7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

1/18

LOW COST INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

Housing is far more than shelter It is both a dwelling and basiccommunity service and facility so essentially required for a wholesome familyand community life.

The quality of life in human settlements depends on environment,available facilities and resources.

The basc needs of human settlements are ample clean air forbreathing, potable water for drinking and efficient system of solid, sullageand waste disposal for hygenic and sanitary surroundings.

Infrastructure services catering to above basic needs of humansettlements are necessary for any programme related to housingdevelopment both in urban and rural areas.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

2/18

PLUMBING SYSTEMS

Sewerage and drainage systems are used to carry waste frombuilding to public sewer system. Where public sewerage does not exist, thedisposal is made into septic tank, socking pits etc. (Individual disposalsystem).

ONE PIPE SYSTEMThe pipe of waste water from sinks, baths and wash basins and

branches of soil pipes is connected to one main pipe. This main pipe isdirectly connected to sewerage system. Gulley (gutter) traps and waste

pipes are completely distributed but all traps of water closets, basins, etc.are completely ventilated to preserve water seal.

ONE PIPE SYSTEM PARTIALLY VENTILATEDIt is also called single stack, ventilated partially. There is one soil

pipe which discharges waste of water closets, baths, sinks and basins.There is a relief vent which ventilates only foul smell of water closet.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

3/18

SINGLE STACK STSTEM

In this system entire soil and waste discharge into a single pipecalled soil cum waste pipe. This system is the same as one pipe system, butwithout trap.

SINGLE STACK PARTIALLY VENTILATED SYSTEMIn this system there is one soil pipe in which all soil and waste

appliances discharge and only the trap of all soil appliances are ventilatedthrough single ventilation pipe. Thus the system has a soil cum waste pipeand one ventilation pipe for soil appliances only.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

4/18

SIGLE STACK SYSTEM

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

5/18

SOME OPTIONS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

LOW COST SANITATIONSulabh International, a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)

engaged in the cause of liberation and rehabilitation of scavangers in thecountry. Under low-cost sanitation programme launched by the centralgovernment with HUDCO Sulabh Sauchalaya scheme is launched.

Offset single pit toilet with pour flush

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

6/18

OFFSET SINGLE PIT TOILET WITH POUR FLUSH

The superstructure of an offset single pit toilet with pour flush is halfa meter away from the leach pit. A short length of sufficiently sloping (1:10)PVC leads from the U trap down to the pit.

SUITABILITY

The direct single pit toilet with pour-flush is suitable

-For areas where the water table is high, if the toilet is raised and connectedto a soak-pit.-In areas prone to freshwater or tidal flooding, if raised.

-For loose soils, if fully lined.-For soils with low permeability, if built with a soak pit.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

7/18

ADVANTAGES-It is easy to construct, operate, and maintain:-Operation consists of regular water cleansing of the slab (with soap or

detergent, if available) to remove any excreta and urine, and daily cleansingof the floor, squatting pan, door handles and other parts of thesuperstructure.-Maintenance consists of monthly inspections to check for cracks in the floorslab and damage to the vent pipe and fly screen, and digging out of part ofthe feces at the end of the dry season. These feces should be handled with

care and buried in a pit covered with soil. After at least a year, when thecontents of the pit have decomposed into harmless humus, the humus canbe can be used as fertilizer.-It is relatively inexpensive to construct, operate, and maintain.

DISADVANTAGES

-The U-trap can easily become blocked because of bad design or improperuse, or damages by improper unblocking.-Pour-flush toilets are unsuitable where it is common practice to use bulkymaterials for anal cleansing which cannot be flushed through the U-trap.Unless those materials are separately collected and safely buried or burned.

-The pit sludge is not safe until it has been left to decompose for at least ayear.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

8/18

WATER SUPPLY

Pressure of over urbanisation in our urban centres especially

metros has led to the situation of extreme inadequacy on water-supply front.

The per capita water requirement is 225 litres per day.

Chennai has only per capita 78 liters available

Delhi has only per capita 172 liters availableMumbai has only per capita 136 liters available

In Mumbai water is supplied from various sources located 29 km to120 km away from the city

A special train named 'Water express' brings water for the citizens of

Chennai

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

9/18

SOME ATTEMPTS OF WATER SUPPLY

ACCELERATED URBAN WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME (AUWSP)Government of India introduced AUWSP during the eighth fiveyear plan for towns having population of less than 20,000.

RURAL WATER SUPPLYOnly 41% of the rural population on global scale have

convinient access to safe drinking water supplies.Traditional open dugwells continue to be the traditional sources

for water for all purposes including drinking water. The handpump comesnext.

Nearly 10 % of the house hold collects drinking water fromexposed sources such as ponds, lakes and canals.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

10/18

ACCELERATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME (ARWSP)For meeting the requirement of water supply in the villages

without no safe sources, the central government introduced ARWSP

In order to ensure maximum inflow of scientific andtechnical input into the rural water supply sector and thus to deal with qualityproblems of drinking water, the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM)was launched.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

11/18

ENERGYThere is an increasing pressure on the conventional sources of

energy due to steep rise of population growth in developing countries.

BIO GAS PLANTS

SOLAR ENERGY

SMOKELESS CHULHA (HEARTH)

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

12/18

BIO-GAS PLANTSThe normal method of disposing of animal dung is to dry it into cakes

for burning it, as fuel which not only leads to insanitary conditions in the

house and the neighbourhood but also deprives the agricultural land of anexellent inorganic manure.

Animal dung contains ingredients which could be exploited for fueland minerial values.

The gas produced out of such plants is used for cooking food inhomes and also for the purpose of street lighting.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

13/18

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

14/18

SOLAR ENERGYSolar energy keep's clock tickling on earth. And in today's

times with the energy crunch, eyes are increasingly turning to the giant

power house in the sky- the Sun.An awesome source of power, solar energy equivalent to

almost 75,000 trillion (10) KWH hits the Earth every day. And a mere 0.1%of this staggering figure is sufficient to meet the world energy needs.

Solar photovoltaic energy systems had been deployed inIndia's remote areas and the countryside, all designed and made

indegneously. The most common systems being promoted are 'standalone' street lights.

Thre is rural electrification programme providing, solarlanterns, solar-powered TV sets and lighting of public buildings likecommunity centres, primary health centres, primary health centres and

places where adult literacy classes are held usually at night.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

15/18

'Stand alone' street light for Rural area

By BHEL, New Delhi.

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

16/18

SMOKELESS CHULHA (HEARTH)

Cow dung, charcoal and firewood which are most

commonly used as fuel in indian villages produce a lot of smoke which isvery injurious to health.

To avoid this nuisance, exhaustive investigations weretaken up by NBO.

The study had identified some performance-efficientchulhas which could work without causing any smoke hazards. Each

improved chulha saves 700 kg. of fuelwood a year

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

17/18

SMOKELESSCHULHA

7/29/2019 Arc-430,Lect-5.ppt

18/18

Thank you

For participation