aquaflow rheology modifiers

7/17/2019 Aquaflow Rheology Modifiers

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FORMULATING WITH AQUAFLOW ®

rheology modifiers

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®

FORMULATING WITH AQUAFLOW ®

Aquaflow rheology modifiers are the newest line of associative polymersfrom Aqualon. These liquid, synthetic products are designed tocontrol the rheology of waterborne paints and coatings.

All Aquaflow rheology modifiers provide:

• Superior flow and leveling• ICI viscosity control

• Full gloss development• Excellent spatter resistance

rheology modifiers


PRODUCT L INEAquaflow NLS-200 and Aquaflow NLS-210are low-shear effective products–they arerecommended for increasing Stormer consistency.Aquaflow NLS-210 imparts higher thickeningefficiency and more pseudoplastic rheology

than Aquaflow NLS-200.

Aquaflow NHS-300 rheology modifier, a high-shear effective product, is designed for boostingICI viscosity. Aquaflow NHS-300 contains noorganic solvents.

NNNNNOMENCLAOMENCLAOMENCLAOMENCLAOMENCLA TURE TURE TURE TURE TURE

N Nonionic

LS Low-Shear Effecti ve (St ormer Consi stency)

HS H igh-Shear E ffecti ve

(I CI Vi scosi ty)

T T T T TABLEABLEABLEABLEABLE 1–P1–P1–P1–P1–PHYSICHYSICHYSICHYSICHYSICALALALALAL PPPPPROPERROPERROPERROPERROPER T IES T IES T IES T IES T IES11111

Low-Shear EffectiveLow-Shear EffectiveLow-Shear EffectiveLow-Shear EffectiveLow-Shear Effective High-Shear EffectiveHigh-Shear EffectiveHigh-Shear EffectiveHigh-Shear EffectiveHigh-Shear EffectiveNLS-200NLS-200NLS-200NLS-200NLS-200 NLS-210NLS-210NLS-210NLS-210NLS-210 NHS-300NHS-300NHS-300NHS-300NHS-300

SolidsSolidsSolidsSolidsSolids 25 25 20

CarrierCarrierCarrierCarrierCarrier 80/20 75/25Water/DGBE2 Water/DGBE2 Water

VVVVViscosityiscosityiscosityiscosityiscosity, mPa, mPa, mPa, mPa, mPa.....sssss 2500-5500 2000-4000 4500-8000

DensityDensityDensityDensityDensity, lbs/gal, lbs/gal, lbs/gal, lbs/gal, lbs/gal 8.75 8.73 8.66

1Values shown are typical properties and are not to be construed as product specifications.2Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (Butyl Carbitol® solvent). Carbitol is a registered trademark of The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan.



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COMPOSITION

Aquaflow®

rheology modifiers are hydrophobically modified polyethers(HMPEs). These nonionic polymers consist of a water-soluble backbone thatis end-capped with hydrophobes. Molecular weights are less than 100,000.

Figure 1 gives a schematic representation of an Aquaflow molecule. Thestructure of Natrosol® Plus modified hydroxyethylcellulose–which hashydrophobes randomly placed along a high molecular weight cellulosicbackbone–is given for comparison.


FFFFF IGUREIGUREIGUREIGUREIGURE 1–A1–A1–A1–A1–AQUQUQUQUQUAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOWWWWW®®®®® RRRRRHELOGYHELOGYHELOGYHELOGYHELOGY MMMMMODIFIERODIFIERODIFIERODIFIERODIFIER SSSSS TRUCT URE TRUCT URE TRUCT URE TRUCT URE TRUCT URE

Aquaflow rheology modifiers(MW x 103 = 20-100)

Natrosol® Plus HMHEC(MW x 103 = 300)

HydrophobeHydrophobeHydrophobeHydrophobeHydrophobe

HydrophobeHydrophobeHydrophobeHydrophobeHydrophobe

RHEOLOGY

Typical viscosity/shear rate profiles for paints thickened with Aquaflowrheology modifiers and Natrosol Plus 330 are found in F igure 2. Each of these paints has the same Stormer consistency.

At very low shear rates, paint thickened with Aquaflow rheologymodifiers has lower viscosity than the paint made with Natrosol Plus 330. This low viscosity provides exceptional flow and leveling, but onlymoderate resistance to sag and settling.



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At the high shear rates encountered during paint application, Aquaflow®

rheology modifiers provide higher viscosity than does Natrosol® Plus 330.High high-shear viscosity results in increased brush drag and film build.

VVVVViscosityiscosityiscosityiscosityiscosity, mPa, mPa, mPa, mPa, mPa.....sssss

1010101010

Shear Rate, sShear Rate, sShear Rate, sShear Rate, sShear Rate, s-1-1-1-1-1

111110.10.10.10.10.10.010.010.010.010.01 1010101010 100100100100100 10001000100010001000 1000010000100001000010000

FFFFF IGUREIGUREIGUREIGUREIGURE 2–P2–P2–P2–P2–PROFILESROFILESROFILESROFILESROFILES

10000001000000100000010000001000000

100000100000100000100000100000

1000010000100001000010000

10001000100010001000

100100100100100

0.0010.0010.0010.0010.001

NatrosolNatrosolNatrosolNatrosolNatrosol®®®®® P lus P lus P lus P lus P lus

AquaflowAquaflowAquaflowAquaflowAquaflowNHS-300NHS-300NHS-300NHS-300NHS-300

AquaflowAquaflowAquaflowAquaflowAquaflow®®®®®

NLS-200NLS-200NLS-200NLS-200NLS-200

StorageStorageStorageStorageStorageDryingDryingDryingDryingDrying

T T T T Transportationransportationransportationransportationransportation ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing ApplicationApplicationApplicationApplicationApplication

THICKENING MECHANISM

Aquaflow rheologymodifiers functionprimarily by hydrophobeinteractions. Aquaflowmolecules can associatewith themselves as well

with as other hydrophobiccoating ingredients(Figure 3).

The low-shear effectiveAquaflow rheologymodifiers are moreinteractive than the high-shear effective types. As a result, the low-sheareffective types exhibit greater thickening efficiency.

FFFFF IGUREIGUREIGUREIGUREIGURE 3–T3–T3–T3–T3–T HICKENINGHICKENINGHICKENINGHICKENINGHICKENING MMMMMECHANISMECHANISMECHANISMECHANISMECHANISM

Latex

Latex

LatexLatex

Aquaflow

Aquaflow®

Aquaflow

RHEOLOGY



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HHHHH Y DROPHOBI CI TY Y DROPHOBICI TY Y DROPHOBI CI TY Y DROPHOBICI TY Y DROPHOBICI TY RRRRRANKINGANKINGANKINGANKINGANKING

OFOFOFOFOF CCCCCOMMONOMMONOMMONOMMONOMMON PPPPPAINTAINTAINTAINTAINT LLLLLAAAAA TEX ES TEX ES TEX ES TEX ES TEX ES

1.Styrene Acryli c

2.Acrylic 3.Vinyl Acetate-E thyl ene 4.Vinyl Acetate-VeoVa 5.Vi nyl Acrylic

LATEX EFFECTS

Interactions between Aquaflow®

rheology modifiers and latexes are stronglyinfluenced by the latex concentration, hydrophobicity, and particle size.

Increasing the latex concentration of a paint—decreasing its PVC—increasesAquaflow thickening efficiency. When all other variables are held constant,Aquaflow products will be more efficient in a gloss paint than a flat paint.

Increasing latex hydrophobicity willalso boost thickening efficiency.Aquaflow products have their highestefficiency in strongly hydrophobic

acrylic and styrene-acrylic latexes.

Reducing latex particle size also increasesAquaflow thickening efficiency. For agiven volume of latex, halving the particle

size will yield twice the surface area and eight times as many latex particles.More surface area means more interactions. More particles can also lead tomore interactions because the inter-particle distance is reduced, increasingthe likelihood that Aquaflow molecules can bridge between the particles.

Figure 4 helps illustrate these latex effects, and also demonstrates thevalue of using combinations of Aquaflow rheology modifiers. In a 24%


EfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiency, dry lbs/100 gal, dry lbs/100 gal, dry lbs/100 gal, dry lbs/100 gal, dry lbs/100 gal

1212121212

1010101010

88888

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Aquaflow NLS-200/NHS-300 RatioAquaflow NLS-200/NHS-300 RatioAquaflow NLS-200/NHS-300 RatioAquaflow NLS-200/NHS-300 RatioAquaflow NLS-200/NHS-300 Ratio

50/5050/5050/5050/5050/5075/2575/2575/2575/2575/25100/0100/0100/0100/0100/0 25/7525/7525/7525/7525/75 20/8020/8020/8020/8020/80 10/9010/9010/9010/9010/90 0/1000/1000/1000/1000/100

FFFFF IGUREIGUREIGUREIGUREIGURE 4–A4–A4–A4–A4–AQUQUQUQUQUAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOWWWWW®®®®® CCCCCOMBINAOMBINAOMBINAOMBINAOMBINA T IONS T IONS T IONS T IONS T IONS

ICI VICI VICI VICI VICI Viscosityiscosityiscosityiscosityiscosity, poise, poise, poise, poise, poise

66666

44444

22222

2.52.52.52.52.5

2.02.02.02.02.0

00000

1.51.51.51.51.5

1.01.01.01.01.0

0.50.50.50.50.5



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PVC acrylic semi-gloss paint–a high concentration of a hydrophobiclatex–the strongly interactive Aquaflow® NLS-200 delivers 97 KU at only0.8 dry pounds/100 gallons. However, the resulting ICI viscosity is too lowto develop adequate brush drag or film build.

When the weakly interactive Aquaflow NHS-300 is used as the solethickener to attain the same Stormer consistency, the ICI viscosity isgreater than two poise, but the thickening efficiency is nearly 10 drypounds/100 gallons. A 90/10 ratio of Aquaflow NHS-300/AquaflowNLS-200 yields a practical 1.4 poise at only 5.7 dry pounds/100 gallons.

Figure 4 also illustrates another important fact about thickeners andrheology modifiers: ICI viscosity is proportional to the amount of thickener used, regardless of the thickener type.

In summary, low-shear effective Aquaflow products can be the sole orprimary thickeners in high-PVC paints made with large particle size,hydrophilic latexes. As the PVC and particle size decrease, and as thelatex becomes more hydrophobic, the high-shear effective Aquaflowproducts become more useful.

LATEX EFFECTS



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SURFACTANT EFFECTS

Surfactants, because theycan enhance or disrupthydrophobic interactions,influence the rheology of coatings thickened withAquaflow® rheologymodifiers. Thickeningefficiency in particular isaffected by surfactant typeand amount.

Three nonionic surfactantswith different hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB)values were evaluated intwo paints: a 36% PVCvinyl-acrylic eggshell paintthickened with 4.8 drypounds/100 gallons of Aquaflow NLS-200, and a20% PVC acrylic gloss paint

thickened with 11 drypounds/100 gallons of Aquaflow NHS-300.

In the eggshell paint, the 8.8HLB surfactant increasedthickening efficiency at alladdition levels. The 12.6 and17.4 HLB surfactantsreduced efficiency (Figure 5).In the gloss paint, thickening

efficiency was improved bythe 8.8 and 12.6 HLBsurfactants, and reduced bythe 17.4 HLB surfactant(Figure 6).


FFFFF IGUREIGUREIGUREIGUREIGURE 6–G6–G6–G6–G6–GLOSSLOSSLOSSLOSSLOSS PPPPPAINTAINTAINTAINTAINT WWWWWITHITHITHITHITH

AAAAAQUQUQUQUQUAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOWWWWW®®®®® NHS-300NHS-300NHS-300NHS-300NHS-300

FFFFF IGUREIGUREIGUREIGUREIGURE 5–E5–E5–E5–E5–EGGSHELLGGSHELLGGSHELLGGSHELLGGSHELL PPPPPAINTAINTAINTAINTAINT WWWWWITHITHITHITHITH

AAAAAQUQUQUQUQUAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOWWWWW®®®®® NLS-200NLS-200NLS-200NLS-200NLS-200

110110110110110

105105105105105

8585858585

7575757575

6565656565

Surfactant Level, lbs/100 galsSurfactant Level, lbs/100 galsSurfactant Level, lbs/100 galsSurfactant Level, lbs/100 galsSurfactant Level, lbs/100 gals

12.6 HLB12.6 HLB12.6 HLB12.6 HLB12.6 HLB



4444400000 66666 88888

100100100100100

9595959595

9090909090

7070707070

8080808080

Stormer ConsistencyStormer ConsistencyStormer ConsistencyStormer ConsistencyStormer Consistency, KU, KU, KU, KU, KU

22222

Stormer ConsistencyStormer ConsistencyStormer ConsistencyStormer ConsistencyStormer Consistency, KU, K U, KU, K U, KU

110110110110110

105105105105105

8585858585

Surfactant Level, lbs/100 galsSurfactant Level, lbs/100 galsSurfactant Level, lbs/100 galsSurfactant Level, lbs/100 galsSurfactant Level, lbs/100 gals




444442222200000 66666 88888

100100100100100

9595959595

9090909090



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DISPERSANT EFFECTS

Dispersant type and amount can influence the thickening efficiency,colorant compatibility, and gloss of paints thickened with Aquaflow®

rheology modifiers.

Polyacid dispersants should be avoided or used sparingly because theyincrease the ionic strength of paint. H igh ionic strength can reduce thesolubility of Aquaflow products. These dispersants can cause reducedthickening efficiency, low gloss, poor color acceptance, and syneresis.

Polyphosphate dispersants such as KTPP, TKPP, TKP and sodiumhexametaphosphate should also be avoided.

Copolymer dispersants, due to their relatively low acid content andcontribution to ionic strength, are recommended. Hydrophilic copolymerdispersants tend to provide better thickening efficiency and gloss, while thehydrophobic copolymer types are recommended for colorant compatibility.

The influence of dispersant type on Stormer consistency, ICI viscosity,and gloss in a 27% PVC acrylic semi-gloss paint is depicted in Figures 7and 8. The paint was thickened with 4.9 dry pounds/100 gallons of Aquaflow NHS-300 and 1.1 dry pounds/100 gallons of Aquaflow NLS-200.

The dispersant level was held at 1% active based on pigment. The


Stormer ConsistencyStormer ConsistencyStormer ConsistencyStormer ConsistencyStormer Consistency, KU, KU, KU, KU, KU

120120120120120

110110110110110

100100100100100

6060606060

Dispersant TDispersant TDispersant TDispersant TDispersant Typeypeypeypeype

PolyacidPolyacidPolyacidPolyacidPolyacid HydrophobicHydrophobicHydrophobicHydrophobicHydrophobic HydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilic

FFFFF IGUREIGUREIGUREIGUREIGURE 7–D7–D7–D7–D7–DISPERSANTISPERSANTISPERSANTISPERSANTISPERSANT EEEEEFFECTSFFECTSFFECTSFFECTSFFECTS

ICI VICI VICI VICI VICI Viscosityiscosityiscosityiscosityiscosity, poise, poise, poise, poise, poise

9090909090

8080808080

7070707070

1.71.71.71.71.7

1.61.61.61.61.6

1.21.21.21.21.2

1.51.51.51.51.5

1.41.41.41.41.4

1.31.31.31.31.3

0.80.80.80.80.8

1.11.11.11.11.1

1.01.01.01.01.0

0.90.90.90.90.9



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DISPERSANT EFFECTS


hydrophilic copolymer dispersant gave the best thickening efficiency and gloss. Thehydrophilic and hydrophobic dispersants gave equivalent ICI viscosity.

6060606060°°°°° GlossGlossGlossGlossGloss

5050505050

4545454545

4040404040

2020202020

Dispersant TDispersant TDispersant TDispersant TDispersant Typeypeypeypeype

PolyacidPolyacidPolyacidPolyacidPolyacid HydrophobicHydrophobicHydrophobicHydrophobicHydrophobic HydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilicHydrophilic

FFFFF IGUREIGUREIGUREIGUREIGURE 8–D8–D8–D8–D8–DISPERSANTISPERSANTISPERSANTISPERSANTISPERSANT EEEEEFFECTSFFECTSFFECTSFFECTSFFECTS

3535353535

3030303030

2525252525

T T T T T ABLEABLEABLEABLEABLE 2–R2–R2–R2–R2–RECOMMENDEDECOMMENDEDECOMMENDEDECOMMENDEDECOMMENDED DDDDDISPERSANTSISPERSANTSISPERSANTSISPERSANTSISPERSANTS

RohmRohmRohmRohmRohm BY K BY K BY K BY K BY K & Haas& Haas& Haas& Haas& Haas CibaCibaCibaCibaCiba CognisCognisCognisCognisCognis BBBBBASFASFASFASFASF ChemieChemieChemieChemieChemie RhodiaRhodiaRhodiaRhodiaRhodia

Recommended Organicfor use with Dispersant PigmentAquaflow®? Chemistry Tamol Dispex Nopcosperse Verteiler BYK Colloid

165A 111MHydrophobic 681 100Copolymer 731A N40 MD20 111

Yes 2001

Hydrophilic SG-1Copolymer 1124 GA40 156 286N

850 A40 44 A 226/35851

No Polyacid 9019631254



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COALESCING SOLVENT EFFECTS

Coalescents can also affect Aquaflow®

performance. Water-misciblesolvents such as Butyl Carbitol® solvent reduce Aquaflow efficiency. These solvents partition between the aqueous and latex phases. As aresult, the aqueous phase becomes slightly hydrophobic, which reducesthe driving force for the Aquaflow hydrophobes to self-associate.

Texanol® ester alcohol and other water-immiscible solvents can increaseAquaflow thickening efficiency. Because these solvents partition entirelyinto latex particles, the particles swell, increasing the surface areaavailable for Aquaflow adsorption.


USE WITH O THER THICKENERS

Aquaflow rheology modifiers are often used with other thickeners to provideoptimum rheology. Natrosol® Plus 330 can be used with Aquaflowproducts to enhance colorant compatibility, package stability, and sagresistance.

Sag Resistance, milsSag Resistance, milsSag Resistance, milsSag Resistance, milsSag Resistance, mils

3030303030

2525252525

2020202020

00000

NatrosolNatrosolNatrosolNatrosolNatrosol Plus Plus Plus Plus Plus 330/Aquaflow NLS-200 Ratio330/Aquaflow NLS-200 Ratio330/Aquaflow NLS-200 Ratio330/Aquaflow NLS-200 Ratio330/Aquaflow NLS-200 Ratio

50/5050/5050/5050/5050/5075/2575/2575/2575/2575/25100/0100/0100/0100/0100/0 25/7525/7525/7525/7525/75 0/1000/1000/1000/1000/100

FFFFF IGUREIGUREIGUREIGUREIGURE 9–A9–A9–A9–A9–AQUQUQUQUQUAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOAFLOWWWWW®®®®® NLS-200/NNLS-200/NNLS-200/NNLS-200/NNLS-200/NAAAAA TROSOL TROSOL TROSOL TROSOL TROSOL®®®®®

P P P P P LUS LU S LUS LU S LUS 330 C330 C330 C330 C330 COMBINAOMBINAOMBINAOMBINAOMBINA T IONS T IONS T IONS T IONS T IONSLeneta LevelingLeneta LevelingLeneta LevelingLeneta LevelingLeneta Leveling

ICI VICI VICI VICI VICI Viscosity x 10, poiseiscosity x 10, poiseiscosity x 10, poiseiscosity x 10, poiseiscosity x 10, poise

1515151515

1010101010

55555

1616161616

1414141414

00000

1212121212

1010101010

88888

66666

44444

22222

Sag ResistanceSag ResistanceSag ResistanceSag ResistanceSag Resistance

LevelingLevelingLevelingLevelingLeveling

ICI VICI VICI VICI VICI Viscosityiscosityiscosityiscosityiscosity

Carbitol is a registered trademark of The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. Texanol is registered trademark of Eastman Chemical Company, Kningsport, Tennessee.



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Figure 9 graphs results of a ladder study that varied the Aquaflow®

NLS-200 /Natrosol® Plus ratio in a low-VOC, 22% PVC vinylacetate-ethylene semi-gloss paint. T he Stormer consistency washeld constant at 100 KU.

In this system, a 50/50 combination of Natrosol Plus 330/AquaflowNLS-200 gave good leveling while tripling the sag resistance achievedby Aquaflow NLS-200 used alone.

USE WITH O THER THICKENERS

INCORPORATIONIn general, Aquaflow rheology modifiers can be added at any point in thepaint manufacturing process. However, a few guidelines are provided foroptimum results:

1. When the strongly interactive Aquaflow NLS-200 or NLS-210 is usedwith a vinyl-acrylic latex, the Aquaflow rheology modifier should beadded before the latex. In some cases, diluting the Aquaflow will aidincorporation. The Aquaflow should be diluted with the same solvent

mixture in which it is supplied, e.g. 75/25 water/Butyl Carbitol forAquaflow NLS-210.

2. When Aquaflow NHS-300 is used with a low-shear effective product(NLS-200 or NLS-210), the NHS-300 should be added first.



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The products and related information provided by Herculesare for manufacturing use only. Hercules makes no express,implied, or other representation, warranty, or guaranteeconcerning (i) the handling, use, or application of suchproducts, whether alone, in combination with other products,or otherwise, (ii) the completenes, definitiveness, or adequacyof such information for user’s or other purposes, (iii) the quality

of such products, except that such products are of Herculesstandard quality. Users are advised to make their own teststo determine the safety and suitability of each product orproduct combination for their own purposes. Read andunderstand the Material Safety dataSheets (MSDSs) before using these products.

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