T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813

Archaeological Monitoring Plan for TreatabilityStudy at Disposal Area 101 Sinkhole, MarineCorps Training Area Bellows, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i

Windy K. McElroy, M.A.

February 10, 2006

Contents

1 Introduction 21.1 Nature and Location of the Undertaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.2 The Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 Federal Historic Preservation Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Background 42.1 Physical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.3 Historic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.3.1 Archaeological Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3.2 Surface Structural Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

2.4 Sensitivity Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.5 Archaeological Implications and Anticipated Archaeological Remains72.6 Determinations of Potential Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Project Design 103.1 Field Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103.2 Research Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103.3 Project Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

4 Fieldwork 124.1 Field Recording and Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124.2 Inadvertent Discovery of Human Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

1

2 1 INTRODUCTION

5 Post-Field Actions 145.1 Laboratory Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145.2 Curation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.3 Report Preparation and Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Glossary 15

Bibliography 15

Illustrations

1 Location of the project area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Detailed topography at Disposal Area 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Archaeological sensitivity map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Abstract

T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. has prepared an archaeologicalmonitoring plan for the removal of a historic trash deposit from a natural sinkholeat Disposal Area 101 at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows, O‘ahu. The pro-posed monitoring will focus on the discovery and appropriate treatment of historicproperties affected by this excavation. The proposed monitoring will take placenear an archaeological site and historic structural remains but is not expected toimpact either.

1 Introduction

At the request of Shaw Environmental, Inc., T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists,Inc. has prepared an archaeological monitoring plan (AMP) for a proposed undertak-ing1 at the Marine Corps Training Area Bellows (MCTAB), O‘ahu (fig. 1). The pro-

undertakingposed undertaking is a treatability study, abandonment of an existing monitoring well,installation of a drainage barrier, and installation of security bollards at a sinkholewithin Disposal Area 101. The project proposed by the AMP is designed to identify

projecthistoric properties that might be exposed during the undertaking and to treat them ap-propriately.

The AMP is revised and updated from Dye [11]. It is written within the frame-work of The Treatment of Archaeological Properties[1] and the Cultural ResourcesManagement Plan for MCTAB [14]. It conforms to the State Historic Preservation Di-vision (SHPD)Rules Governing Standards for Archaeological Monitoring Studies andReports(§13–279–4). The AMP reflects the research design developed for MCTABby Dye [10] based on the settlement pattern model of Tuggle [24] and implemented byDesilets and Dye [8].

1Words that appear in the glossary are italicized and added to the margin where they first appear.

1.1 Nature and Location of the Undertaking 3

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Figure 1. Location of the project area in relation to archaeological sites and runwaysat MCTAB, O‘ahu.

1.1 Nature and Location of the Undertaking

The proposed undertaking is located on the west side of MCTAB, just north of Puha(Waimanalo) Stream (fig. 1). The undertaking will consist of the abandonment of anexisting monitoring well, installation of a drainage barrier, and installation of securitybollards at a sinkhole that was utilized as a disposal site during World War II. Thesinkhole measures approximately 50 ft. in diameter and its floor is 18–20 ft. below thesurrounding ground surface. Five trenches were previously excavated in the sinkhole,and glass, metal, ceramic, and wooden materials were removed [9]. No evidence oftraditional Hawaiian deposition was observed during previous excavation, although thebase of the sinkhole was not inspected due to the great depths and unstable walls of thetrenches [9].

4 2 BACKGROUND

1.2 The Project

T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. will conduct archaeological monitoringof all ground disturbing activities of the undertaking. The primary focus of the mon-itoring is on the discovery and appropriate treatment of historic properties during theundertaking.

1.3 Federal Historic Preservation Law

The undertaking is located in an area near a traditional Hawaiian site that has beenevaluated as significant and eligible for listing on the National Register of HistoricPlaces. The project is thus carried out pursuant to Section 106 of the National HistoricPreservation Act, as well as other applicable laws and U.S. Air Force regulations [14].The World War II trash deposit itself is not significant, however [9].

2 Background

The physical environment, historic properties, and history of MCTAB have been de-scribed in detail by several authors [12; 14; 24]. Recent intensive studies include Dye[10] and Desilets and Dye [8]. The following information, taken primarily from Tuggle[24], is a brief review that provides context for the project.

2.1 Physical Environment

The Marine Corps Training Area at Bellows, together with Bellows Air Force Stationabout 635 ha (1,570 a.), is located on the windward coast of the island of O‘ahu (fig. 1).It is bounded by Waimanalo Bay on the east, Keolu Hills on the north and northwest,and Waimanalo Town and Waimanalo Bay State Recreation Area on the southwest andsouth.

There are three major landforms at MCTAB: unconsolidated Holocene sands, lithi-fied Pleistocene dunes, and volcanic hills. The coastal portion of MCTAB is a lowplain formed by a series of unconsolidated calcareous sand beach ridges and swales.Calcareous sands on the plain were deposited as the sea fell to its present level froma high-stand of approximately +1.8 m in the mid-Holocene [16]. Immediately inlandof the plain is a series of lithified Pleistocene dunes that rise several meters above thecoastal plain. The volcanic Keolu Hills form the northern and northwestern boundariesof MCTAB.

Puha Stream (now called Waimanalo Stream), which drains the traditional land di-vision of Waimanaloahupua‘a, cuts through the Pleistocene dunes near the middle of

ahupua‘aMCTAB. Before it was channelized in the twentieth century, the stream meanderedacross the plain depositing nutrient-rich terrestrial sediments on the relatively infertilesands, creating environments suitable for traditional Hawaiian aquaculture and irri-gated agriculture.

Much of MCTAB has been modified by military construction activities. This isespecially true of the undulating topography of the coastal plain, which was mostly

2.2 History 5

flattened during World War II for development of airfield runways and support facili-ties.

Rainfall at MCTAB averages 890 mm a year at the coast and 1,130 mm inland. Thedominant vegetation is a complex of introduced taxa, including ironwood,koa haole, ironwood

koa haolelantana, andkiawe.lantana

kiaweThe undertaking will occur entirely within a natural sinkhole. Hawaiian sinkholes

develop when rainwater dissolves portions of calcareous substrate, such as an ancientreef [26]. The opening of a sinkhole is typically much narrower than the interior, cre-ating a bell-shaped profile. This results from rapid evaporation of rainwater near thesurface that redeposits calcium carbonate crystals which are resistant to dissolution.Rainwater in the interior of the sinkhole evaporates more slowly and dissolves materialfaster as it obtains carbon dioxide from soil deposits. The calcareous substrate con-tinues to be dissolved downward until the water table is encountered, upon which aflat floor is created as the groundwater neutralizes the acid-rich rainwater. Soil is thentransported into the sinkhole through the action of wind and water, and the remains ofanimals that have fallen into the sinkhole are often buried.

2.2 History

Archaeological and archival data from MCTAB indicate a long-term Hawaiian occupa-tion, with development of pondfield irrigation along the inland sections of WaimanaloStream and habitation sites along the stream and the coast. Archaeological informa-tion indicates use of the interior beach ridges and swales with activities that includedfire-making, cooking, lithic working, and burials. Most of this activity took place ona stable land surface with little stratigraphic development except along the stream andnear the coast, where cultural deposits are relatively thick.

Archaeological work indicates that there are remnants of a paleosol scattered across paleosol

the entire plain. This surface existed on undulating beach ridges and swales that canbe identified on pre-World War II topographic maps, and is probably the main occupa-tional surface associated with Hawaiian use of the area. The paleosol is found todayin a variety of situations determined primarily by the nature and extent of modern landalterations. It can be found wholly or partially exposed and deflated with traditionalHawaiian cultural materials on the surface; near the surface beneath graded material,roads, or runways; and deeply buried by fill materials in former swales.

The Waimanalo coastal dunes were reported to contain many burials [15]. Theseprobably reflect a large settlement inland and south of MCTAB, rather than dense set-tlement along the coast of MCTAB.

At the time of themahele, the land on which MCTAB was later established was in mahele

theahupua‘aof Waimanalo. Waimanalo was part of the Crown Lands of KamehamehaIII during the mid-nineteenth century. Records indicate that the focus of early historic-era settlement in Waimanalo was inland of what is now MCTAB in areas associatedwith intensive development of irrigated agriculture along Waimanalo Stream inland ofthe plain [23]. Land Commission Awards and claims for lands now part of MCTABare located along either side of the stream [24].

Land use changed in 1850 when most of the region was leased to Thomas Cum-mins for ranching [23]. Cummins raised high-quality breed cattle, race horses, and

6 2 BACKGROUND

sheep. Ranching activities gave way to sugarcane cultivation in the late 1870s whenWaimanalo Sugar Company was chartered. Sugarcane was cultivated on volcanic soilsand on the mixed volcanic and calcareous sands near Keolu Hills and did not extendonto the sandy soils of the coastal plain.

Waimanalo Military Reservation was established in 1917, with boundaries nearlythe same as those of MCTAB. Little military use was made of the reservation until 1933when the name of the reservation was changed to Waimanalo Military Reservation,Bellows Field, and a short runway at the south end of the reservation and a target rangewere constructed. New runways were under construction when the Japanese attackedon December 7, 1941. Extensive construction took place during World War II, duringwhich time it was used as an airfield.

Following the war, use of MCTAB changed gradually from an airfield to othermilitary functions, including training, recreation, and communications. During theCold War, a Nike/Hercules missile site was constructed at the south end of MCTAB.Interior areas were leased for cattle ranching.

2.3 Historic Properties

Information on the known historic properties of MCTAB was compiled in the 1990s.Tuggle [24] inventoried archaeological sites dating to the traditional Hawaiian andearly historic periods. Surface structural remains from the historic period prior to 1950were inventoried by Yoklavich and Leineweber [25].

2.3.1 Archaeological Sites

Eleven archaeological sites at MCTAB are currently recognized as historic properties(see fig. 1, pg. 3). The eleven sites do not include site 50–80–15–511, a property on theNational Register of Historic Places. The boundaries of this site were drawn when thedistribution of archaeological remains at MCTAB was poorly known. Over the years,as information on historic sites has accumulated, it became apparent that the boundariesof site 50–80–15–511 bore little relation to the distribution of archaeological remains.Consequently, site boundaries were redefined and the significance of the sites wereevaluated without reference to site 50–80–15–511. For these reasons, site 50–80–15–511 is no longer included in the inventory of archaeological sites recognized as historicproperties.

The project area is located near the southwestern boundary of site 50–80–15–4853[24:22, 110–116]. The site consists of a series of cultural deposits that lie on thenorth side of Puha Stream. The deposits include the remains of habitation, workshop,agricultural, and human burial areas. The site has been divided into five locales, andlocale 2 is closest to the project area. This locale has been partially disturbed by runwayconstruction, leaving discontinuous exposures of cultural material. Cultural depositsof locale 2 are typically found 10–15 cm below the surface and consist of midden,charcoal, traditional Hawaiian artifacts, and a human burial. Artifacts include fishhookfragments, coral sinkers, volcanic glass flakes, adzes, and adze manufacturing debris,suggesting that workshop activities took place there. Locale 2 also contains a buriedcultural layer that has been exposed in the bank of Puha Stream. Portions of this layer

2.4 Sensitivity Maps 7

are greater than one meter in thickness and contain midden, basalt flakes, earth ovens,and a possible postmold. A radiocarbon sample from one of the earth ovens produceda date ofAD 380–660, one of the earliest dates from the Bellows Plain, although thesample was not taxonomically identified and may suffer from in-built age [24:113]. in-built age

Inland deposits resulting from nineteenth century rice cultivation and possibly earliertaro agriculture have also been documented [24:114]. The potential for the discoveryof buried waterlogged deposits near Puha Stream has also been noted [24:114].

2.3.2 Surface Structural Remains

Yoklavich and Leineweber [25] provide an initial listing and evaluation of the knownmilitary resources at MCTAB that pre-date 1950. Their list contains a total of 160 fa-cilities or resources. Cold war (post-1950) resources at MCTAB are not significant [5].Two World War II era runways are located in the vicinity of the project area. Runway3L-21R lies to the north, and runway 18–36 lies to the east (see fig. 1, pg. 3). Bothrunways were completed in 1943 and are eligible for listing on the National Registerof Historic Places (NRHP) under criterionA because they were built in response to theDecember 7, 1941 Japanese attack [14]. However, there are no plans to nominate eitherrunway to the NRHP (V. Curtis pers. com. 2004). The project area also lies within theWord War II pursuit plane revetment complex. The nearest known archaeological fea-ture is Airplane Revetment 25, which is located immediately west of the project area(fig. 2. The undertaking is not expected to impact the runways or revetments.

2.4 Sensitivity Maps

The first sensitivity map that portrays the probability of encountering unrecorded tradi-tional Hawaiian cultural remains at MCTAB was produced by Eidsness [12]. This mapwas modified by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and later by Farrell and Spear [14]to incorporate new information on the distribution of cultural resources at MCTAB.The AMP uses the most recent of these sensitivity maps [14]. The project site is lo-cated in an area of moderate probability, immediately north of the high probability areaassociated with site 50–80–15–4853 (fig. 3).

2.5 Archaeological Implications and Anticipated Archaeological Re-mains

Historical and archaeological data have several implications for the potential archaeo-logical remains in the undertaking’s area of potential effect:

1. The project area has been modified extensively but there is evidence of traditionalHawaiian cultural deposits at site 50–80–15–4853. It is unlikely that the sinkholewill contain intact cultural deposits associated with this site.

2. Remnant deposits may be buried and sealed by secondary deposits and fill mate-rials in the sinkhole. These are likely to be found at the base of the sinkhole.

8 2 BACKGROUND

Figure 2. Detailed topography at Disposal Area 101, MCTAB O‘ahu.

3. Because of modern activity in the project area some secondarily deposited tradi-tional Hawaiian cultural material can be anticipated.

4. Sinkhole deposits often yield the remains of extinct birds and other animals [26]which can provide information on the pre-human and traditional Hawaiian envi-ronment of the Bellows Plain.

5. Historic artifacts dating to the World War II era are expected because the sinkholewas used as a dump during the war. Artifacts may include metal and glass debrisand glass bottles. Dated materials from the upper and lower portions of the trashdeposit can inform on the period of use of the dump.

2.6 Determinations of Potential Effect 9

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7

Figure 3. Archaeological sensitivity map amended to illustrate the project area.Source: Farrell and Spear [14].

2.6 Determinations of Potential Effect

The potential for an adverse effect on significant historic sites of all ground disturbingactivities of the undertaking will be determined in consultation with the SHPO.

Undertaking excavations at the sinkhole site are situated inland of the coastal beachsand environment that was favored for human burial in traditional Hawai‘i. Althoughhuman burials are not as frequently found this far inland at MCTAB, one intermentwas discovered nearby in site 50–80–15–4853. Thus, it is possible, although relativelyunlikely, that human remains will be inadvertently discovered during the undertaking.The monitoring of undertaking activities at the sinkhole site responds to communityconcerns that human burials might be located in the vicinity. If burials or traditionalHawaiian cultural deposits are to be found, they are likely to occur below the historictrash deposit.

10 3 PROJECT DESIGN

3 Project Design

Archaeological monitoring will be conducted for all undertaking activities. Identifiedarchaeological remains will be recorded and appropriate archaeological samples col-lected. If cultural materials indicating the presence of undisturbed deposits are discov-ered, then archaeological sub-surface test excavations may be conducted as an optionaltask.

3.1 Field Problems

The field problem is defined as a phase of sub-surface inventory survey for traditionalHawaiian archaeological sites and human burial remains on the sandy coastal plain.Given the extensive modern disturbance to this portion of MCTAB, traditional Hawai-ian deposits are likely to exist as discontinuous remnants. The primary field problem ofthe monitoring is identification of cultural remains appropriate or suitable for data col-lection through a program of limited test excavation and sampling. The field problemis explicitly constrained to the undertaking’s area of potential effect.

Historic remains related to World War II military activity are the primary materialsexpected to be found during undertaking activities. Traditional Hawaiian cultural re-mains might also be encountered. These may include remnant cultural deposits at thebase of the sinkhole and secondarily deposited cultural material intermixed with thehistoric trash deposit. Faunal remains that predate the trash deposit may also be foundat the base of the sinkhole.

3.2 Research Problems

The problems of archaeological monitoring can be separated into two general cate-gories: cultural deposit identification and cultural deposit characterization. Culturaldeposit identification refers to the location of intact cultural deposits, and the estimationof their extent and depth. Cultural deposit characterization problems refer to the deter-mination of the nature and significance of the deposits, and their potential to addressquestions of Hawaiian cultural history and settlement. This set of research problemsconcerns elements of stratigraphic interpretation, the historical sequence, and the largerproblems of Hawaiian archaeology. In general, archaeological remains at MCTAB areimportant for their potential contribution to the knowledge of early Hawaiian settle-ment [20; 22] and to agricultural expansion, pondfield development, and landscapechange [3; 4; 17]. The archaeological monitoring will be carried out to determine thepotential of the cultural remains to address these problems.

3.3 Project Personnel 11

1. The nature of stratification and the depositional history.

(a) Modern development of MCTAB has left discontinuous remnants of thetraditional Hawaiian land surface and associated archaeological sites. Someof these are found today near the surface and others are deeply buried be-neath fill material. These are not likely to be found in a sinkhole deposit,however.

(b) If traditional Hawaiian cultural deposits are present in the sinkhole, theyare likely to occur as remnants below the World War II trash deposit.

(c) Dated historic materials from the upper and lower portions of the trashdeposit can inform on the period of use of the dump. Glass bottles andceramics are particularly useful in this regard.

2. Larger problems of Hawaiian archaeology.

(a) Long-term environmental change is an issue of Hawaiian archaeology thatcan be addressed with information from the identification of wood taxafrom charcoal recovered at MCTAB. These identifications provide a recordof the local flora, which is now almost completely changed from the florathat was present during traditional Hawaiian times [8; 10]. Identification offaunal remains may also inform on earlier environmental conditions. Thebones of extinct birds are often found in sinkhole deposits and can provideinformation on the pre-human and traditional Hawaiian environment of theBellows Plain.

(b) The question of early occupation in the Waimanalo region is one of themost important issues in the larger picture of Hawaiian archaeology. Early14C dates have been obtained from charcoal recovered from stream banksand coastal deposits [20; 22], but most of these dates have an associated setof problems regarding stratigraphic position, context, and interpretation.At the same time, it is recognized that inland Waimanalo, along the easternboundary of MCTAB and farther inland, is an ideal location for early Poly-nesian settlement. Consequently, particular attention needs to be placedon this issue during the recording, sampling, and analysis phases of theproject. Materials submitted for dating will meet the definitional criteriafor “suitable dating material” [10:22]. suitable dating material

3.3 Project Personnel

A senior archaeologist will serve as principal investigator for the project. The principalinvestigator will be responsible for overall project organization and management, willestablish and ensure high standards for field sampling and laboratory analyses, mayconduct field visits and direct supervision of field personnel as appropriate, and willreview content of draft and final monitoring reports. The principal investigator will alsobe responsible for directing archaeological sub-surface test excavations in the eventcultural materials indicating the presence of undisturbed deposits are discovered andtest excavations are performed.

12 4 FIELDWORK

An archaeological monitor will be present at all undertaking activities with a po-tential for adverse effect on historic sites. The archaeological monitor will be a B.A.level archaeologist or higher with experience in Hawai‘i and shall be certified for haz-ardous waste operations. The archaeological monitor shall have the authority to haltany undertaking activities in any area where cultural materials have been tentativelyidentified and are threatened by continuation of the activities.

4 Fieldwork

Archaeological monitoring takes place within the context of a hazardous waste opera-tion. Each day prior to fieldwork, the archaeological monitor will attend a safety andwork plan meeting with the construction team involved with the undertaking. At thefirst of these meetings and subsequent meetings as necessary, the archaeological mon-itor shall explain the purpose of the archaeological monitoring, the authority of thearchaeological monitor to halt remediation activities, and the conditions under whichsuch a decision would be made. The field procedures and organization will be dis-cussed at these meetings so agreement can be reached on coordination, communication,and scheduling.

4.1 Field Recording and Sampling

Field recording and sampling will be directed toward the research problems. They areintended to mitigate any potentially adverse effects to historic properties. Standardsof documentation, recording, and analysis of features, soil and sediment profiles, andartifacts shall accord with the Secretary of the Interior’sStandards and Guidelinesfor Archaeological Documentation. Accurate map locations of test units, stratigraphicprofiles, and archaeological features, deposits, and artifacts shall be maintained.

The first three items in the following list are intended to provide basic stratigraphicdata relevant to the reconstruction of land surfaces in the project area in sufficient detailto make possible correlation of land surfaces with information from early topographicmaps and with information from past or future archaeological projects. Items fourthrough ten are intended to address the problem of long-term use of a stable surfaceand the associated difficulties of inferring use and occupational history.

1. The archaeological monitor or the staff archaeologist will be responsible forrecording all stratigraphic profiles with cultural remains or features; stratigraphicprofiles where samples have been taken; and profiles where there is a sedimen-tary change or unconformity that, in the professional judgment of the archae-ological monitor or staff archaeologist, contains information important for theresearch problems itemized above (see pg. 10).

2. The archaeological monitor or staff archaeologist will make notes on exposureswhose stratigraphic profiles are not drawn.

3. Locations of all stratigraphic profile drawings and photographs will be recorded,and an elevation above sea level will be established by an appropriate means.

4.2 Inadvertent Discovery of Human Remains 13

4. All cultural deposits will be examined in the field for

(a) evidence of micro-stratification and other data relevant to evaluation of de-positional history, and

(b) evidence of disturbance, irregularity, or boundary conditions that might in-dicate cultural activities; such evidence will be recorded in the profile de-scription.

5. All deposits will be examined for cultural items and the stratigraphic positionsof these items will be noted. Notation shall include reference to the age of the ar-tifact and how this age might indicate either disturbance to a deposit of differentage, or the age of the deposit. In particular, evidence for nineteenth century tradi-tional Hawaiian occupation will be noted, as well as evidence for early twentiethcentury military or other uses of the land.

6. Features will be recorded with attention to stratigraphic positioning, particularlytheir position of origin.

7. Profile descriptions will include appropriate technical information, in confor-mance with standards established by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, as wellas field-based interpretation of depositional history.

8. The stratigraphic positions of samples collected from profiles, including artifacts,feature contents, soil samples, and dating materials will be recorded.

9. Sediment and feature content samples will be collected astotal units withoutscreening for laboratory processing.

10. Samples for dating and paleoenvironmental analysis shall be collected from thesmallest stratigraphic units practicable.

4.2 Inadvertent Discovery of Human Remains

The project area was inhabited and used by native Hawaiians and more recently by di-verse ethnic groups primarily associated with sugar plantations. Inadvertently discov-ered human remains might belong to one of several ethnic groups. If human remainsare discovered, the archaeological monitor will notify the appropriate on-site official,all excavation work in the vicinity will stop, and the Base Historic Preservation Officer,15th Airlift Wing will be notified. It is understood that undertaking activities can beperformed in other areas. The archaeological monitor will protect any exposed bonesin an appropriate fashion, such as covering them with a shallow layer of sediment, andwill secure the area.

The archaeological monitor will provide the senior archaeologist and the Base His-toric Preservation Officer, 15th Airlift Wing with any observed data relevant to thecultural affiliation of the human remains. The observation will be made only on the ex-posed and/or disturbed deposits and will not involve additional excavation. The Base

14 5 POST-FIELD ACTIONS

Historic Preservation Officer, 15th Airlift Wing will make decisions regarding notifi-cation and consultation under the Native American Graves Protection and RepatriationAct (NAGPRA), as appropriate.

The AMP does not propose any additional treatment of human remains, other thandocumentation of archaeological context. Upon consultation with native Hawaiian par-ties in accordance with NAGPRA, or with another ethnic group as appropriate, the BaseHistoric Preservation Officer, 15th Airlift Wing shall specify the archaeological proce-dures, if any, required to treat the remains.

5 Post-Field Actions

The nature and scope of post-field actions will vary depending upon the results offield investigations. At a minimum, if no cultural remains are discovered, a report willbe produced to document the negative findings of the field investigations. If culturalremains are discovered, analyses appropriate to the research questions (see pg. 10) willbe carried out and reported.

5.1 Laboratory Procedures

Laboratory procedures will minimally follow the standard procedures set out by theSecretary of Interior’sStandards and Guidelines for Archaeological Documentation.Artifacts will be photographed, sketched, and identified as appropriate; relevant metricattributes will be measured and recorded. Faunal remains will be minimally identifiedto phylum, with detailed identification to genus or species as appropriate. Mathemati-cal manipulations of laboratory data will be carried out for summary descriptions andcomparisons with other collections, as appropriate.

Laboratory processing will be carried out on all collected samples. Samples thathave been collected as total units will be processed in the laboratory under controlledconditions. As appropriate, a concentration index will be calculated for each relevant

concentration indexarchaeological context related to occupational history and will not be calculated in aninterpretive vacuum.

Carbonized plant material submitted for14C analyses will be identified to the lowestpossible taxonomic category and selected to minimize in-built age. Wood charcoalidentification also provides useful information on the occupational history of a regionand on changes to the environment [8; 10].

5.2 Curation

Curation of research documents and archaeological samples shall be undertaken ona temporary basis at facilities provided by T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists,Inc. until the State of Hawai‘i or an appropriate federal agency establishes permanentfacilities.

5.3 Report Preparation and Scheduling 15

5.3 Report Preparation and Scheduling

Preparation of a final technical report shall conform to the Secretary of the Interior’sStandards and Guidelines for Archaeological Documentation. A draft technical reportshall be prepared and submitted in a timely manner, within 30 days following the endof fieldwork. The revised and corrected final report will be submitted within one monthfollowing receipt of review comments on the draft report.

Glossary

Entries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from theHawaiian Dictionary[21], or from Lucas [18]. Geological and geographical terms arefrom American Geological Institute [2] and Clark [7]. Archaeological terms are fromBray and Trump [6] and Mignon [19].

ahupua‘a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands tothe sea.

concentration index A measure, such as weight or count, of cultural material per unitof excavated sediment.

debitage Waste by-products of stone tool manufacture.

in-built age The age of a material when it was incorporated into the archaeologicalrecord. In-built age has the potential to skew14C dating results.

ironwood An historically introduced large tree,Casuarina equisetifolia.

kiawe The algaroba tree,Prosopissp., a legume from tropical America, first plantedin 1828 in Hawai‘i.

koa haole An historically introduced small tree,Leucaena glauca.

lantana An historically introduced shrub,Lantana camara.

mahele Land division of 1848.

paleosol A soil of the past, often buried.

pre-contact Prior to A .D. 1778 and the first written records of the Hawaiian Islandsmade by Captain James Cook and his crew.

project The archaeological monitoring and related actions, including laboratory anal-yses and report preparation. See also undertaking.

suitable dating material An identified sample of wood charcoal, selected to includeshort-lived species, twigs, or sapwood collected from a context that is in a clearlydefined association with a confidently identified traditional Hawaiian culturalfeature.

undertaking The proposed site inspection activities. See also project.

16 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliography

[1] Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (1980).The Treatment of Archaeologi-cal Properties: A Handbook. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

[2] American Geological Institute (1976).Dictionary of Geological Terms(Reviseded.). Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press.

[3] Athens, J. S. (1988).Archaeological Survey and Testing for Airfield PerimeterFence Project, Bellows Air Force Station, Oahu, Hawaii. Prepared for U.S. ArmyEngineer District, Pacific Ocean Division. Honolulu: International ArchaeologicalResearch Institute, Inc.

[4] Athens, J. S. and J. V. Ward (1993). Environmental change and prehistoric Poly-nesian settlement in Hawai‘i.Asian Perspectives 32, 205–223.

[5] Binder, M. S. (2002, June). Evaluation of Cold War-era resources at Bellows AirForce Station, Waimanalo, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. See [14], Appendix E, pp. E 1–E 16.

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