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Construction and Demolition Recycling It’s Not Just a California Thing

Presented by:Michelle P. Leonard

SCS ENGINEERS

APWA Congress and ExpositionSeptember 10, 2007

Presentation Overview• Why is it important to reuse or recycle C&D materials ?

• What is generated from C&D projects?

• What policies and programs are in place or pending?

• What methods are used?• Case Studies

Why Implement C&D Reuse/Recycling?

• Resource conservation

• Large portion of the waste stream

• Economics

• State and local requirements

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What is in C&D Debris ?

Composites– Carpeting– Gypsum wallboard– Fixtures

Organics– Dimensional

lumber– Roofing material– Ceiling tiles– Insulation– Cardboard

Inerts– Asphalt– Brick– Concrete– Glass– Metals– Dirt

Commercial C&D Debris Composition

wood16% concrete

66%

asphalt2%

brick1%

landfilled9%

scrap iron5% roofing

1%

wood36%

plastics3%

misc.13%

metals10%

aggregates38%

Residential Construction

Source: Union City Citations Home Case Study

Wood53%

Trash16%

Gypsum13%

Concrete 9%

Metals 2%

Cardboard 6%

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Average Generation Rates• Residential Construction

– 13 lbs/sq ft

• Commercial/Industrial Construction– 3.9 lbs/sq ft

• Residential Remodel– 3.3 lbs/sq ft

Existing and Pending Policies and Programs

• US EPA• US Army• States• Local Government

US EPA

• Waste wise program

• Rehabilitate when possible

• Deconstruction instead of demolition

• Return unused construction materials

• Salvage C&D debris for sale and reuse

• Design for disassembly

• Deconstruction for urban revitalization

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US Army

• ACSIM Policy Memorandum of February 2006

• "Requirements for Sustainable Management of Waste in Military Construction, Renovation and Demolition Activities."

• All new construction, renovation and demolition projects include contract performance requirements to divert a minimum 50% of non-hazardous C&D debris

California

• 50% waste diversion requirement by 2000• C&D Ordinances

– Diversion requirements for large projects– Reporting requirements

• Before• During• After

– Security deposits

Massachusetts

• Disposal Ban took effect July 2006

• Defines C&D as concrete, asphalt, brick, wood, metals and old corrugated containers

• Previous waste ban on OCC, yard and leaf waste

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Other States

• Florida– Proposed ban on class of C&D waste as "recoverable

- Recovered C&D Materials (RCDM), House Transportation Committee.

– Exempt from local agency exclusive franchises, taken to registered RCDM MRF.

• Ohio – OEPA has begun strict enforcement of its

"recognizable C&D" rules that ban the disposal of pulverized material in C&D landfills

Chicago, Illinois

• C&D ordinance– 25% diversion in 2006– 50% diversion in 2007.

• Applies to all residential projects with 4 or more units• Applies to any demo project greater than $10,000• C&D includes: bricks, concrete, and other masonry

materials, soil, rock, wood, including nonhazardous painted, treated, and coated wood and wood products, wall coverings, plaster, drywall, plumbing fixtures, non-asbestos insulation, roofing shingles and other roof coverings, reclaimed asphalt pavement, glass, plastics that do not conceal waste, electrical wiring and components that do not contain hazardous substances, piping, metal materials incidental to any of materials above.

Green Building

• LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

• Commercial and Residential Construction• Awards 1 point to projects that achieve a

50% recycling rate, 2 points for 75% and a third point for innovation when a 90% recycling rate is achieved.

• Federal, state, and local government have adopted green building requirements

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C&D Re-use and Recycling Methods

• Deconstruction

• On-site source separation

• Mixed material processing facilities

Deconstruction

• Building contents and components

• Markets and outlets for materials

• Availability of labor

Deconstruction workers inspect the condition, types, and amount of salvageable materials

Workers remove windows intact for reuse

Dismantlers remove interior walls

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On-Site Source Separation

• Material value

• Labor requirements

• Space constraints

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Mixed Waste Processing Facilities

• Reduced labor requirements

• Locally available

• Lower material value

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Case Studies

• Commercial Demolition

• Commercial Construction

• Residential Construction

Commercial Demolition-Lakewood, CA

• Deconstruction analysis• Materials management

plan• Monitoring and evaluation• Diversion resource

database• Voluntary diversion• Willing, cooperative

contractor• City recycling award

• 42,000 sq. ft. multiplex theater

• 14,000 tons generated• 13,400 tons diverted• 96% diversion rate• Unique materials diverted:

– 2,200 seats– 500 pounds drapes– 59 palm trees

• Completed in 5 weeks

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On-site source separation of metals and wood

On-site source separation of carpet and drapes

On site separation and reuse of concrete and asphalt

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City of Claremont , CAVillage Expansion Project

• Mixed-Use Redevelopment Agency Project• Selected for US EPA C&D Reuse and Recycling

Grant Program• 35 Acres• Public and Private Properties• Implemented Section 02060 Building Demolition

Specifications– C&D Plan preparation and reporting– Minimum 75% diversion rate

City of Claremont , CAVillage Expansion Project

• 80,000 sq. ft. building demolition• 80,000 sq. ft. street improvements• Deconstruction and Demolition practices• Concrete, asphalt, wood, metal recycled• Doors reused• 5,750 tons recycled• 1,150 tons disposed• 83 % Diversion Rate

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Original Buildings

On-site separation ofconcrete and metals

On-site preparation for

recycling of metals

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Recycling of concrete, dirt, and aggregate

New Village Housing Development

Residential ConstructionSonoma County, CA

• 170 new single-family homes

• Sizes range from 1,500 to 4,000 sq ft

• 77% to 84% diversion rates

• On-site separation of wood

• On-site reuse of concrete

• Off-site processing of mixed debris

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On-site separation ofconcrete overage

New concrete driveway base

On-site materials storage

On-site separation of wood

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Finished homes withrecycling containers

Military Demolition-St. Louis, MO

• Building and cast-in-place concrete blast wall demolition

• Former St. Louis Ordnance Plant• Constructed in 1941 and utilized by Army until

1959.• 14.2 acres operated as an explosive powder

mixing, drying, and storage area.• Operated by Hanley Industries from 1959 to

1979 as an explosives receiving, drying, screening, mixing, loading, and testing facility.

Structures Demolished

• Demolition completed in two phases– April-June 2005 and December-March 2006

• 36 buildings totaling ~ 40,000 square feet– Demolition of structures to main floor slab

elevation

• 4,600 linear feet of cast-in-place concrete blast wall– Demolition of blast wall to ground surface

elevation

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1989 Aerial Photo

Building Construction Materials

• Buildings consisted of masonry interior and exterior walls– Multiple masonry layers with glazed tile

exterior– Bricks were hollow core design which are not

easily salvaged• Roofs constructed of steel and wood

framing, wood sheathing, and clay tile shingles– Roof structures were in extremely poor

condition and were unstable

Blast Wall Construction Materials

• Cast-in-place in place concrete walls measuring 14 feet high and up to 38 inches wide

• River rock concrete mix• Reinforcing consisted of a double mat of

#5 rebar on 18-inch centers

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Abatement and on-site source separation of

metals

Source separation of metal and masonry

materials

On-site source separation of wood

framing androofing materials

Wet demolition methods

On-site source separation of copper

flashing

Concrete blast wall demolition and

processing

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On-site source separation of concrete reinforcing steel

Demolition of concrete blast walls

Waste Stream

• ~42 roll-off boxes of abated asbestos containing materials

• ~31 loads of roofing material, wood framing, and mixed rubble

• ~252 loads of masonry debris• ~11,200 tons of cast-in-place concrete• ~188 tons of steel• ~1.5 roll-off boxes of copper flashing, pipe,

and grounding cable

Value of Waste Stream

• Roofing material and wood framing in extremely poor condition and had no recyclable value– Transported to Milam RDF in East St. Louis, Illinois

• Masonry debris also sent to Milam RDF– Brick could not be easily salvaged due to hollow

core construction– Utilized at the landfill to construct haul roads– No disposal cost to demolition contractor

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Value of Waste Stream

• Cast-in-place concrete sent to S&S in East St. Louis, Illinois– 11,200 tons crushed and processed for resale– No disposal cost to demolition contractor– S&S estimates crushing and processing

expense of $4.15/ton– Crushed material resold for $5-$6/ton– Net value ranging from $9,520-$20,720

Value of Waste Stream

• Metals sold to Grossman Iron & Steel in St. Louis, Missouri for recycling– 188 tons of unprocessed steel selling at

approximately $140-$160/ton – Net value ranging from $26,320-$30,080 – ~3,000 pounds of unprocessed copper selling

at approximately $2.50/lb. – Net value estimated to be approximately

$7,500