APUSH Exam ReviewSession I

(1492-1787)

Session 1 (1492-1787)Spanish Colonization:“Golden Age of Spain”

Reconquista Columbus’s voyage

Colonial Motivation (Beyond Gold, Glory, and God) Gold: precious metals/mining; land for

Conquistadors & Hidalgos; cash crops like sugar Glory: New World opportunity for conquest &

opportunity; Spain = “Super Power” in Europe God: Religious zealotry – esp. after Reconquista

*Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) w/Portugal

Session 1 (1492-1787)Environmental Revolution

European diseases kills millions Europeans introduce invasive species New World crops taken to Europe fuel population

growth

Spanish Colonial Model: Mission + Presidio System (Catholic Church & Spanish

Govt/military worked together) Spain notorious for its forced conversions, slave labor,

and destruction of native cultures No tradition of democracy, the Spanish crown to exert

direct control via royal governors & viceroys; the rigid Spanish caste system is transferred to New World

Session 1 (1492-1787)Spanish Colonial Model (Continued):

Unable to totally wipe-out the religious beliefs of the natives, the Catholic Church had to tolerate the assimilation of certain native content into the Catholic faith - examples include the Cult of the Virgin Mary and the Virgin of Guadalupe.

In 1680, the Pueblo Indians of northern New Mexico revolted over forced labor and religious conversions. Under their leader, Popé, the Pueblos remained independent until his death in 1692. The Pueblo Revolt was the most successful Native American resistance to European control.

*In time, the Spanish will develop the northern region of their New World empire as a buffer-zone against the English & French.

Session 1 (1492-1787)The French Colonial Model:

Utilized inland waterways to explore the interior of North America

Lucrative commodity = FURS No tradition of democracy transplanted in New World From the beginning, the French worked closely with the

Native Americans: dependent for furs & out numbered, learned their language & customs, intermarried

The French were the first to introduce firearms to Native Americans (traded for furs), this trade with Natives for furs ultimately weakens their independence & self-sufficiency.

The French alliances with Natives was to foreshadow the future role of Indians in European conflicts in N. America

Session 1 (1492-1787)English Colonization:

1496 John Cabot explores & claims extensive lands for England (King Henry VII)

Why did England delay until the 1580s before attempting to establish colonies? (English Reformation and tensions with Spain)

English motivation to colonize in the late 16th century:Agricultural Revolution + Enclosure Mvt = growing unemployment

and lack of access to landContinuing religious and political persecution following the

Protestant Reformation and the formation of the Church of England

Session 1 (1492-1787)English Colonial Models:

Joint-Stock Trading Companies (shared risk, a business venture that wanted a return on investment) the two most famous JST companies were:

The London Company which founded Jamestown in 1607 The Massachusetts Bay company founded by the Puritans 1630

*Colonists enjoyed a large degree of self-government in addition to the rights & privileges of English Law Proprietary Grants – large grants of land given by the

crown to repay debts; favored by the monarch because of royal control

Royal Colonies – Starting with Virginia in 1624, Royal colonies were preferable to the crown because of the increased control

Session 1 (1492-1787)Important to note…Proprietary & Royal Colonies were made up of

a governor appointed by the monarch a colonial council appointed by the monarch a locally elected legislative assembly

English law & tradition guaranteed an Englishman's right of consent to taxation as a liberty….No taxation without representation.*Because they brought their charter with them, the Puritans exercised more local authority and were thus more sensitive to royal oversight

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Chesapeake Bay Colonies:Jamestown (1607)

Established as a business venture by the London Co. Inspired by wealth from Spanish colonies Experienced suffering due to: poor planning, lack of

initiative, unhealthy location, hostile Natives Colony saved by Capt John Smith’s ruthless leadership

and John Rolfe’s introduction of tobacco Tobacco becomes the first cash crop Shortage of workers will encourage the recruitment

of indentured servants, awarding of Headright Parcels, and early slavery.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Development of Jamestown (Virginia)

1619 House of Burgesses Labor provided by indentured servants; however, problems

developing that make slavery attractive:indentured servants compete for land upon successful completion

of terms of servicelands available to indentured servants and poor immigrants is

increasingly inland, encroaching on Indian landsthese back country colonists are increasingly frustrated by the lack

of political representation in the House of Burgesses Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676*This Tide Water elite vs. Back Country farmer rivalry will be a

reoccurring issue throughout colonial history. First slaves arrive in Jamestown 1619; initially indentured

servants; by 1650 blacks became slaves for life

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Chesapeake Bay Colonies:Maryland (1634)

Proprietary colony granted the Calvert Family, the Earls of Baltimore

Established as a refuge for English Catholics To encourage colonization, the Maryland Acts of

Toleration opened colonization to all Christians Regardless of “toleration”, Protestants and Catholics

struggle for control in Maryland

Session 1 (1492-1787)Mercantilism:To avoid dependence on other Euro powers for certain goods and markets, colonial powers developed mercantilism. This economic relationship was to be controlled and exclusively beneficial for the mother country. Colonies were established and maintained:

as a source of raw materials as a market for European produced goods

To enforce mercantilism in America, the English enacted the Navigation Acts, which sought to regulatetrade with the colonies.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Chesapeake Bay Colonies:Important to remember…

because of the climate, soil, and profitability of cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo) dominate the development of these Southern Colonies

the wealthy, Tidewater Elite will attempt to recreate an American “aristocracy”, which will run counter to the growing democratic demands being made by the hardscrabble, Backcountry farmers

The South will remain a largely rural, agriculture based economy until after the Civil War

Session 1 (1492-1787)The New England Colonies:

Puritans = purify the Church of England Puritan work ethic = growing wealth (English middle

class) Puritan wealth = political power in England at a time

when the Stuarts were attempting to rule as absolute monarchs and rollback the Protestant Reformation

Puritan demands for political rights and defense of Protestantism brought them into conflict with the Stuarts – many will decide to leave England

The first to leave were Puritan Separatists who initially went to Holland in 1610, then America in 1620, where they established Plymouth Plantation

Session 1 (1492-1787)Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630):

A larger, better organized group of Puritans led by John Winthrop, est. the Mass Bay Colony in 1630.

Colonists had pooled their money to purchase the Mass Bay Charter and thus more independence

Goal = A city on a hill to serve as a model Christian community

Unrest in England will push many Puritan communities to move in-mass to Massachusetts Bay

In time, the Massachusetts Bay colony will experience sustained natural population growth and stability, unlike the early Chesapeake Bay colonies.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Massachusetts Bay Colony:Important to remember…• Due to its soil conditions & climate, New England

colonies developed subsistence agriculture, the products of which were not exported to England.

• The Puritan character + greater independence + fewer mercantilist ties to England = early dissent and opposition to English policies.

• In time, colonial economic development in NE will trend toward commercial endeavors that will compete with England.

Session 1 (1492-1787)New England Fosters Democratic Participation:

Puritans migrated as families and often as entire communities (family = stabilizing factor)

Puritans lived in close proximity to each other, this proximity lent itself to participation in local govt

Towns and Town Hall Meetings became the centers for local govt (compare with counties in the Southern Colonies)

Wealth tended to be better distributed and those that were wealthy had less collective power than their counterparts in the Southern Colonies

Ironically, dissent was not tolerated, all were taxed to support the Puritan/Congregationalist Church

Because they lived in close communities, Puritan women were able to easily meet and support one another; these female networks allowed women to exercise considerable informal influence

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Puritan Faith:

Puritans rejected an established clergy and put heavy emphasis on education and the direct access to holy and religious texts as fundamental to their liberty.

Puritans were thus a highly literate, demanding, and questioning people.

Harvard College was est. in 1636 to provide Puritan ministers.

Initially, only “Visible Saints” were members of the Puritan Church.

By 1650, Saints were on the decline as a growing number of arrivals in Mass Bay were non-Puritan.

Half-way Covenant created to maintain control

Session 1 (1492-1787)Dissent in New England:Roger Williams

After arriving in 1631, Williams began to question John Winthrop’s policies and demand, as a Separatist, that the colony cut all ties to the Church of England

He attacked the Mass Bay leadership for favoring a state religion, which would inevitably further corrupt the faith

Fleeing arrest, Williams fled to lands purchased from neighboring Indians and in time est. Rhode Island

RI was founded on religious liberty and separation of church and state

Session 1 (1492-1787)Dissent in New England:Anne Hutchinson

Arrived in Boston in 1631 Began holding religious meetings in her home where she added her

own interpretations to popular sermons She rejected the Covenant of Works (moral life as evidence of

salvation) and advocated a Covenant of Grace (divine action through direct revelation)

She also taught that believers were free from the moral law of the Old Testament.

Her teachings were seen as undermining the authority of Puritan ministers and elevating a women as the judge of men and authorizing sinful behavior.

She was found guilty and banished from the colony, Hutchinson and her family fled to Rhode Island where she will later die in an Indian raid.

Session 1 (1492-1787)New England Colonies Chesapeake Bay (Southern) Colonies

LABOR: Average immigrant to NE tended to be middle class, skilled, and often prosperous. NE experienced natural pop growth and a generally stable society.

LABOR: The Majority of arrivals in the Southern Colonies were poor, unskilled, and in debt. Many were indentured servants brought to work cash crops. The mortality rate was much higher in the South as life expectancy was 45 vs. 65 in New England.

LAND: NE favored compact settlements to facilitate education, religion, and defense. Close proximity (organized around towns) promoted mutual supervision to codes of morality that Puritans attempted to live by.

LAND: Land was generally granted in larger tracts, which made for a dispersed colony. Govt organization was at the county level, which made it difficult to sustain education, churches, and organized defense.

ECONOMY: Agriculture was subsistence. Commercial fishing became an early industry and by the early 1700s – whaling. Early emphasis on sea faring made NE a ship building region. A merchant marine developed that would in time trade widely. The first manufacturing was of rum distilled from West Indian molasses.

ECONOMY: The southern economy was dominated by agriculture – esp. the growing demand for cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo, lumber). The economic relationship between these colonies and England fulfilled the requirements of mercantilism The constant demands for a larger labor force will make slavery increasingly attractive

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Middle Colonies:New York

founded on the islands at the mouth of the Hudson River initially founded by the Dutch, New Amsterdam was seized by the English in

1664, changing the name to New York characterized by a diversity of economic activity rather than uniformity; known

for its toleration

Pennsylvania est. as a proprietary grant awarded to William Penn Pennsylvania = refuge for members of the Society of Friends or Quakers; religious

toleration to est. early on Penn personally planned the capital, Philadelphia Home to good soil & moderate climate, agriculture was diversified – esp. grains In time, the eastern most counties will be organized into the colony of New

Jersey. The mid-Atlantic colonies will attract a growing number of skilled artisans from

the German states contributing to the region’s tolerance. These and others will help to make the region economically & socially diverse.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Atlantic Trade and Tensions with the British: Colonialism was based on the economic system of

mercantilism. Colonies were to supply raw materials and consume

the mother country’s manufactured goods; and never to compete with it.

However, long distances, royal neglect, bribes & smuggling permitted the colonists to do much as they pleased.

In practice, mercantilism failed 3,000 miles from Britain as the capitalist minded Americans sought the highest prices for their goods & services.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Influence of the Enlightenment: The Scientific Revolution preceded the Enlightenment; with its new

emphasis on the scientific method, which spawned debates over reason vs. faith.

Applied to human relations it dictated that society could be continuously improved by way of human reason, NOT faith/religion.

John Locke – All men had the Natural Rights of LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY; that to secure these rights people submit to govts. The only role of govt was to protect these rights and when they failed to the people had the right to change their govt.

The Enlightenment fit well with the American Experience, which had put aside the traditional roles of priest, peasant, and noble. Much of the American experience had been with observation, experiment, and the need to think anew.

The Enlightenment was especially harmful to the old, established religions. Many founding fathers were influenced by an Enlightenment phenomena

known as Deism.

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Great Awakening: Religious revival movement that sought to appeal to a person’s

heart/emotion rather than their head/intellect …religion had become too intellectual – especially for the average person.

The two most well known evangelical preachers were George Whitefield & Jonathan Edwards.

Utilized new methods of preaching, often depicting God as angry (fire & brimstone).

Impact of the Great Awakening in America:Simplified religion and the conversion processMinisters lost some of their authoritySome older denominations experienced divisions and

newer evangelical sects formed (the Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians)

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Political Impact of the Great Awakening :The emphasis to individual conversion and grace, the Great Awakening contributed to the democratizing trend of questioning traditional authority and institutions.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Changes in Colonial Government & Imperial Policy: In 1685, James II became king and began to consolidate his power

and reduce that of Parliament. In an effort to raise revenue w/o Parliamentary involvement, James turned to the colonies for funds. (increased duties on sugar & tobacco, the sale of appointments)

Established the Dominion of New England, which included NE, NY, and NJ. The goals of this political reorganization were to: force the region to be more obedient eliminate the colonial assemblies appoint a governor-general, Sir Edmond Andros, who would exercise virtually

all political power (he also restricted New England town meetings) raise taxes w/o consent of the colonial legislatures, to ensure payment he

increased the number of royal troops vigorously enforced the Navigation Acts and established a new Vice-Admiralty

Court in Boston to hear violations w/o juries

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Glorious Revolution in England (1688) James II’s efforts to est. an absolute monarchy and appoint

Catholics to royal positions was tolerated because of his advanced age and health. This changed when he fathered a male heir.

Anglican Church leaders and some of the English nobility approached the king’s Protestant daughter, Mary, wife of William of Orange, Protestant champion on the continent.

They were offered the crown if they would consent to the English Bill of Rights, which limited the crown’s power and permanently established Parliamentary supremacy in England. Other guarantees in the Bill of Rights include: trail by jury, prohibition of cruel & unusual punishment, the right to petition the govt, and the right to bear arms for personal defense.

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Glorious Revolution in the American Colonies: Puritan dissidents to advantage of the confusion and seized control

of the colonies with the hope of favorable terms from the new monarchs.

In New York, Jacob Leisler assumed the title/duties of governor, and soon became mired in NY politics – esp. between the Dutch and English colonists. He was later captured and executed for treason.

William of Orange, now King William III, wanted to consolidate his control over the colonies as he was planning a war against France. To accomplish this he compromised with NE by: giving the assemblies control of colonial taxation and expenditures ending quitrents and land claim abuses allowing for Plymouth to be absorbed into Massachusetts*New England was encouraged to accept the compromise as French & Indian raids were increasing along the frontier.

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Economic Impact of Empire: The growing British military & bureaucracy was dependent upon

custom & excise taxes on commerce. Maritime commerce and colonial production were becoming the

lifeblood of the empire, which could not afford any interruption. Colonies were becoming increasingly important and garnering

more attention. Colonists might have protested taxes and duties in the Navigation Acts, but generally saw them as acceptable.

Colonists were encouraged to trade for and funnel hard currency back to Britain.

Commercial rivalry and military threat from France worked to unite the British Empire.

The Seven Years War/French & Indian War (1754-63) was the fourth and final imperial war for control of North America.

Session 1 (1492-1787)The French & Indian War:Causes:

French & British designs on the Ohio ValleyAmerican inroads into the French fur trade French construction of forts in the Ohio Valley Colonial reaction to these forts – Gov. of Virginia orders G.

Washington to evict FrenchMajor Events:

British General Braddock is defeated along with a series of early French victories

The Albany Plan of Union (1st attempt at an intercolonial govt) French & Indians raid along the frontierThe British Navy cuts off all supplies & reinforcementsBattle of Quebec, a British victory, ends the conflict.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Impact of the French & Indian War: While the British victory ended the French threat in North America, it came at

a price – the F&I War was the most expensive to date. The British Empire now stretched from North America to the Caribbean to

India; and it needed to be administered and protected – both of which cost money.

*This new imperial reality created an acute need to raise revenue.Impact in the F&I War in America: French defeat opened new lands west of the Appalachians to American

colonists The British ended many of its subsidies to Native American allies An Indian uprising known as Pontiac’s Rebellion motivates the English to

resume “gifts” to the Natives and issue the Proclamation of 1763 to stop westward movement and reduce tensions (and costs)

Without an enemy to unite them and given the new burdens of empire, which were increasingly passed on to the colonists, tensions quickly escalated between Britain and the American colonies.

Session 1 (1492-1787)The British Empire Reorganizes: After nearly a century of war, Britain was now the master of a new

empire and a staggering debt. In 1765, a new British PM, George Greenville, sought to reinvigorate

the mercantilist system and end benign/salutary neglect. During the colonial wars the British people had been taxes heavily,

now the financial burden of empire was to be passed largely to the American colonials.

Greenville imposed new trade restrictions that sought to enforce the Navigation Acts. (Royal Navy ships + writs of assistance + vice admiralty courts)

The Sugar Act (1764), the Currency Act (1764), the Quartering Act (1765) all of which sought to close loop-holes in the mercantilist system and either raise or save revenue.

The Stamp Act (1765)

Session 1 (1492-1787)Reaction to the Stamp Act: Internal (Direct) Taxation to raise revenue vs. External (Indirect)

Taxation to regulate trade In the mind of many Americans, an act designed to generate

revenue could only be passed by the colonial legislature(s). The colonists appealed to the king to protect their rights – esp. the right of NO TAXATION w/o REPRESENTATION!

The Stamp Act Congress met in NY to declare that only locally elected colonial representatives had the authority to directly tax the colonists.

Organized boycotts and nonimportation agreements on English goods put enormous economic pressure on British merchants, who in turn put pressure on Parliament to drop the Stamp Act.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Important Events to remember on the road to Revolution: The Townshend Duties (1767) The Boston Massacre (1770) The Tea Act (1773) The Boston Tea Party (1773) The Coercive / Intolerable Acts (1774), which were directed at

punishing (make a royal example of) the people of Boston and Massachusetts. Gen. Thomas Gage becomes the military governor Acts include: The Port Bill (closing Port of Boston), The Mass Got Act

(severely restricted democracy in Mass), Admin of Justice Act (all accused will be tried in England), and the Quartering Act.

British troops are reinforced in Boston The Quebec Act (1774)

Session 1 (1492-1787)The First Continental Congress (1774) Convened in Philadelphia, Sept 1774 No discussion of independence, but of a colonial wide, united

response to Britsh threats to their rights and liberties A Declaration of Rights and Grievances was backed to petition the

king to address colonial grievances since 1765 Passed the militant Suffolk Resolves, which rejected the Intolerable

Acts and urged colonies to make military preparations A Continental Association was created to improve communications

and enforce boycotts If circumstances warranted it, the delegates agreed to meet the

following year*King George III angrily dismissed the petitions from the Continental Congress and declared Massachusetts in open rebellion.

Session 1 (1492-1787)The Revolutionary War (1775-1783): In an aggressive effort to get tough, Gen Gage in Boston orders a

detachment to seize suspected munitions and rebels at Lexington. The resulting military action at Lexington & Concord will be 1st shots of the Revolutionary War. The British are besieged in Boston.

The Second Continental Congress (1775) Sentiment is mixed over independence CC adopts a Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking

Up Arms – G. Washington appointed C-in-C of new Continental Army and dispatched to Boston.

CC voted to send an Olive Branch Petition to the king, whose response was to order 25,000 troops to America.

At this point, many Americans are still reluctant to declare independence.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Factors motivating a declaration of independence: The British recruitment and deployment of Hessian Mercenaries British Indian Agents were inciting their Indian allies to raid

settlements along the frontier Virginia’s Royal Gov. Lord Dunmore offered slaves their freedom in

return for service in the British Army during the rebellion Common Sense was published by Thomas Paine June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee moved that the colonies were “and

right ought be, free and independent states.” A committee of Ben Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, and

Thomas Jefferson were tasked with drafting a declaration of independence.

Seeking to provide a philosophical rationale and political justification for independence, Jefferson turned to ideas that were conventional wisdom of the day. He sought consensus, not originality and drew upon the ideas of Locke, Trenchard &Gordon.

Session 1 (1492-1787)Challenges facing the Americans:How to finance the war?

Colonial currency (called Continentals) were printed in mass leading the rapid depreciation and inflation

Due to the nature of a confederacy, intercolonial funds were difficult to raise by the CC

Roger Sherman skillfully managed the finances through the Bank of North America

Most important source of revenue was foreign loans from France, Holland, and Spain

Military Challenges Washington was largely dependant on state militias, which were of

questionable ability and often retained in their home states The threat of loyalist action tied down many troops Political jealousy and ambition plagued GW and the Continental Army

Session 1 (1492-1787)Highlights from the Revolutionary War:1775

Lexington & Concord Battle of Bunker Hill Colonial forces take Ft Ticonderoga, seized artillery transferred to Boston Failed American invasion of Quebec

1776 British evacuate Boston French secretly begin to financially support the war Washington forced to retreat from New York Battles of Trenton & Princeton are small but highly symbolic

1777 British move south to occupy Philadelphia Battle of Saratoga serves as the turning point of the war Washington winters at Valley Forge outside Philadelphia

Session 1 (1492-1787)1778

As a result of the victory at Saratoga, the French agree to a Treaty of Alliance, which is ultimately necessary for victory

The British withdraw to New YorkNow at war with the French, the British look to the Loyalists to

augment their forces in the South where loyalist sentiment is strongest. (Southern Strategy)

1779British forces land in South Carolina

1780 American forces surrender Charleston While the British scored some early victories, the Loyalist support didn’t

materialize largely in response to the atrocities committed by the British Benedict Arnold’s treason is discovered at West Point, NY

Session 1 (1492-1787)1781

American commanders in the South force British General Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown, Virginia

Washington and a French Army descend from NY to besiege Yorktown

October 17, 1781, Cornwallis surrendersPeace Negotiations (1781-83) Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay represent the Americans The Peace of Paris (1783) included:

British recognized the independence of the US The US territory was to extend from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and from Canada

to Spanish Florida US fishing rights off the coast of Canada The US would work to arbitrate the collection of debts and lost Loyalist property*On December 4, 1783, the last British soldier left NY. Washington resigned his commission nine days later and returned to Mt. Vernon.