Architecture of Workplaces 1. Lecture 5

Size standardization-coordination

Constructions of space separation

external space separation, façades

Dobai János DLA associate professor Bartók István DLA associate professor

Bell Labs, New Jersey, USA, Aero Saarinen, 1966

Big spaces are separated by big façade and roof surfaces > space separation task Two solutions: „carpet principle”: the form is covered by „cut off” surface from a homogenous, endless surface, monolithic solutions „tile principle”: the surface is distributed, paved with a number of coordinated elements prefabricated, pre-assambled, industrialized solutions

„Tile principle” > Size standardization: When the completing and the placing of the ready-made building elements’ are

separate in time and place > the coordination of the building material: brick module Early (ancient) examples - the 15cm brick module has always been present during

the history of construction Revealed again by the modern movements: For improving efficiency - bulk production of great elements: economic, constant - plant production, prefabrication: better quality - less work on the building site, faster building - ability of multiplying - useful for general purpose - reduces the number of elements But: -high quality detail development -increasing of element size>lifted weight -uniformity

Pyramid of Cheops 2580-2530 b. C.

Wall detail from Babylon round 600 b. C.: millions of bricks

Crystal Palace, London, 1851, Joseph Paxton cast iron elements, coordinated , moduled dimensions > hierarchy

Plan of a hangar for the US Air Force, 1945 Konrad Wachsmann (1901-1980) modular coordinated bar and joint elements

1M=A

1M

=A

1/6A=B

1/6B=C

The surface, space is paved, „tiled” with uniform elements. In case they were too big, they will be divided in more parts. The grid is distributed due to the structural hierarchy (?) However the structures are not 0 in extent!

the coordination of the „old” brick: not only the size, the interspace matters as well!

15

65

1 75

Already on the level of one particular construction (e.g. partition walls) turn up several coordination questions! The question of interspace (tolerance).

The place need of joints (details), the precision of production, place need of placement, thermal expansion!!!, other movements

grid

partition wall

In case of different thickness the task is even more difficult!

floor plan

overlapping element parts overlapping element parts

The structural hierarchy causes further problems!

The elements of different size are multipliing.

The line of space separation?

grid

grid

wall element

pillar

overlapping > irregular size element

overlapping > irregular size elements

The elements of different levels of hierarchy are on different grids.

In which group should be the irregular elements?

(here the level of the structure)

mixed (a bit better alternative)

2

2

2

2

1

1 1 1

2

1 2

1

2

2

1 normal element

irregular 1.

irregular 2.

additional (corner) element too small!

Normal position: 1M=x m Corner 1.

Corner 2.

irregular 3.

additional (corner) element

normal element

The irregular elements are on the lower level>

Less different primary elements are needed

New complications: even the elements of the same level are not homogeneous: coordination of details, layers

And this was only an examination in 2D of a small part of the possible questions...

Classic example: Seagram Building, New York, Mies van der Rohe, 1958

Classic example: Seagram Building, New York, Mies van der Rohe, 1958

The modular coordination is senseless for itself > Size standardization: premise: size-rows that can be theoratically anything > professional common agreement (eg. brick module) previously the human sizes: inch system, 1 inch, 1 foot, 1 yard stb. 1/12 twelve-based size system (today in the USA) but elsewhere (almost everywhere) the decimal system is general The practice has chosen 10 cm for base module. The suggestion of the Hungarian practice (1949-1991), but not contradicting the common western practice was: base module: 60 cm, expanded module: 300 cm The result: mainly the coordination of the primary (bearing) structures > prefabrication suiting well the needs en masse, „standard” (6,00-9,00-12,00-18,00m) grids, spans suiting structural subsystems, products: suspended ceilings, light fittings, floors of elements, building service systems But: Alvar Aalto: 1 mm Le Corbusier: Modulor 226 cm (golden section)

Le Corbusier: Modulor 226 cm

6x12 meter short main beam skeleton structure of precast reinforced concrete

9x9 meter main beam with purlins skeleton structure of precast reinforced concrete

„Skeleton panel” multi-storey short main beam skeleton structure of reinforced concrete

Flexibility Size coordination>the possibility to apply replaceble elements It aims during design: changeability, possibility for multipurpose, durability, through these is heading sustainablity without using technology arrangements is useful, practical and should be applied! To reach this: well considered functional order, rational plans > rational buildings less „architectural gestures, forms”, durable materials... The elements’ size standardization > possibility of replacement didn’t succeed: because of the variaty of sizes and needs the producing, storing, coordination of lots of different elements (also because of developments of different dinamism) effected in the end cost increasing.

Size standardization>flexibility, possibility of rearrangement, replacement Processor factory INMOS, Newport, Wales, Richard Rogers, 1982-87

External space separation Roofs Façades - the surface to be placed between (in front of) the skeleton structure Tasks: separation: against wind, rain, safety thermal requirements: thermal insulation: heated temperated (+5 °C) mechanical tasks: weather loads: wind load technology loads: machines, equipment impacts by accident: hurtling architectural requirements: openings: lighting, traffic building technology requirements: possibility of construction, size limits construction time and weather limits cost requirements: thrift, sustainability „aesthetic requirements”: should be nice and proportional image, meaning, modernity, harmony

Chocolate factory Menier, Noisel-sur-Marne, near Paris, Jules Saulnier, 1825-1875

Brick

Vitriol factory, Luban, Silesia, Hans Poelzig, 1911

Brick

Fagus last factory, Berlin, Walter Gropius, H. Mayer, 1913

Brick

Ziegler Wafer Factory, Zsámbék, Hungary, Turányi Gábor, Turányi Bence, 2002

Brick

Pavilion Brick Factory Vogelensangh, Bedaux de Brouwer, Deest, The Netherlands, 2016

Pavilion Brick Factory Vogelensangh, Bedaux de Brouwer, Deest, The Netherlands, 2016

Pavilion Brick Factory Vogelensangh, Bedaux de Brouwer, Deest, The Netherlands, 2016

Värtan Bioenergy CHP-plant, Stockholm, Sweden, UD Urban Design AB + Gottlieb Paludan Architects, 2016 terracotta panels

terracotta panels

Värtan Bioenergy CHP-plant, Stockholm, Sweden, UD Urban Design AB + Gottlieb Paludan Architects, 2016

G. Ostervig cable plant, Nieporęt, Poland, Stefan Kuryłowicz: 1999

Glass, metal sandwichpanel

Médiathèque Lucie Aubrac, Vénissieux, France, Domeniquie Perrault, 1997-2001

Glasswall, perforated sheet with shading

BMW Car factory, Leipzig, Germany Zaha Hadid, 2005

Profile and sheet glass, concrete, aluminium trapezoidal sheet

Le maison de verre, Paris, Pierre Chareau, 1932 Early example: wall of glass blocks

Le maison de verre, Paris, Pierre Chareau, 1932 Early example: wall of glass blocks

National Art Academy, Maastricht, Netherlands, Wiel Arets 1989-1993 „Glass concrete” surfaces

Printing hall, München, Germany Amann+Gittel 2000 Profile glass, aluminium frame structure

Kaufmann Wood Estate, Bobingen, Germany Florian Nagler, 1999 Polycarbonate sheet

Kaufmann Wood Estate, Bobingen, Germany Florian Nagler, 1999 Polycarbonate sheet

Ricola Chocolate factory, plant building Mulhouse, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1993

Polycarbonate sheet with printed pattern

Acrylic glass (building high)

Factory building, Vitra Campus, Weil am Rhein, Germany, SANAA, 2012

RBS Railway station, Worb, Switzerland Smarch Architekten, 1999-2003 Web of stainless steel stripes

aluminum louvers Breathing (medical) Factory, Osaka, Japan, Takashi Yamaguchi, 2009

Corten steel panels Compressor station, Egtved, Denmark, C.F. Møller , 2010-13

Corten steel panels Compressor station, Egtved, Denmark, C.F. Møller , 2010-13

Inapal Metal Industrial unit, Palmela, Portugal, Menos é Mais, 2006 Trapezoidal metal

Inapal Metal Industrial unit, Palmela, Portugal, Menos é Mais, 2006 Trapezoidal metal

Sportshall, Saarburg, Baumschlager & Eberle, 1999 Stainless steel web + glass

BTV Bank building, Wolfurt, Austria, Baumschlager & Eberle, 1989 Unattended wood battens on batten frame

Hydropower Plant Ragn d'Err, Vincenzo Cangemi Architects, Tinizong-Rona, Switzerland, 2016 wooden planking

BC Passive House Factory, Pemberton BC, Canada Hemsworth Architecture, 2014

Wooden construction, wooden cladding, shading

BC Passive House Factory, Pemberton BC, Canada Hemsworth Architecture, 2014

Wooden construction, wooden cladding, shading

Dominus Winery, Napa Valley, California Herzog & de Meuron, 1997

Monolith concrete, gabion, premise of stone

Plastered surface (Dryvit) Sewage works, Berlin, Gustav Peichl, 1980

Railway engine depot, Basel, Switzerland Herzog & de Meuron, 1995 Monolith concrete

Laposa Winery, Badacsony, Hungary, Kis Péter, Molnár Bea, 2010 Precast concrete

Laposa Winery, Badacsony, Hungary, Kis Péter, Molnár Bea, 2010 Precast concrete

CoBLOgó, São Paulo, Brazil, SUBdV, 2014 parametrically rotating concrete-block façade screen

CoBLOgó, São Paulo, Brazil, SUBdV, 2014 parametrically rotating concrete-block façade screen

Furniture showroom Brno, Czech Republic, Chybik and Kristof, 2017 Plastic chairs

Furniture showroom Brno, Czech Republic, Chybik and Kristof, 2017 Plastic chairs

Back to the earth... Ordinary structures of today and of the recent past of non-accentuated tasks: Light structure space separation: corrugated, or trapezoidal sheet metal (carpet principle) policarbonate, profile glass (basically tile principle) sandwich panels (tile principle) framed glassed-in constructions (tile principle) Reinforced concrete based space separation: layered mononithic constructions (eg. Thermo-Mass) (carpet principle) standing and lying panels - usually as sandwich panels (tile principle) Visible brick masonry: nowadays only layered constructions – pseudo tectonic! (carpet principle)

Layered light structure 1. – corrugated (sinus) sheet metal

Layered light structure 2. – trapezoidal sheet metal

Layered light structure 2. „Coffer”

trapezoidal sheet metal (standing) façade cladding, „coffer” back structure

standing trapezoidal sheet metal cladding

wall coffer horizontal (from pillar to pillar)

tie beam (footing)

trapezoidal sheet metal (lying) façade cladding, „coffer” back structure

lying trapezoidal sheet metal cladding

vertical spacer batten

wall coffer horizontal (from pillar to pillar)

tie beam (footing)

Cargocenter Frankfurt, Germany, 2007, Kölling Architekten trapezoidal sheet metal (standing) façade

Mikropakk, Salgótarján, Hungary, Pethő László, 2008-10 trapezoidal sheet metal (lying) façade

Mikropakk, Salgótarján, Hungary, Pethő László, 2008-10 trapezoidal sheet metal (lying) façade

Sandwich panels with metal sheet surface

Sandwich panel façade

Sandwich panel façade

Sandwich panel façade

Reinforced concrete façade panels

tie beam

wall column

pillar rider

facade panel

Thank you for your attention!