àmazonebis~ saxeli).

Trakiel-frigielebi evropidan mcire aziaSi Sevidnen helespon-

tos gavliT, amitomac maT brZola uxdebodaT qaldebTan, anu ama-

zonebTan, aq mosaxleebTan.

qarTuli ena miekuTvneba e.w. nostratiul enaTa ojaxs, romelsac

miakuTvneben winaindoevropul, qarTvelur, uralur, altaur da ela-

mo-dravidul enebs.

Cans, qarTul-qarTveluri enebi winareindoevropulTan erTad erT

enobriv sivrces qmnida. winareindoevropuli zogierT regionSi in-

doevropulad formirda.

safiqrebelia, III-II aTaswleulSi, kavkasiidan evropaSi gadasaxlebu-

li winareindoevropuli qarTveluri elementi, ukan, mcire aziasa da

kavkasiaSi dabrunda Zv.w. XII saukunis Semdeg frigiul-Trakiuli indo-

evropuli tomebis talRebis saxiT, sadac zogjer Setakebebic hqon-

449

daT qaldebTan da sxva adgilze darCenil qarTul tomebTan, zogjer

ki erTiandebodnen saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.

xeTebisaken saomrad sxva mxridanac (kavkasiidanac) daZrulan qarTu-

li tomebi. diakonovis azriT frigielebTan erTad xeTebs Seuties

kavkasiidan gamosulma qarTulma tomebma, jer kidev troas omamde

xalxTa pirveli talRa balkaneTidan Sevida mcire aziaSi, xalxTa

meore talRa ki samxreT kavkasiidan.

rogorc Cans, kavkasiidan xalxTa gadaadgileba aseve or periodSi

mimdinareobda _ Cvens eramde III aTaswleulsa da Zv. w. XIII-XII sauku-

neebSi.

Cvens eramde III-II aTaswleulebSi kavkasiidan balkaneTis gavliT

gadasaxlebuli qarTveluri tomebi samxreT evropaSi transformir-

dnen da frigielTa saxeliT ukan, mcire aziaSi, dabrundnen Cvens

eramde daaxloebiT XIII-XII ss-Si. am dros mcire aziaSi maT SeuerTda

kavkasiidan gamosuli axali nakadi qarTveluri tomebisa. sabolood

ki, mcire aziaSi maTi konsolidaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda sxvadasxva

erovnebebi, maT Soris qarTuelTa erovnebac.

i. diakonovi wers: XII s-is dasawyisSi Trakiul-frigiuli tomebi

mcire aziis centrSi gabatondnen da Cvens eramde 1165 wlisTvis mi-

aRwies evfratis zemowels, sadac SemdgomSi frigielebi adgilobriv

mosaxleobasTan erTad saukuneTa manZilze cxovrobdnen.

safiqrebelia, rom es Tanacxovreba maTi TanametomeobiTa da erTen-

ovnebiT iyo gamowveuli. frigielebis nawili mosxebaTac iwodeboda.

mosxebi ki, Zv. w. VI s-is avtoris hekatos miletelis cnobiT kolxuri

tomi iyo. kolxebis qarTulenovneba i. diakonovs saeWvod ar miaCnia.

hekate wers _ `mosxebi, kolxuri xalxia, mitanelebis mezobeli~(Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, 1,1, Fragm. 228).

mitanelebTan mcxovrebi frigieli mosxebi kolxur xalxad iTv-

leboda, anu mcire aziaSi mosxebisa da kolxebis kvlav urTierTSer-

eviT SesaZlebeli gaxda Tanamedrove qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezi

frigielebis Semosvlis Semdeg (Tavis mxriv terminebs kolxsa da qalds

etimologiuri Tanxvedra unda hqondeT, anu kolxebis sxva saxeli

SesaZloa qaldi iyo). Cans, ukve Cvens eramde XII s-dan daiwyo qarTvelTa

erovnebis Casaxvis procesi.

450

kolxebi, rogorc iTqva igive qaldebi anu qalduelebi (qarTvele-

bi) arian. kolxebs _ `qaldebs~ jer kidev straboni uwodebda, roca

is haliZonebis qaldelobas miuTiTebda. haliZonebi ki kolxeTis

mTavari tomi iyo.

i. diakonovi wers, rom pontos qaldebisa da qsenofontes qalde-

bis erTidaigiveobis Sesaxeb miuTiTa n. marma da b. piotrovskim.

straboni imeorebs homerosis sityvebs, rom troelTa dasaxmare-

blad gaemarTnen halizonebi alibes qalaqidan, sadac vercxls moi-

poveben~.

iTvleba, rom alibes qveyana nikopolisis maxloblad mdebareobda

(ix. diakonovi, gv. 38/46). aq unda igulisxmebodes giumuSxanes regio-

ni, sadac vercxls gvianobamde moipovebdnen da is, mitropolit tim-

oTes (gabaSvili) cnobiT, qarTveli mefeebis istoriul miwa-wyals

warmoadgenda

i. diakonovi wers _ kolxebis qarTvelurisadmi kuTvnileba ueWve-

lia~ (gv. 10/46), aseve wers _ qarTulenovani qaldi-xalibebi~ (gv. 10/

46) _ TavSi, romelsac ewodeba _ `xeTebis samefos dacema, Trako-

frigielebisa da qarTveluri tomebis winwaweva~.

rogorc iTqva, xeTebis mier haiasas samefos ganadgurebisTanave

mcire aziis miwa-wyalze xeTebisa da sxva didi saxelmwifoebis winaaRm-

deg erTdroulad daiZrnen qarTveluri tomebi samxreT kavkasiidan

da frigiuli tomebi balkaneTidan, maT Tavis mxriv xeTebis saxelm-

wifo gaanadgures da i. diakonovi amis Sesaxeb wers paragrafSi _

`qarTveluri tomebis winsvla-gadaadgileba~.

`mcire aziaSi Trako-frigiuli eTnosis gamoCenis droisaTvis (an

odnav mogvianebiT) Crdilo-aRmosavleT mcire aziisaken samxreT

kavkasiidan moZraobas iwyeben qarTveluri tomebi. ukve homerosis

poemebi icnoben am olqSi haliZonebs, SesaZlo `qaldaelebs~ anda

`qaldebs~ (urartuli xalitu), ar agverios babilonis `qaldeebSi~

wers diakonovi).

qaldebi damajereblad eTanadeba dasavlur-qarTul xalxs Wanebs

(lazebs), amjeradac pontoSi mcxovrebT.

amrigad, am raionSi qarTulenovani elementi dadasturebulad

igulisxmeba daaxloebiT Zv.w. IX saukunedan (`iliadas~ daweris miax-

loebiTi dro).

451

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is (qarTulenovani elementi) aq ufro

adre gamoCnda~.

daismis kiTxva, arsebobda Tu ara qarTulenovani anda qarTulTan

axlo mdgomi elementi kaskebis SemadgenlobaSi Zv.w. XIII s-is bolos?

aseve ismis kiTxva, dasavleTiT qarTuli tomebis gadaadgileba

xom ar unda daukavSirdes acci-haiasas kavSiris daSlas XIII saukunis

bolos?

SesaZloa, swored am amoZravebiT (gadaadgilebiT) iyo gamowveuli

XII s-is pirvel naxevarSi kaskebis galaSqrebebi centralur mcire

aziasa da zemo evfratis dablobze.

asiriuli wyaroebi am dablobze SeWril tomebs xan xeTis qveynis~

kaskebs uwodeben, xan ki abeSaielebs. diakonovis azriT _ `es boloeTnonimi SeiZleba afxazebis winaprebs daukavSirdes. afxazur-adiReuri tomebis aseTi gadaadgileba SeiZleba daukavSirdes qarTu-li tomebis kolxidasa da pontoSi gadaadgilebas~.

wyaroebi mowmoben, rom Zv.w. XII s-is bolos Woroxis xeobaSi axali

mniSvnelovani samefos _ daiaenis (urartuli diauxis) arsebobis Sesax-

eb, maT aigiveben mogviano berZnuli wyaroebis taoxebs.

diaoxis eTnikuri kuTvnileba bolomde ar aris garkveuli.

g. meliqiSvili maT xuritebis tomad miiCnevs. aseve diakonovic.

daiaenma iarseba VIII s-is bolomde, wyaroebSi dadasturebulia da-

iaenis dasavleTiT mcxovrebi qarTulenovani qaldi-xalibebi, isini

aq unda gamoCeniliyvnen ufro adre, jer kidev daiaenis daarsebamde,

savaraudod Zv.w. XII saukunis dasawyisSi.

Zv.w. VI s-dan pontoSi dadasturebulia mosxebis tomi, romelTac

qarTulenovan tomad adastureben. diakonovis sityviT, misi saxel-

wodeba SeiZleba mowmobs mis Zvel kontaqtebs frigielebTan. Sei-

Zleba mosxebi aq jer kidev daiaenis samefos warmoqmnamde gamoCdnen

da isicaa SesaZlebeli, rom mosxebic igive xalibebi iyvnen.

berZnulma tradiciam Semoinaxa legenda kolxidaSi oqros sawmi-

sisaTvis~ aqeelTa gemis `argos~ micurvisa (jer kidev troas omamde

erTi TaobiT adre).

kolxebis qarTvelebisadmi mikuTvneba eWvs ar iwvevs.

argonavtebis legenda popularuli gaxdeboda berZnebis Sav zRvaze

gamoCenis epoqaSi, anu arauadres IX saukunemde. saeWvod miiCneva si-

452

tyva `kolxidis~ arseboba XIII s-is bolosaTvis (periodSi, romelSic

legenda aTariRebs xomald argos naosnobas), magram is ueWvelad

arsebobda IX-VIII saukuneebSi Cvens eramde.

rogorc g. meliqiSvilma aCvena farTo mniSvnelobiT es termini -

`kolxida~ im droisaTvis moicavda ara mxolod md. rionis xeobas,

aramed aRmosavleT pontosac Woroxis xeobiT.

diakonovi aRniSnavs, rom kolxebisa da aseve sxvadasxva mcire

tomebis pontoSi gadaadgileba _ SeiZleba daTariRdes Woroxis xe-

obaSi daiaenis samefos ganadgurebis Semdgomi periodiT (Zv.w. VIII s.

meore naxevridan) (am tomebSi igulisxmebian _ makronebi, mosinikebi,

biZerebi da SesaZloa mosxebi, diakonovi svams kiTxvas, iyvnen Tu ara

isini qarTulenovanni).

amrigad, monacemebis mTeli wyeba (ara pirdapiri, aramed iribi

monacemebiT), TiTqosda adastureben, rom erTdroulad (balkaneTidan

evfratis saTaveebamde) Trakiel-frigieli tomebis svla mimdinare-

obda qarTulenovani tomebis Semxvedri moZraobis fonze (kolxidasa

da pontoSi Zv.w. XIII saukunis bolodan da XII s. dasawyisidan X-VII

saukuneebamde).

`Zv.w. I aTaswleulis SuaSi mcire aziis eTnikuri suraTi mTlianadSeicvala~ _ wers i. diakonovi (gv. 10/46)

diakonovis aRniSnuli mosazrebebidan mniSvnelovania, rom is ime-

orebs g. meliqiSvilis azrs, rom kolxebi troas omis periodisaTvis

cxovrobdnen ara mxolod rionis xeobaSi, aramed isini aseve cxovrobd-

nen pontosa da Woroxis xeobaSi.

homerosis mier naxsenebi alibedan troasaken mimavali aliZonebis

laSqari strabonis mier qaldebad iwodeba da isini kolxur tomad

miiCneva.

qaldebis qarTulenovnebis Sesaxeb, rogorc aRvniSneT, diakonovi

sxvadasxva adgilas miuTiTebs. qaldebisagan qarTveli xalxis warmo-mavloba Sesabamisad mas ar eeWveba, amasTanave, rogorc iTqva, Cvens

eramde VI saukunis avtoris hekate miletelis Tanaxmad, mosxebi kolx-

uri tomi iyo.

kolxebis qarTulenovnebas rogorc aRvniSneT diakonovic miu-

TiTebs, amasTanave, misi azriT, mosxebic qarTulenovani tomi unda

yofiliyo.

453

qaldebma, igive mosxebma da igive kolxebma, diakonovis azriT, jer

kidev Cvens eramde XII saukunis Semdgom, daiaenis saxelmwifos warmo-qmnamde, SeaRwia evfratis xeobasa da mcire aziis centralur olqebSi,

Sesabamisad es tomebi unda yofiliyvnen wevrebi nairis qveynebis tom-

Ta gaerTianebisa da Semdgom mniSvnelovani wili unda SeeqmnaT urar-

tus tomTa kavSirSi.

diakonovi, iseve rogorc sxva avtorebi, kaskebsa da abeSalaiebSi

eZeben afxazTa winaprebs da aseve afxazur-adiReur tomebs, maTi

Tvalsazrisi mxolod zogierTi eTnonimisa da satomo saxelis ms-

gavsebas efuZneba.

afxazTa winaprebad miiCneva aseve xeTebisa da urartuelebis tomebi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom xeTuri Tu urartuli enebi jer kidev 3-4

aTasi wlis win gaqrnen da faqtiurad isini dRemde Seuswavlelni

arian.

zogierTi mkvlevari maT (urartulsa da sxva mkvdar enebs) egreTwo-

debul sino-kavkasiur enaTa jgufs miakuTvnebs, romelSic gaerTianeb-

ulia CineTis, tibetisa da cimbiris xalxis zogierTi ena, maT ri-

cxvSi aTavseben Crdilo kavkasiis zogierT enasac.

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom zogierTi Crdilo-kavkasi-

uri ena namdvilad SeiZleba Sediodes sinur-tibetur-cimbirul ena-

Ta jgufSi, amis mizezi unda iyos Semdegi faqti: axali welTaRricx-

vis XIV saukuneSi didma dampyrobelma Temurlengma sagangebod ilaS-

qra Crdilo-kavkasiaSi, mospo adgilobrivi mosaxleoba da iq Caasax-

la sul sxva xalxi, kalmikiis, samxreT uralis da yazaxeTis stepe-

bidan. amis Sedegad Crdilo-kavkasiaSi aRmoCndnen samxreT ruseTisa

da ural-cimbiris tomebi, romelTaganac zogierTi rogorc Cans,

matarebeli iyo egreTwodebuli sino-cimbiruli enebisa, maT ricxv-

Si unda yofiliyo adiRevelebis enaTa jgufSi Semavali amJamindeli

e.w. afxazuri~ ena. afsua-adiRevelTa enas hqonda kavSiri ara urar-

tus mTianeTis uZveles xalxebTan, aramed Temurlengis epoqis sinur-

cimbirul tomebTan. Zveli afxazuri ena qarTul enaTa jgufebSi

Sedioda, axali `afxazuri~ ki adiReurSi.

Crdilo kavkasiis zogierTi ena egreTwodebul sinur enaTa jgufs

Temur lengis Semdeg daukavSirda. Sesabamisad, is, amJamad Sedis egreT-

454

wodebuli sinur-kavkasiuri enaTa rigSi, xolo rac Seexeba kaskebis,

xeTebisa Tu urartuelebis enebs, isini rogorc vTqviT saTanadod

Seuswavlelia da maTi (saerTod, mcire aziis mkvdari enebis) dakav-

Sireba Crdilo-kavkasiis egreTwodebul sinur enaTa matarebel to-

mebTan ZiriTadad xelovnuria an gaugebrobis nayofia, zogjer poli-

tikasTanac aris dakavSirebuli.

xeTebis saxelmwifos daRupvam (Cvens eramde XII saukunisaTvis) gam-

oiwvia asiriis gaZliereba, iqamde xeTebis samefos kaskebis tomebi

aSfoTebdnen, xolo muSqebi (muSkebi), romelTac Trakiul-frigiul

tomebsac uwodebdnen, gadavidnen evfratze, Sevidnen md. arawanis

xeobis siRrmeSi da alzis qveyana daikaves daaxloebiT 1165 wels

Cvens eramde. ase, rom alzi muSkebis qveynad iqca, amasTanave muSkebi

ukavSirdebodnen adgilobriv tomebs, amave dros diakonovis azriT

alzi-SubarielTa anu xuritTa qveyanadac miiCneva, romelic daiWires

muSqebma.

daaxloebiT 1112 wels Cvens eramde asirielebma TavianTi Zalebi

gadaisroles Savi zRvis mimarTulebiT da miaRwies sanapiromde, sa-

dac 23 adgilobrivi tomis mefeebs SeebrZolnen, Semdeg ki nairis

qveynis samoc mefes, miiCneva, rom nairis koaliciis ukandaxeva xde-

boda mdinare Woroxis xeobaSi baTumis mimarTulebiT, am droisaTvis

am teritoriaze ukve aRar Cans haiasas saxelmwifo.

Cvens eramde XI saukuneSi siriasa da mesopotamiaSi masiurad Sev-

idnen dasavlur-semituri tomebi arameebisa. n. adoncis azriT, somexi

xalxi Camoyalibda am semituri arameebidan, maTi da frigiul-qarTuli

tomebis urTierTSerevis Sedegad, rom iqamde mcire azia dasaxlebu-

li iyo ZiriTadad qarTuli tomebiT, romelTac n. adonci miakuTvneb-

da rogorc karduxebs ise qaldebs, mcire aziis es qarTuli eTni-

kuri masa Suaze gauWria armeniul tomebs, amis gamo armenielTa

samxreTiT vanis tbisaken qarTvelTa karduxebis tomi aRmoCnda, xolo

meore mxares SavizRvispirze qaldebi, xolo armenielTa CrdiloeT-

Si mcxeTis iberiis qarTvelTa saxelmwifo Camoyalibda.

diakonovis azriT frigielTa saxelmwifo Camoyalibda xeTebis

saxelmwifos dacemidan TiTqmis sami saukunis Semdeg, isini xeTebis

saxelmwifos damangrevelebad miiCnevian.

455

frigiis saxelmwifo daaxloebiT VIII saukuneSi Camoyalibebula.

asirielebi da urartuelebi am samefos uwodeben ase _ muSku an muS-

ki, misi dedaqalaqi iyo gordioni mdinare sangariaze, frigiis sax-

elmwifos pirveli mefis saxeli yofila gordia. frigiis meore me-

fis saxeli cnobilia, is iyo midasi (miTa), romlis simdidrec saara-

kod iqca, diakonovi wers, rom gordionis arqeologiurma gaTxrebma

aCvena frigiisa da urartus Zlieri kavSiri, erTnairi hqondaT

saRvTismsaxuro wes-Cveulebebi da sxva. Cveni azriT, es imiT unda

yofiliyo gamowveuli, rom maT saerTo eTnikuri kavSirebi hqondaT,

rom ara mxolod muSkebi, aramed urartuelTa ZiriTadi tomebic

qarTuli warmomavlobisa iyo. frigiaSi iyenebdnen anbanur damwer-

lobas berZnuli warmoSobisas, frigiis samxreT-dasavleTiT luviel-

Ta patara saxelmwifoebi arsebobdnen da iqve iyo gaerTianeba taba-

li. Cveni azriT, rogorc aRiniSna is iberebi, romlebic TiTqosda

libiasTan cxovrobdnen da mefe nabuqodonosorma gadaasaxla Savi-

zRvispireTSi, iyvnen aRniSnul luviasTan mcxovrebi mosxebi, igive

qaldebi, romelic rogorc Cans, Cvens eramde VI saukuneSi daimorCi-

la aRniSnulma mefem (nabuqodonosorma) da maTi erTi nawili gada-

asaxla SavizRvispireTSi. am mosazrebas is cnobac ganamtkicebs, rom

frigiis samefosTan (mosxebTan da tabalebTan) axlos mdebareobda

samefo saxelwodebiT gurgumi, Cveni kvleviT gurg~ qarTvelTa sato-

mo eTnofuZea, romlisganac aris warmoSobili terminebi egrisi, argve-

Ti, guria, gugarqi. qarTvelTa saxelebi georgien, gurj, gurz da sxva,

amitomac termini gurgumi qarTul samyarosTan SeiZleba iyos dakav-

Sirebuli.

rogorc ramdenjerme aRvniSneT, egreTwodebuli nairis samefoSi

arsebobda mucaciris samTavro, aq qalaq ardinSi iyo RvTaeba qaldis

taZari (Sdr. ard-qald-qarT). qaldis taZarSi SemdgomSi gvirgvins

idgamdnen urartueli mefeebi da aqve inaxeboda urartus samefos

saganZuri, Tumca mucaciri formalurad ar Sedioda urartus Se-

madgenlobaSi, aqve maxloblad iyo xubuSqias samefo, unda aRvniS-

noT, rom yvela es uZvelesi termini dResac qarTuli JReradobisaa

da rogorc zemoT aRiniSna msgavs sityvebs xSirad gaigonebT saqarTve-

los soflebSi. urartus adgilobrivebi uwodebdnen ase _ biainali,

456

romelic qarTuli JReradobis saxiT esmis yurs, aseTive JReradoba

aqvs urartus warwerebSi naxsenebi centralur kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi

tomTa gaerTianebebis saxelebs, esenia: eriebi, ia, etivebi, abiliani,

eri, erikuai da sxva. ufro samxreTiT cxovrobdnen tomebi: viteru,

luSa, katarza, igani, ia, zabaxa, xuSa da maTi mezobeli kulxa. dia-

konovs isini yvela qarTulenovan tomebad miaCnia.

diakonovi wers _ berZnuli wyaroebiT rkinis momwodebeli iyo

mosinikebis tomi, romlebic xalibebs emorCilebodnen, anu qarTu-

lenovan qaldebis toms, romelic pontoSi cxovrobda.

asiriis mefem salmanasan III (859-821) Cvens eramde daimorCila mTe-

li mesopotamia, Tavs daesxa xubuSqias, SeebrZola urartus mefe

arames da SeaRwia laSqriT evfratis saTaveebTan, alzis qveynis gav-

liT, Semdeg SeaRwia Woroxis xeobaSic da laSqari gaagzavna daiaenis

samefoSi, Semdgom ukan dabrunebisas daikava urartus administraci-

uli centri.

Zveli welTaRricxvis 827 wlidan asiriaSi daiwyo Sida ajanyebebi,

amave periodSi Camoyalibda urartus Zlieri saxelmwifo, is moicav-

da vanis tbas mdinare aracanisa da evfratis xeobaTa saTaveebs, Sem-

dgom man urmiis tbisaken waiwia, VIII-VII saukuneebSi SeZlo asiriisaken

galaSqreba, amasTanave CrdiloeTiT diaoxamde miaRwia, daiaeni (di-

aoxi) daixarka. miaRwia aseve samxreT kavkasiaSi, frigiis anu muSqus

mefe midasi urartus mefe rusa I-is mokavSired iqca.

Cvens eramde VIII saukuneSi, SavizRvispireTis CrdiloeTidan samxreT

kavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen kimerielebi da urartus dartyma miayenes, maT

SeebrZola asiriis mefe.

g. meliqiSvilis azriT Cvens eramde 676-675 wlebSi urartus mefe

rusa II megobrul urTierTobaSi iyo asirielebTan, Sekra kavSiri kime-

rielebTan da maTTan erTad ilaSqra mcire aziaSi evfratis iqiT

muSqebisa da xalitus winaaRmdeg, anu frigiisa da xalibebis-qalde-

bis winaaRmdeg, fiqroben, rom am periodSi gaqra frigiis saxelmwifo.

Cvens eramde VII saukuneSi samxreT kavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen skviTebi,

romelTac urartu daasustes.

Cvens eramde VII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi asiriaSi daiwyo samoqalaqo

omi, amiT isargebles skviTebma da asiriis gavliT evfratis sazRvramde

457

miaRwies. diakonovi wers _ am sayovelTao areulobis epoqaSi, roca

iRupeboda urartusa da asiriis saxelmwifoebi, rogorc movses

xorenaci aRniSnavs da mravali Tanamedrove mkvlevari amas iziarebs,

am saxelmwifoebis gaqrobaSi Tavisi roli iTamaSa somexma xalxma~

(gv. 27/46).

somxeTis samefos Seqmna urartus adgilas ukavSirdeba midiis mefe

kiaksaris (625-585) saxels.

diakonovis azriT _ sparseTis mefem darios I-ma (522-485), rogorc

Cans armeniaSi Seqmna ori satrapia, kerZod, maTgan erTerTi mecamet-

ed iwodeba, iyo sakuTriv somxuri satrapia meore _ iwodeboda meTv-

rameted da is iyo urartus satrapia, maTi mmarTvelebi armeniis

pirvel mefeebs enaTesavebodnen~. diakonovi varaudobs _ Zv.w. VII-VI

ss-Si ukve arsebobda armeniis saxelmwifo da arsebobda Zveli somexi

xalxic (iqve gv. 30/46). sinamdvileSi me-18 satrapia iyo ara somxuri,

aramed qarTuli, radganac aq qarTuli tomebi cxovrobdnen, magram

isini mudam ibrZodnen sparsTa winaaRmdeg Tavisuflebis Sesanar-

Cuneblad, amis gamo sparseTis imperia maT winaaRmdeg brZolisas iy-

enebda somxur Zalebs, rac kargad Cans qsenofontes Sromebidan,

romelic qvemoTaa gaanalizebuli.

458

iarvandi – iaredos _ ariani

mxolod 323-200 wlebSi ewodaT `airaratis mefeebi~ ervandidebs,

am dros wauRiaT maT iberebisagan airarati, sadac fasianebi da qalde-

bis tomebi mkvidrobdnen.araqsis xeobis qveynis, airaratis, siZlieris wyaro iyo nayofiereba

misi miwebisa.araqsis xeoba qsenofontes dros dasaxlebuli iyo fasianebiT (ar-

qass mis dros fasisi erqva), fasianebis STamomavalebi _ basianelebi, aqdidxans cxovrobdnen da maTi iberielobis Sesaxeb XI saukunis somexiistorikosi aristakes lastivertecic werda.

X saukuneSi araqss _ iberielTa sasazRvro mdinares uwodebda kon-stantine porfirogeneti.

rogorc aRiniSna, fasianebs araqsis xeobis didi nawili daukargavT

Zveli eris 323-200 wlebSi.Zv. w. IV saukuneSi araqsis xeobaSi SeebrZola fasianebisa da qaldeb-

is gaerTianebul jari qsenofontes berZenTa 10 000 kacian jars. qarTu-li tomebi am omSi damarcxdnen.

qsenofonte aRwers, rom berZenTa jars msvlelobisas Soridan Tandasdevda somexTa jari da brZolebSi monawileobas ar iRebda, magrambunebrivia, somexTa jari sargeblobda berZnebTan omebSi dauZlure-

buli fasianebisa da qaldebis mdgomareobiT, sabolood amarcxebda daiTvisebda maT qonebas, sacxovrissa da miwa-wyals. am epoqaSi, qsenofon-tes cnobiT, somexTa da qaldTa Soris didi mtroba iyo Camovardnili.

qsenofonte Tavis anabazissa da aseve kiropediaSi miuTiTebs rom

somxebs qaldebTan omSi exmarebodnen midielebi da sparselebi. ase, romdampyrobeli imperiebi somxebs xels uwyobdnen fasianebisa da qalde-bis miwa-wylis, araqsis xeobisa da mimdgomi regionebis dapyrobisas.

amas Sedegic aCvenebs, magaliTad, Tuki Zv.w. V saukuneSi araqsis xeo-ba mTlianad fasianebisa da qaldebs xelSi iyo, ukve Zv.w. III saukuneSi is(araqsis xeoba), Cans sparsi ervandidebis xelSia, xolo Zv.w. II s-Si, ar-

taqsiasa da zariadres, dros, is ukve armeniis saxelmwifos Semadgen-lobaSi iqna Seyvanili.

araqsis xeobis samxreTiT mimdebare teritoriebi me-18 sparsul sa-trapiaSi Sedioda aleqsandre makedonelamde, iq qarTuli tomebi

459

mkvidrobdnen, maTTvis armenielebi midiur anda sparsul dampyrobelZalebTan dakavSirebuli tomi iyo, qaldebi (fasianebTan erTad) maT xanebrZodnen da xan uzavdebodnen.

sabolood, artaqsiasa da zariadres dros, araqsis xeoba somxeTissamefos nawilad gadaiqca.

amave dros Zv.w. 188 wlisaTvis, armeniis mefeebs artaqsiasa da zari-

adras dros armenielebma iberebs waarTves xorZena, gogarena da par-iadre.

Tu Cven ervands CavTvliT azos mama iaredosad, maSin misi Ze gaqce-

via armeniel-sparselTa mZlavrobas, xolo ervandidoba, anu erva-didebis politikuri memkvidreoba miuRia sxva, ucxo, maTi qveynis damp-yrobel dinastias, romelnic ervandidebis wodebiT agrZelebdnen

dapyrobili qveynis marTvas, aRsaniSnavia, rom somxuri saistoriogenealogiiT ervandi farnavazis Soreuli memkvidre iyo. Cans maT di-

nastiebs erTmaneTTan adrec akavSirebdnen.

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ da qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad arian qarT-

lis mefe iaredosis Zem azonma gadawyvita daetovebina samefo (satax-

to centraluri olqi) da didebulebisa da laSqris erT nawilTan

erTad saxelmwifos axali centri daefuZnebina ufro CrdiloeTiT,

gamefebuliyo iq, da saTave daedo axali Zlieri saxelmwifosaTvis

(romelic SesaZloa iqamdec mamamisis samefos ufro naklebad ganvi-

Tarebul mxares warmoadgenda).

ram aiZula mefis Ze daetovebina mamis saxli da didebulebis nawilT-an erTad gadasaxlebuliyo CrdiloeTiT?

Cveni kvleviT, amis mizezi iyo arian-qarTlis centraluri, satax-

to olqis dapyroba armenielTa mier, msgavsi imisa rac SemdgomSic,

TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg ganmeorda, roca strabonis cnobiT

armenielebma iberebs pariadre, xorZena da gogarena waarTves, amismizezi iyo samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT armenielTa uwyveti gadasaxlebayofili XIII satrapiidan me-18 da me-19 satrapiebisaken.

me-13 satrapia armeniad iwodeboda, xolo me-18 da me-19 satrapie-

bi qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

wyaroebis mixedviT iaredosi iyo makedoneli _ aleqsandre didis

naTesavi. azonic aleqsandre makedonelTan daaxloebuli yofila da

amitomac is qarTlis patrikad dautovebiaT.

460

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ Tanaxmad iaredosis-Ze azoni iyo qarTlis

pirveli mefe. mematianis cnobiT, roca aleqsandrem daipyro qarT-

li, masTan iyo àrian qarTlis~ mefis-Ze da misTvis uboZebia samefo

qalaqad (anu sajdomad) mcxeTa. daudgenia misi saxelmwifos anu qarT-

lis samefos sazRvrebi, rogorc aRvniSneT qarTlis samefos dasav-

leTi sazRvari gadioda mdinare egriswyalsa da Sav zRvaze, anu dasav-

leT saqarTvelo qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda. am samefos aRmosavle-

Ti nawili moqceuli iyo somxiTsa da crolis mTas Sua hereTamde,

amis Semdgom azo wasula mamis samefoSi, àrian qarTlSi~ _ saidanac

wamouyvania Tavisi 8 da mama-mZuZis 10 saxli da damjdara Zvel mcxe-

Tas. zogierTi cnobiT erT saxlSi~ SesaZloa igulisxmebodes 100 da

ufro meti suli, mas aseve wamouRia kerpebi gaci da ga.

wyaro wers: èse iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas Sina _ azoY Ze arian _

qarTvelTa mefisaY~.qarTlis cxovreba azos uwodebs azons, ixsenebs ara mefed aramed

qarTlis patrikad. ìaredosis Ze, naTesavi misi qveyaniT makedoniT~.

aleqsandre makedonels misTvis dautovebia 100.000 jariskaci, qvey-

aniT hromiT, romelsa hqvian frotaTos da ubrZanebia, raTa emsaxu-

raT yovlis dambadebeli uxilavi RmerTisaTvis, da pativi ecaT mzis-

Tvis, mTvarisTvis da 5 varskvlavisaTvis.

azos mmarTvelobis epoqaSi (daaxloebiT Zv.w. 329-305 w.), saqarTve-

los samxreTiT mdebare erTerT mniSvnelovan olqs marTavdnen sparse-

li satrapebi, maT dinastias uwodeben ervandidebs anu ervandeanebs

(daaxloebiT Zv.w. 323-200 w.).

Zveli eris VII-VI ss-dan, urartus dacemidan garkveuli drois Sem-

deg arian-qarTlis mTianeTis mniSvnelovani nawili aRmoCnda spar-

suli imperiis sferoSi, sadac Camoayaliba XVIII da XIX satrapiebi.

herodote wers: `matienebs, sapeirebsa da alarodielebs Sewerili

hqondaT 200 talanti, esaa meTvramete satrapia. mosxebs, tibarenebs,

makronebs, mosinikebsa da marebs Sewerili hqondaT 300 talanti. esaa

mecxramete satrapia~ (T. yauxCiSvili, herodotes cnobebi saqarTve-

los Sesaxeb,1960, gv.75).

XVIII satrapiaSi, rogorc iTqva, Sediodnen qarTuli tomebi _ mati-

anebi, sasperebi da alarodebi, yofili urartus gavlenis sferoSi.

461

XIX satrapiaSi _ muSkebi, tibarenebi, makronebi da mosinikebi. es

tomebi unda CaiTvalos kolxidis tomebad. aRiarebulia, rom kolx-

ida, iseve rogorc zogierTi sxva satrapia (magaliTad sakebis, in-

duri satrapiebis nawili, nubia da Trakia) mxolod miwerilni iyvnen

imperiis provinciebad, da sinamdvileSi sparselebis mier arasdros

imarTebodnen, Tumca kolxebma daiweses~ anu daivaldebules yovel

xuT welSi sparselebisaTvis saCuqrad mierTmiaT 100 biWi da 100

gogo.

`kolxididan midia Sors araa, mxolod erTi tomia maT Soris~ (I,

104). esaa sasperebis tomi, midiasTan axlos mdebare kolxidis qveS

igulisxmeba trapezuntis regionis olqi, xolo midiasa da kolxidas

Sua Worox-evfratis saTaveebi da araqsis xeoba mdebareobda, sadac

sasperebi cxovrobdnen. araqsis xeoba ara armenielebiT, aramed qar-

Tveli sasperebiTa da sxva qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. es

miwa-wyali, anu xorZena, strabonis cnobiT, iberielebma dakarges

artaqsiasa da zariadres dros, magram am miwa-wyalze (araqis xeobaSi)

iberielTa (Tumca, albaT erTgvarad armenizebulTa) kvlav cxovre-

bas VI saukuneSic ki miuTiTebs prokofi kesariieli rom iberielTa

aRmosavleTiT mis dros cxovrobdnen sparselebi. Cans, igulisxmeba

araqsis xeoba da mis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare olqi, romlis

aRmosavleTiT sparselebi cxovrobdnen. mewamuli zRvis zemoT, Crdi-

loeTis mimarTulebiT cxovroben midielebi, midielebis zemoT sas-

perebi, sasperebis zemoT kolxebi, romlebic cxovroben CrdiloeT-

is zRvamde, romelsac erTvis fazisi. es oTxi tomi cxovrobs zRvidan

zRvamde~ (IV, 37). am xalxTa Soris ar aris dasaxelebuli armenielebi,

maTi sacxovrisi araqsis xeoba rom yofiliyo herodote maT zRvidan

zRvamde mcxovreb xalxTa Soris axsenebda. araqsis xeoba sasperuli

da kolxuri anu qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli.

herodotes epoqaSi armenielebi sxva satrapiaSi cxovrobdnen.

rogorc aRvniSneT, armenia Sedioda sul sxva satrapiaSi _ XIII-Si.

XIII sparsul satrapiaSi Sedioda armenia, romlis SemadgenlobaSia

paqtia (paqtiika) da danarCeni xalxebi Sav zRvamde~. es satrapia Tan-

amedrove TurqeTis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda da Sors iyo

araqsis xeobidan da vanis tbidan. SemdgomSi sparselebis Zlieri mxar-

462

daWeriT armenielebma TandaTanobiT SeZles urartus yofil teri-

toriaze _ vanistbispireTSi, politikuri liderobis mopoveba, moa-

xdines armenizacia adgilobrivi damarcxebuli tomebisa da miua-

xlovdnen araqsispireTs.

bexistunis warweraSi CamoTvlilia realurad dapyrobili xalxebi:

`ambobs dariosi-mefe: ahuramazdas wyalobiT var mefe. ahuramazdam

momca samefo.

ambobs dariosi-mefe: ai qveynebi, romelnic momeca me ahuramazdas

wyalobiT, maTi mefe var _ sparseTi, elami, babiloni, asureTi, arabe-

Ti, egvipte, zRvispireTi, sparda (lidia), iauna (ionia), midia, armenia,

kapadokia, parTia, zranka (drangiana), xaraiva (aria), xorezmi, baqtria,

sogdiana, gaidara, saka, satagidiSi, araxozia (xaraxvati), maka. sul 23

qveyana~.

CamoTvlil, realurad damorCilebul xalxTa Soris ar arian

qaldebi da sxva araqsispira tomebi. araqispira tomebi, sasperebi,

alarodebi da sxvebi kolxebTan erTad erT mTlianobas Seadgendnen,

Cans iqidanac, rom herodotes cnobiT samxedro SeiaraRebac erTnai-

ri hqondaT.

herodote xalibebs md. halisis xeobaSi mcxovreblad asaxelebs

sxva tomebTan erTad. qsenofonte aRwers, rom qaldebi (xalibebi)

sparseTis imperiisaTvis mojanyeebad iTvlebodnen.

sparselebi araqs-vanistpispireTis regionSi mtkiced uWerdnen

mxars armenielebs (somxebs), radganac isini (somxebi) mSvidobian mi-

waTmoqmed, sparseTis morCil xalxad iwodebodnen. maT imperiisagan

Zlieri mxardaWera hqondaT. vfiqrob qsenofontes naSromidan Cans,

Tu rogor xdeboda armenizacia e. w. armeniis mTianeTisa, romelsac

Cven arian-qarTlis mTianeTs vuwodebT. armenielebiT dasaxlebamde

es teritoria (vanitbispireTidan araqs trapezuntamde) qarTul tomTa

sacxovrisi iyo.

n. xazaraZis kvleviT, sazRvari iberiasa da armenias Soris Tavda-

pirvelad araqsze gadioda, Semdeg ki sazRvarma gadaiwia, iberebma

teritoria araqsTan dakarga, da mis nacvlad sazRvari daido mtk-

varsa da mosxur mTebze. es daskvna efuZneba strabonis cnobas _

`iberTa nawili gadasaxlda pontosa da kolxidis zemoT mdebare adgi-

463

lebSi, romlebic apolodores mtkicebis Tanaxmad, armenias esazRvre-

bian araqsiT, ufro ki mtkvriTa da mosxuri mTebiT~ (I, 3, 31).

n. xazaraZe wers: àmgvarad irkveva, rom iberia-armeniis sazRvari

erT dros gadioda araqsze, xolo Semdeg mtkvarsa da mosxur mTebze.

am cnobaSi ori garemoebaa sayuradRebo: pirveli isaa, rom masSi ori

sxvadasxva xanis viTarebaa asaxuli: adreuli, rodesac aRniSnuli

qveynebis sazRvari araqsze gadioda, da ufro gviandeli, rodesac igi

mtkvarsa da mosxur mTebs gasdevda~.

am miwawyalze (araqs-vanistbispireT-trapezuntis regionSi) mcxov-

reb qaldebsa da mosxebs, romelnic eTnikurad erT elements qmnidnen,

urartus daSlis Semdeg mouxerxebiaT konsolidaca da erT _ iber xal-

xad Camoyalibeba.

marTlac hekate miuTiTebda, rom mosxebi kolxuri tomi iyo, xolo,

rogorc iTqva, kolxebisa da qaldebis erTianoba etimologiuradac

Cans, qaldea ewoda kidec trapezuntis kolxeTs.

amasTanave, sparsTa mxardaWeriT kidev ufro gaZlierda qaldebis

armenizacia, maTi erTi nawili gasomxda, rasac miuTiTebs àrmenox-

alibebis~ gaCena mosxebis qveynis gverdiT (pliniusi, VI, 29), keravnis

mTebTan, sakasenebTan, igulisxmeba araqsispireTis maxlobeli regioni.

iberebma, konsolidaciis Semdeg, Cans arian-qarTlis saxelmwifo Camo-

ayalibes, romelsac araqsTan sparsuli ervandidebis satrapia esa-

zRvreboda.

iaredosi, azonis mama, àrian qarTls~ marTavda Zv.w. 323 wlamde.

rogorc Cans, iaredosis dros sparselTa satrapi (romeliRac er-

vandidi) SeiWra mis samefoSi (e.i. arian-qarTlSi) da Searyia misi Zalau-

fleba, Cans amis gamo mefis-Ze azo iZulebuli gaxda ufro CrdiloeT-iT gadasaxlebuliyo Tavis xalxTan erTad da saTave daedo qarTvelTa

axali saxelmwifosaTvis.

ervandidebis samflobelo TandaTanobiT farTovdeboda da Tavda-

pirvelad ar moicavda e.w. airaratis olqs, is iqamde ZiriTadad yo-

fili urartus (qaldevelebis) miwa-wyals ipyrobda.

am ambebis wina saerTo suraTi aseTi unda yofiliyo: unda vifiqroT,

rom urartus samefos damxobis (Zv.w. VII-VI ss.) Semdeg qaldTa tomebi

gaZlierdnen trapezunt-araqsis xeobis Crdilo regionSi. iq, sadac

464

SemdgomSi cxovrobdnen taoelebi, basianelebi, gugarqelebi, rogorc

Cans, aq qaldevelTa meTaurobiT qarTul tomebs dauarsebiaT arianqarTlis samefo~, rogorc Cans, imJamad airaratis olqic arian qarT-

lis~ samefoSi Sedioda, Semdgom ki is (Semdgomi airaratis olqi) er-

vandidebis xelSi gadasula. kerZod, mxolod 323-200 wlebSi ervan-didebs ewodaT airaratis mefeebi.

safiqrebelia, rom am dros (Zv.w. 329-323 wlisaTvis) ervandidebma

`arian qarTlis~ mefeebs waarTves provincia airaratis olqi, magram

es iyo mxolod erT-erTi pirveli danaklisi.

strabonis cnobiT, daaxloebiT 212-188 wlebSi armeniis mefeebsartaqsiasa da zariadras dros armenielebma iberebs waarTves xorZena,gogarena da pariadre.

anu Zv.w. 329-188 ervandidebma iberebs yofili arian-qarTlis ter-

itoriis umTavresi nawilebi Camoacales, da faqtiurad bolo mouRes

am samefos.

pariadres mTiswineTis adgilsamyofeli cnobilia, is pontos zRvi-

spireTSi, trapezuntis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobda.

aseve strabonis cnobiTve cnobilia gogarenas mdebareobac.

gogarena `mtkvris iqiT~ mdebareobda, magram mcxeTis iberiis same-fos gareT. amitomac unda vigulisxmoT, rom gogarena mdebareobda

Tanamedrove Saqis olqTan, mtkvris marcxena mxares, Sesabamisad xorZe-na mdebareobda pareadres mTiswineTidan gogarenamde anu mtkvramde.

Tu es ase iyo, maSin xorZena moicavda Tanamedrove somxeTs, isto-riul basians, taosa da arzrumis olqs, es mxareebi rogorc aRiniSnaarmenielebs iberebisTvis waurTmeviaT qristeSobamde daaxloebiT 188wels.

unda vigulisxmoT `arian qarTlis~ samefo didi danakargebis mi-

uxedavad mainc arsebobda am dromde.

sabolood, arian-qarTlis miwa-wyalis didi nawili armeniis nawi-

lad iqca _ am danakliss ver urigdebodnen qarTveli mefeebi da am

danaklisis dasabruneblad sakmaod xSirad swored aRniSnul mxareebSi

laSqrobdnen, aq (ufro metad arzrum-trapezuntis mxareebisaken)

ilaSqres farnavazma, mefe mirianma, vaxtang gorgasalma, xolo qriste-

Sobamde I da Semdgom saukuneebSi I-II saukuneebSi armenia TviTon imyo-

feboda iberielTa mcxeTeli mefeebis xelqveiT.

465

rac Seexeba ervandidebs, maTi eTnikuri warmomavloba ucnobia.

iranuli enciklopediis Tanaxmad, isini iranuli warmoSobisani iyvnen

da yofili urartus (qaldeas) istoriul miwa-wyals marTavdnen urar-

tus dacemis axlo periodidan (daaxloebiT Zv.w. 570 wlidan) _ 200

wlamde.

aqemenidebis samefos damxobis Semdeg es provincia gadaeca spars

mxedarTmTavars miTrens da emorCilebodnen selevkidebs, maT aseve

`armeniis~ mmarTvelebsac uwodeben. 323 wlisaTvis aleqsandre make-

donelis gardacvalebis Semdeg es satrapiac daiSala da ervandma

(orontma) Tavisi Tavi mefed gamoacxada _ Camoyalibda orontidebis

anu ervandidebis dinastia.

saxelebis iaredosisa da ervandis msgavseba SeiZleba gvaZlevdes

safuZvels imisa, rom qarTuli wyaroebi am ervands uwodebdnen iare-

doss, xolo mis satrapeas miiCnevdnen `arian qarTlad~.

urartu – qalduelTa qveyana

urartu mdebareobda vanis tbidan vidre samxreT kavkasiamde zRvis

donidan 1500-1800 metri simaRlis mTianeTSi. buneba gamoirCeva

mravalgvarovnebiT da kontrastulobiT. am mTianeTSi Sedis ararat-

is mTac, romelsac adre `kardu~ erqva.

am mTianeTSi iRebs saTaves wina aziis didi mdinareebi: tigrosi,

evfrati, murati da araqsi. aqve mdebareobs sami didi tba: vanisa,

urmiisa da sevanisa.

asuruli saxeli urartu~ gamoiyeneboda Cvens eramde mecxre sauku-

nidan da am terminma iarseba asiriis samefos damxobamde.

am sityvis warmomavloba ucnobia.

aseve urartus saxelmwifos erqva biaiani (biainili). esaa adgilo-

brivi saxelwodeba am saxelmwifosi.

miiCneva, rom biaini-biainili sityvis etimologia ucnobia.

erTi SexedviTac Cans, rogorc es sityva (biainili), ise, rogorc

sxva mravali urartuli sityva, Tavisi JReradobiT Zalze miagavs

466

qarTuls, magaliTad biainili, iseve JRers, rogorc yoveldRiurad

saxmari qarTuli sityvebi _ mwvanili, marili, sadili, qadili da ase

Semdgom.

zogierT wreebSi, urartus aseve uwodeben vanis samefos~, radga-

nac misi dedaqalaqi mdebareobda vanis tbis piras. aRsaniSnavia, rom

asiriaSi urartus teritoriaze adre mcxovreb tomTa jgufs erqva _

`nairi~, amitomac urartus `nairis~ qveyanasac uwodeben. es saxeli

gvxvdeba Zv. w. XIII-XI saukuneebSi, zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom

sityva `nairi~ iyo xuritebis xalxis saxeli. Cveni azriT SesaZloa

sityva nairs~ qarTuli sityva eri~ ukavSirdebodes. xSiri qarTuli

SekiTxva `ra nairi kacia?~ unda niSnavdes `ra eris~ `romeli tomis~

kacia anu `nairi~ albaT niSnavs xalxs, mosaxleobas, ers.

aseve, urartus uwodeben àraratis qveyanasac~. miaCniaT rom bib-

liis teqstebSi Semonaxuli arameuli `rrt~ aRniSnavda urartus.

Cveni azriT sityva ararati~ axloa qarTul teqstebSi Semonaxul

qveynis saxelTan _ àriani~. urartus qveyanaSi mravali saxeli àr~

(er) winsarTiT iwereboda. aseTebia magaliTad erebuni, erikvuxi, ar-

zaSki, argiSti (aqedan -argiStixinili), uruatri, urmia, urartu da

sxva. aseve, urartus dacemis Semdgom warmoqmnili qalaqebis Tu mdina-

reebis saxelebi ararati, aragawi, arvandaSati, arvandakerti, armavi-

ri, araqsi, arawani, arSami, arSamati da sxva.

am areebSi saukuneebis manZilze ganuwyvetliv àr~ _ prefiqsis

xmareba uflebas gvaZlevs vigulisxmoT, rom swored am mxareebSi

mdebareobda qarTuli ariani~ da aq iyo qveyana arian-qarTli. miTu-

metes, rom urartus saxeli antikur wyaroebSi iyo xaldi (qaldi).

urartus qveyanas Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi erqva `qaldebis qveyana~.

amave dros urartus umTavresi RvTaebis saxeli iyo `qaldi~. anu

rogorc ariani aseve qaldi am miwa-wyalis terminologia iyo. arian-

qaldi da aqedan albaT arian-qarTli. Tu ase iyo, maSin urartu ha-

iasa-acis qveynis gagrZelebaa.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom urartus Sumerul teqstebSi erqva saxeli

àrata~, ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, arati-arata, saxeli erqva Sumer-

ebis CrdiloeTiT mdebare mTian mxares, sadac Semdgom urartus sax-

elmwifo warmoiqmna.

467

qalduelebis qveyana, romelsac sxvadasxva saxelebi erqva _ urar-

tu~, `biaini~, `nairi~, àrarati~, àlarodebis qveyana~, `qaldea~ da

àrata~ Tavisi SemadgenlobiTac mravalerovani, mravaltomiani da

mravalnacionaluri qveyana iyo.

bolo dros samecniero literaturaSi urartuelTa saxeliT mx-

olod erT-erTi adgilobrivi tomi iwodeba, romelmac SeZlo Seeqm-

na Tavisi damwerloba da SeZlo Tavisi eniT am damwerlobis gamoy-

eneba. miiCneva, rom is iyo xurituli warmoSobisa.

urartus meore Zlieri tomi _ qaldebi

safiqrebelia, rom qaldebis anu urartus qarTvelebis tomi gar-

da centraluri olqebisa aseve flobda vanis tbis samxreT-aRmosav-

leTiT mdebare olq musasirs (mucaciri). mis mTavar qalaqSi, aseve

saxelwodebiT musasirSi, aRmarTuli iyo qveynis yvelaze mTavari

taZari urartus umaRlesi RvTaebisa _ qaldisa. qaldis xalxs, mis

morwmune mimdevrebs Cans qalduelebi erqvaT da is formirda rogorc

eTnosi.

qaldis morwmuneni anu qalduelebi unda yofiliyvnen ara mxolod

qurumebi am mTavari qalaqisa, aramed aRniSnuli olqis ZiriTadi

mosaxleobac (SemdgomSi aqve axlos cxovrobdnen karduxebi. urar-

tus dasustebis Semdeg, safiqrebelia, rom urartus qaldis tomma

Sida olqebidan gadainacvla ufro dacul CrdiloeTSi, araqsis xe-

obaSi, iq, fasianebisa da qaldebis saxeliT cnobili tomebi, Sesa-

Zloa qsenofontes epoqaSi konsolidacis procesSi imyofebodnen,

SeZles konsolidireba mimdgom mxareebSi mcxovreb qarTul tomebT-

an erTad erT saxelmwifod _ àrian qarTlad~.

saerTod, qarTul tomad miCneuli karduxebisa da qaldebis sax-

elebis msgavseba safuZvels iZleba varaudisa, rom karduxebi urar-

tus qaldebis STamomavloba iyo).

olq musasiris gverdiT mdebareobda xububqias olqi, romlis mosax-

leobasac aseve qarTul samyarosTan akavSireben (m. qurdiani).

468

urartuSi qaldebis tomis mniSvnelobasa da gavlenas miuTiTebs

faqti imisa, rom am tomis umaRlesi RvTaeba `qaldi~ urartus Rmer-

Tebis panTeonis umaRlesi RvTaeba iyo. saerTod ki unda iTqvas, rom

swored asirielebis mier qaldis mTavari taZris dangrevis Semdgom

urartus mefe rusa I-is dros (daaxloebiT 714 wels qristeSobamde)

daemcro TviTon urartus saxelmwifos siZlierec.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Zv. w. XIII saukuneSi asirielebi moixsenie-

bdnen `nairis mefeebs~ rac miuTiTebs rom im droisaTvis jer kidev

ar iyo Camoyalibebuli urartus saxelmwifo da is warmoadgenda

tomTa kavSirs.

IX saukuneSi, 858 wlebSi moixseneba, rogorc fiqroben, uraratus

pirveli mefe arami. is marTavda 844 wlamde.

mecxre saukuneSi 828-810 wlebSi sarduri I-is mefobis dros ga-

Zlierebulma urartum SeZlo samxreT kavkasiamde miRweva, am dros

moxda uaratus religiis centralizeba. calkeuli tomebis RvTaebe-

bi gaaerTianes erTian panTeonSi, romlis TavSic dadga qaldi. am

dros Camoyalibda uaratus lursmuli damwerloba, urartu kidev

ufro gaizarda dasavleTis mimarTulebiT miaRwia evfratis Sua

dinebamde, aseve samxreTiT da amaT xelSi Caigdo savaWro gzebi mima-

rTuli asiriidan mcire aziisaken.

argiSti I-dros 760 wlebSi urartum ilaSqra urmiis tbisaken da

aseve samxreT kavkasiaSi, Tanamedrove somxeTis teritoriaze man aago

qalaqi argiStixinili (romlis saxels amJamadac ki, qarTuli JRera-

doba aqvs, albaT imis gamo, rom misi sufiqsi _ ili, nili _ qarTuli

enis sufiqsebs eTanadeba). aseve man aago qalaqi erebuni, Tanamed-

rove erevnis axlos (er-ar prefiqsebi, rogorc vTqviT eTanadeba

qarTuli arianis saxels).

urartus saxelmwifos mefeebi flobdnen absolutur Zalaufle-

bas da cdilobdnen daepyroT mezobeli xalxebi. dapyrobil xalxebs

imonebdnen anda sxva teritoriaze asaxlebdnen.

xalxTa gadasaxlebis Tema imiT aris saintereso, rom antikuri

wyaroebis cnobiT babilonis mefe nabuqodonosors Tavis mier dapy-

robili iberiidan iberi xalxis erTi nawili gadausaxlebia ponto-

spireTSi, e.i. Zvel samSobloSi. pontospireTis qveS aq igulisxmeba

469

is qveyana (trapezuntis regionSi), romelsac SemdgomSi qaldea ewode-

boda.

rogorc vTqviT, qaldebi urartus erT-erTi tomi iyo da swored

isini gadausaxlebia nabuqodonosors SavizRvispireTSi, am mosazre-

bis gamoTqmis uflebas Cveni azriT iZleva is, rom aRniSnuli qveyana

_ `iberia~, Turme mdebareobda `libiis~ gverdiT.

`libiis~ qveS am wyaroSi unda igulisxmebodes ara afrikis libia,

aramed vanis tbispireTis regionis qveyana luvia~, romelic lursmu-

li damwerlobis epoqaSi, cnobil qveyanas warmoadgenda.

luvia mdebareobda daaxloebiT iq, sadac SemdgomSi mdebareobda

urartus xububqias olqi musasiris olqis maxloblad. rogorc ze-

moT aRvniSneT, musasiris olqSi mdebareobda `qaldis~ umTavresi

taZari da Cans, aqve cxovrobdnen qaldebic anu qalduebic. eseni

unda iyvnen igive iberebi, romlebic nabuqodonosors gadausaxlebia

trapezontisaken, romlis olqsac aseve qaldea daerqva. nabuqo-

donosorma Zv.w. VI s-Si sabolood gaanadgura urartus naSTebi.

am ukanasknelTa, anu trapezontis qaldebis iberielobis Sesaxeb

migviTiTebs TviT Semdgom Camoyalibebuli qaldebis anu trapezun-

tis imperiis mmarTvelTa titulatura.

trapezontis imperatorebi TavianT Tavs `iberebis avtokrators~

anu iberebis mmarTvels uwodeben. es imas niSnavs saimperatoro ojaxis

TvalsazrisiT maTi imperiis anu qaldeas mosaxleoba iberebi iyvnen.

identuri magaliTi ganmeorda ramdenime saukunis Semdeg, rode-

sac SavizRvispireTSi mdebare samegrelos samTvaros meTaurma le-

van II dadianma ruseTis mefis winaSe wargzavnil sabuTebSi Tavis Tavs

ramdenjerme da dabejiTebiT uwoda ara samegrelos mmarTveli, aramed

iverTa xelmwife, Tavis mxriv ruseTis mefeebic samegrelos am mmarTv-

els iveriis mefes uwodebdnen, aqedanac Cans, rom nabuqodonosoris

mier pontos pireTSi Casaxlebuli iberebi igive qaldebi arian.

rogorc Cans urartus samefos dacemis Semdeg, qaldevelTa anu

iberTa tomi erT-erT dampyrobels pontospireTSi gadausaxlebia.

urartu, rogorc aRvniSneT, warmoadgenda kulturulad da lin-

gvisturad danawevrebul qveyanas, man erTianobis SenarCuneba mxolod

mcire xniT SeZlo. marTalia mas Zlieri mtrebi hyavda, magram urar-

470

tus saxelmwifo ufro metad ganadgurda da daiSala Tavisive tome-

bis xSiri ajanyebebis gamo.

urartus regionebi xSirad ebrZodnen centralur xelisuflebas.

ver moxerxda urartus tomebis integrireba TavianT saxelmwifo-

Si, amitomac isini ZalTa balansis darRvevis dros advilad eqvemde-

barebodnen ufro Zlier centrs.

rogorc iTqva, urartus saxelmwifos saboloo dasusteba gamoi-

wvia asirielebis mier urartus religiuri centris musasiris ganad-

gurebam.

sargon II-m daangria TviTon qalaqi da RmerT qaldis mTavari taZ-

ari (Cvens eramde 715 wels).

es imdenad mZime dartyma iyo saxelmwifosTvis, rom am ambis gage-

bis Semdeg urartus mefe rusa I-ma Tavi moikla, musasirSi qaldis

taZarSi xdeboda urartus mefeTa koronaciac.

musasiris daRupvis Semdeg urartus RmerT xaldis (qaldis) dide-

bac Seirya.

fiqroben, rom urartus Zlieri dasusteba dakavSirebili iyo misi

religiuri centris da RmerT qaldis dasustebasTan.

amis Semdgom urartus mefeTa Zalauflebac dasustda. eseni iyvnen

rusa I-is Svili argiSti II, rusa II, sarduri III, sarduri IV, erimena,

rusa III da rusa IV iyo urartus bolo mefe.

bolo mefeebis dros urartus dedaqalaqi samxreTidan gadanacv-

lebuli iqna CrdiloeTSi.

es qalaqi iyo kavkasiaSi mdebare - TeiSebaini. dedaqalaqis Crdil-

oeTSi gadatana miuTiTebs aseve qveynis mosaxleobis nawilis Crdil-

oeTSi gadasaxlebas, xalxis samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi gadasaxlebas

miuTiTebs moqcevai qarTlisaic~.

am cixe-qalaqis babilonelTa anda midielTa mier dangrevis Semdgom

dasrulda urartus istoria, aqedanac Cans, rom qaldebis nawili

urartus qveynidan gadasaxldnen CrdiloeTiT da aseve SavizRvi-

spireTSi, rom qaldebi urartus mTavari, CrdiloeTSi gadasaxlebu-

li erTerTi tomi iyo. qaldebis mmarTveli zedafenis moZraoba

samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, Cans ganuwyveteli iyo aleqsandre di-

dis epoqamde.

471

rogorc iTqva, swored msgavs istorias gadmogvcems uZvelesi qar-

Tuli wyaro moqcevai qarTlisa, romelic amtkicebs, rom Tanamed-

rove saqarTvelos samxreTiT arsebobda saxelmwifo arian qarTli,

romlis mosaxleobis erTi nawili anu arian-qarTvelni mefis Ze azonma

gadmoasaxla samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi da daasaxla vrcel terito-

riaze, dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi egriswylidan vidre

hereTamde.

urartus saxelmwifos dangrevis epoqaSi misi teritoriis samxreT-

dasavleTiT mcxovrebi armenielTa tomebi gaZlierdnen da SeZles

urartus siRrmeebisaken waweva.

armenielebma, aseve isargebles qristesSobamde VI saukuneSi ga-

Zlierebuli sparsi mefeebis mxardaWeriT da daikaves qaldebis miwa-

wyali, amis Sesaxeb SesaZlebeli aris informacia movipovoT qseno-

fontes naSromebidan, kiropediadan, aseve anabazisidan.

am naSromebSi Cans, rom qaldebis tomi mudam ebrZoda sparselebs,

xolo armenielebi sparselTa momxreebi iyvnen. amis gamo sparselebma

nayofieri miwebidan gandevnes qaldebi da nayofieri miwebi gadasces

somxebs. qaldebi mudam Txoulobdnen saxnav-saTes miwebs, xolo ar-

menielebs esaWiroebodaT saZovrebi, romlebic unayofo mTa-goreb-

Si iyo, sadac qaldebi iyvnen gandevnilebi. kirosma (Semdeg sparse-

Tis mefem) TiTqos izruna maTTvis da isini droebiT moariga.

aqedan Cans, rom urartus saxelmwifos dacemisTanave wyaroebSi

gamoCenili qaldebis, anu xalibebis tomi iqamde urartuSi cxovrob-

da da iq mas mniSvnelovani adgili eWira.

472

urartus `RmerTi~ qaldi da qarTlis armazi

XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisSi gaCnda Tvalsazrisi, rom

mcire aziasa da Savi zRvispireTSi mcxovrebi qaldebi warmoadgendnen

urartus tomTa naSTebs, romelnic TavianT Tavs saxels uwodebdnen

urartus mTavari `RmerTis~ _ qaldis pativsacemad, amJamad, XX s-is

bolosaTvis, es mosazreba mcdarad iTvleba meSCaninovisa da piotro-

vskis Sromebze dayrdnobiT. es mecnierebi n. maris mimdevrebi iyvnen

da radganac sabWoTa periodSi TiTqmis 1951 wlamde maris Sexedule-

baTa kritika akrZaluli iyo, sayovelTaod dainerga Tvalsazrisi,

rom urartus qaldsa da mcire aziis qaldebs Soris kavSiri ar arse-

bobda, rom urartus tomTa memkvidreebi arian ara qaldi _ qaldu-

elebi (qarTvelebi), aramed somxebi.

urartus qaldebisa da qarTvelebis memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb miu-

TiTebda ilia WavWavaZe Tavis qvaTa RaRadSi~, romelSic sastikad akri-

tikebda niko mars, Tavis mxriv niko marmac Semdgom wlebSi Tavis mimde-

varTa mTeli skola aRzarda, romelnic sapirispiros amtkicebdnen.

aRsaniSnavia, rom urartus `RmerTi~ qaldisa da armazis garegnu-

li aRwerebi da zogierTi niSanTviseba erTmaneTis msgavsia, magali-

Tad: `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad qarTlosis saflavze aRmarTul

armazis kerps, romelic damzadebuli iyo liTonisagan, ecva jaWvis

perangi, Tavze muzaradi exura, xelSi eWira brwyinvale elvis msgav-

si xmali, da TiTqosda es xmali moZraobda kidec, swored aseTia

urartus RmerT~ qaldis kerpis gamosaxuleba, Cndeba STabeWdileba,

rom msgavsi gamosaxulebisa iyo armazis kerpic.

urartus qaldis kerpi aseve damzadebuli iyo liTonisagan, oqros

(zogjer spilenZisagan) da masac xelSi uWiravs Zalze grZeli maxvi-

lis msgavsi xmali, romlidanac (am xmlidan) cecxlis patara enebis

saxiT gamoSverili iyvnen patara maxvilebi, rogorc Cans es oqros

maxvili, (romlidanac kidev sxva patara maxvilebi gamodioda) sinaTleze

sxvadasxva kuTxiT elvarebda kidevac da amiT brunva-trialis STabe-

Wdilebas qmnida, anu es iyo `xmali brwyinvale~ da miagavda elvis

krTomas, gaelvebas, garda amisa mniSvnelovani aris is, rom urartus

qaldis kerps exura muzaradi, Zalze myari da masiuri, msgavsi imisa

rogoric aris dRemde SemorCenili urartus mefis sardur II-isa.

473

muzaradi sardurisa, aRmoCnda cixe-qalaq TeiSebainis gaTxrebi-

sas (kamerblurze) damzadebulia brinjaosagan da masiuria, myaria.

rogorc iTqva msgavsi muzaradi exura qaldis kerps, am muzarads

Tan erTvis ukan kisris dasacavi jaWvi, anu mavTulebisagan moqso-

vili naWeri _ Cabalaxi. msgavsad aRwers qarTlis cxovrebac armazis

Cafxuts _ tansa missa ecva jaWvi oqrosi da Tavsa missa Cabalaxi myari~.swored myari Cafxut-Cabalaxi aris qaldis kerpis Tavsaburavi

muzaradi. aRsaniSnavia rom qaldis kerps icavda Tor-abjris msgavsi

Cans liTonis firfitebisagan Sekruli naWeri. es unda iyos is rac

qarTlis cxovrebiT ecva armazs, kerZod `jaWvi oqrosi~.rogorc aRvniSneT armazs xelSi eWira `xmali brwyinvale viTarca

elva~, romelic iqceoda~ anu moZraobda xelTa Sina~, anu armazis ker-pis win mdgom adamians eqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom armazis xmalimoZraobda, aRsaniSnavia rom igive STabeWdilebas tovebda qaldis ker-pis gamosaxulebac, kerZod mis elvis msgavs swor xmals, romlisganaccecxlis enebis msgavsi danebi gamodis, aseve emateba TviT kerpisganacgamomavali aseve elvis enebis msgavsi xmlebi, saerTo STabeWdileba mzissxivebis anareklebis sxvadasxvagvari gardatexis wyalobiT iseTi iyo,rom TiTqosda armazis maxvili moZraobda.

gamoTqmulia sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi armazis kerpTan dakavSire-

biT, rom is iyo an mTvaris RmerTi~, an da ahuramazda, magram ahura-

mazdas ar qonia Tavisi kerpi, mxolod saxeli SeiZleba iyos aRebuli

misi, xolo rac Seexeb TviT armazis kerps, misi dakavSireba ver mox-erxda mcire aziis vercerT sxva kerpTan, rogorc vTqviT is ufro mia-gavs urartus mTavar RmerT~ qalds.

rogorc aRvniSneT qaldebis toms amJamad ar ukavSireben urar-

tus, magram rogor avxsnaT is faqti rom urartus dacemisTanave

misi teritoriis, rogorc samxreT ise Crdilo nawilebSi Cndebian

tomebi qald~ saxelis mqoneni, kerZod samxreTSi karduxebi~, xolo

CrdiloeTSi `xalibebi da qaldebi~? es kiTxva arsebiTia da mas pa-

suxi unda gascen urartus mkvlevarebma.

urartus saxelmwifo arsebobda Cvens eramde daaxloebiT 850-580-

ian wlebSi.

Cvens eramde VI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi urartus samefo daeca,

swored amave saukuneSi moixsenebs qsenofonte xalibebis~ anu qalde-

474

bis toms urartus saxelmwifos teritoriis dasavleT da Crdilo

dasavleT nawilSi, is maT axsenebs sparseTis monarqis damaarseblis

kirosis (Zv. w. 560-529) saxelTan kavSirSi. kerZod, imJamad midiis

sardals kiross mourigebia erTmaneTTan meomari somxebi da qalde-

bi (xalibebi), iqve aRwerilia rom kirosi mfarvelobda somxebs da am

mfarvelobis ZaliT maT (somxebs) xelSi CaugdiaT xalibebis saxnav-

saTesi miwebi. amis gamo umiwawylod darCenili xalibebi iZulebuli

gamxdaran gaxizuliyvnen saxnavsaTesad gamousadegar mTebSi, gaRaribe-

bulan da mudam ebrZodnen somxebs, raTa ukan daebrunebinaT saxnav-

saTesi miwebi, Tavis mxriv somxebs esaWiroebodaT saqonlis gamo-

sakvebad mTiani adgilebi da ialaRebi, romelnic xalibebis xelSi

iyvnen. kiross gadauwyvetia erTmaneTTan moerigebina isini.

ase aRwers am ambavs qsenofonte kiropediaSi.

miiCneva, rom kiropedia mxatvruli nawarmoebia, magram misi cnobebi

sandoa armeniasTan dakavSirebiT. qsenofonte TviT imyofeboda iq,

Tavisi TvaliT xedavda da pirvel pirTagan esmoda Zveli ambebi.

qsenofonte Tavis meore Txzuleba anabazisSi aRwers yofili urar-

tus samxreT-dasavleTSi mcxovreb karduxebs, romelTa saxelic aseve

qaldusTan aris dakavSirebuli, isini cxovrobdnen kerp qaldis

umTavres yofil sataZro qalaq musasirTan (mucacirTan) axlos.

aRsaniSnavia, rom istoriulad am adgilebSi SemdgomSic arsebob-

da kord saxelis mqone provinciebi (kordvaci da sxva).

Tuki urartuSi qald saxelis mqone tomi ar cxovrobda, maSin

rogor aRmoCndnen urartus teritoriaze qald saxelis mqone aRniS-

nuli tomebi samefos daSlisTanave?

rogorc cnobilia, urartu ar iyo erTi eris saxelmwifo, is iyo

mravalerovani qveyana, amitomac bunebrivia rom urartus mraval

eTnoss Soris erTerTi tomi yofiliyo qaldi.

qarTlis cxovreba ase aRwers armazis kerps: `ixila wmidaman nino,

rameTu dga kaci erTi spilenZisa, da tansa missa ecua jaWvi oqrosi, da

Tavsa missa Cabalaxi myari, da Tualni esxnes zurmuxti da bivrili, da

xelTa misTa aqunda xmali brwyinvale, viTarca elva, da iqceoda xelTa

Sina. ukeTu vinme Seexebin, Tavi Tvisi sikudilad ganwiris da ityvan:

`hoi Cemda, nu ukue da-same-vakle didebasa didisa amis RmrTisa armazis-

475

sa, anu Se-same-vsceT sityuad ebraelTa Tana, gina moguTa Tana smenisa

(da romel ityvian ucebni ucxosa visTvisme RmrTisa), nu ukue poos ramebiwi da mces me maxvili igi misi, romlisagan eSinis yovelsa.

da SiSiT Tayuanis-cemen mas.

da kualad iyo marjveniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci;

da marcxeniT missa udga kaci vecxlisa,

da saxeli mis gaim, romelni-igi RmerTad uCndes ersa mas qarTlisasa~.

(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, t. I. gv. 90).

urartus `RmerTTa~ panTeons meTaurobda sami mTavari `RmerTi~

_ qaldi (urartus mTavari RvTaeba), TeiSeba da Sivini. maT Soris

umTavresi iyo qaldi, romlis saxelzec igeboda urartus mTavari

taZrebis umravlesoba.

TiTqosda misi aRweriloba miagavs imas, rac wminda ninos uTxres

armazis Sesaxeb _ RmerTi RmerTTa armazs, romel ara ars missa gareSesxva kerpi~ (iqve, gv. 89).

rogorc vTqviT urartus sami mTavari RmerTi~ hyavda, maT Soris

ki umTavresi iyo qaldi, aseve sami mTavari kerpi hyavdaT Zvel

qarTvelebs, armazis kerpis gverdiT idgnen gaci da gaimi.

aRsaniSnavia, aseve sxva msgavsi Tvisebebic urartusa da qarTul

panTeons Soris.

magaliTad, jer kidev wminda ilia marTalma miaqcia yuradReba,

rom qarTvelebi RmerTs evedrebodnen wyalTan dakavSirebuli si-

tyvebiT. SeTxovdnen wyals, aqedanaa sityvebi _ wyaloba, mowyaleba

da sxva. miiCnevda rom es sityvebi aCvenebs, rom SesaZloa qarTvelebi

odesRac Zalzed cxel qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen, sadac mTavari saTxo-

vari RvTisadmi wyali iyo. aRsaniSnavia da Zalze mniSvnelovania urar-

tusTan dakavSirebiT, rom urartus kerpebis gamosaxulebebzec sakul-

to sagnad naCvenebia wyliani jami, kerZod isini (wylis jamiani `Rm-

erTebis~ gamosaxulebebi) aRmoCndnen tuSpis raionSi arqeologiuri

gaTxrebis dros mopovebul urartul sabeWdavebze (Религия Урарту,материал из Википедии).

qaldis gamosaxulebebze, romlebic dRemdea moRweuli, zogjer

qaldi gamoxatuli aris lomze mdgom frTosani mamakacis saxiT, ro-

melsac erT xelSi uWiravs jami, xolo meore xelSi wylis sasxureb-

476

lis msgavsi nivTi, dRemde dauzustebelia am jamisa da nivTis mniS-

vneloba, Cveni azriT is jamidan wyals asxurebs xalxs an mlocvels,

anu xdeba mlocvelis Sewyaleba. aseTi qmedeba did wyalobad, rom

miiCneoda, es Cans mefe daviT winaswarmetyvelis amave epoqis locvis

sityvebidan uzenaesisadmi _ `masxure me usupiTa~, qaldsac marjvena

xelSi usupi, xolo marcxenaSi wyliani jami unda Weroda.

rogorc arvniSneT, qaldis mTavari taZari idga qalaq musasirSi,

vanis tbis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, romelic gvalviani da uwylo ad-

gilia. am taZarSi urartuelebi qalds saukuneebis manZilze wiravd-

nen Sesawir-saganZurs, Cvens eramde 734 wels urartus mefe rusa II-is

dros asirielebma es taZari daangries da misi saganZuri gaitaces.

asiriis mefe sargon II-s masalebidan Cans, rom is gaocebuli iyo

qaldis saganZuris simdidriT, misma armiam qaldis taZridan daitaca

asi tona spilenZi, 25000 fari, 1,5 aTasi Subi da 300000-ze meti xmali

da xanjali, damzadebuli spilenZisa da brinjaosagan. asirielebs

qalaq musasiridan am dros wauRiaT 2 tona oqro da 10 tona ver-

cxli, romelic maT zodebad CamousxiaT.

qaldis taZris dangrevam bolo mouRo urartus saxelmwifos

Zlierebas, asirielebma icodnen rom urartuelebs Zalasa da mxneobas

aZlevda rwmena qaldis uZlevelobisa da misi iaraRis Zlierebisa, ami-

tomac maT gadawyvites rom swored qaldis taZari daengriaT da amiT

daemtkicebinaT, rom asirielebis RmerTis ~ aSurisa da misi iaraRis

Zala meti iyo `RmerT~ qaldze, da es TvalsaCinod daemtkicebinaT

urartuelebisaTvis qaldis taZris dangreviT da `RmerT~ qaldis

datyvevebiT. qaldis kerpi maT wauRiaT, marTalia is Zaladakargu-

lad iTvleboda misi taZris dangrevis Semdgom, magram mainc, urar-

tuelebs is ukan gamousyidiaT didi Tanxis safasurad.

aqedan Cans, rom erTmaneTs ebrZoda ori RmerTi~, qaldi da aSuri,

rom isini erTmaneTis mtrebi iyvnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseve erTma-

neTs ebrZodnen qarTlis armazi da iTrujani.

armazis kerpis daqcevis Semdeg rac is mexis dartymiT ganadgur-

da, qariSxlisas mis win mdgari qarTlis eri ambobda: `qaldevelTa

RmerTi iTrujan da Cueni ese RmerTi armaz yovladve mter arian: ama same

mas zeda zRua moaqcia, da aq man Suri iZia da mis mier moiwia ese~ (qar-

477

Tlis cxovreba, I, 1955, gv. 92). qarTlis cxovreba~ asureleba qalde-

velebs uwodebda, radganac maTi qveyana mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT,

SuamdinareTis qaldead wodebul qveyanaSi mdebareobda.

wminda ninos cxovrebaSi aRwerilia, rom qariSxlis Semdeg armazis

kerpi ukvalod gaqra, is sruliad daimsxvra, mosaxleobas ukve maS-

inve hqonda mza-mzareuli pasuxi am movlenis asaxsnelad, rom qalde-

velTa `RmerTma~ iTrujanma Suri iZia da is gaaqro, aseve odesRac,

wina saukuneebSi gaqra qaldis RmerTic musasiris taZridan, roca is

daatyveves da asureTSi waiRes, magram is isev dabrunda Semdgom

urartuSi (asurelebisgan gamosyidvis Semdgom), am ori `RmerTi~-s

qaldisa da aSuris (igive iTrujanis) brZolis dros Tavdapirvelad

armazma (qaldma) imarjva, aman `maszeda zRva moaqcia~, ese igi aSurze

wyali miuSva, imdenad mravlad rom is datbora. wylis marTva rom

SeuZlia qalds es iqidan Cans rom qaldis kerpi ixateboda wylisjamiT xelSi.

Tu qaldi armazia maSin aSuri qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujania~.

cnobilia rom arameul warwerebSi sityvebi zogjer ikiTxeboda,

rogorc marcxnidan marjvniv, ise marjvnidan marcxniv. aq erTi wuTiT

warmovidginoT, rom sityva aSSuri~ dawerilia ase: aSSurTi~, ajur-

Ti~, maSin Tu am sityvas wavikiTxavT marjvnidan marcxniv miviRebT

sityvas ìTruja~. àSSuri~-àjurTi~-iTruja igive iTrujania.

maSasadame, ìTruja~ igivea rac àjurTi _ aSurTi~, aSSurTi _

aSuri.

Cveni azriT termini iTrujani gamomxatveli iyo asurelTa anu

qaldevelTa mTavari RmerTis aSuris saxelisa, aseTia Cveni savara-

udo hipoTeza (SuamdinareT-asureTs Zvel wyaroebSi qaldeas uwo-

debdnen).

urartuelebis panTeonSi mravali RmerTi iyo (TiTqmis 70-mde),

maT Soris rogorc vTqviT qaldi, TeiSeba da Sivini umTavresi iyvnen,

iTvleba rom am `RmerTebis~ saxelebi dakavSirebuli iyo mTa-bor-

cvebTan, Tu ase iyo SeiZleba qaldis saxeli JRerdes saqarTvelos

mTebis saxelebSic. magaliTad, mTa skaldis saxelSi, romelic sva-

neTSia, aseve TeSebas saxeli SeiZleba JRerdes aseve svaneTis mTis

uSbas saxelSi, xolo Sivinis saxeli TuSeT fSavxevsureTSi mdebare

478

mTa `civi~-s saxelSi, saerTod yvela `RmerTi~-s saxeli miagavs qar-

Tuls sityvebs da aqvs qarTuli JReradoba, aseTebia magaliTad: Se-

lardi, xara, airaini, ardini, ebani, babania, arubaini, xuba, cinvardi

da sxva. anu TiTqmis yvela mTavrdeba i~ asoTi, iseve rogorc qarTuli

sityvebi, da rogorc cnobilia sxva enebs aseTi Tviseba ar aqvT da

sxva TvisebebiTac Cans msgavseba, magaliTad: gzebis anu Saragzebis

`RmerTs~ erqva saxeli xara, SeiZleba vifiqroT rom mas erqva saxeli

`Sara~ da SeiZleba aqedan qarTuli sityva Saragza.

saerTod, rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna, unda iTqvas, rom urartu

eTnikurad araerTgvarovani qveyana iyo da Sesabamisad iq mravali

tomisa da mravali xalxis ena iyo gavrcelebuli, magram werilobiTi

urartuli ena ekuTvnoda erT-erT urartul toms.

safiqrebelia, rom urartus mmarTveli xalxi iyo qaldebi, xolo

urartus werilobiTi ena erT-erTi kulturosani adgilobrivi to-

mis ena iyo. magaliTad, saerTod unda iTqvas, rom wina aziaSi mrava-

li xalxi xmarobda arameul enas (Tavis werilobiT sabuTebSi), Tum-

ca arameelebs araferi hqondaT saerTo eTnikurad am xalxebTan,

arameuli mxolod werilobiTi kulturis ena iyo, anu teqnikuri sa-

Sualeba warwerebis gakeTebisas, amitomac ar aris savaldebulo urar-

tus warwerebis enis mqone tomi rom mmarTveli tomi yofiliyo. Sesa-

Zloa es iyo erTerTi rigiTi tomi, xolo qaldis tomi umTavresi

tomi unda yofiliyo, radganac maTi RmerTi qaldi urartus uzenaes

RvTaebad iqca.

miiCneva rom sityva qaldis etimologia ucnobia, Cven vfiqrobT,

rom qaldi da xuriti etimologiurad identurni arian,

q a l _ d ix a l _ d i

x u r _ i t i

qarTulSi niSandoblivia gadasvla al _ ur, anu sityvebSi Sesa-

Zlebeli aris al Seicvalos ur-iT, amasTanave aRsaniSnavia isic rom

qarTulSi rogorc `d~ ise `T~, `t~ gamoxatavs mravlobiTobas, am

SemTxvevaSi Tu sityva xuritSi ur-is nacvlad davwerT mis Semcv-

lels _ `al~, xolo `t~-s nacvlad `d~, maSin sityva xuritidan Cven

miviRebT sityvas xalidi, aqedan albaT sityva xalibi, romelic erT-

479

erTi cnobili qarTuli tomis saxeli iyo, amitomac sityva qaldi

SeiZleba niSnavdes xurits, xuritebi amave regionSi erTerTi didi

civilizaciis Semqmnelebi iyvnen, Cans urartuelebsac da qarTveleb-

sac maTTan aqvT memkvidreobiTi kavSiri. aRsaniSnavia, rom abraamis

epoqaSi SuamdinareTis qaldeas qveyana xuritebiT yofila dasaxle-

buli. es ori saxeli (qaldi da xuriti) erTmaneTTan kavSirSi unda

iyvnen. Tu asea, maSin SuamdinareTis qaldsa da xalibebis qalds er-

maneTTan memkvidreobiTi kavSiri aqvT, SesaZloa isic, rom xuritebi,

anu am SemTxvevaSi qaldebi, urartus erTerTi tomi iyo.

ymawvilebis msxverplad Sewirva erTnairad yofila qarTlsa da

urartuSi.

qarTlis mefe rev marTalma (III s.) Secvala iqamde arsebuli wesi

yrmaTa Sewirvisa _ `aman mefobasa Sina missa arRaravis uteva qarTlsa

Sina yrmaTa klva, romelsa igi amissa uwinares da pirvel kerpTa mimarTSeswirvides msxverplad yrmaTa, da vidre igi iyo mefed, arRaravin kv-

lida yrmaTa kerpTaTvis~ (q. c., I, 1955, gv. 58).

qarTlis msgavsad yrmebs msxverplad wiravdnen urartus kerp

qalds, arqeologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCenilia nakvalevi ad-

amianTa msxverplad Sewirvisa, rusa II-is droindeli erT-erTi cixe-

simagris gaTxrebisas aianisSi, aRmoCnda urartuli lursmuli doku-

menti, romelSic aRwerilia procedura yrmis msxverplad Sewirvisa

`RmerT~ qaldisadmi _ «Обнаружены следы человеческих жертвоприноше-нии, а при раскопках еще одной крепости периода Русы II, Аянисе, былобнаружен урартский клинописный документ, описывающий процедуружертвоприношения мальчика для бога Халди» (религия Урарту, Википедия).

maSasadame, qalds iseve wiravdnen yrmebs, rogorc qarTlis ker-

pebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTlosTan igive qaldTan armazs mcxeTaSic

akavSirebdnen, radganac es kerpi qarTlosis saflavze dadges.

maSasadame, msgavseba urartus qaldsa da qarTlis armazs Soris

Semdegia:

1. orives wiravdnen biWebs, yrmebs;

2. qalds xelSi wyliani jami uWiravs da meore xeliT amwyalobebs

anu wyals apkurebs, igive Tviseba, e.i. wylis stiqiasTan kavSiri hqonda

armazsac, radganac man `zRva moaqcia~ anu wyali mimarTa iTrujanis

480

mimarT, qaldevelTa RmerTis~ Cans, aSuris winaaRmdeg. aSuri da qaldi

erTmaneTis mtrebi iyvnen.

3. armazica da qaldic umaRles `RvTaebebad~ iTvlebodnen _ `Rm-

erTi RmerTa armaz~, aseve iyo qaldi.

4. armazsa da qalds, orTaves xelSi brwyinvale xmali~ eWiraT da

sxva garegnuli niSnebic erTmaneTis msgavsi hqonda, CacmulobiT gan-

sakuTrebiT Cans es.

5. urartusa da qaldSic panTeons marTavda 3 umaRlesi kerpi

`RmerTi~.

6. aSurma qaldis taZari daangria, iTrujanma ki armazis~ kerpi _

`mis mier moiwia ese~.

urartuelebi enis mixedviT enaTesavebodnen xuritebs~ («Урарты поязыку были родственны хурритам» (Ванское Царство, http://www.bibliotekar.ru).

Cveni azriT, etimologiurad termini `qaldi~ da termini `xuri-

ti~ identurebi arian, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT qarTul gadasvlas

al=ur da d, t, T TanaTanxmovnebs da sityva qaldSi àl~ Seicvleba

ùr~-iT, xolo d~ Sicvleba identuri t~-Ti, maSin qaldi aseT saxes

miiRebs `qurti~ anu `xuriti~. qaldevelebis anu qaldebis memkvi-

dreebi arian qarTvelebi.

Sesabamisad, kidev ufro sakvlevia qarTulisa da urartuli eneb-

is SesaZlo kavSiri. ramdenime msgavs sityvaTa Soris erT-erTia urar-

tus mefis cxenis saxeli àrcibini~, romelic iTargmneba rogorc

qarTuli sityva arwivi. Tanxvedra identuria. qaldis mTavari taZ-

ari mdebareobda musasiris anu mucaciris provinciaSi, sadac Cveni

fiqriT imJamad qaldebis sacxovrisi unda yofiliyo, aq unda iyos

SemorCenili msgavsi toponimebi. magaliTad, arcTu Sors am pro-

vinciidan mdebareobda Semdgom aRmocenebuli provincia sasuni. si-

tyva mucaciri anu musasiri~ SesaZloa nawarmoebi iyo qarTuli pre-

fiqsiT `mu~ da sufiqsiT ìri~ mu-sas-iri. aq fuZe-Ziria _ `sas~. aR-

saniSnavia, amasTan kavSirSi, rom sityva sasunis fuZe-Ziri, aseve sas~

unda iyos. ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom daviT sasuncis poemaSi

aRmoCenila ramdenime qarTuli sityva, rac SesaZloa urartus sa-

sunisa da qarTlis yofili enobrivi kavSiris niSani SesaZloa iyos.

saerTod ki, termini `sas~ JRers qarTul sityvaSi `sasa~ (piris ca,

481

anu xaxis zeda nawili, unda niSnavdes zeca~-s). qarTuli sityva ca~

(zeca) aseve kavSirSi unda iyos `sas~ anu `cac~-Tan (mucaciri).

erTi sityviT, urartus kulturuli da eTnikuri memkvidre unda

iyos qarTveli xalxi da ar unda gamocxaddes `ZirSive mcdarad~

urartusa da qaldebis tomis kavSiri, rogori Tezac gavrcelebu-

lia msoflio mediaSi _ «В научной литературе первой половины ХХ векаупоминалось предположение о том, что Халды представляют собой остаткиурартских племен... это предположение оказалось в корне ошибочным» (Халды,материал из Википедии).

qarTvelebi (qalduelebi) urartusa da

zRvispireTSi

ilia WavWavaZis mtkiceba qarTvelTa urartudan warmomavlobis

Sesaxeb, mkacrad iqna uaryofili meoce saukuneSi, magram bolo kv-

levebi aCvenebs _ es uaryofa usafuZvlo iyo, arqeologiuri monapo-

vari da sxva raime samecniero mtkiceba amis safuZvels ar iZleva.

amJamindeli somexi mecnierebi miuTiTeben: urartus saxeli anti-

kur istorikosTa mier marTalia qaldead~ (xaldead) iwodeba da urar-tuelTa umaRles RmerTs qaldi (xaldi) ewodeboda, magram es aris mx-olod fonetikuri Tanxvedra. lingvistur-istoriuli kvleva-ZiebiT,da aseve Sua saukuneTa somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT, aseTi Tanxvedra

SecdomiTia~ (ix. saiti Armenia.ge, history, Древнее Армянское ЦарствоУрарту (Араратское царство).

maSasadame, iliasa da aseve mecxramete saukunis istorikosTa Tval-

sazrisi qarTvelebis qaldeasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb uaryofili iqna

Sua saukuneTa somxur wyaroebze apelirebiT, Tumca ki cnobilia,

rom somxur wyaroebs urartuze araviTari cnobebi ar moepovebaT,

urartus istoriis wyarod isini ar gamodgebian.

sinamdvileSi urartu arqeologiurad Seuswavlelia.

1916 wlis i. orbelisa da n. maris arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sem-

deg vanis tbis sanapiroebi (sadac iyo centri urartus saxelmwifo-

482

si) arqeologebs arc ki SeuswavliaT, mizezad saxeldeba aq mcxovre-

bi qurTebis omi damoukideblobisaTvis.

aqve aRniSnulia, rom faqtiurad Seuswavlelia urartus werilo-

biTi wyaroebic.

Sesabamis kvlevaSi aRniSnulia, marTalia Tanamedrove mecniereba

flobs did cnobebs urartus saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, magram rCeba mrava-

li gadauwyveteli sakiTxi da dausabuTebeli mosazreba. es Ziri-

Tadad dakavSirebuli aris arqeologiuri muSaobis arasakmaris moc-

ulobasTan.

urartus werilobiT wyaroebTan erTad SemorCenili aris urar-

tus Zeglebi da xelovnebis nimuSebi, romelTagan mravali cudadaa

Seswavlili. magram arsebiTia is, rom miuxedavad urartus ganfenisa

did teritoriaze, organizebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi iq Catar-

da mxolod or adgilas _ qalaq vanTan da qalaq erevanTan (karmir-

bluris borcvze da erebunis cixe-simagre arin-berdis mTaze).

ase rom Zvel-somxur saistorio wyaroebs, Tanamedrove arqeolo-

giasa da lingvistikas ar SeuZlia erTmniSvnelovnad Tqvas, rom qar-

Tvelebs urartusTan kavSiri ar hqondaT da iq ar saxlobdnen.

faqtebi imisa, rom urartus saxeli antikur avtorTa cnobebiT

iyo `qaldea~, maTi mTavari RmerTis saxeli `qaldi~, araratis mTis

Zveli saxeli `kardu~ da aseve arqanjelo lambertis mowodebuli

cnoba, rom wmida epifane kidobnis gaCerebis adgils (araratis mTebs)

`arminelTa da qarTvelTa qveynis Suaguls uwodebda~ (a. lamberti,

samegrelos aRwera, 2011, gv. 24) safuZvels gvaZlevs mosazrebisa,

rom swori iyo mecxramete saukunis istoriografia am sakiTxis Sesaxeb,

miTumetes, rom urartu iyo mravalerovnuli qveyana, dasaxlebuli

sxvadasxva tomebiT, romlebic mudam ibrZodnen qveynis centraluri

xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, damoukideblobis mosapoveblad.

urartus tomTa Soris erTerTi qaldebis tomi unda yofiliyo.

miTumetes, rom urartus saxelmwifos dacemisTanave asparezze gamo-

dian qaldebi anu xalibebi mcxovrebi urartus yofili teritoriis

Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, vidre Sav zRvamde.

ismis kiTxva, ratom erqvaT maT saxeli `qaldebi~ (urartus mTa-

vari RmerTisa da qveynisa) da urartus saxelmwifos dacemisTanave

ratom gamoCndnen asparezze?

483

lingvisturad, marTalia, mecxramete saukuneSi miiCnevdnen, rom

urartus ena naTesaobiT kavSirSi iyo qarTulTan, somxurTan da semi-

tur enebTan, magram meoce saukunis dasawyisSi is daukavSires ram-

denime kavkasiur enas.

n. maris, i. meSCaninovis, b. piotrovskis, g. meliqiSvilis, i. dia-

konovis ZalisxmeviT gamoqveynda urartus warweraTa korpusi da maTi

Targmanebi. dadginda, rom urartus enas xuritulTan hqonda kavSi-

ri. Semdeg ki axali hipoteza SeimuSava s. starostinma, rom urartu-

li da xurituli enebi enaTesavebian naxur-daRestnur enebs.

aqedan Cans, rom urartuli enis lingvisturi kvleva jerac burus-Sia, amasTanave aRiarebulia isic, rom urartus ar aerTianebda erTi

ena da erTi kultura da aRmoCenili warwerebi gakeTebulia ara zogad

urartul enaze, aramed erTerTi tomis enaze.

aqedanac SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom, rogorc iTqva, urartus tome-

bis gverdiT cxovrobda sxva tomebic, maT Soris qarTuli anu qal-dus tomi, romelic imiT iyo saxelovani, rom misi mTavari RmerTi me-Taurobda urartus tomTa RmerTebis~ panTeons.

mkvlevari wers: `urartul enas mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba ewo-dos urartuli~. mas hqonda Zalze gaugebari leqsika, fonetika da gra-matikuli wyoba. lingvistebi mkiTxaoben romel enaTa jgufs mi-akuTvnon es ena~ (iqve).

urartus enis raoba daudgenelia. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniS-

navia, rom arameuli ena wina aziis sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis, xal-

xisa da kulturis werilobiT enas warmoadgenda, magram arcerTi es

xalxi ar iyo arameeli. msgavsadve, SesaZlebelia, rom urartus war-

werebis ena iyos ara urartus tomTa, aramed sagangebod am warwere-

bisTvis aRebuli romelime sxva ena, Sesabamisad am eniT urartus

tomTa eTnokuTvnilebis dadgena gaWirdeba.

amiT, rogorc Cans, kargad sargebloben is somexi mecnierebi,

romelnic mTel msoflioSi, da gansakuTrebiT sainterneto sivrce-

Si, amkvidreben Tvalsazriss, rom urartu Tavidanve iyo armenieleb-

is qveyana.

somexma mecnierebma (v. xaCatrianma da sxvebma) wamoayenes koncef-

cia, rom meore aTaswleulis xeTur wyaroebSi naxsenebi qveyana xa-

iasa (haiasa) iyo qveyana `nairi-urartu~, rom Zv. w. II aTaswleulis

484

haiasas qveynis sazRvrebi emTxveoda meSvide saukunis avtoris anania

Sirakacis mixedviT Sedgenil somxeTis rukas.

maSasadame, maTi azriT, urartu haiasas anu somxebis saxelmwifo

iyo Tavidanve.

rogorc vTqviT, amis mizezi is aris, rom urartu faqtiurad ar-

qeologiurad da lingvisturad Seuswavlelia, es iZleva safuZvels

srulebiT sxvadasxva Teoriebisa da koncefciebis wamoyenebas.

Sesabamisad, tabu unda aexsnas Tanamedrove qarTul istoriogra-

fiaSi damkvidrebul dogmas, rom ar SeiZleba urartus qarTvelebT-

an dakavSireba. amisTvis araviTari samecniero safuZveli ar arse-

bobs. piriqiT saWiro aris intensiuri kvleva-Zieba am kuTxiT da ax-

ali Teoriebis gamomzeureba.

qaldebis saxeli Cans ismoda ara mxolod urartuSi, aramed vr-

cel geografiul sivrceSi urartudan Sav zRvamde araqsisa da Worox-

evfratis saTaveebis CaTvliT. aq saukuneTa maZilze figurirebda

saxelebi _ xalitu, qaldu da xaldi (qaldi)

strabonis cnobiT, troas omis dros troelTa dasaxmareblad

gaeSurnen aliZonebi igive qaldebi.

qaldebi strabonis epoqaSi SavizRvispireTSi, istoriul kolxeT-

Si, cxovrobdnen. ufro adre ki qsenofontes dros (Zv. w. 401 wli-

saTvis) isini aseve evfratis da arawanis xeobebTan cxovrobdnen.

qsenofontis leqsikonSi maT (qald-xalibebs) ewodebaT `homero-

sis halibebi, haliZonebi, alibes mkvidrni, strabonis droindeli

qaldebi, Wanuri tomi, romlis kvali Cans mdinare fazisis auzidan

Woroxamde Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi~ (TinaTin giorgobiani, qsenofontis

leqsikoni, Tbilisi 2004, gv. 131).

jer kidev wmida ilia WavWavaZem brZana, rom Zveli qarTvelebi

urartuSi mkvidrobdnen.

urartus `qaldeas~ qveyana erqva da Sesabamisad mis mosaxleobas

ewodeboda `qalduelebi~. ZvelqarTulad qarTvelebs `qarTuelebi~

erqvaT.

aqedan Cans, rom qarTuli tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli vrceli miwa-

wyali vanis tbidan Sav zRvamde.

485

strabonis cnobiT, troas omis dros troelTa dasaxmareblad

gaeSurnen aliZonebi igive qaldebi.strabonis epoqaSi qaldebi Savi zRvispireTSi cxovrobdnen. ufro

adre ki qsenofontes dros (Zv. w. 401 wlisaTvis) isini aseve evfratis

da arawanis xeobebTan cxovrobdnen.

ratom exmarebobdnen troel-frigielebs qaldebi?

amis mizezi unda yofiliyo maTi eTnikuri erTgvarovneba. tro-

elebi, rom frigielebi iyvnen am cnobas Cven gvawvdis qsenofontis

leqsikoni (TinaTin giorgobiani, qsenofontis leqsikoni, Tbilisi

2004, gv. 131).

frigielebTan mesxebis kavSiris Sesaxeb vinkleris cnobaze dayrd-

nobiT miuTiTeben sxvebic (episkoposi anania jafariZe, qarTvelTa

qarTvelTa winaprebis bibliuri istoria, 1994).

Tavis mxriv kolxebisa da mesxebis igiveobis Sesaxeb miuTiTebda

megasTene qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi.

rogorc cnobilia, troelebi gadasaxlebulan italiaSi da ukan

frigielebis saxeliT dabrunebulan mcire azia-kavkasiaSi.

maTi es mogzauroba SeiZleba miviCnioT mesxur-kolxuri anu qarTu-

li tomebis migraciad kavkasiidan evropaSi da ukan mcire aziaSi.

kavkasiidan evropisaken gadaadgilebis dros isini nostratiul anu

protoindoevropul enaTa jgufs ganekuTvnebodnen (am jgufs

akuTvneben qarTul enasac), xolo ukan dabrunebis dros indoevro-

puls anda kvlav nostratiuls.

rogorc cnobilia, xalibebi da qaldebi miiCneva metalurgiiT sax-

elganTqmul pelazgur-kolxur tomad.

amave qsenofontis leqsikonSi maT (xalibebs) ewodebaT `homero-sis halibebi, haliZonebi, alibes mkvidrni, strabonis droindeliqaldebi, Wanuri tomi, romlis kvali Cans mdinare fazisis auzidanWoroxamde Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi~.

jer kidev wmida ilia WavWavaZem brZana, rom Zveli qarTvelebi

urartuSi mkvidrobdnen.

urartus `qaldeas~ qveyana erqva da Sesabamisad mis mosaxleobas

ewodeboda `qalduelebi~ (ZvelqarTulad qarTvelebs `qarTuelebi~

erqvaT). amJamad es Tvalsazrisi kategoriulad miuReblad iTvleba

486

somexi mecnierebis aqtiurobis wyalobiT, magram qarTulma istori-

ografiam am mimarTulebiT kvleva unda gaagrZelos.

ismis kiTxva, ra SeiZleba yofiliyo mizezi imisa, rom qarTuli tome-

biT iyo dasaxlebuli vrceli miwa-wyali vanis tbidan Sav zRvamde?

niko mari werda, rom iafeturi anu qarTuli modgmis xalxebiT

iyo dasaxlebuli xmelTaSua zRvispireTi qristeSobamde aTaswleu-

lebiT adre. Semdgom isini SeuviwroebiaT sxva xalxebs, mcire azia ki

am modgmiT darCa dasaxlebuli.

`n. maris gamokvlevebis mixedviT mTa ararati (urartuSi) gviandeli

saxelwodebaa, ufro adrindel xanaSi ki am mTis saxeli iyo kardu~ (sum-

eruli nasiri)~ _ werda z. gamsaxurdia (https://zviadgamsakhurdia.wordpress.com).

samxreT kavkasia da momijnave qveynebi

elinizmis periodSi (lev gumiliovi)

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi IV-III ss-Si Cvens eramde

aleqsandre makedonelis mier aqemenidTa damarcxebis Semdeg sam-

xreT kavkasiis qveynebis urTierToba iranTan Sewyda, makedonuri ja-

rebi ar yofilan samxreT kavkasiaSi da araqsis samxreTiT mimdebare

mTianeTamde. adgilobrivma satrapebma da naxevrad damokidebulma

mefeebma, romelnic aleqsandres mimarT loialurebi iyvnen, misi

gardacvalebis Semdeg damoukidebloba moipoves.

kolxida _ dasavlur-qarTuli gaerTianeba didi xania damoukide-

blad iyo. ukve Cvens eramde VIII saukuneSi man savaraudod memkvidre-

obad miiRo taoxebis xurituli saxelmwifos Crdilo nawili, urar-

tuelebis mier ganadgurebuli, romelic Woroxis xeobaSi mdebare-

obda, masSi savaraudod Sedioda, baTumi, kolxidis Tavdapirveli

centri _ wers gumiliovi (Cemi azriT, ki acci-haiasa da diaoxi (taoxi)

imTaviTve iyo qarTuli anu kolxuri).

uZvelesi kolxida, Cans, ganadgurda VIII-VII ss-Si Cvens eramde kime-

riul-skviTuri SemosevebiT.

487

axali kolxida, romlis centri rionis xeobaSi iyo, SesaZloa, I

aTaswleulis SuaSi Cvens eramde dasaxlebuli iyo megrelebisa da

SesaZloa afxazebis winaprebiT _ ambobs is da ganagrZobs:

aqemenidebis dros me-19 satrapiaSi Sediodnen dasavlur-qarTuli

tomebi (xalibebi anu mosxebi, Cans TurqeTSi amJamad mcxovrebi Wanebis

winaprebi) da zogierTi sxva, romelTa kavSiri sparsul xelisufle-

basTan sakmaod susti iyo (termini `xalibi~, Cans dakavSirebuli rki-

nis uZveles saxelTan (xaTuri xabalki~), romelsac isini Tavdapirve-

lad monopoliurad moipovebdnen TavianT sacxovris teritoriaze,

termini `mosxi~ SesaZloa maT mier frigiuli kulturis miRebasTan

iyo dakavSirebuli (frigielebis erTerTi saxelia _ muSki), isini aseve

Cans iwodebodnen ase _ `xalitu~ anu `xaldi~ _ termini, romelic

adre arasworad gadaitanes urartuze).

kolxebi drodadro ugzavnidnen aqemenidebs simbolur xarks _

miwebis saxiT da ugzavnidnen damxmare razmebs, Cans armeniis gankar-

gulebis qveS.

Tavdapirvelad aqemenidebis me-13 satrapia, armenia, melitinad

iwodeboda.

gumiliovi ganagrZobs: Crdilo dasavleT armenia~ (urartu) _ Sead-

genda me-18 satrapias, romelic, jer kidev ar unda yofiliyo bo-

lomde armenizebuli enobrivad, mis SemadgenlobaSi somxebTan, urar-

tuel-alarodebTan, xurit-matienebTan erTad Sediodnen aRmosav-

lur qarTuli tomi _ sasperebi (e.i. gumiliovis daskvniT me-19-e sa-

trapiaSi gasomxdnen sasperebi da urartus sxva tomebi _ alarodebi

da matienebi. xolo, XVIII satrapiis xalxebis _ sasperebis, alarodeb-

isa da matienebis gasomxebis procesi ukve dawyebuli iyo).

aqemenidebis dacemis Semdeg erTerTi bolo sparsi satrapis Svil-

ma miTridat II-m (300-266 Zv.w.), SeZlo me-19 satrapiidan samefos Seqm-

na _ mas pontos samefo erqva. misi mosaxleobis nawili Sedgeboda

dasavlur protoqarTuli tomebisgan.

Cans, pontom, Tavis gavlenis qveS kolxidac Seiyvana, Tumca am

samefos siZlieris safuZvels berZnuli (an elinizirebuli) qalaqebi

Seadgendnen (rogorc aRiniSna gumiliovi xalibebs aseve uwodebs

mosxebs da aseve xaldebs (xalitu). misi azriT xalibebi, mosxebi da

488

xaldebi _ erTi xalxi iyo _ isini me-18 satrapiis ZiriTadi mosaxle-

oba iyo, xolo me-19 satrapiis tomebi urartuelebi anu alarodebi,

matienebi anu xuritebi da sasperebi _ im periodSi ukve armenizaciis

procesSi imyofebodnen. gumiliovis azriT _ sasperebi _ qarTuli

tomi iyo.

maSasadame, qarTveli sasperebi _ urartus Zveli xalxi _ gasomxda.

Cveni azriT, terminebi alarodi da xuriti erTmaneTTan etimolo-

giurad unda iyvnen dakavSirebuli, Tuki termin alarodSi bgera l~

iyo e.w. `rbili l~, romelic gamoiTqmoda rogorc mokle i~ an h (x),

maSin miiReba: alarodi = aiarodi _ aharodi _ axarodi, axurodi,

axuroti, axuriti, xuriti).

gumiliovi wers: SesaZloa arian-qarTli~ _ es aris qarTul tom-

Ta teritoria, romelic Sedioda erTerT aqemenidur satrapiaSi da

Semdeg selivkidur satrapiaSi, ufro metad me-18-Si, radganac, cno-

bilia, rom am satrapias miekuTvneboda protoqarTuli sasperebis

tomi~.

arsebobda legenda, rom iveriaSi azosTan erTad Camovida gadmo-

saxlebulTa didi jgufi. maT TavianT warmoSobas ukavSirebdnen iveri-

is zeda fenis zogierTi sagvareuloebi. rogorc Cans am gadmosaxle-

bulebs miiCnevdnen im qarTvelebad, romlebic adre cxovrobdnen

aqemenidTa teritoriaze _ wers gumiliovi, misi TvalsazrisiT ufro

sando aris meore qarTuli gadmocema, romelic iveriis samefos

fuZemdeblad miiCnevs ara azos, aramed farnavazs, romelsac kavSiri

hqonia selevkidebis samefosTan Cvens eramde III saukuneSi.

iveriis saxelmwifos dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi napovni Zveli warwerebi

ganekuTvnebian I saukunes da isini Sedgenilia arameul enaze. aseve

napovnia I saukunis berZnuli warwera, romelic gaukeTebiaT imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom iveriis mefis TxovniT romael jariskacebs monaw-

ileoba miuRiaT fortipikaciul samuSaoebSi.

ufro Zveli warwerebi saqarTveloSi mopovebuli ar aris, (magram

albaT aq cdeba gumiliovi, radganac rogorc varaudoben vanis naqa-

laqaris gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenilia Cvens eramde III saukunis berZnu-

li da arameuli warwerebi), aRniSnulis gamo I saukuneze ufro adre,

iveriis samefos Sesaxeb wyaroebi ar arsebobs.

489

sxva viTareba aris somxeTis samefosTan dakavSirebiT, qsenofon-

tes Tavis kiropediaSi mocemuli aqvs cnoba somxeTis samefos Sesax-

eb, miiCneva, rom qsenofontes kiropedia literaturuli Txzulebaa,

magram mkvlevarTa azriT armeniis Sesaxeb qveTavSi es Txzuleba (ig-

ulisxmeba kiropedia) iZens istoriulobas, radganac qsenofonte Tavis

10 000 kaciani jariT TviTonve imyofeboda armeniaSi, kerZod kiro-

pediaSi aRniSnulia, rom Cvens eramde VI saukuneSi arsebobda armeni-

is samefo, romelic midias emorCileboda, aRebuli hqonda valde-

buleba gadaexada xarki, daxmareboda jariT da ar aeSenebina cixe-

simagreebi da sxva. ar aris dasaxelebuli armeniis mefis saxeli, ma-

gram ixsenieba misi Svilebis kirosis megobar tigranisa da sabarisis

saxelebi, aRniSnuli aris am samefos simdidrisa da samxedro Zlierebis

Sesaxeb, kirosi im dros yofila ara mefe, aramed mxolod midiis

sardali, man mSvidobiani gziT daimorCila armenia da amasTanave ar-

menielebs daexmara daeregulirebina TavianTi urTierToba Crdilo-

dasavlel mezobel xaldebTan _ xalibebTan, SemdgomSi kirosma daamxo

midiis samefo da daafuZna sakuTari samefo, am dros is kvlav eyrd-

noboda somxur jars, romelsac tigrani meTaurobda (esaa gumilio-

vis azri).

Cveni azriT, qsenofonte imeorebs legendas kirosis Sesaxeb, romel-

ic misgan daSorebuli iyo TiTqmis saukuniT, amitomac misi cnoba,

rom kirosis dros arsebobda armeniis samefo, mTlad ueWveli ar

aris, magram, mas kargad SeumCnevia is, rac Tavis TvaliT naxa, es iyo

Seuwyveteli brZola armenielebsa da qarTvelTa winapar qaldebs

Soris. mizezi amisa iyo is, rom armenielebi spars-midielebis mxar-

daWeriT qaldebs arTmevdnen saukeTeso saxnav-saTes miwebs, tovebd-

nen umiwawylod da aZevebdnen TavianTi qveynidan, n. adoncis kvlev-

iT qarTvelTa miwa-wyali im droisaTvis moicavda araqsis pirebs da

mis gacilebiT samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals, romelic Suaze gakveTes

armeniulma tomebma, samxreTiT darCnen karduxebi, xolo Crdilo-

eTiT qaldebi.

qsenofontes cnobiTac, qaldebic da karduxebic samkvdro-sasic-

ocxlod ebrZodnen armenielebs, magram marcxdebodnen uTanasworo

omSi, radganac armenielebs exmarebodnen rogorc sparselebi, ise

490

maTi memkvidre aleqsandres Semdgomi berZnul-elinisturi saxelm-

wifoebi. qsenofonte aRwers Tavis anabazisSi karduxebis, qaldebis

da armenielebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb.

gumiliovis azriT kiropediis cnobiT, Cvens eramde VI saukuneSi

somxeTis samefos arsebobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba dadasturebulad Cai-

Tvalos movses xorenacis msgavsive cnobiT, sadac is ixseniebs kiro-

sis dros somxebis mefis saxels ervands, romelic midias ebrZoda.

amave dros bibliaSic e.w. Togarmas saxli samefod iwodeba, Tu es

samefo namdvilad arsebobda, is maleve gardaqmnila sparsul satrapi-

ad, radganac bexistunis warweraSi darios I laparakobs armeniis Sesax-

eb, Tumca ki babilonur teqstSi es armenia jer kidev urartud iwode-

ba, cnobilia, aseve dariosis mxedarTmTavarTa ajanyebis Sesaxeb,

romelTaganac erTerTi armenielad ixsenieba.

TiTqosda, herodotes cnobidan gamomdinareobs, rom somxuri iyo

me-13 da me-18 satrapiebi, magram me-18 satrapiis Sesaxeb cnobebi amas

ar miuTiTebs.

qsenofonte, romelmac 401 wels armeniaze gaiara Tavisi 10 000

berZniT, axsenebs armeniis satraps ervand oronts, romelsac colad

hyavda sparseTis mefis qaliSvili da aseve dasavleT armeniis gi-

parxs tiribazs.

qsenofontedan Cans, rom 401 wlisaTvis armenielebi araqss ar

flobdnen.

zemoT aRniSnul cnobaTa urTierTmsgavsebam (Zv.w. VI saukuneSi

ervands _ armeniis mefed ixseniebs movses xorenaci, xolo 401 wels

qsenofonte aseve ervands uwodebs armeniis satraps), warmoqmna myari

varaudi, rom TiTqosda Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi arsebobda ervandideb-

is dinastia, romlebic Tavdapirvelad armeniis mefeebi iyvnen, Semdgom

armeniis satrapebi da Semdgom kvlav armeniis mefeebad iwodnen.

ervandidebis Sesaxeb cnobebi aseTia:

I. movses xorenaciT Cvens eramde VI s-Si ervandi erqva armeniis

mefes, qsenofontes kiropediis cnobiT ki _ armenias Tavis mefe hyavda.

II. 401 wels anabazisis cnobiT ervandi erqva armeniis satraps.

III. 320-ian wlebSi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaSi ervandi erqva

dariosis satraps armeniaSi, romelic Semdgom armeniis mefed iwoda.

491

IV. I saukuneSi ervandi ixsenieba komagenes mefis warwerebSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom straboni ixsenebs bolo ervands Cvens eramde III

saukuneSi.

Cvens eramde III saukunis armeniis Sesaxeb istoriis wyaroebi Zalze

mwiria.

araqs-axurianis SesarTavSi aaSenes airaratis samefos axali

dedaqalaqi ervandaSati urartus argiStixinilis adgilas da aseve

maxloblad aSenda sxva dasaxlebebi ervandis saxeliT.

Cvens eramde 212 wels antioqos III-m gailaSqra sofenas dedaqala-

qisaken, SeSinebulma sofenas mefem zavi iTxova, mas antioqosma Tavi-

si dai SerTo colad da laSqroba gaagrZela egviptisaken, airaratis

samefos bolo mmarTveli ervandi antioqoss daemorCila.

atropatenas samefos Sesaxeb cnobilia Semdegi: roca aleqsandrem

daamarcxa darios III-is laSqari gavgamelasTan, sparselebis mxares

ibrZoda midiis satrapi atropati (aseve armeniis satrapi ervandi).

damarcxebis Semdgom, dariosis satrapebis umravlesoba mivida

aleqsandresTan, romelTaganac man zogierTi datova Zvel Tanamde-

bobaze, aseve datova midiis sardali atropati. aleqsandres sikvdi-

lis Semdeg man (atropatma) Tavisi Tavi mefed gamoacxada, Tumca

pretenzia ar hqonda mTeli midiis satrapiaze, aramed mxolod mis

Crdilo nawilze. man midias Camoacila Crdilo nawili (urmiis tbi-

spireTi da mdinare araqsis orive sanapiro), da Seqmna samefo, romel-

sac erqva atropatis midia, romelsac Semdgom berZnulad ewoda at-

ropatena.

222-230 wlebSi atropatenas marTavda artabazani, mas eWira aseve

araqsis Crdilo da samxreT teritoriebi, atropatenas dedaqalaqi

maZaka mdebareobda mdinare araqsze.

berZeni istorikosis polibiosis cnobiT, artabazanis samflobe-

lo ganfenili iyo kaspiis zRvidan fazisis zemowelamde, gumiliovi

md. fazisad miiCnevs mdinare rions, amitomac mas polibiosis cnoba

sworad ar esmis da miiCnevs, rom artabazanis samflobelo grZelde-

boda kaspiis zRvidan rionis saTavemde, anu mas hgonia, rom aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelo artabazans ekuTvnoda, magram fazisad iwodeboda

ara rioni, aramed Woroxi, amitomac artabazanis samflobeloSi Sedio-

492

da ara aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, aramed araqsispireTi vidre WoroxissaTaveebamde.

polibiosis cnobaSi gumiliovs eWvi epareba, radganac fiqrobs,

rom iveria (misi azriT ase erqva aRmosavleT saqarTvelos) ar ekuTvn-

oda artabazans, magram polibiosis cnobis kritika saWiro ar gaxdebaim SemTxvevaSi Tu fazisad miviCnevT mdinare Woroxs.

selevkidebi (antioqia) da atropatena erTmaneTs ecilebodnen

araqsis am miwa-wyals.

aleqsandres Semdeg vercxlis monetebi iWrebodnen mxolod kolx-

eTsa da sofenaSi (Cvens eramde III saukuneSi), savaWro gza gadioda

Crdiloevfrat-Woroxis monakveTze, es unda iyos Semdgomi artaan-

artanuj-Woroxis damakavSirebeli gza, romelic artaanidan uerT-

deba, rogorc yarss aseve erzrums.

araqsis xeobisa da misi mTianeTis armenizacia

arian-qarTlis centraluri olqis (Semdgomi airaratis)

armenizacia

l. gumiliovi, rogorc aRiniSna, miiCnevs, rom arian-qarTli Sesa-

Zloa me-18 satrapiaSi mdebareobda da iq (me-18 satrapiaSi) mcxovre-

bi tomebi _ alarodebi (urartuelebi), matienebi (xuritebi) da sas-perebi _ armenizaciis procesSi imyofebodnen elinizmis epoqaSi.

aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom l. gumiliovs me-19 satrapiis tomebi xal-ibebi, mosxebi da xaldebi _ erT protoqarTul eTnosad miaCnia.

Cveni azriT qaldebi da kolxebi erTi xalxi iyo, radganac termine-

bi `qaldi~ da `kolxi~ erTi etimologiisaa, amasTanave qaldebisa da

kolxebis gansaxlebis arealebi erTmaneTs kveTen istoriulad. sas-perebic, l. gumiliovs iberebad miaCnia, romelmac armenizacia ganica-da XVIII satrapiaSi.

me-18 satrapia ZiriTadad moicavda urartus yofili samefos teri-

torias, vanis tbispireTs, urmiis tbisken da aseve araqsis xeobisken

mimarTul teritoriebs. urartus samefos daSlisTanave mis rogorc

493

samxreTiT, aseve CrdiloeTiT _ (araqsis xeobasTan) fiqsirdebian

qarTuli tomebi karduxebi da qaldebi (xalibebi).Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda Teoria, rom qaldebica da karduxebic

erTi xalxi iyo,

miiCneoda, rom qaldebi (xaldebi) erTerTi ZiriTadi mmarTveli

tomi iyo urartus samefosi, romlis RmerTic _ qaldu (xaldu) urar-

tus uzenaes RvTaebad iwodeboda da, rom, saerTod, urartus unda

ewodos qaldus qveyana. am Teoriis safuZvelze XIX s-Si ilia Wav-

WavaZe miiCnevda kidec, rom urartuelebi qarTvelTa winaprebi iyvnen.

es Teoria XX saukuneSi ukugdebul iqna da amJamad Secdomad miiC-

neva, ZiriTadad es Teoria uaryofil iqna somexi mecnieris kvleveb-

is safuZvelze, romelTac SemdgomSi haiasas (da ara qaldus) qveynad

dasaxes urartu.

magram am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc iTqva, pasuxgaucemeli rCeba kiTx-

va, Tu ki urartuSi qaldebis tomi ar cxovrobda, misi ngrevisTanave

rogor aRmoCnda rogorc mis CrdiloeTSi, ise samxreTSi tomebi qald~

saxelwodebiT (qaldebi da karduxebi)? es kiTxva upasuxoa, anda poli-

tizirebuli.

n. adonci miiCnevda, rogorc aRiniSna, rom urartus mTianeTi araq-

sispireTTan erTad qarTuli tomebis sacxovrisi iyo, romelic Sem-

degSi Suaze gaikveTa somxuri tomebis mier, amitomac CrdiloeTSiqaldebi, samxreTSi ki karduxebi aRmoCndnen.

saerTod urartueli alarodebis da sasperebis da matienebis ar-

menizaciis procesi daiwyo da didxans gagrZelda. axla aris mcde-

loba da uamravi gamokvleva keTdeba imis mtkicebad, rom matienebida muSqebic ki, TiTqosda protosomxuri tomebi iyvnen. axla, es Tval-

sazrisi mTlianadaa gaziarebuli.

axla muSqebi protosomxebad, xolo mosxebi _ protoqarTvelebadmiiCneva.

yovel SemTxvevaSi faqtia, rom qarTuli tomebis armenizacia qriste-

Sobamde saukuneebiT adre daiwyo da SuasaukuneebSic gagrZelda.

strabonis epoqaSi, araqsi jer kidev iTvleboda sazRvrad ibereb-

sa da somxebs Soris. aseve, araqsi iTvleboda sazRvrad iberiasa da

bizantias Soris konstantine porfirogenetis epoqaSi. XI s-Si bizan-

tiam araqsispireTi `iberiis Tems~ miakuTvna.

494

qristeSobamde III saukune iyo periodi selevkidebis Zlierebisa,

antioqos III-m daimorCila samxreT kavkasiis nawilebzec ki Tavisi

gavlena gaavrcela.

mas Semdeg, rac Cvens eramde 190 wels antioqos III romaelebma

daamarcxes magnesiasTan, armeniis aqtiuroba maSinve gaZlierda.

strabonis cnobiT 189 wels armeniam Seqmna sakuTari patara same-

fo, romlis mefe iyo artaSes I (iqamde armeniis selevkidis strate-

gi), misi mama iyo cnobili zariadre. amave dros sofenaSi aRdga same-

fo, romelsac sxva zariadre marTavda (aseve yofili selevkidis

strategi), romelic is zariadre unda iyos, romelmac artaqsiasTan

erTad iberebs waarTva vrceli miwa-wyali, pariadres kalTebidan,

xorZenasa da gogarenas CaTvliT.

es miuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli somxuri samefoebi Camoyalibdnen

iberielTa miwebze.

ufro adrec iberielTa miwebis nawili yofili ervandidebis sam-

flobeloSi Sedioda.

aRniSnuli artaSesis samefo moicavda araratis dablobs Sua araqs-

ze, esec erTerTi nawili unda yofiliyo iberebis im miwa-wylisa,

romelic strabonis cnobiT zariadrem da artaqsiam waarTves iberebs.

maSasadame, rogorc Cans, araratis xeoba Sedioda xorZenas xeobaSi,

romelic strabonisave cnobidan gamomdinare mdebareobda pariadresa

da gogarenas Sua, gogarena ki mtkvris iqiT mdebareobda. maSasadame,

xorZena moqceuli iyo pariadresa da mtkvars Sua. gogarenas adgilm-

debareobis Sesaxeb straboni Tavisi Sromis or adgilas iZleva erT-

sa da imave cnoba, pirvelis mixedviT gogarena mdebareobda araqsis

nayofieri xeobis bolos mdebare sakasenas iqiT _ mtkvris meore san-

apiroze anu mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze. meore cnobaSic straboni

wers, rom gogarena mtkvris iqiT, anu marcxena sanapiroze mdebare-

obda. rac Seexeba xorZenas, is mdebareobda gogarenasa da pariadres

Sua, mTian-Tovlian regionSi. maSasadame, mtkvarsa da pariadres Sua,

aqedan Cans, rom xorZena erqva araqsispira, mis CrdiloeT mTianeTs,

mtkvar-araqis xeobaTa gamyof mTian zols, gadaSlils pariadredan

mtkvramde (da ara klarjeTTan mdebare mcire teritorias, rogorc

495

amJamad miiCneva). Tu ase iyo, maSin araqsis xeobis mTianeTi (Crdilo

mTianeTi) iberebs mxolod Zv. w. 188 wels daukargavT.

strabonis cnoba, rom gogarena `mtkvris iqiT~ mdebareobda amJa-

mad ugulebelyofilia, anda miiCneva, rom aq mtkvris qveS igulisxme-

ba misi monakveTi saTavesTan, magram straboni garkveviT ambobs, rom

gogarena `mtkvris iqiT~ mdebareobda.

aq mtkvris qveS igulisxmeba ara mtkvris saTave, aramed Semdgomi

xunanis qvemoT mtkvris monakveTi arcaxTan. mtkvris am monakveTis

marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda gogarena, qarTuli wyaroebi mas (am

regions) hereTs uwodebdnen. maSasadame, pariadredan gogarenamde anu

hereTamde xorZena mdebareobda. Sesabamisad, araqsi (misi nawili) unda

yofiliyo iberebiT dasaxlebuli.

mdinare araqsze artaSess augia Tavisi pirveli dedaqalaqi arta-

Sati, airaratis samefos ZiriTadi nawili aq mdebareobda, aq mraval

qalaqs erqva zariadres saxeli, anu im piris, romelmac iberebs xorZena

waarTva, pariadresa da gogarenasTan erTad.

artaSes I-ma, zariadres mamam gaafarTova Tavisi samflobelo im

olqebis xarjze, romelnic adre atropatenasa da iverias ekuTvno-

da, gumiliovi wers, rom misi samflobelo gacda im teritorias,

romelzec somxureonovani mosaxleoba cxovrobda.

misi miTiTebiT mokles iveriis mefe, farnavazis memkvidre da

taxtze somexi ufliswuli aiyvanes, Semdgom artaSesma kidev ufro

gaafarTova Tavisi sazRvrebi dasavleTisa da samxreTis mimarTu-

lebiT.

artaSes I-is sikvdilis Semdeg daiwyo parTia-armeniis omebi, par-

Tiam Tavisi gavlena gaavrcela atropatenasaken, marTalia is iyo

susti samefo, magram SeZlo somxeTTan gamarjveba da mZevlad waiy-

vana mefis Ze tigrani.

is maleve gaTavisuflda da qristeSobamde 95 wels tigran II didis

saxeliT avida armeniis taxtze, man somxeTs SeuerTa atropatenaSi

cnobili 70 uxvmosavliani veli (isini albaT araqsis xeobaSi mdebar-

eobdnen) da Semdgom SeierTa sofena.

tigrani dauzavda miTridates, pontos mefes, SeirTo colad misi

qaliSvili. maT molaparakebis Semdgom Suaze gaiyves kapadokia.

496

tigranma SeierTa aseve siria da finikia.

kapadokia movses xorenacis cnobiT iberebiT iyo dasaxlebuli,

movses xorenaci wers, rom kapadokiis mTavari qalaqi mazaka eqvemde-

bareboda iberebis im mTavars, romelic pontospireTSi mcxovrebi

iberebis mmarTvelad daadgina samxreTis mefem, Sesabamisad ponto-

spireTi da kapadokiac xorenacis cnobiT iberebiT iyo dasaxlebu-

li, Tavis mxriv aq iberebi gadmousaxlebia nabuqodonosors.

armeniis gaZliereba tigran II-is dros gumiliovis azriT gamou-

wvevia im faqts, rom romi da pirTia samoqalaqo omis qarcecxlSi

iyo gaxveuli, am omebis damTavrebisTanave tigranis samefos stabi-

luroba Seirya, tigranis samefo iyo aramdgradi, aramyari, droebi-

Ti da SemTxveviTi politikuri movlena, tigranis armenias Zala ar

Seswevda dapyrobili xalxis damorCilebisa, Sesabamisad, Cans man gada-

wyvita saxelmwifos Semosavlis mTavar wyarod eqcia savaWro-saxe-

losno centrebis, qalaqebis gamravleba.

tigranma daafuZna axali dedaqalaqi tigranakerti, alzis olqSi.

es olqi alzi istoriulad muSqebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da Zveli mesxe-

bis sacxovrebels warmoadgenda, amitomac erTerTi antikuri cnobis

Tanaxmad, tigranma Tavis qalaqi daafuZna iberiasa da zevgmas Soris,

Cans mesxebiT dasaxlebuli alzis olqi da mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare

teritoriebi iberebis miwa-wylad miiCneoda, es ar aris gasakviri,

radganac rogorc aRiniSna, mTeli es ariali vanis tbispireTidan da

karduxebidan trapezuntamde da qaldebamde iberebis _ qarTvelebis

istoriul miwa-wylad miiCneoda, romelic Suaze gakveTes armeniul-

ma tomebma.

romaelebTan daamarcxebuli miTridate gaiqca tigranTan, mas

daedevna romaeli sardali lukuli da miadga tigranakerts, tigra-

nakertis mosaxleoba ajanyda somxebis winaaRmdeg, romaelebs dar-

CaT qalaqi da samefo saganZuri.

armeniam dakarga siria, finikia da mcire aziis nawili, magram Zv.w.

68 wels lukuli damarcxda artaSatTan araqsze, xolo miTridate

pontoSi dabrunda.

Zv.w. 68 wels pompeusma miTridate daamarcxa da tigrani dauzavda

romaelebs.

497

artaSatidan pompeusi gaemarTa iveriisaken, viTarca tigranis mokav-

Sirisaken da Semdgom is gumiliovis azriT, iveriidan fazisisken ukan

dabrunda suramis uReltexilis gziT, Cveni azriT pompeusi ukan

dabrunda artaan-artanuj-Woroxis samdinaro gziT, romlis SesarTav-

Tanac (amJamindel goniosTan) mdebareobda qalaqi fazisi, fazisTan

pompeuss eloda romauli floti, aqedanve da amave gziT pompeusi

advilad Sevida ukan somxeTSi da samxreTis gavliT gaemarTa alba-

neTSi, sadac uwylo baskanis udabnoSi kaspiis zRvasTan axlos daama-

rcxa albaneli jari.

iberia da albaneTi romaelTa mokavSireebad iqcnen. romTan mego-

brobam orive es saxelmwifo gaaZliera.

pompeusma kolxida gamoyo pontosgan da iq dasva vinme aristarxi,

romlis monetebic moRweulia, amasTanave pontos nawili da mcire

armenia gadasca galatis (kelt) belads deiotars.

Cvens eramde 55-34 wlebSi armenia da parTia SekavSirdnen romis

jaris marcxis gamo, armenia kvlav gafarTovda dasavleTis mima-

rTulebiT, Cvens eramde 36-34 wlebSi romisa da pirTiis omi gada-

izarda armeniasTan omSi, roms esaWiroeboda mezobeli saxelmwifoe-

bis daxmareba.

armeniisTvis ibrZoda antoniusi kleopatras daxmarebiT, qalaqi

artaSati daangries, mefeebis Secvlis Semdeg (artaSesi, tigran III,

tigran IV, erato) tiberiusma armenia gadasca pontoel ufliswuls

da Semdeg Sepirdnen iveriel ufliswuls.

armeniisTvis ibrZodnen romaelebi, parTelebi da iberielebi, sabo-

lood am asparezze gaimarjva iberiam. iberielma mefeebma miTridate

I-ma da farsman I-ma TavianTi Svilebi armeniis mefeebad dasves.armeniisTvis iberielebis gamarjveba parTelebTan da romaelebT-

an asparezisas miuTiTebs, rom eTnikuri iberielebiT jer kidev iyo

dasaxlebuli armeniis vrceli olqebi, araqsis xeobasa, egreTwode-

bul dasavleT armeniasa da sxva miwa-wyalze yofil pariadresa, xorZe-

nasa da gogarenaSi, am faqtoris gareSe patara iveria ver SeZlebda

win aRdgomoda romisa da parTiis imperiebis Zalebs.

Cans armeniaSi mcxobreb iberebs usargebliaT xelsayreli momentiT,

roca armenielTa ZiriTadi Zalebi damarcxebuli iyo romaelebisa

498

da parTelebis mier, ajanyebulan armenielTa batonobis winaaRmdeg

da armeniis samarTavad mouwveviaT mcxeTis iberiis mefe da uflis-

wulebi, mxolod am mosazrebiT Tu SeiZleba aixsnas mcxeTis iveriis

patara saxelmwifos gamarjveba im asparezze, romelic gaimarTa ar-

meniis dasaufleblad romaelebisa da parTelebis saukeTeso mxedar-

TmTavrebis meTaurobiT da ara imiT TiTqosda iberebs exmarebodnen

albanebi da sarmatebi, rogorc miiCnevs gumiliovi, misi azriT al-

baneTic iberiis gavlenis qveS Sedioda.

armeniaSi iberebis hegemonoba miuRebeli aRmoCnda romisaTvis,

romelic TiTqmis erTi saukune ibrZoda armeniisTvis (korbulonis

dros artaSatic ki gadawva). 64 wels (axali welTaRricxviT) randee-

Si, mdinare arawanze daido samSvidobo xelSekruleba romsa da arme-

niaSive moZiebul im Zalas Soris, romelic misaRebi aRmoCnda romis-

aTvis, Trdati Caiyvanes romSi, uboZes damoukidebeli mefis~ titu-

li neronis xeliT. neronma mas didi Tanxa uboZa dangreuli artaSa-

tis aRsadgenad. ase, rom iberiuli miwebi araqssa, pariadresa, xorZe-

nasa da gogarenaSi iberiuli saxelmwifosaTvis daikarga. iq mcxovreb

iberebs meorejer, mxolod arabobis epoqaSi (IX-X saukuneebSi) miecaT

TavianTi erovnulobis (identobis) aRorZinebis saSualeba, aq kidev

erTxel Camoyalibda qarTuli samefo (taos samefo), romlis sazRvreb-

ma kvlav vanis tbamde miaRwia.

aqauri iberielebis armenizaciis naSTi aRmoCenila TviT somxur

enaSi.

gumiliovis mtkicebiT somexi xalxi da misi sazogadoeba warmoad-

genda gagrZelebas xuriti urartuelebisa, magaliTad somxurSi mo-

nas~ aRniSnavdnen xuritul-urartuli sityviT glaxa (sinamdvileSi

gumiliovi imeorebs niko maris azrs, rom somxursa da dabali fenis

qarTulSi sityva glaxaki~ TiTqosda aRniSnavda Zveli kolxebis STa-

momavlobas, Tu es asea, maSin gumiliovs miaCnia, rom qaldebi da

kolxebi xurito-urartuelebi iyvnen).

somxurSi sxva qarTulenovani terminebicaa SemorCenili.

gumiliovs miaCnia, rom atropatenaSi, armeniasa da iveriaSi Camoy-

alibda saerTo saxalxo koine enebi _ saSualo midiuri, somxuri da

qarTuli. dasavleT saqarTveloSi gumiliovis mtkicebiT koine ar

499

iyo, amiT is imeorebs sabWoTa istoriografiis mtkicebas, rom TiTqos-

da qarTuli ena dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelda qarTizaciis pro-

cesis Sedegad IX-X saukuneebSi, maSin roca Zveli qarTuli istori-

ografiis Tanaxmad, azo-farnavazis dros dasavleT saqarTvelo Se-

dioda maT mier dafuZnebul qarTlis samefoSi, romlis sazRvari

gadioda mdinare egriswyalze, Sesabamisad dasavleT saqarTvelo azo-

farnavazis droidanve qarTul saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul sf-

eroSi Sedioda, sadac farnavazma ganavrco ena qarTuli da ar izrax-

eboda aq sxva ena Tvinier qarTulisa~. maSasadame, dasavleT saqarTve-

lo qarTuli koine enis sferoSi Sedioda. es iyo ena, romelic jer

kidev Zvel iveriaSi (yofil arian-qarTlis samefoSi) iyo SemuSavebu-

li, razec miuTiTebs ara marto arsen beris cnoba, rom `Cven arian-

qarTvelTa ena vuwyiT~, aramed is faqtic, rom miuxedavad armeniis

saxelmwifoSi taos, basianisa da mimdebare mxareebis mravalsaukuno-

vani yofnisa, IX-X saukuneebSic ki adgilobrivi mosaxleoba SesaniS-

navad metyvelebda koine qarTuli anu Zveli qarTuli eniT, rasac

miuTiTebs aTonis mTaze am mxareebidan gamosuli berebis mier

dafuZnebuli saliteraturo skolac, aseve am mxareSi arsebuli qar-

Tuli saepiskoposoebis saeklesio qarTuli ena (maT Soris yvelaze

samxreTiT valaSkertis saepiskoposo mdebareobda airaratis olqTan

da araqsTan).

10.02.2014

500

Tavi XVII

etimologiuri Zieba

xeTebis qalaqi arina, nairi da arian-qarTli

Cven gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba rom arian-qarTlis saxeli unda

JRerdes Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTiT mdebare regionis iseT

toponimebSi rogoric aris arzena, arzni, arzrumi, karini, kari, da

sxva. maT saxelebs SeiZleba albaT daematos erzinjani, anu arzin-

jani, artaani, arTvini, artanuji da msgavsi saxelebi, romelTa fuZeeb-

Si JRers `ar~.

aRniSnul regionSi `ar~ fuZis mqone saxelebs axseneben somexi is-

torikosebi, romlebic aRweren me-10-11 saukuneebis ambebs. es aris

arce _ arwni. is iyo didi qalaqi Tanamedrove arzumTan axlos, romel-

ic Turq-selCukebs gaunadgurebiaT. rogorc iTqva, konstantine

porfirogeneti artanujis mxareebsac arzenis qveyanas uwodebda. es

saxeli SeiZleba momdinareobdes sityva arianisagan.

sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi, rom aRniSnuli regionis maxloblad Zvel

xanaSi mdebareobda xeTebis qveyana, romlis qalaqi arina warmoadgen-

da xeTebis mzis RmerTis sakulto centrs. arinas mzis qalRmerTi

Weqa-quxilis RmerTTan erTad warmoadgenda xeTebis panTeonis me-

Taurs. amitom sityva arina saxelovani saxeli iyo xeTur samyaroSi

(i. tatiSvili, ramdeni mze hyavdaT xeTebs, aRmosavlur-kavkasiuri

krebuli, 2001, gv. 109-120).

asuruli wyaroebi vanis tbis sartyelSi md. boxTansus regionis

momcvel qveyanas nairis qveyanas uwodebdnen. Zv.w. aRricxvis me-9

saukunidan asuruli wyaroebi nairis uwodebdnen xubuSqiis samefos.

amave regionSi mdebare, asurul provinciasac nairis uwodebdnen (g.

meliqiSvili, nairi-urartu, I tomi. 1954, gv. 17-19).

501

aRniSnulidan Cans, rom qristesSobamde saxeli nairi - arina - ari-

an ewodeboda vrcel teritorias tao-basianidan vidre vanis tbamde.

vanis tbasTan mdebare nairis siaxloves SemdgomSi cxovrobda kar-

duxebis qarTuli tomi. cnobilia, rom aqve cxovrobdnen aRmosavle-

Tis muSqebi. dasavleTis muSqebi ki cxovrobdnen mdinare yizilir-

makis Sua welis qvemoT. miiCneva, rom mesx-iberebi anu mosxebi arian

muSqebis memkvidreebi. am ukanasknelT ki aigivebdnen frigielebTan.

eTnonimi qarTveli~ g. meliqiSvilis TvalsazrisiT aRniSnavs cixe-

simagris mobinadres, aseve qalaqis cixe-simagris aRmniSvneli aris

frigielTa dedaqalaqis gordionis~ saxelwodeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom

frigielTa saxelmwifos damaarsebels gordiasi erqva. frigielTa

memkvidreebad igulisxmebian ara mxolod muSqebi, aramed zogadad

iberebi:

`qarTvelur samyarosTan frigielTa mimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT

yuradRebas ipyrobs Sida anatoliaSi (iazilikiaSi) napovni qalRm-

erT kibelasadmi miZRvnili Zvel frigiul areiastis warweraSi (Zv.w.

me-VI saukunis I naxevari) moxseniebuli eTnonimi `vrekun~, romelic

gaigivebulia erTerTi frigiuli tomis brekunebis anu brigebis sax-

elwodebasTan. herodotes cnobiT, brigi iyo frigielebis aRmniS-

vneli termini, vidre maT ar miatoves balkaneTi, mcire aziaSi gad-

mosaxlebamde. eTnonimi vrekun avlens msgavsebas qarTvelTa aRmniS-

vnel somxur eTnonimTan virk, vrkan, vrasti-sTan. termini vrkan gvx-

vdeba me-X saukunis somex istorikosTan uxtanesTan, aseve me-V sauku-

nis wyaroSi - lazar farpecis somxeTis istoriasa da movses xorena-

cis naSromSi, igive datvirTva aqvs termin vrois~ (g. qavTaraZe, ana-

toliuri warmomavlobis 2 amierkavkasiuri eTnonimi, kavkasiur-ax-

loaRmosavluri krebuli 2001, gv. 57).

aRsaniSnavia, rom termini vrkan moxsenierebuli aris aseve epis-

toleTa wignSi.

maSasadame, ivaraudeba, rom frigiel tom brigebisagan warmoiSvnen

iberebi, igive vrkan-vracebi, aseve eTnonimebi egri, egriseli, margve-

li, gurieli da sxva msgavsi qarTuli satomo saxelebi frigiul brig~-

Tan, aseve gordion, gordiasTan `gr~, `rg~ fuZiT dakavSirebulni (i-

brig, ibrg, iber; ibrg, irg, arg, egr, gur).

502

aseve sagulisxmoa, rom Zveli saeklesio avtorebi qarTvelebs,

somxebsa da sxva kavkasiur toms erT winapars _ Targamoss uZebnid-

nen da miiCnevdnen, rom Targamosis mama TarSi Trakiul-elinur eT-

narq iavanis Ze iyo iafetur xalxTa rigidan. anu Zvel qarTvelTa

warmodgeniT qarTvelebi iafeturi (e.i. indoevropuli) xalxi iyo

Trakiul-balkanuri wridan.

`iafetis Zeni-gomeri, magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da Tira-

si... iavanis Zeni-eliSa, TarSiSi, qiTami da dodanimi~ (dabadeba, 1 0,1-3).

`ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi~ (qarT-

lis cxovreba, I, 1955, gv. 3).

e.i. genealogia ase warmoidgineba:

noe-iavani-TarSi (TarSiSi) _ Targamosi.

iavani-Trakiul-elinur eTnarqad iTvleboda, xolo misi Ze Tar-

gamosi-kavkasielTa eTnarqad.

es uCvenebs, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi kavkasielebsa da balkanur

tomebs erTi warmoSobis xalxebad miiCnevdnen.Zveli qarTveli saeklesio avtorebi qarTvelebs indoevropele-

bad miiCnevdnen, kerZod ki iafetis STamomavlebad, iafetma ki yvela

indoevropels daudo safuZveli.

am mosazrebiT qarTvelebi arian indoevropelebi da araferi uS-

lis xels isini frigielTa pirdapir STamomavlebad miviCnioT, iseve,

rogorc somxebi da albaT sxva Zveli mcireaziuli tomebic. marTa-

lia, amJamad gabatonebulia dogma rom qarTvelebi ar arian indevro-

pelebi, magram axalma midgomam SeiZleba mas safuZveli gamoacalos

kidec.

rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa eTnosis CamoyalibebaSi brigebis, frigi-

el-musqebis garda monawileoba miiRo aseve balkanuri gziT Semo-

sulma sxva tomebmac. SesaZloa galatebmac, romelnic Tavis mxriv

kelt-iberiul samyarosTan unda yofiliyvnen dakavSirebuli.

safiqrebelia, rom galatebis Semosvla mcire aziaSi moxda Zv. w. III

saukunemdec, maT mcire aziaSi kontaqti hqondaT im frigielebTan,

romelnic qarTvelTa ZiriTadi maformirebeli eTnosi iyo. am mo-

sazrebis gamoTqmis uflebas iZleva is, rom qarTlis cxovrebiT saxel-

mwifos xerxemals warmoadgendnen `makedonelebi~, isini mefe far-

503

navazma md. egriswylidan albaneTamde mTel Tavis saxelmwifoSi

Tanabrad Caasaxla, viTarca samxedro elitaruli zeda fena, maTgan

`aznaurebi~ anu zedafena warmoSobila.

amave Tvalsazrisisaa `moqcevaY qarTlisaYc~, am wyaros Tanaxma-

dac arian-qarTlis mefis Ze azoni Tavis aseulobiT aTass mxedars

(saxelmwifos fuZemdebeli zeda fenis saxiT) anawilebs md. egrisw-

ylidan vidre albaneTamde.

arsen bers, XII s-is moRvawes, miaCnia, rom qarTveli xalxis, vi-

Tarca erTiani eTnosis, formireba moxda jer kidev arian-qarTlSi.

`Cven Svilni varT arian-qarTliT gamosulTani da ena maTi vuwyiT~ -

werda is. arsen beris, da Cans Zvel qarTvel saeklesio pirTa azriT,

qarTveloba iyo STamomavali `arian-qarTlidan gamosulebisa~, ari-

an-qarTlSi cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, romelTa uSualo STamomav-

lebic iyvnen XII s-is qarTvelebi, amasTanave maT erTi enac hqoniaT.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ genealogiiT qarTvelebi indoevropelebia, rad-

ganac iafetis STamomavalia. qarTlos-egrosis mama Targamosi iafe-

tisagan momdinareobas. e.i. saeklesio Tavalsazrisi qarTvelebs iafe-

tisagan warmoSobil indoevropelTa jgufs akuTvnebda.

n. adoncis mixedviT somexi xalxis (armenielebis) formirebaSi

monawileoba miuRiaT qarTvelebsa da semitur armas toms.

g. qavTaraZe wers: `somxuri enis monacemebi miuTiTeben somexTa

bevrad ufro adreul kontaqtebze qarTvelurenovan samyarosTan,

rasac savaraudod anatoliaSi hqonda adgili~ (g. qavTaraZe, anato-

liuri warmomavlobis 2 amierkavkasiuri eTnonimi, kavkasiur-axloaR-

mosavluri krebuli 2001, gv. 56).

am teritoriis qveS unda igulisxmebodes is miwa-wyali, romelic

Zv.w. II saukuneSi somxeTma miitaca iberiisagan, kerZod strabonis

cnobiT, pariadres kalTebi, pariadres mTis gayolebaze mdebare mi-

webi, agreTve xolarZena da gogarena (straboni, 11, 14, 5).

balkanur Trakiul modgmis frigielebis viTarca qarTvelebis

(mesxebis) winaprebad miCneva ar ewinaaRmdegeba Zveli qarTveli saek-

lesio istorikosebis mosazrebebs qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb.

g. meliqiSvils muSqebis uZveles pirvel sacxovrisad mcire aziis

Crdilo aRmosavleTi teritoria miaCnia, rogorc Cans aqve Camoyal-

504

ibda arian-qarTlis samefo, ufro adre qristeSobamde meTormete

saukuneSi muSqebis erTi nawili (aRmosavleTis muSqebi) Crdilo meso-

potamiisken gaiWrnen. ufro gvian ki muSqebis meore nawilma (dasav-

leTis muSqebma) mcire aziis centralur da dasavleT raionebze gaavr-

celes TavianTi Zalaufleba. asirelebi maT samefos muSqebis qveynis

saxeliT icnobdnen. antikuri periodis wyaroebi ki frigias eZaxd-

nen, qristeSobamde 676 wels kimerielTa da urartuelTa erToblivi

Semotevebis Sedegad muSqebis samefo ganadgurda amis Semdeg muSqe-

bis erTma nawilma wamoiwia Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken, da igi gvian-

deli mesxeTis teritoriaze damkvidrda (g. meliqiSvili saqarTveloSi

klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos warmoqmnis sakiTxisaTvis

1953 w., gv. 84).

Zveli frigiidan CrdiloeTSi wamoweul mesxebs qristeSobamde VI-

IV saukuneSi unda Seeqmna arian qarTvelTa saxelmwifo. evfratisa da

Woroxis saTaveebTan. aq Semdgom droindel tao-basiansa, karinsa da

vanandSi, rogorc Cans, xdeboda mesopotamiidan CrdiloeTisaken da-

Zruli muSqebis _ karduxebis SeRwevac. arian-qarTlis samefodan kidev

ufro CrdiloeTiT gadanacvlebul arian qarTvelebs Tanamedrove

saqarTvelos teritoriaze SeutaniaT armazis kerpi.

hekatos mileteli kolxebs da mesxebs erT xalxad miiCnevda. T.

miqelaZe mesxebs kolxur xalxad miiCnevs (T. ivelaSvili, samxreT

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, kavkasiur-axlo aRmosavluri krebuli 2001

w., gv. 192).

rogorc Cans, arian qarTlSi jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli fuZe

qarTulis diferenciaciis procesi. amiT unda avxsnaT iqaur topon-

imikaSi zanurad miCneuli enobrivi fenis arseboba. n. xazaraZe miiC-

nevs, rom argonavtebis Tqmulebis kolxeTi saZiebelia ara rionis

dablobSi, aramed saqarTvelos samxreT dasavleTiT. aseTi lokal-

izacia eTanxmeba mosazrebas romlis mixedviTac friqses mier agebu-

li taZari da samisno, straboniseuli levkoTeas, taZari mdebarebda

qarTlSi (mesxeTSi). (n. xazaraZe saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis eTno-

politikuri problemebi 1984 w. gv. 189).

arian qarTli mdebareobda, rogorc Cans, evfratis saTaveebTan da

mis aRmosavleTiT vidre tigrosis sanapiromde. aq varaudobs n. xaz-

505

araZe mosxebis miwa-wylis arsebobas, xolo ufro adre qristeSobam-

de me-12 saukuneSi muSqebis olqis arsebobas. misi azriT arian qarT-

li igive zemo qarTlia, mis mefeTa, anu azos mamapapiseuli adgil-

samyofeli klarjeTia (iqve gv. 194) araqsidan arsianis mTebamde.

daskvna: herodotes cnobiT mosxebi, tibarenebi, makronebi, mosini-

kebi da marebi gaerTianebuli iyvnen aqemenidTa imperiis 19-e satra-

piaSi, 18-Si ki saspeirebi, aralodielebi da matienebi, xolo rac Se-

exeba armenielebs isini Sediodnen 13-e satrapiaSi.

XVIII da XIX satrapiebi (aRniSnuli qarTuli tomebiT) Semdegdroin-

del arian-qarTls moicavda, xolo XIII satrapia sul sxvagan mdebare-

obda, samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT.

aqedan Cans, rom CvenTvis saintereso teritoriaze, araqsispireTSi,

herodotes cnobiT, aqemenidaTa epoqaSi armenielebi jer kidev ar sax-

lobdnen.omis dros qarTuli tomebi erTad ibZrodnen sparsul laSqarSi

da maT gverdiT ar Candnen armenielebi, Tumca rogorc Cans qriste-

Sobamde 5-e saukuneSi maT (armenielebs) samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT gada-

unacvlebiaT da miuRweviaT aRniSnul qarTul tomebamde. amave dros

aq mimdinareobda qarTuli tomebis konsolidacia xalibebis saerTo

meTaurobiT, armenielebs xalibebisaTvis saukeTeso saxnavi miwebi da

savargulebi waurTmeviaT, da uvargis miwebze gadasaxlebul xalibebs

partizanuli omebi dauwyiaT armenielTa winaaRmdeg, rac qsenofontes

naSromebSi Cans.

amave epoqaSive me-18 da me-19 satrapiebis qarTul tomTa Serwyma-

gaerTianebis procesic mimdinareobda da mas aCqarebda samxreTidan

sxva qarTuli tomebis am satrapiebSi SeRwevis procesi.

sabolood, am satrapiebis qarTul tomTa Serwymis Sedegad iq ari-

an-qarTlis saxelmwifo Camoyalibebula, Tumca armenielebis Seteva

grZeldeboda da qarTuli mosaxleobis zeda fena ufro CrdiloeTiT,

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriaze inacvlebda.

sabolood ki, qristeSobamde II saukuneSi armenias iberielebisaTvis

CamouWria vrceli teritoriebi-pariadres kalTebi, xorZena da go-

garena.

506

ariani-arzeni

sityva lazika, Cans, sufiqs ìkas~ darTviT isevea nawarmoebi, ro-

gorc misi axlo provinciebis saxelebi, magaliTad, korCaika (kordu-

ena), parsfaika (nor-Sirvani), alznika (arzanena), utiki (otena), gugarqi,

cofki (sofena) da sxva. rogorc cnobilia sufiqsi ika~ araaa berZnuli

warmomavlobisa. berZnebi lazikas ufro lazivs~, lazons~, lazias~

uwodebdnen.

saxelwodebaSi lazika~ fuZe `laz~ romaa, iqidanac Cans, rom mis-

ganaa nawarmoebi sityvebi lazeTi da lazistani.

sityvebSi korCaika, parsfaika, alznika, lazika somxuri sufiqsebi

_ `k~, `ka~, ìka~ igivea, rac qarTuli èTi~, imave paraleluri mniS-

vnelobis somxuri sufiqsi èna~ gvxvdeba sityvebSi `korduena~, àr-

zanena~, òtena~, `gogarena~, `sofena~ da àrzena~. es sufiqsebi am

miwawyalze armenielebis dasaxlebamde mcxovrebi mosaxleobis enidan

unda Sesuliyo somxurSi.

vanis tbis dasavleTiT, evfratis Senakad aracanTan axlos, mde-

bareobda olqi alzniki, anu rac igivea _ arzanena.

orive saxelwodebis fuZea àlzni~ (arzni), xolo ìk~ (k) da èna~

ki _ sufiqsebi. esaa yofili olqis àlzis~ (alzis samefos) Semde-

gdroindeli saxeli.

arzni anu arzena, konstanine porfirogenetis TqmiT, erqva aseve

artanujis olqsac (qarTvelTa samefoSi), amasTanave, karinis, anu

Teodosiopolis saxelic arzen-er-rumi (arzrumi) _ arzen-Tanaa dakav-

Sirebuli.

àrzen~ saxeli, Cveni azriT, dakavSirebulia im mosxebTan, rom-

lebic alzis samefos mkvidri mosaxleoba gamxdara qristeSobamde

XII saukuneSi. am mxriv mniSvnelovania strabonis cnoba da aseve vr-

celi msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom xalibebis (qaldebis) Zveli saxel-

wodeba aseve iyo alazonebi~ an alizonebi~ (alaZonebi, aliZonebi).

es saxelwodebebi nawarmoebia fuZisagan _ alz-alZ.

es fuZe àlZ-alz~ unda iyos igive àrZ-arz~, romelic SeiZleba

`gurZ-gurz~ saxelSic JRerdes, radganac swored ase uwodebdnen

alzis samefos mezoblad mcxovrebi sirielebi qarTvelebs.

507

md. aracanis saxeli, p. ingoroyvas azriT, JRerda rogorc arawani,

SesaZloa is JRerda, rogorc arazani~, anu alazani~ (qarTuli sufiq-

si ani~, òni~).

arezi erqva aseve araqssac.

SeiZleba Tavisi Tavdapirveli qveynis saxelebi mesxebma da qaldebma

àlznis~ qveynidan ufro CrdiloeTSi gansaxlebis dros miitanes.

mesxebi, anu iberebi, Zveli avtorebis cnobiT, TavianTi qveynidan

mefe nabuqodonosors gadausaxlebia pontos zRvis piras. aq isini

gamravlebulan da `modebian vrcel areals pontos zRvispireTidan

vidre albaneTamde~ (m. xorenacis da sxva avtorTa cnobiT). safiqre-

belia, rom àlzidan~ pontos zRvis pirze gadasaxlebulma mesxebma

(mosxebma _ kolxurma tomma megasTenes cnobiT) Tan waiRes Tavisi

qveynis saxeli àlz~ da daumkvidres SavizRvispireTis im sanapiro

qveynebs, sadac gansaxlda _ magaliTad, alz-ika, alz-ena (arzena-

artanuji) da arzen-er-rum (arzena _ karini).

àlz-iki~ unda iyos, safuZveli misgan nawarmoebi saxelisa lazi-

ka~ (alzika-lazika), ramdenime Tanxmovnis gadaadgilebiT sityvis

fuZeSi.

straboni, rogorc iTqva SavizRvispireTSi mcxovreb qaldebs~ aseve

uwodebs alazonebs~, sityva lazonisagan~ warmoebul saxels. Tavis

mxriv lazonis~ fuZea lazi~ (lazi-lazoni-alazoni). strabonma ga-

mowvlilviT gamoikvlia Tu ratom ewodeboda mis dros Zvel alibebs

xalibebi da Semdeg qaldebi, maTve aseve erqvaT àlazonebi~ da maT-

ive tomis qalebis saxeli iyo àmazonebi~. sonari bgerebis `n~-sa da

`m~-s urTierTgadasvla bunebrivia, amitomac sityva àlazonisagan~

sityva amazonis~ miReba advili SesaZlebelia. strabonis mier wamoW-

ril am sakiTxs sxvagan SevexeT, amitom aq ar gavimeorebT.

erTi sityviT, àlz-laz~ (àrz-arZ~) erqva samxreTiT mdebare erT-

erT qarTul qveyanas, romlis saxeli ganivrco SavizRvispireTsa da mis

maRla mdebare mTian regionebSi.

508

arian-qarTlis adgilebi _ kari, karini, arwni,

arzrumi, artaani, artanuji, arzene da xorZene

kar, arw, arz, art _ Zirebi da fuZeebia im vrceli qveynis topon-

imebisa, romelsac, rogorc Cans arian-qarTli erqva, am fuZeebs eti-

mologiuri kavSiri aqvs qveynis saxelTan `xorZene~, es sityva Sesa-

Zloa iyos berZnuli forma qarTuli xarZ, arZ, arzene sityvisa. aR-

saniSnavia, rom konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT artanujis qvey-

anas arzene erqva.

xorZene _ evfratis zemowels moicavda. `s. janaSias gansazRvre-

biT istoriuli xotene _ xorZene Seicavda zemo evfratis auzSi gu-

muSxanas Temis aRmosavleT nawils da baiburdis Tems (miaxloebiT).

am Zveli xorZenes memkvidrea somxeTis dasavluri Temi _ xorZiana

(xorZianena). (s. janaSia, Sromebi, II, gv. 93). Cveni kvleviT ki xorZene

ufro vrcel olqs erqva _ pariadredan gogarenamde. es ukanaskneli

ki, strabonis cnobiT, sakasenas iqiT, mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze

mdebareobda. maSasadame, xorZena pariadredan vidre mtkvramde iyo

gadaWimuli.

dasavleT evfratis zemowelSivea karinis olqi. misi mTavari qalaqe-

bi iyo karini (Teodosiopoli, arzrumi) da arwni, sofeli arnaTi da

sxv. karinis gavari Tavisi momijnave teritoriiT did somxeTs pirve-

lad SeuerTa artaSes I-ma (189-160). karinis saxeli dakavSirebulia

iqamde maRalmTian somxeTSi damkvidrebul karinitebad wodebul

tomis saxelTan~ (iqve, lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 163).

rogorc vTqviT, karinis, arzrumis, xorZenes, arznis da msgavsi ar~

fuZis mqone saxelebis siuxve aRniSnul regionSi, iZleva saSualebas

mosazrebisa, rom xorZenes regionsac moicavda arian-qarTli.

karinitebis tomis saxeli, romelic iberiuli warmoSobisa Cans,

Seicavs fuZe-Zirs `kar~ _ aqedan karian _ da SesaZloa `arian~.

karinitebis toms miucia saxeli vanandis gavaris qalaq karisaTvis.

CvenTvis isini istoriuli saqarTvelos provinciebia, romelnic Tavisi

iberiuli mosaxleobiT miitaca somxeTma, roca strabonis cnobiT

miitaca xorZene, gogarenasTan da pariadresTan erTad. isini unda

yofiliyvnen nawilebi arian-qarTlisa.

509

konstantine porfirogenetis sityviT, àrzena~ erqva artanujis

qveyanas. sxva adgilas es imperatori azustebs romelia artanujis

mflobelis qveynebi _ ìberiis kurapalats, konstantine porfiro-

genetis cnobiT, eqvemdebareba oTxi erisTavi: veriasaxis, karnatais,

yuelisa da aWaris~. samwuxarod, wers s. yauxCiSvili, pirveli ori

adgilis mdebareobis dadgena ar xerxdeba, imdenad damaxinjebulia

maTi saxelebi (veriasaxi da karnatai), rom SeuZlebeli xdeba maTi

miaxloebiT mainc mimsgavseba romelime cnobil sageografio saxelTan~

(georgika, IV, naw. II, 1952, gv. 294).

sityva `veriasaxi~ SeiZleba daiSalos ase _ veria, veriasi, veri-

asaxi. aq, SeiZleba saxeli _ veria~, iveria gamoiyos (aqedan veriisa~,

iveriisa, xolo xi~ albaT sufiqsia), iveria konstantine porfiroge-

netis epoqaSi taos olqs erqva. amitom SesaZloa veriasaxi taos olqis

romelime nawils gulisxmobdes.

sityva karnaiti axloa sityvasTan `kareniti~, romeloc erT-erT

toms erqva karnuqalaqTan (TeodosiopolTan).

marTalia, cnobilia, rom Teodosiopols ar flobda kurapalati,

magram misi olqis romelime nawilSi SesaZloa kurapalats Tvisi

saerisTao hqonda.

Teodosiopolss Semdeg ewoda arzrumi _ am saxelSi Cven gvaqvs

fuZiseuli nawili _ arz~ _ igive, rac artanujis qveynis saxelisa _

arzeni.

ufro metic, s. yauxCiSvilis cnobiT, saxeli arzrumis mTavari

fuZea àrzen~, swored es saxeli erqva konstantine porfirogenetis

sityviT artanujis qveyanasac _ àrzena~.

s. yauxCiSvilis wers _ `Teodosiupoli daaarsa Teodosi II-m (408-

450ww) mTaze qalaq karinis zemoT, mere mas uwodes arzen-er-rum

(romaelTa arzeni), gansasxvaveblad Zveli arzenisagan, romelic mis

aRmosavleTiT iyo (georgika, IV, II naw. gv. 262).

maSasadame, iyo ori arzeni _ Zveli da axali. Zveli arzeni karinis

aRmosavleTiT yofila.

provincia arzanenas~ strabonic axsenebs. is iyo evfratis saTaveSi

vanis tbis dasavleTiT, iq, sadac ufro adre iyo qveyana alzi~ da alzis

samefo (alzi igive arzia. èna~ aris sufiqsi).

510

riTaa saintereso es sityva àrz~-àlz~ CvenTvis?

Cveni azriT, alz~ fuZedanaa sityvebi alzena~, anu alzika~, alz-ika~ ki, Cans, daedo safuZvlad misgan warmoSobil `lazika~ sityvas.

unda iTqvas, rom alzis samefo _ muSqebis sacxovrisi iyo, igive

mosxebisa, mosxebi ki kolxuri tomi iyo. lazebad iwodebodnen

arzrumelebic.

aRiniSneba, rom Алдзник-Арзанена erTsa da imave provincias erqva,

Cans, somxurad “ик” da “ена” _ erTi da igives aRmniSvneli sufiqsia,

e.i. alzika arzena=lazika.

arian-qarTlis etimologia

ras niSnavs sityva arian-qarTli~, saerTod ariani~, anda sad mde-

bareobda qveyana am saxelwodebiT?

Cven SeiZleba gamoTqvaT ramdenime mosazreba.

vanis tbasTan mdebareobda qveyana àlzi~, Supriis CrdiloeTiT,

mdinare tigrosis saTaveebTan. am mdinares erTvis Senakadi kentriti~marjvena mxridan (urmiis tbis samxreTiT), sadac cxovrobdnen kardux-

ebi, igive gordienebi. am mdinare kentritze ufro adre mdebareobda

muSq-mesxebis qveyana xubuSqia.miiCneva, rom yvela es qveynebi qarTvelTa winapari tomebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli, iseve, rogorc kabadokia.

sainteresoa sityva àlzis~ etimologiuri variaciebi.

alzisagan SeiZleba pirdapir migveRo:

alzi _ arzi _ arZi _ ari _ arian;

alzi _ arz _ arzenena,maSasadame, alzi Cven gvaZlevs àrian~-s da aseve arzenenas.

aseve alzi pirdapir gvaZlevs sityvas - àrzena~.

arzena, konstantine porfirogenetis cnobiT, erqva artanujis

(klarjeTis) mxares.

àlzi~ qveynidan CrdiloeTiT odnav wanacvlebuli àlz~ tomis

xalxis qveyana SesaZloa iwoda àrzenad~.

511

aseve safiqrebelia, rom sityva àlzi~ gvaZlevs sityvas _ `laz~

anu lazikas.

Tu ki gaviTvaliswinebT konstantinopolis sapatriarqos XI sauku-

nis lazikis saepiskoposoTa CamonaTvals, yvela isini mdebareobdnen

trapezuntidan vanis tbis mimarTulebiT, anu iq sadac mdebareobda

regioni àrzena~. am olqs konstantinopolis eklesia `lazikas~

uwodebda, is trapezuntidan istoriul àlz~ qveynisaken iyo gadaS-

lili.

erTi mxriv alzi Cven gvaZlevs ariansa da arzenens, aseve, lazikas,

meore mxriv alzi gvaZlevs ùrZ~-s albaT SesaZloa aqedan `gurZ~ -

`gurz~ (siriuli saxeli qarTvelTa).

alzi _ alZi _ arZi _ arzenena _ arzena

arZi _ ari _ arian

arZena _ areana _ ariana

_ rZ (rb, rj) bgeraTkompleqsi zogjer iyofa da fuZeebSi mis

nacvlad Cndeba - `r~ an `Z~ (`z~, `j~).

rz _> r. anda rz _> z.

amitom sityva àrziana~dan _ SeiZleba miviRoT sityva àriana~.

karduxebis qveynis meore saxeli iyo - gordiene

g o r dk a r d uq a r T ugord _ gordi-enekardu _ kardu-xiqarTu _ qarTu-eli

mu S enmu S qimu s xi sx

mo s xi sg

ba s xi sk

ba s gi Sk

me s ximu sk imu Sk i

mu-Su-an, muSqi _> svani.

512

aRsaniSnavia, rom àrt~-ùrt~ _ iyo saxeli xalxisa, romelic cx-

ovrobda alzis qveyanaSi, anu igive muSqebi=gordienas xalxi.

ingoroyva wers _ `zanur (megrul-Wanur) dialeqtebSi bgera `r~

gadadis bgeraSi `j~ (Tavdapirvelad rTuli bgera: `rj~) _ p. ingor-

oyva, g. merCule, gv. 437).

safiqrebelia, rom ara bgera `r~ gadadis `j~-Si, aramed Cans pro-

toqarTulSi arsebobda rTuli bgeraTkompleqsi rj~, romelic iSle-

boda ase _ `r~ da j~ ; misgan nawarmoeb sityvebSi xan erTi r~ bgera

Canda, xan meore _ `j~;

rj_> r anda rj_> j

magaliTad: xorji - xori-(xari)

xoji

furji - furi

fuji

klarji - klari

klaji (klazi-lazi)

gurji - guri

guji- (quji)

alz-alZ-arZ-arj fuZeebSi rj~ _ p. ingoroyvas azriT, aris Tavda-

pirveli rTuli bgera~. es Tavdapirveli rTuli bgera `rj~ iSlebo-

da calkeul or `r~ da `j~ bgerebad, romelTac asaxva ipoves di-

aleqtebSi, magaliTad, xari Tavdapirvelad gamoiTqmoda rogorc

`xorji~. am Tavdapirveli sityvidan miRebuli iqna saliteraturo

qarTulis xori (xari) da megrul-Wanuris xoji~ (niSnavs xars), Tavda-

pirveli formidan furji, furi da fuji (p. ingoroyva, gv. 437). xor-

ji-xori-xoji, furji-furi, fuji. arji-ari, aji

msgavsadve alZena-arZenadan _ arena (rZ-r) _ arena~ SeiZleba miRe-

buli iyos arian-qarTli, anu alzis qveyana da aseve alZika anu laZi-

ka-lazika. aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sityva àrianis~ (àrian-

qarTlis~) Tavdapirveli forma iyo arjiani-arZiani-arziani (arzian-

qarTli).

513

I daskvna

avani da ìverTa aRmosavalis sakaTalikoso~avani

da iverTa aRmosavalis sakaTalikoso~

wmida kirion II werda: ìveriis (qarTlis) uZvelesi samefos garda

(romlis dedaqalaqebic mcxeTa da Tbilisi iyo), arsebobda aseve me-ore iveriac, romelic ufro mogvianebiT VII-VIII saukuneebSi gamoCn-

da~ (episkoposi kirioni, romel iverias mieniWa avtokefalia XI sauku-

neSi? 1906, g. burduli, kirion II, 2011, gv. 53).

sad mdebareobda meore iveria?kirion meorem gamoikvlia es sakiTxi da daadgina, rom is mdebare-

obda taos samxreTiT, vanis tbis mimarTulebiT. `meore iveriis~ vr-

celi qveyanis dapyrobis Semdeg, kirion II-is kvleviT, bizantiam mis

miwawyalze cnobili ìveriis Temi~ Camoayaliba XI s-Si, iqamde mis

marTlmadidebel (qalkedonur) eklesias avtokefalia moupovebia

antioqiisagan. antioqiis sapatriarqo Tavis iurisdiqcias arzrumam-

de (Teodosiopolamde) da mcxeTis iveriamde da afxazeTis samefom-

de (abazgiamde) avrcelebda. meore anu samxreTis iveria iqamde mis

iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda.

kirioni wers: àse rom, XI saukuneSi, meore avtokefalia, romelicbevrs aRelvebda, mianiWes ara mcxeTis iveriis kaTedras, aramed tao-klarjel bagrationTa iverias, romlis didi nawili SemdgomSi iveri-is Temad gardaiqmna. iveriis Tems qaldiis Temis dacemis Semdeg bizan-tiis imperiis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira~ (iqve, gv, 56).

maSasadame, mcxeTis iveriis garda arsebobda sxva, meore anu samxre-

Tis iveria, romelsac sakuTari avtokefaluri eklesia gaaCnda.

ganvixiloT Cveni mosazrebani samxreTis anu meore iveriis eklesiis

warmoqmnis, misi mrevlis vinaobisa, am eklesiis iurisdiqciis sazRvre-

bisa da misi Semdgomi bedis Sesaxeb.

meore iveriiis eklesia Tavis iuridiqcias im miwawyalze axor-

cielebda, romelic amJamad Crdilo armeniadaa cnobili.

514

iveriis TemSi Sedioda taos, anisis, arzrumisa da yarsis sanaxebi,

basiani da ufro samxreTiT mdebare miwebi.

daviT kurapalatis samefos teritoria Semdgom iveriis TemSi

aRmoCnda, qarTvelTa es samefo ki vanistbispireTidan taomde iyo

gadaSlili da Tavisi mravalricxovani mosaxleobiTa da simdidriT

iyo saxelganTqmuli. is meore iveriis ZiriTadi nawili iyo.

XIX saukuneSi q. patkanovis saistorio skolam wamoayena Teoria,

romelic XX s-Si sabWoTa kavSirSi saistorio dogmad gadaiqca,

TiTqosda samxreT iveriis anu e.w. Crdilo somxeTis mosaxleoba eT-

nikuri somxebi iyvnen, romlebic IX-X ss-Si gaqalkedonitdnen da amis

Sedegad `gaqarTveldnen~, TiTqosda isini iyvnen ara qarTvelebi

aramed somexi-qalkedonitebi.

es Teoria amJamadac gavrcelebulia TviT saqarTvelos saisto-

rio da filologiur wreebSi da aRiarebulia ucxoeTSic. magali-

Tad, `pravoslavnaia enciklopedias~ mtkicebiT oSki, bana, xaxuli,

oTxTa eklesia da sxa mravali TiTqosda somxuri eklesiebia, maSin

roca am eklesiaTa `qvebic ki RaRadeben~ TavianT qarTulobas Tavi-

anTi uricxvi qarTuli warwerebiT.

amJamadac gaugebrobas badebs erTmaneTis gamomricxavi cnobebi

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, saeklesio

samarTlis iseTi cnobili mkvlevari, rogoricaa v. cipini miiCnevs,

rom saqarTvelos eklesiam antioqiisagan avtokefalia VIII saukuneSi

miiRo. aseve cnobili istorikosi b. lominaZe miiCnevda, rom saqarTve-

los eklesiam avtokefalia samjer moipova V, VIII da XI ss-Si, jer

vaxtang gorgaslis dros, Semdeg Teofilaqte antioqiis patriarqis

dros (VIII s.) da aseve XI s-Si (balsamonis cnobis Sesabamisad).

amJamad oficialurad miiCneva, rom balsamonis cnoba aRwers V s-

Si antioqieli patriarqis petres (romelsac petros mkawvralad ic-

noben Zveli wyaroebi) mier qarTuli eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis

miniWebas, magram maSin ra unda vuyoT efrem mciresa da nikon SavmTe-

lis antioqiur qronografze damyarebul im wyaroebs romelnic

qarTuli eklesiis mier avtokefaliis miRebas VIII s-Si miuTiTeben? es

dilema Tavis dros SesaniSnavad axsna kirion kaTalikosma, magram is

daviwyebuli iqna. kirionis gamokvleviT VIII s-Si avtokefalia miani-

515

Wes ara mcxeTis iveriis eklesias, aramed `meore iveriis~ eklesias,

rogorc aRvniSneT.

samwuxarod, CvenSi daviwyebulia ara mxolod TiTqmis Cveni Ta-

namedrove kirionis naazrevi, aramed TviT strabonis cnobebi samxreT

iveriis Sesaxeb, romelic, Cveni kvleviT, iyo zemoT aRniSnuli meore

iveria.

strabonis am cnobidan ki kargad Cans Tu sad mdebareobda meore

iveria, vin iyo misi mosaxleoba, da rogor aRmoCnda meore iveriis

qarTveloba armeniis saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT.

strabonis es daviwyebuli cnoba kargad xsnis eTnikur erovnulad

vin iyo Crdilo armeniis anu rac igivea samxreT iveriis mosaxleoba.

straboni wers: mogviTxroben, rom warsulSi armeniis patara qvey-

ana gafarTovda artaqsiasa da zariadrias omebis Sedegad. isini iyvnen

antioq didis mxedarTmTavrebi, misi damarcxebis Semdeg ki mefeebi gaxd-

nen. maT erTad gaafarToves TavianTi samflobelo, CamoaWres ra irgv-

liv mcxovreb xalxebs olqebi, kerZod... iberebisagan miitaces paria-

dres mTiswineTi, xorZene da gogarene, romelic kiris meore mxaresaa,

xalibebs da mosinikebs CamoaWres kareniti da qserqsene, mcire armeni-

is mosazRvre nawilebi~ (straboni, geografia, XI, 14, 5).

maSasadame, strabonis cnobiT, qristeSobamde II saukuneSi iberebs

armeniis saxelmwifom CamoarTva is miwawyali, romelsac samxreTis anu

meore iberia ewodeba _ esenia pariadres kalTebi, xorZene da gogarene

(mtkvris meore mxares), maT garda aseve xalibebisa da mosinikebis miwe-

bi _ kareniti (arzrumis regioni) da qserqsene. ase rom samxreTis iberia

vrclad gadaSlili qveyana iyo qaldea-WaneTidan mtkvramde da TiTq-

mis vanis tbamde.

armenielTagan am miwebis mitacebis Semdeg mkvidri iberiuli mosax-

leoba didxans inarCunebda saojaxo sferoSi qarTulenovnebasa da

qarTul identobas, magram is iZulebuli iyo armeniul sazogadoebriv

asparezs Serwymoda, Tumca, xelsayrel politikur momentSi Tavis ibe-

rielobas srul upiratesobas aniWebda.

eklesiurad Crdilo armeniis iberiuli mosaxleoba yovel xelsay-

rel momentSi emijneboda somxur eklesias.

516

erTi aseTi momenti armeniis iberiuli mosaxleobisaTvis damdgara

VII s-is dasawyisSi, roca avanis sakaTalikoso dvins gamoeyo.VI s-is bolos (VII s-is dasawyisSi) avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoe-

brivi niSniT gamoeyo dvinis sakaTalikosos.

is Tavis iurisdiqcias ZiriTadad avrcelebda qarTvelebiT dasax-

lebul miwa wyalze, tao-basianze da agreTve gugarqad wodebul ter-

itoriaze, romelic somxuri geografiis mixedviT Woroxamde vr-

celdeboda.

es olqebi, zemoT aRniSnuli meore iveriis teritoria, istoriu-

li xorZena, marTalia qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram sauku-

neTa manZilze somxeTis mier iyo mitacebuli da somxeTis Semadgen-

lobaSi Sedioda, ZiriTadad ase iyo VI-VII saukuneebSic, avanis sakaTa-

likosos arsebobisas.

iqauri qarTveloba somxuri kulturisa da eklesiis gavlenis qveS

moeqca, Tumca eTnikur-erovnuli (qarTuli) identoba bolomde dakar-

guli ar hqonda.

am mosaxleobam anu avanis sakaTalikosos qarTulma mrevlma (Tavis

aseve eTnikurad qarTul ierarqiasTan erTad) SemdgomSi, kerZod VIII

saukunidan wamoiwyo udidesi mniSvnelobis saqme: rogorc ki es Sesa-

Zlebeli gaxda ganerida somxuri saeklesio centris monofizitur

aRmsareblobas da qalkedonitoba aRiara Tavis sarwmuneobriv mima-

rTulebad.

iqamde avanis sakaTalikoso sarwmunoebrivi niSniT, Tavisi arasomx-

urobis (anu qarTvelobis) gamo ganSorda somxur eklesias da Tavis

sarwmunoebad qalkedonitoba anu saqarTvelos erovnuli aRmsare-

bloba gamoacxada, aseve miiRo qarTuli eklesiisaTvis sxva damaxas-

iaTebeli niSnebic (magaliTad, saeklesio arqiteqtura).

avanis sakaTalikoso aseve aRidgenda saeklesio da kulturuli

saWiroebisaTvis qarTul enasac, rom dacloda. is maleve gaauqma

somxurma eklesiam.

SemdgomSi, rogorc aRiniSna, es dawyebuli saqme mainc gagrZelda.

daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg gugarqis, taosa da basianis qar-

Tvelobam aRidgina qarTulenovneba, anu, Tu ki iqamde, maTi wirva-

locvisa da literaturis ena iyo somxuri, axla is uaryofil iqna da

517

mis nacvlad mosaxleobam qarTulenovneba daibruna saeklesio saWi-

roebisas (e.i. maTi saSinao-ojaxuri (qarTuli) ena axla ukve sazoga-

doebrivi urTierTobis saSualebad, kulturis enad iqca)

Zvel somxur saistorio geografiaSi iveria~ ZiriTadad erqva taosa

da basians.

aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT iveria mdebareobda ara anisis

CrdiloeTiT, aramed mis dasavleTiT.

VI s-Si ìverTa mTavari~ taos mflobels erqva.

VII-X ss-Si arabTa Semosevebis Semdeg, anisis CrdiloeTiT mdebar-

eobda Tbilisis saamiro da taSir-Zorakertis samefo, xolo Sida

qarTli sadavo qveynad iyo afxazeTis, kaxeTisa da Tbilisis saamiro-

samTavroTa Soris, am dros saxeli ìveria~ Zveleburadve erqva taos

miwa-wyals (basianTan erTad) da taos momijnave mxareebsac, anisis

dasavleTiT.

amitomac, XI s-Si imier taos samefos miwa-wyals bizantielebma misi

dapyrobis Semdeg, ìveriis Temi~ uwodes da masSi anisic Seiyvanes.

bizantielebi ~iverias~ konstantine porfirogenetis epoqamdec

uwodebdnen taos olqsa da mis momijnave mxareebs.

X s-Si aRniSnuli imperatoris cnobiT iverielebs araqsis marcxe-

na sanapiros qveynebi ekuTvnoda.

konstantine porfirogeneti bevrs saubrobs amis Sesaxeb.

maSasadame, araqsis dasavleT sanapiros qveynebi, sadac mdebare-

obdnen TviT dedaqalaqebic ki somxuri administraciuli erTeuleb-

isa, mainc ìveriad~ iwodeboda da es wodeba (iveria) am mxareebi-

saTvis ar iyo usafuZvlo.

amis mizezi iyo is, rom istoriuladac es miwebi iverielebiT iyo

dasaxlebuli, kerZod, Zv.w II saukunisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, stra-

bonis cnobiT iberebisagan armeniam miitaca pariadres kalTebi, xorZena

da gogarena, amitom araqsis marcxena sanapiros qveynebi (Tu ufro

meti ara) iberebis istoriuli sacxovrisi iyo, radganac strabonis

xorZena da somxebis mier gugarqad saxeldebuli qveyana, swored am

mxareebSi unda veZioT.

armenielebma mitacebul mxareebis zeda fenebSi gaavrceles somx-

uri kultura.

518

dabali fenebi kvlav iberiuli iyo.

somxuri eklesiis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, aRniSnul mxareebis ar-

menizaciis xarisxi jer kidev ar iyo yovlismomcveli, rogorc es

Semdgomma saukuneebma aCvena.

vfiqrobT, ZiriTadad am mizezis gamo, avanis sakaTalikoso gamo-

eyo somxuri eklesiis mTavar centrs _ dvins.

am gamoyofis mizezad miiCneva sarwmunoebrivi momenti, magram mas

ufro metad eTnikuri safuZveli unda hqonoda.

kerZod, Tanamedrove erevnis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 588 wlidan

(sxva azriT 591 wlidan) Zvel sofel avanSi rezidencia daido arme-

niis marTlmadidebelma (qalkedonitma) patriarqma.

miiCneva, rom amas safuZveli daudo imperator mavrikes (582-602)

sazavo xelSekrulebam sparseTTan, ris Sedegadac avani da tao bi-

zantiis imperiaSi moeqca.

es faqti unda yofiliyo safuZveli (da ara mizezi), ramac gaabedina

adgilobriv, metwilad qarTuli warmoSobis taoel-basianel da avanel

mosaxleobasa da samRvdeloebas mieRoT im sarwmunoebrivi mima-

rTulebis sapirispiro aRmsarebloba, romelsac dvinis somxuri

sakaTalikoso aRiarebda.

cnobili kanonisti kartaSevi, Tavis wignSi `saeklesio krebebi~

wers rom VI saukuneSi egviptelebma, sirielebma da somxebma monofiz-

ituri aRmsarebloba miiRes TavianTi eTnikuri niSnis gamo. kerZod,

maT surdaT bizantiis centrisagan TavianTi eTnikuri gansxvavebu-

lobis sarwmunoebrivi gamoxatva. amitomac roca bizantiis centrma

mtkiced dauWira mxari qalkedonitobas, periferiebma mis sapiris-

pirod _ monofizitoba aRiares.

Tu kartaSevis am mosazrebas mivusadagebT eTnikurad iseT rTul

regions, rogoric iyo tao-basian-avanis mxareebi, SeiZleba msgavsi

suraTi davinaxoT.

tao da basiani iyo arasomxuri mxareebi, misi mosaxleoba `ivere-

bad~ ZvelTaganve iwodeboda, Tumca ki somxuri saeklesio da admin-

istraciuli uRelis qveS.

xelsayreli politikuri momentis dadgomisTanave maT myisve Seqmnes

dvinis sawinaaRmdegod saeklesio centri avanSi, qalkedonituri sa-

519

kaTalikosos saxiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli qarTuli arqiteqturiT age-

buli eklesiebiTa da Cans, aseve sxva mravali qarTuli niSniT.v. aruTinova-fidaniani ra Tqma unda, avanis arqiteqturas ar akav-

Sirebs qarTulTan da miiCnevs, rom `mas aqvs eCmiaZinis, bizantiuri

martiriumebis da konstantinopolis sofiis taZris~ gavlena (`pra-

voslavnaia enciklopedia~ t 1. moskovi, 2000, gv.74 ), magram mcxeTis

jvris da avanis taZris arqiteqtura TiTqmis identuria.

damtkicebulad miiCneva, rom avanis `arqiteqturuli ansambli

somxuri arqiteqturis erT-erTi pirveli miRwevaa, mis gverdiT mde-

bare sasaxlesTan erTad agebulia 588-597 wlebSi kaTolikos ioanes

mier~ (iqve, gv. 74).

TiTqosda, jer is augiaT da Semdeg misi gegmiT mcxeTis jvari,

magram qarTul wyaroebSi naTlad Cans, Tu rogor miiRo saukuneTa man-

Zilze mcxeTis jvarma Tavisi Camoyalibebuli saboloo saxe, avanis

agebis Sesaxeb aseTi cnobebi ar arsebobs.

kerZod, mcxeTaSi jer aRimarTa wminda ninos mier didi zomis jvari,

es jvari gumbaTiT gadaaxurina rev mefem IV s-is bolos, am jvars

garSemo gaukeTes kubo~. anu is SemosazRvres kedlebiT. e.i. mas hqonda

kedlebic da saxuravic (gumbaTi).

jvris taZris gumbaTis simaRle gansazRvra im xem, romelic

mokveTes wminda ninos dros da romlisganac Seamzades jvari.

matianeSi moTxrobilia: viTarca naTel iRes mefeman da ... yovel-

man erman, maSin dga xe erTi adgilsa erTsa... auwyes episkopossa xisa

misTvis, xolo episkoposman Tqva... mis xisagan jer ars Seqmnad jvari

patiosani, romelsa Tayvani sces yovelma simravleman qarTlisaman...

mohkveTes xe igi... moaqvnda aTsa aTeulsa kacsa... saswauliTa zeci-

saTa CvenebiT jvari patiosani mcxeTas ipyres xeliTa kacobriviTa

da mivediT borcvsa mas qveSe... xolo xvalisa dRe aRvides kldesa

mas zeda... mun aRimarTa jvari igi didebiTa mefeTagan da modrka eri

igi uricxvi da Tayvani sces jvars... raodenisame dRisa Semdgomad,

martvilisa ukan, ixiles saswauli didi... sveti naTlisa, saxed jvarisa

dga jvarsa mas zeda da Tormetni igi varskvlavni saxed gvirgvinisa,

garemos misa, xolo borcvi igi kumoda saxed sulnelad da xedvides

saswaulsa amas yovelni da mravalni uRmrToTaganni moiqces... mere

520

kualad ixilnes sxva saswauli jvarisa, viTarca ra cecxli dga Tavsa

zeda misa, Svid wilad mzisa ubrwyinvalesi zeda daadgra mas da, vi-

Tarca saxumilisa naberwyalni aRavlen, egresaxed angelozni RvTi-

sani aRvidodes da gardamovidodes mas zeda, xolo borcvi igi iZ-

vroda Zlierad... iqmnebodes saswauli igi wliTi wlad da yoveli eri...

movidodes Tayvanismcemad gulsmodgined. da mas Jamsa revis Zesa me-

fisasa, esva ymawvili mcire da iyo sneul da miwevnul iyo sikvdilad

... da moiRo da dadga igi winaSe jvarisa da cremliT ityoda: `ukue-

Tu miboZo yma ese cocxali aRvaSeno kubo sayudelad Senda~ da munqvesve

ganikurna yrma igi... movida (revi) aRnaTqvamisa aRmasruleblad... da

gulmodginebiT aRaSena kubo jvarisa mcxeTisa rev, Zeman mefisaman...

guaram kurapalati dadga morCilebasa zeda berZenTasa... aman iwyo

eklesia jvarisa patiosnisa da aqamomde jvari velsa zeda iyo da

qmna eklesia weliamdis oden... guaram kurapalatsa esxnes Zeni... ste-

fanoz da demetre. ...Zma stefanozisi saxeliT demetre aRaSenebda

eklesiasa jvarisa patiosnisa, rameTu senica iyo mis Tana da ver Se-

mZlebel iyo ganSorebad karsa eklesiisasa (q. c., I, gv.120-140).

stefanozi da demetre bagrationebi herakle keisarma prosparsu-

li orientaciisaTvis taxtidan gadaayena, mis nacvlad qarTlis tax-

ti misca adarnase xosroians ...maSin mouwoda keisarma Zesa bakurisasa,

qarTvelTa mefisasa naTesavsa daCisasa, vaxtangis Zisasa, romeli

erisTaobda kaxeTs, romelsa erqva adarnase~

matianedan Cans, rom mcxeTis jvris taZris mSenebloba daiwyo IV s-

is bolos rev mefem, man `kubo~ anu kedlebi auSena jvars, mis gverdiT

sxva eklesiis mSenebloba guaram kurapalatis dros VI s-is bolos

daiwyo.Cans, rom rev mefis mier aSenebuli kubos~ forma imeorebda jvris

frTebis formas, arqiteqturulad tetrakonqis tips..

jvris eklesias ukve meoTxe saukunis bolosve eqneboda jvris ori

frTis Sesatyvisi kedeli, romelmac sabolood tetrakonqis saxe

miiRo anu tetrakonqis mSenebloba gansazRvra taZris centrSi aR-

marTulma jvris formam.

imdenad misaRebi yofila qarTuli eklesiisaTvis jvris taZris for-

ma, rom ukve VI s-is Sua wlebSi mis Sesabamisad aages ninowmidis eklesia.

521

VI s-is bolos kvlav aRsdga jvris taZris mSenebloba magram ara nebis-

mieri arqiteqturiT, aramed im formiT, romelic axsovda mosaxleobas

da borcvze aRmarTuli am jvrisaTvis ukve tradiciuli iyo. VII s-is

jvris taZris arqiteqtura gaimeores WyondidSi.

ase, rom mcxeTis jvris taZari saukuneTa manZilze Sendeboda da

man Tavisi arqiteqturuli saxe TandaTanobiT miiRo, xolo gumbaTi

aSkarad qarTuli xalxuri arqiteqturisaganaa gadmoRebuli.

xalxi mcxeTis jvris gumbaTis msgavs gumbaTebs XX s-is dasawyis-

Sic ki agebdnen. magaliTad, is gamoyenebulia leCxumSi sofel sairmeSi

sacxovrebeli saxlebis gadaxurvis sistemaSi.

aqedan gamomdinare IV-VI ss-Si Camoyalibda jvris taZris arqiteqtu-

ra, romelic gaimeores avanis arqiteqtorebma, romelic qarTul-eTni-

kuri warmomavlobis gamo cdilobdnen avanis arqiteqturaSic qarTu-

li elementebi SeetanaT.

rogorc iTqva, tao-basians da mis mimdebare miwebs _ somxebic da

bizantielebic iverias~ uwodebdnen.

amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom am regionis momcveli avanis qalke-

donuri sakaTalikoso _ iveriis eklesiad~ iwodeboda saerTaSoriso-

saeklesio wreebSi.

Cans, antioqiis sapatriarqo avanis sakaTalikosos da mis memkvidre

qalkedonur eparqiebs _ iveriis eklesias~ uwodebda.

saqme isaa, rom Teodosiopolis-arzrumis regionSi antioqiis iuris-

diqciis qveS iyo ramdenime qalkedonuri saepiskoposo, saerTod, es

miwa-wyali _ antioqias Tavisi sapatriarqo iurisdiqciad miaCnda.

amitomac, SesaZloa avanis anu `iberiis sakaTalikoso~ mas Semdeg,

rac ganSorda dvins, Tavdacvis mizniT SeuerTda Zlieri antioqiis

sapatriarqos iurisdiqcias (anda is romelime sxva eklesias unda

mikedleboda avtokefaliis saerTaSoriso dadasturebamde).

arabebis Semosevebis Semdeg kavSiri antioqiasa da avanis memkvi-

dre qalkedonur eparqiebs Soris gawyvetila, Semdeg ki Cans antio-

qiaSi kvlav ganuxilavT samxreTis am e.w. `iveriis eklesiis~ sakiTxi.

saqme isaa, rom marTalia avanis erTaderTi kaTalikosis ioane baga-

ranelis (+609/10) Semdeg gauqmda avanis kaTedra, magram misi qalke-

522

donuri memkvidreoba miiRo taom, sadac VII s-Si qalkedonuri saepisko-

poso centri iSxnisa da sxva Camoyalibda.

somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si ukanve SeierTa qalkedonuri kaTedrebi,

riTic Cans antioqiac gaanawyena.

somxuri eklesia Tavis saeklesio mTlianobas imiT inarCunebda VII

saukuneSi, rom garkveul kompromisze midioda da saerTo somxur

saeklesio taxtze qalkedonit kaTalikosebsac svamda (rCeulebi maT

Soris: magaliTad, nerse III taoeli Cans eTnikuri qarTveli iyo, iseve,

rogorc, vTqvaT, iqamde somxur eklesiaSi moRvawe airaratis qore-

piskoposi kirioni).

726 wels manaskertis monofizituri kerebis Semdeg qalkedonuri

tao-basiani ganSorda somxur eklesias. am dros, Cans, aq, anu `iveri-

aSi~, kvlav gaixsenes antioqiis eklesia da misgan moiTxoves avtoke-

falia, saeklesio TavisTavadobis saerTaSoriso dasturi. am dros

ara mxolod tao-basianSi, aramed mis gareTac qarTveli qalkedo-

nitebi aarsebdnen TavianT kaTedrebs, magaliTad valaSkertSi.

valaSkertis mRvdelTmTavris wodeba mamaTmTavari~ SesaZloa niS-

navdes, rom is erT periodSi iqca `iveriis qalkedonuri~ eklesiis

memkvidred, romelsac saTave, Cans, aseve qarTuli warmoSobis, ioane

bagaranelma daudo.

e.w antioqiuri qronikebis nawyvetebi iZleva kidec zemoT aRniS-

nuli mosazrebis safuZvels _ qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobili CanarTi

unda exebodes avanis anu iverielTa (qarTvelTa) qalkedonur eklesiasa

da antioqias Soris urTierTobas da ara mcxeTisa da antioqiisa _ `da

wargzavnes antioqias monazoni erTi sakurTxevelad, rameTu ganwese-

bul iyo kurTxeva antioqiiT kaTalikosisa da verRaravis xelewifebo-da svlad gzasa antioqiisasa... xolo dReTa Teofilaqte antioqiel pa-

triarqisa waravlines mociqulni.. da miuTxres... didsa Wirsa Sina ari-

an qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebisani, rameTu dRiTgan ne-

tarisa anastasi mRvdelmowamisaTa ara kurTxeul ars siZnelisaTvis

gzaTasa. xolo man hyo kreba da ganaCina... raTa Sekrbebodnen episkopos-

ni samrevlosa misisani da akurTxevdnen kaTalikossa JamiTi-Jamad ...

xeldasxmul hyo... erTi movlinebulTa monazonTagani, saxeliT ioane...

amas antioqiis krebasa Sina gapatiosnda~ (q. c., I, gv. 226).

523

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ am CanarTis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1906 wels gamoTq-va Tavisi mosazreba kirion II kaTalikosma, rom es monaTxrobi exebodasamxreT saqarTvelos tao-basianis mxareebis saeklesio mowyobas. v.goilaZis azriT ki, aq, gadmocemulia afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarse-

bis cnoba. afxazeTis sakaTalikosos daarsebis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawv-

dis qarTlis cxovrebis sxva CanarTi _ `aman bagrat ganaCina kaTali-

kosi afxazeTs~ (IX s-Si).

e.i zemoT aRniSnuli pirveli CanarTi qarTlis cxovrebis mixed-

viT ar ukavSirdeba afxazeTs, amitomac swori unda iyos kirion II,

rom es CanarTi ukavSirdeboda tao-basianis (Sesabamisad avanis) saek-

lesio mowyobis sakiTxs.

CanarTSi naxsenebia `qristianeni, mkvidrni qarTvelTa soflebi-

sani~ (q. c., I, gv. 226).

`qarTvelTa~ provincia erqva, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, tao-basi-

anis mxareebs da mis irgvliv teritorias, romelic droebiT, arme-

niaSi mdebareobda.

am mxareSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen, magram

politikurad isini `somxebad~ iwodebodnen.

am CanarTSi amitomac ganmartavs antioqiis patriarqi, rom saqme

Seexeba `qarTvelTa soflebis mkvidrT~.

aseT SemTxvevaSi qronologiuradac ufro dalagebulia msjelo-

ba _ anastasi antioqieli patriarqi TiTqmis Tanamedrove iyo avanisqalkedoniti kaTalikosis ioane bagaranelisa, romelic 609 Tu 610 welsgardaicvala.

amis Semdgom, arabobis Semosevebis gamo, marTlac, rTuli iqnebo-

da antioqiisa da tao-avanis saeklesio urTierToba.

avanis kaTedra marTlac umRvdelTmTavrod darCa da qalkedoni-

ti episkoposebi SeierTa somxurma eklesiam VII s-Si, magram es mdgo-

mareoba, anu eTnikuri mRvdelTmTavris gareSe yofna, ar akmayofileb-

da tao-basianis qarTuli qalkedonituri soflebis mrevls.

maT Cans, surdaT saerTaSoriso mxardaWeris mopovebiT gamoexs-

naT TavianTi Tavi somxuri eklesiisagan.

magaliTad, moRweulia iSxanis taZris minaweri, sadac adgilobrivi

mRvdelTmTavari trapezuntSi Cavida, raTa konstantinopolis pa-

triarqs daesxa misTvis xeli.

524

arzrum-Teodosiopoli tradiciulad antioqieli patriarqis sam-

wysos ganekuTvneboda da iqve mdebareobda kidec avanis memkvidre

tao-basianis qalkedonituri vrceli qarTuli samrevlo.

iberiis eklesiis pirvelierarqad antioqiam daniSna qarTveli mon-

azoni saxeliT ioane.

es niSneulia, radganac avanis pirvel kaTalikossac ioane erqva.

ase, rom avanis qalkedonituri kaTedris warmoSobis mTavari mizezi

unda yofiliyo eTnikuri gansxvavebulobis gamo qarTuli mrevlis

gamoyofa somxuri eklesiisgan da damoukidebel sakaTalikosod Camo-

yalibeba.

aseT Tvalsazrisamde mivalT Tuki aRniSnul CanarTs davukavSirebT

samxreT saqarTvelos _ tao-basianis mxareebs.

samxreT taos samefo karze _ daviT III kurapalatis epoqaSi, mrava-

li ucxoeli avtori axsenebs qarTvel kaTalikoss Tu qarTvel pa-

triarqs. SesaZloa, samxreT saqarTvelos am saeklesio erTeuls, mar-

Tlac, mianiWa antioqiam avtokefalia, Semdeg aTaswleulSi ki es cnobe-

bi mcxeTis eklesias daukavSires da miiCnies mcxeTis eklesiis av-

tokefaliis damadasturebel dokumentad.

taos (iberiis) samefos adgilze daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobis

dauflebis Semdeg, rogorc iTqva, bizantiam Camoayaliba adminis-

traciuli erTeuli _ iberiis Temis~ saxelwodebiT, XI s-is dasawyisSi.

maSasadame, SesaZlebelia, avanis sakaTalikoso ucxoelTaTvis, ker-Zod ki antioqieli qalkedonitebisaTvis warmoadgenda ara somxur,aramed qarTvelTa, anu iverielTa~ eklesias. mizezi amisa iyo misi mrev-lis umetesi nawilis (tao-basianis mosaxleobis) qarTveloba.

rogorc iTqva, ioane bagaranelis dros, somxur monofizitur ek-

lesias gamoeyo qalkedonituri frTa, romelmac damoukidebeli saka-

Talikoso daarsa. ismis kiTxva: ecdeboda Tu ara es eklesia, rogorc

TavisTavadi eklesia, Tavisi damoukideblobis aRiarebas, anda dakav-

Sirebas ucxoeTis sxva marTlmadidebel sapatriarqoebTan?

Cans, aseTi urTierToba maT daumyarebiaT antioqiis sapatriar-qosTan netari anastasi mRvdelmowamis zeobisas, magram Semdeg avaniseklesiis TavisTavadoba gauqmda. tao-basianis iverielma mosaxleobammoiTxova kvlav eZebnaT TavisTavadi eklesiis Camoyalibebis gzebi da

misi saerTaSoriso aRiareba.

525

es mouxerxebiaT antioqiis patriarq netari Teofilaqtes dros.

Sesabamisad, Camoyalibda tao-basianis, anu daviT kurapalatis same-

fos saeklesio samamamTavro, ukve qarTuli saeklesio erTeuli.

amiT iqamde somxurenovanma avanis sakaTalikosos memkvidre epar-

qiebma aRadgines qarTulenovaneba.

grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi naxsenebia _ `rameTu pirvelad aR-

mosavalisa kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalimiT mohyvanda, xolo efrem

qristesmieriTa brZanebiT mihronis kurTxeva qarTls ganawesa ierusal-

imis patriarqisa ganwesebiT da wamebiTa sixaruliT, aramed qarTlad

friadi qveyana aRiricxvebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Sei-

wirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis~ (Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli

literaturis Zeglebi, 1978, gv. 182).

qarTvelTa samyaroSi romel qveyanas erqva aRmosavleTi~? _ ufro

metad tao-basianis mxareebsa da agreTve im qveynebs, romelnic dav-

iT kurapalatma SemouerTa Tavis samefos. am qveynebs bizantiaSi ze-

moni qveyanani~ erqva.

marTlac, afxazTa samefosaTvis, romelic imJamad Tbilisis ar-

abTagan pyrobis gamo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da Semecnebis

centrs warmoadgenda, da dasavleTiT mdebareobda, es qveynebi re-

alurad aRmosavleTSi mdebareobdnen, amitomac Cans mas `aRmosav-

leTs~ uwodebdnen kidec.

iahia antioqielisa da asoRikis cnobebiT mefe daviT kurapalatis

karze iyo umaRlesi rangis sasuliero piri patriarqisa da kaTaliko-

sis wodebiT. SemdgomSi valaSkertel episkopossac mamamTavris~ wodeba

hqonda. Cven gamoTqmuli gvaqvs mosazreba, rom daviT kurapalatis

samefoSi erT periodSi Camoyalibda TavisTavadi qarTuli saeklesio-

administraciuli erTeuli afxazeTis sakaTalikosos msgavsi, romel-

sac Tavisi mmarTveli umaRlesi sasuliero piri hyavda. Cans, swored

mas uwodebdnen qarTvelebi `aRmosavleTis sakaTalikosos~.

aRmosavleTis sakaTalikosos miwa-wyali anu igive `zemoni qveya-

nani~ marTalia qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, magram iqamde, rogorc

iTqva, somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi iyo moqceuli, misgan gaTa-

visuflebis Semdeg is wm. mirons Cans, jer antioqiidan, Semdeg ki

ierusalimidan iRebda, magram qarTveli mamebis mecadineobiT, axla

526

ukve `qarTls~ anu mcxeTas ganewesa mironis kurTxeva, radganac es

e.w. `aRmosavleTi~ TviTonac qarTlis nawils warmoadgenda iqaur

taZrebsa da monastrebSi gaCaRebuli qarTulenovani wirva-locvis

gamo. ioane _ saxeli yofila aRmosavalis pirveli kaTalikosisa (io-

ane bagaraneli) da bolo (parxlis eklesiis kedelze amotvifruli

daviT kurapalatis droindeli) kaTalikosisa.

aRmosavalis, anu meore iveriis es qarTuli sakaTalikoso, Cans

gauqmda bizantiis imperatorebis basili meoris, romanozisa da kon-

stantines iveriaSi laSqrobaTa Semdeg, rac maT es qveynebi mowyvites

qarTul saxelmwifoebriv sistemas da bizantiurs miuerTes. aq maT

Seqmnes administraciuli erTeuli iberiis Temi~, xolo eklesiurad

is lazikis eparqias miuerTes, romlis saeklesio centri trapezun-

ti iyo.

527

II daskvna

eTnokulturuli situacia

somexi qalkedonitebis iverebad moxseniebas safuZveli daedo XIX

saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi, roca niko marma pirve-

lad uwoda egreTwodebuli somex qalkedonitebs iverebi. statiaSi _

«аркаун Монголъское Название христиан в связи с вопросом об армянах –халкидонитах» (1906 w.).

somex-qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb werdnen, v. aruTinova-fidaniani, p.

xaranisi, r. bartikiani, p. muradiani. n. maris mravali Sroma mieZRvna

somxur-qalkedonitur Zeglebs, romelnic somxuridan qarTulad

iTargmna. somexi qalkedonitTa mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis Sesax-

eb werdnen i. abulaZe, n. akiniani, p. muradiani, a. kazariani. arsebobs

Sromebi n. adoncisa da i. akinianisa.

v. aruTinova-fidaniani `pravoslavnaia enciklopediis~ statiaSi

`somexi-qalkedonitebi~ TviTve aRniSnavs _ somex-qalkedonitTa Ses-

wavlis sirTule aixsneba wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazis siZneleebiT:

somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb cnobebi moipoveba sxvadasxva enovan (somx-

ur, berZnul, qarTul, siriul da arabul) wyaroebSi da aseve sxva-

dasxva heterogenur wyaroebSi (istoriul qronikebSi, wmidaTa cx-

ovrebebSi, saRvTismetyvelo da polemikur traqtatebSi, epigrafikasa

da a.S), Tumca ki arcerT maTganSi ar arsebobs raime pirdapiri andaobieqturi informacia somex-qalkedonitTa Sesaxeb~.

aqedan kargad Cans, rom TviT yvelaze tendenciuri v. aruTinova-fi-danianis aRiarebiTac ki somex-qalkedonitTa e.w. iberielobas~ ar miu-

TiTebs arc erTi wyaro. amitomac, dainteresebuli pirebi wyaroTa sao-car simwires avseben magaliTad iseTi TxzulebiT, rogoricaa petri-

wonis tipikoni, romelic usabuTod cxaddeba somxur qalkedoniturTxzulebad.

unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs saerTod aRiarebuli gasagebi apa-rati aRniSnul regionSi eTnokulturuli procesebis Sesaswavlad,

528

saWiroa sxva midgomebi, sxva meTodika da ara is, rac demonstrirebu-

lia v. aruTinova-fidanianis wignSi (В.П. Степаненко Армяне – халке-дониты в истории византи XI в. Византиискии временик. Т. 59. с. 60).

`saWiroa monacemTa bazis Seqmna somexi qalkedonitebis Sesaxeb

bizantiasa da saqarTveloSi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qarTuli

teritoriebis nawili X s-Si aRmoCnda imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. es

mkveTrad Seamcirebs istoriuli konteqstebidan amoglejili infor-

maciiT manipulirebis SesaZleblobas. fesvebi eTnopolitikuri situ-

aciisa, romelic Seiqmna imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvrebTan X s-Si, unda

veZioT misi istoriis ufro adrindel periodebSi~ (v. stepanenko, dasax,

naSr, gv. 61) .

piradad Cven, bizantiis imperiis aRmosavleTiT (istoriuli saqar-

Tvelos samxreTSi) Seqmnili eTnopolitikuri da eTnokulturuli

situaciis fesvebs veZebT ara mxolod VI-XI saukuneebSi, aramed gac-ilebiT adreul periodSi.

am regionSi (trapezuntis pontoszRvispireTidan vanis tbamde)

qarTvel tomTa cxovrebas miuTiTebs mravali wyaro _ megasTenedan da

qsenofontedan, vidre konstantine porfirogenetamde.

wignSi ganxilulia ufro adrindeli periodebic.

mravali paragrafi mieZRvna imis kvlevas, rom magaliTad, Zv.w. XIV-

XIII ss. xeTuri wyaroebidan cnobili Woroxis saTaveebisa da zRvispire-

Tis momcveli qveyana haiasa~ iyo ara armenielebis qveyana, rogorc am-

Jamad miiCneva somxur istoriografiaSi, aramed cnobili aia-kolxida.

am mxareebis momcveli im droisaTvis, aseve analizis Sedegad Camoyal-

ibda mosazreba, rom miuxedavad n. maris skolis mier uaryofisa marTa-

li iyo wmida ilia WavWavZe, roca is urartus qalduelTa (anu ZvelqarTvelTa) qveynad miiCnevda, amis samtkiceblad wignSi mravali masa-

laa damowmebuli (mag. f. haasis mier dadgenilia, rom mcireaziaSi

gavrcelebuli rwmena-Sexedulebebi da miTebi identuria antikur

samyaroSi cnobili zogierTi miTisa, Cveni TvalsazrisiT iasonisa

da medeas miTi garkveulwilad identuria amiranisa da yamaris Tqmu-

lebisa, romelic, Cans, mcire aziis mkvidr qarTvelTa winaprebSi iyo

gavrcelebuli, anu aia-kolxidis vrcel samyaroSi, romlis erTi naw-

ili Semdgom urartum moicva).

529

`mosxebi _ kolxuri tomia~ _ werda am epoqasTan yvelaze axlos

mdgomi, qristeSobamde VI saukunis avtori hekatos mileteli. aseve,

didi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos cnobas babilonis mefis nabuq-

odonosor II-is (Zv. w. 605-562 ww.) epoqaSi pontospireTSi (CvenTvis

saintereso regionSi) iberTa cxovrebis Sesaxeb, romelic, TviT

klasikuri xanis mweralTa miTiTebis Tanaxmad, miewereboda mcirea-

ziel berZens, istorikoss, geografossa da diplomats, indikis~ av-

tors megasTenes (daaxl. Zv. w. 350-290 ww.).

Cveni kvleviT, `mosxebi~ igive kolxebi, igive qaldebi iyo, is eTno-substrati, romliTac Camoyalibda qarTveli xalxi qristeSobamde VI-V ss-Si aRniSnul miwa-wyalze, romelsac `meore iberias~ uwodebda wm.kirion kaTalikosi.

strabonis cnobiT, Zv.w. II s-mde iberebisa iyo aRniSnuli vrceli mi-wawyali, iqamde, sanam maT somexTa mefeebma pariadres kalTebi, xorZenada gogarena ar waarTves. es olqebi arian-qarTlis ZiriTadi nawilebiunda yofiliyo.

kvleva aCvenebs, rom arian-qarTlis umTavresi nawili moicavdaklarjeTs, tao-basians, yarsisa da arzrumis olqebs, im miwa-wyals,romelzec Semdgom bizantiam Camoayaliba iberiisa~ da `qaldeas~ Te-mebi, vanistbispireTidan da avan-anisidan trapezuntamde.

mTlianad ki, arian-qarTli moicavda pariadres areebs, aseve `mt-

kvris iqiT~ mdebare gogarenasa da maT Soris moqceul xorZenas, ibere-

bis im sacxovriss, romelic Zv.w. II saukuneSi miitaca armeniam.

xorZena ganvrcobili iyo pariadredan gogarenamde, anu mtkvram-

de, Cveni azriT umarTebuloa amJamad miRebuli Tvalsazrisi gog-

arenasa da xorZenas mdebareobis Sesaxeb. straboni miuTiTebs, rom

gogarena `mtkvris iqiT~ anu marcxena sanapiroze mdebareobda Zv.w. I

saukunisaTvis, amitom is araa `gugarqi~. straboni Tavis naSromSi

orjer aRniSnavs, rom gogarena mtkvris iqiT, marcxena sanapiroze

mdebareobda olq `sakasenas~ Semdeg.

sakasena, misive cnobiT, araqsis dablobis boloSi, mtkvarTan mde-

bareobda.

gogarenas marjvnidan mtkvari sazRvravda, strabonis cnobidan

gamomdinare aqamde anu mtkvramde aRwevda xorZena, is pariadredan

mtkvramde vrceldeboda.

530

(xorZena arian-qarTlis umTavresi nawili yofila, is unda iyos

`xorasmioni~ (xorazmi), romlis mefe farasmanesi aleqsandre make-

donels ewvia Sua aziaSi mweral arianes cnobiT, _ `aleqsandresTan

movida farasmanec xorazmelTa (dedanSia xormasion~) mefe 1500 mxed-

riT, man Tqva, rom is cxovrobs kolxTa modgmisa da amazoni qalebis

mezoblad~ (ariane, aleqsandres anabazisi, IV,15, 1-7, antikuri kavka-

sia~, I, 2010, gv. 310). straboni wers xorZena~, mwerali ariane ki wers

`xorasmion~, fuZeebi `xorZ~ da `xoras~ identuri Cans). Tu es asea,

maSin SesaZloa farasmanesi iyos azos (anu azonis) mama, `arian-qarT-

lis~ mefe).

Zv.w. III-II ss-Si araqsis xeobisa da misi mTianeTis armenizaciis miuxe-

davad am teritoriaze mcxovrebma mkvidrma qarTvelebma ZiriTadad

SeZles erovnul-eTnikuri identobis SenarCuneba. xolo gaqristianeb-

is Semdeg am did saqmes upirvelesad xels uwyobda maTi mxurvale sar-wmunoeba da qalkedonuri aRmsarebloba.

rogorc aRiniSna, imis Semdeg, rac 726 wlis krebam somxuri eklesia

monofizitobas srulad daubruna, `meore iberiis~ qarTvelobam Tavi

gaiTavisufla somxuri eklesiisagan da aRidgina erovnul-qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobac, rac SeiZleba iTqvas, uZvelesi arian-qarTlis

samefos aRorZineba iyo. Sesabamisad, am regionSi ayvavda qarTuli ek-

lesia da kultura, samwuxarod, e.w. daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobi-

saTvis omis dros bizantiis imperiam XI s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi sastikad

gaanadgura meore iveria~ da misi sakaTalikoso, riTac Tavisdaunebli-

eT mospo is jebiri, romelic bizantiis aRmosavleTs Turq-seljukeb-

isagan icavda. maT amiT myisve isargebles da amave saukunis 70-ian wleb-

Si ukve bizantiis siRrmebSi SeiWrnen (Turq-seljukebi).wignSi aRiwera araqsispireTsa da Woroxis saTveebSi qarTvelTa

(iverTa) cxovreba uZvelesi epoqidan XI s-is 70-ian wlebamde.

531

ZiriTadi daskvna

saerTaSoriso samecniero wreebSi amJamad damkvidrebulia umarTe-

bulo Tvalsazrisi, TiTqosda iverebi (ivirebi) ewodebodaT ara mxo-

lod qarTvelebs, aramed somex-qalkedonitebsac (`pravoslavnaia en-

ciklopedia~, t. III, moskovi, 2001, gv. 326, 327, v. aruTinova-fidani-

ani, grigol pakurianis tipikoni, erevani, 1978, rus. enaze, misi damow-

mebani vikipediis Sesabamis da sxva saenciklopedio statiebSi, mag.

`somexi _ qalkedonitebi~, fond `haiazgis~ enciklopeda da sxva).

iberiis Temis, taosa da aseve, misi mimdebare regionebis mosaxle-

oba cxaddeba somex-qalkedonitebad, am mxareebidan gamosuli wminda

mamebi da qarTveli didebulebi ki eTnikur somxebad (mag. Tornike

erisTavi da sagvareulo Cordvanelebisa, grigol bakurianis Ze da

sxvani), Sesabamisad am mxareTa qarTuli kultura, eklesia-monastrebi

_ somxurad.

saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi anu iverebi

somex-qalkedonitebad gamoacxades istoriuli konteqstebidan amo-

glejili informaciis manipulirebis Sedegad, mtkicebiT, rom TiTqos-

da isini ara eTnikurad iyvnen qarTvelebi, aramed mxolod saekle-

sio-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT da mas Semdeg iwodnen qarTvelebad,

rac qalkedonuri aRmsarebloba miiRes. cxadia es aris Teoria romel-

ic amJamad iwodeba `qarTizaciis Teoriad~.

sinamdvileSi tao-basiani, mimdebare olqebi, da serTod `iberiis

Temis~ teritoria warmoadgenda qarTvelTa istoriul sacxovriss

iq somxebis dasaxlebamdec.

strabonis cnobiT aRniSnuli samxreTis teritoriebi (pariadre-

dan gogarenas CaTvliT) iberiam dakarga Zv.w. II s-Si armeniis mefeTa

eqspansiis. am miwa-wylis mkvidri qarTvelebi (iberebi) miuxedavad

imisa, rom ukve armeniis saxelmwifos mcxovreblebi iyvnen, gaqristi-

anebis Semdeg IV-V saukuneebSi mtkiced icavdnen marTlmadideblo-

bas. SemdegSi, VI-VII saukuneebSi, es miwa-wyali (araqsis xeoba, Woroxis

532

saTaveebi, vanis tbisaken mimarTuli teritoriebi), aRmoCnda bizan-

tiis SemadgenlobaSi, mas bizantiuri somxeTi ewoda da aq mravali

qalkedonituri saepiskoposo daarsa mkvidrma mosaxleobam. am peri-

odSi somxuri eklesia loialobas gamoxatavda bizantiuri eklesiis

mimarT da TiTqosda qalkedonitoba aRiara kidec, rac mkvidri qarTve-

lobisaTvis mTlianad misaRebi iyo, radganac qarTveloba mtkiced

icavda marTlmadideblobas.

bizantielebTan arabebis gamarjvebisas somxurma eklesiam sarw-

munoebrivi orientacia mkveTrad Seicvala. arabobis epoqaSi somx-

ur-erovnuli anu monofizituri eklesia gaZlierda, isargebla ra

am regionSi arabebTan omisas bizantiis dasustebiT, Seaviwrova qalke-

donituri saepiskoposoebi.

VIII s-isTvis bizantiam, TandaTanobiT, SeZlo arabebis mier dapyro-

bili miwebis gaTavisufleba da bizantiam kvlav moiTxova Zveli ierar-qiuli damokidebulebis ganaxleba, amis sapirispirod, 726 wlis ma-

naskertis krebaze gaimarjva somxur-erovnulma saeklesio mimarTule-

bam, aman gamoiwvia iurisdiqciis sazRvrebis cvlileba. kerZod, adgi-

lobrivi somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiebi uars ambobdnen bizantiasTan

ierarqiul damokidebulebis ganaxlebaze da uerTdebodnen somxur-

erovnul eklesias, anu somxur sakaTalikosos.somxur-erovnul eklesiasTan dabrunebis am sayovelTao process

Tavi aarides bizantiis somxeTis arasomxurma qalkedoniturma epar-

qiebma, kerZod ki qarTveli mrevlis saepiskoposoebma.

adgilobrivma qarTulma mrevlma tao-basiansa da mimdebare olqebSi

yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvita somxur eklesiasTan da daubrunda deda

qarTuli eklesiis wiaRs, radganac somxuri eklesia sabolood

gamonofizitda, xolo qarTuli mrevli, rogorc aRiniSna, mtkiced

icavda qalkedonitobas. am viTarebisas, adgilobrivi qalkedonuri

mosaxleoba ZiriTadad sakuTar erovnul eklesiebSi gaerTianda -

qarTvelebi qarTulSi, somxebi ki somxurSi.

sabolood, rogorc iTqva, bizantiuri somxeTis eTnikurad qarTu-

li mrevlis didi nawili axal viTarebaSi SeuerTda ara somxur ekle-

sias, aramed qarTul, misTvis erovnul eklesias, imavdroulad,

saqarTvelos moSorebiT mcxovrebi bizantiuri somxeTis qarTuli

533

mrevlis umetesma nawilma umjobesad miiCnia berZnulSi darCena, ma-

gram kategoriulad ar Sevida somxuri eklesiis iurisdiqciaSi.

mizezi amisa is iyo rom qarTuli eklesiis iurisdiqciis Zala ver

wvdeboda maT areals _ sacxovrebel trapezuntis vrcel olqs,

romelsac berZnebi `lazikis qveyanas~ uwodebdnen. isini iyvnen tra-

pezuntis mitropolitis iurisdiqciis qveS.

wignSi gamokvleulia, rom araqsis xeobisa da tao-basianis momcve-

li iberiis Temis miwawyali qristeSobamde IV-III ss-Si iwodeboda ari-

an-qarTlad~ da aq qarTveloba (iverebi) yovelTvis mkvidr mosaxle-

obas Seadgenda. aqve maT daafuZnes kidec mravali qarTuli saepisko-

poso _ valaSkertisa, arzrumisa, karisa, anisisa da sxva, romelTagan

zogierTi XVI-XVII ss-Sic ki funqcionirebda.

iverebis somex-qalkedonitebad gamocxadeba Secdomaa, romlis ga-

mosworebisTvisac unda izrunos qarTulma istoriografiam, romelicamJamad qarTizaciis Teorias~ emxroba, rac misi dabrkolebis lodia.

01.06.2014

534

urartus qaldi _ qarTlis armazi

535

mowyale qaldi _ amwyalobebs, wyals asxurebs ers

536

fotoebi da rukebi

anisis moxatuli qarTuli eklesia

537

etif

ane

qar

Tl

is k

aTal

iko

sis

mie

r n

aku

rT

xi a

nisi

s m

eor

e q

arT

ul

i t

aZar

i

538

wmida nino anisis qarTuli eklesiis freskaze (svetis aRmarTva)

539

wmida

nino

svetis

win

anisis

freskaze

540

wmid

a n

ino

da

mo

rwm

une

qal

ebi

anis

is f

res

kaz

e

541

sava

rau

do

d m

efe

mir

iani

s n

adir

oba

ani

sis

qar

Tu

li

ekl

esii

s f

res

kaz

e

wmid

a n

ino

s f

res

kis

gve

rd

iT

542

freskaze savaraudod gamoxatulia naTlis sveti, romelic daadgra

dabrmavebul mefe mirians (anisis qarTuli eklesiis freska)

543

anis

is m

oxa

tu

li

qar

Tu

li

ekl

esii

s g

areT

a k

edel

i

544

anisis erT-erTi qalkedonuri qarTuli eklesia

anisis sakaTedro taZari

545

xedi anisis eklesiidan, mitropoliti anania

anisis moxatul qarTul eklesiaSi

546

anisis moxatul qarTul eklesiaSi

anisis Zveli qalaqis galavani

547

arzrumis muzeumSi daculi oSkis bareliefebi

anisis moxatuliqarTuli eklesia

548

Avan, plan (Toros Toramanian)

avani,

dasavleTis

fasadi

avani, CrdiloeTis konqi avani, gegma

549

jvari

eCmiaZini, rifsime, samxreT-aRmosavleTidan,agebulia mcxeTis jvris gegmiT

rifsime

575

sarCeviSesavali ............................................................................................. 5

kari pirveli

arian-qarTlis istoria

Tavi I

arian-qarTlis xalxi da miwa-wyali

arian-qarTlis qveyana da sityva `qarTvelis~ etimologia .............19

arian-qarTlis eri ........................................................................... 23

azonis mamis samefo ......................................................................... 26

`azonis mamuli~ ................................................................................ 30

xalibTa `qaldus qveyana~ arian-qarTlis safuZveli ......................33

strabonis cnoba iberielTa miwebis armenielebis mier

mitacebis Sesaxeb ........................................................................ 42

azo-farnavazis Sidadinastiuri brZola ......................................... 45

vaxtang gorgasali istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwa-wyalze ............46

arian-qarTlis aCrdili ................................................................... 49

Tavi II

wyaroebis da literaturis mimoxilva istoriuli arian-qarTlismiwaze mcxovrebi qarTuli tomebis Sesaxeb

qsenofonis `kirosis anabasisi~ ........................................................ 51

qsenofontes gza .............................................................................. 62

qsenofonte qaldebis Sesaxeb da arian-qarTli ...............................63

strabonis cnobebi laz-alazonebis Sesaxeb ....................................67

alazonebi da georgebi Crdilo da samxreT kavkasiaSi

strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebiT ............................................ 69

lazebi da svanokolxebi ptolemaiosTan ......................................... 71

istoriul arian-qarTlSi mcxovrebi tomebi ...................................77

iberTa tomi `luvias qveyanaSi~ anu libiaSi....................................84

lazebi g. gozaliSvilis mixedviT ................................................... 88

adelle billisa da o. lorTqifaniZis gansxvavebuli

mosazrebani kolxeTis Sesaxeb .................................................. 105

576

`arian-qarTlis~ sakiTxisaTvis. ariani .......................................... 109

nabuqodonosori (g. qavTaraZe) ...................................................... 110

xalibebi (g. qavTaraZe) ................................................................... 113

xorZene _ arian-qarTli (g. qavTaraZe) .......................................... 114

iberebi xotenesa da akiliseneSi .................................................... 116

n. xazaraZe mosxebis qveynis Sesaxeb (Zv. w. I s.) .............................. 119

p. ingoroyva mesxeT-kolxeTis Sesaxeb (I s.) ................................... 128

Zvel berZen-marTlmadidebel episkoposTa ganmartebani

qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb ................................................. 130

Tavi III

istoriuli arian-qarTlis miwaze somxuri saxelmwifoebriviwarmonaqmnebis daarseba

Zv. w. II s-Si armenielTa mier mitacebuli iberielTa miwebi

strabonis cnobiT..................................................................... 136

dasavleT armeniis eTnikuri saxe (Zv. w. II s-dan) ........................... 138

istoriuli qarTuli olqebi armeniaSi.

1. `qveyana CrdiloeTisa~ (IV s.) ...................................................... 144

2. gogarena, korduena da basiani (V-VII ss.) .................................... 145

3. iveria, persarmenia da persiberia (IV-VI ss.) ............................... 147

4. somxebis gadasaxleba persarmeniidan bizantiur

somxeTSi V-VI ss. ....................................................................... 149

`oTxi armenia~ xalibebis yofil miwaze (IV-VI ss.) .......................... 151

Tavi IV

qarTuli TviTSemecnebis aRorZinebaCrdilo da dasavleT armeniaSi

dasavleT armeniis xalxSi eTnoidentobis Ziebis

Sedegi (IX-X ss.) ......................................................................... 153

qarTvelTa TviTSemecnebis aRorZineba dasavleT armeniaSi ......... 154

lazikis eparqia _ dasavleT armeniisa da persarmeniaSi

Semavali persiberiis (istoriuli, yofili arian-qarTlis)

qarTvelobis gamaerTianebeli .................................................. 155

ucxouri wyaroebi megrelTa da svanTa iberielobis Sesaxeb ....... 159

brZola erovnul-qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis

`zemo qveynebSi~ (X-XVI ss.) ........................................................ 164

577

Tavi V

`armeniis~ qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba

`berZnuli da qarTuli qristianoba~ ............................................. 167

wmida ninos jvari dasavleT armeniaSi (VI-XI ss.) ........................... 169

wmida nino _ armeniis qarTvelebis erovnuli droSa (IX-X ss.) ..... 171

wm. nino lazikaSi (IV s.) .................................................................. 172

armeniis iberiuli zolis saunjeni (`qebaY da didebaY

qarTulisa enisaY~ da wmida ninos jvari) ................................. 178

kari meore

saeklesio erTeulebi istoriuliarian qarTlis miwaze

Tavi VI

`meore iveriis~ qarTuli mrevli somxuri eklesiisiurisdiqciaSi IV-VIII ss-Si

somxuri eklesiis Tavdapirveli iurisdiqcia (IV-V ss.) ................. 191

basianis somexi episkoposebi .......................................................... 194

grigol ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis arabuli versiis araswori

Targmna n. maris mier ................................................................ 194

Tavi VII

kirion I-is Rvawlis Sedegebi armeniis iberiul zolSi

kirionismieri erovnuli gamofxizleba dasavleT armeniis

qarTvelobisa ............................................................................ 196

enobrivi viTareba gugarqSi ........................................................... 198

kirion I ........................................................................................... 199

armeniis qarTvelTa didi gamofxizleba ....................................... 208

kirionis gamofxizlebis~ proeqti ............................................... 209

gamofxizlebis ori mTavari stimuli (IV-X ss.) .............................. 210

wm. daviT da tariWani, isaaki da iosebi ......................................... 212

axali era somxeTis eklesiis istoriaSi ........................................ 213

arseni safareli qarTul-somxuri saeklesio urTierTobebs

Sesaxeb VI-VII saukuneebSi ........................................................... 214

578

Tavi VIII

e.w. somex-qalkedonitTa vinaoba

araswori Teoriebi iberebisa da somexi qalkedonitebis

Sesaxeb ....................................................................................... 217

somxur-qalkedonuri eklesiis qarTuli frTa ............................. 231

patriarq nikoloz mistikosis miTiTeba tao-basianis

qarTvelTa da aseve albanelTa Sesaxeb (X s.) .......................... 232

wmida mamebi eqvTime mTawmideli, stefane mtbevari da sxvani

somxuri eklesiis mZlavrobis Sesaxeb ...................................... 237

`somex-qalkedonitTa~ namdvili vinaoba ........................................ 243

somex-qalkedonitTa ierarqiuli damokidebuleba imperiis

eklesiis mimarT (VI-VII-VIII ss.) ................................................... 252

somxur-qalkedonuri eparqiebi lazikaSi ...................................... 254

Tavi IX

qarTuli warmoSobis ierarqi armeniis iberiaSi

wmida nerse iSxneli ....................................................................... 255

bizantiis imperatori konstans (konstantine) II somxeTSi ............ 256

gugarqeli, taoeli, vanandeli da arzrumeli aznaurebi

somxuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg ................................................... 262

basianis sofeli okomi da anisis somxuri jvari ........................... 264

anisis jvris lursmnebi ................................................................. 265

Tavi X

àRmosavleTis~ sakaTalikoso

ìverTa~ (avanis) sakaTalikoso (VII s-is dasawyisi) ........................ 268

ìberieli~ ioane bagaranelis delegacia antoqiaSi da misi

taZari avanSi ............................................................................. 271

mamaTmTavar-patriarqi daviT kurapalatis karze (X s.) ............... 282

taos samamamTavros sazRvrebi (X s.) .............................................. 284

àRmosavleTis kaTalikosni~ ......................................................... 287

`qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqi iovane~ ............. 291

iSxani _ avani .................................................................................. 298

somxuri ganmartebiTi warwerebi ................................................... 301

didi gaqceva somxuri eklesiidan .................................................. 308

579

kari mesame

qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebiistoriul arian-qarTlSi

Tavi XI

`qarTvelTa samefosa~ da iveriis Temis~ aRorZineba

istoriul arian-qarTlis miwaze somxuri saxelmwifoebrivi

erTeulebis dauZlurebis Semdeg

`qarTvelTa samefos~ daarseba (IX-X ss.) ........................................ 314

mefeebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi ...................................... 318

qarTvelTa mefis tituli .............................................................. 325

`somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~ ........................................................ 326

bagrationTa legitimacia .............................................................. 328

mirdatis Zeni da bagrationebi klarjeTSi ................................... 330

Zveli lazikis mefeebis warmomavloba WaneT-taos samefodan ...... 333

bagrationebi baiberdidan klarjeTSi ........................................... 335

bagrationebs TavianTi gvari aRebuli hqondaT dedis mxridan .... 336

berZnuli sakariskaco titulebi ................................................... 338

taoelebi arian-qarTvelTa~ memkvidreebi .................................... 339

mkvidri mosaxleobis erTguleba (X s.) .......................................... 340

ganmaTavisuflebeli laSqroba xalxis mxardaWeriT (X s.) ............ 342

Tavi XII

iberiis Temi

iberiis Temi (XI s.) .......................................................................... 346

iberiis Temi `bizantiis istoriis~ mixedviT ................................. 347

manralia da mardalia _ iberiis Temis ZiriTadi nawilebi ........... 348

basianelni anu mesxni qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT (IX-XI ss.) ...... 349

anisi _ iberiis Temis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi, erevani _

`saqarTvelos qalaqi~ ............................................................... 351

gogarena _ `hereTi~ ....................................................................... 355

580

Tavi XIII

iberiis Temis qarTuli samamamTavro

`iberiis Temis~ olqebi da gzebi .................................................... 357

basili II-isa da sxva imperatorebis omebi iberiis winaaRmdeg(1001-1054 ww.) ............................................................................ 368

valaSkerti da Tormeti qarTuli gavari (XI s.)

a. lastivertecis cnobiT ......................................................... 371

saeklesio iurisdiqciaTa cvlileba (XI s.) .................................... 374saba mtbevari, ezra anCeli, baneli ioane da zaqaria

valaSkerteli (XI s.) .................................................................. 376

`iberiis TemSi~ qarTulenovani eparqiis gauqmeba (XI s.) ............... 383

valaSkertis samamamTavro da lazikis samitropolito (XI s.) ...... 387`naTesaviT qarTvelni~ (grigol bakurianis Ze) ............................. 388

qarTuli saepiskoposoebi yofili mesxeTis miwebze ..................... 392

yofili iberiis Temis mimdebare qarTuli saepiskoposoebi

(XIV-XVII ss.) ............................................................................... 393

Tavi XIV

`Zveli qarTuli ena~`Zveli qarTuli ena~

Zveli qarTuli ena _ salaparako norma regionebSi ...................... 397

zanur-qarTuli enobrivi erToba .................................................. 399

lazikis samitropolitos Zveli mosaxleobis ena ......................... 413

qarTulenovnebis naSTebi armeniaSi ............................................... 416enis SenarCunebis mizezebi ............................................................. 418

somexi qalkedonitebis ena ............................................................. 419

Zv. lazuris da Zv. qarTulis erTianobis mtkicebulebani ........... 421

kolxi da glexi n. maris mixedviT ................................................. 424

kari meoTxe

arian-qarTlis warsuli

Tavi XV

argonavtebi da amiraniani

aia-kolxida da pelasgur-kavkasiuri identoba ............................. 427

iazoni da amirani ........................................................................... 430

581

amirani iasonia, xolo medea _ yamari ............................................ 433

amirani da argonavtebi .................................................................. 434

Tavi XVI

arian-qarTlis winaistoria

`haiasa~ _ àias qveyana~ (Semdgomi kolxida) .................................. 437

e. w. somxeTis zeganze istoriulad arsebuli saxelmwifoebi ...... 444

iarvandi – iaredos _ ariani ......................................................... 458

urartu – qalduelTa qveyana ...................................................... 465

urartus meore Zlieri tomi _ qaldebi ........................................ 467

urartus `RmerTi~ qaldi da qarTlis armazi ............................... 472

qarTvelebi (qalduelebi) urartusa da zRvispireTSi ................. 481

samxreT kavkasia da momijnave qveynebi elinizmis periodSi

(lev gumiliovi) ........................................................................ 486

araqsis xeobisa da misi mTianeTis armenizacia ............................. 492

Tavi XVII

etimologiuri Zieba

xeTebis qalaqi arina, nairi da arian-qarTli ................................ 500

ariani-arzeni .................................................................................. 506

arian-qarTlis adgilebi _ kari, karini, arwni, arzrumi,

artaani, artanuji, arzene da xorZene ..................................... 508

arian-qarTlis etimologia ............................................................ 510

I daskvna ............................................................................................................................... 513avani da ìverTa aRmosavalis sakaTalikoso~avani da ìverTa

aRmosavalis sakaTalikoso~ ...................................................... 513

II daskvna .............................................................................................................................. 527eTnokulturuli situacia ............................................................ 527

ZiriTadi daskvna ........................................................................................................... 531

fotoebi .............................................................................................................................. 536

rukebi .................................................................................................................................. 550

582

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa T. revaziSvilis

ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

ed

gadaeca warmoebas **.**.2014. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad **.**.2014.

qaRaldis zoma 70X100 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 54. tiraJi 100

egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77

arian qartli

Documents