THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW

REPUBLICAPUSH

THE US UNDER THE ARTICLES Articles existed from 1781-1787 Federal government didn’t have the

powers necessary to deal with foreign nations

US could not regulate trade (hurt the economy) or maintain military outposts on the western frontier

Economic depression stemmed from inability to pay war debts

States competed with each other economically and placed tariffs on goods traded between states

ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION 1785 Hosted by Washington at his home, Mt

Vernon Representatives from four states agreed

on a meeting in which all states needed to discuss the problems with the federal government

Only 5 states would attend the Annapolis meeting in 1786

James Madison and Alexander Hamilton convinced the others that another meeting should be held in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of the Confederation

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:THE DELEGATES 55 white men, well-educated, and relatively

wealthy Average age was early 40s George Washington was elected

chairperson of the convention Benjamin Franklin unified the group James Madison, Alexander Hamilton,

Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson oversaw the construction of the Constitution

Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, and Patrick Henry did not participate in the convention

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:THE ISSUES Representation: large states wanted

greater representation than smaller states in Congress. The Great Compromise established the Senate and the House of Representatives which made both large and small states happy

Slavery: Three-fifths Compromise would solved the problem of how to count slaves in the states. Also promised to vote to abolish slavery in 20 years.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:THE ISSUES Trade: Commercial Compromise gave

the central government power to regulate interstate and foreign trade, including placing tariffs on foreign imports but it prohibited the central government from taxing exports

Powers and Election of the President: set presidents term to 4 years, gave the power of veto, and established the Electoral College because they feared too much democracy would create mob rule

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION:THE ISSUES Sept 17, 1787 after 17 weeks of debate,

the Philadelphia convention approved a draft of the Constitution

9 out of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution in order for it to become law

Each state would hold popularly elected conventions to debate and vote on the Constitution

FEDERALISTS VS. ANTIFEDERALISTS Federalists: supported the Constitution

and a strong federal government Anti-federalists: opposed the

Constitution because they feared a strong, central government

Federalist tended to be from New England and the Atlantic coast, were wealthy and well educated

Anti-federalists tended to be from rural areas and most were small farmers

FEDERALISTS Leaders: Washington, Franklin, Madison,

and Hamilton Arguments: Strong central government

was needed to maintain order Strategy: emphasized weaknesses of

the Articles, said opponents had no solutions

Advantages: strong leaders, well organized

Disadvantages: Constitution was new and untried, lacked a bill of rights

ANTI-FEDERALISTS Leaders: Patrick Henry and John Hancock Arguments: Strong central government

would destroy the work of the Revolution, limit democracy, and restrict states’ rights

Strategy: Argued the Constitution contained no protection for individual rights, gave the central government more power than the British ever had

Advantages: appealed to popular distrust of the government due to the colonial experience

Disadvantages: poorly organized, slow to respond

FEDERALISTS PAPERS Series of 85 essays written by James

Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

Published by a New York newspaper Gave valid reasons for each major

provision of the Constitution Key to the Federalist campaign and won

many to their side

RATIFICATION Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania

were the first 3 states to ratify the Constitution

After Federalists promised to add a “bill of rights” more populous states, such as Virginia, followed

By May 1790 all 13 states ratified the Constitution

BILL OF RIGHTS Most believed a Bill of Rights was the

only way to protect citizens from the government

Others argued that citizens did not need to be protected in a democracy

In 1789, Congress adopted 10 amendments to the Constitution to protect personal liberties

These 10 amendments have become known as the Bill of Rights

BILL OF RIGHTS 1st: Freedom of religion, press, assembly,

petition, and speech 2nd: Right to keep and bear arms 3rd: Cannot be required to house troops

in private homes during peace time 4th: No unreasonable searches or

seizures 5th: Due process, testify against oneself,

double jeopardy 6th: Right to a speedy and public trial 7th: Right to a trial by jury

BILL OF RIGHTS 8th: No excessive bail or cruel and

unusual punishment 9th: Any rights not specifically mentioned

are also protected 10th: Powers not delegated to the federal

government belong to the states or the people

YOU MUST KNOW THESE AMENDMENTS!!!

ORGANIZING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Washington’s first task as President was to organize the executive branch

Appointed Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury, Henry Knox as Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph as Attorney General

These men formed the Cabinet, or advisors to the president

ORGANIZING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: FEDERAL COURTS The Supreme Court is the only Federal court

mentioned in the Constitution Congress was given the power to create

other federal courts Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme

Court with one Chief Justice and five associate justices

Supreme Court would decide the Constitutionality of decisions made by state courts

The act also provided a system of 13 district courts and three circuit courts of appeal

HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PROGRAM Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury, had a

plan to fix the financial problems of the new nation

Hamilton proposed:Pay off national debt at face value and have

the fed government assume the war debts of the states

Protect the young nations industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods

Create a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing banknotes to provide a stable basis for American currency

HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PROGRAM Plan was mostly supported by Northern

merchants who would gain directly from tariffs

Anti-federalists feared it gave the central government too much power

Thomas Jefferson opposed it because it did not favor small farmers who were in debt

Jefferson finally agreed to Hamilton’s plan after Hamilton promised to create the nation’s new capital in the South (Virginia,Maryland)

HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PROGRAM Congress finally adopted three of

Hamilton’s idea with a few changes Debt: US would pay off war debt and

assume the debts of the states Tariffs and excise taxes: Congress set

tariffs lower than Hamilton had hoped for, Hamilton convinced them to place excise taxes on items like whiskey

National Bank: chartered by the Federal government but privately owned

FOREIGN AFFAIRS: FRENCH REVOLUTION Americans supported the French

Revolution but were horrified by reports of mass hysteria and executions

US-French alliance was still in effect even though it had been signed with the French Monarchy

Jefferson sympathized with the French Britain was seizing American ships

bound for French ports Jefferson felt like the US should join

France in a war against Britain

PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY 1793 President Washington did not believe the US

was strong enough to fight a war in Europe In 1793, Washington issued a proclamation of

neutrality regarding the British and the French Revolution

Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet in disagreement with Washington’s order

“Citizen” Genet, the French minister to the US, appealed to the American people for help, very outrageous at the time

Washington tried to get France to take Edmond Genet back, but Genet remained in the US and eventually became a citizen

JAY TREATY 1794 John Jay was now Chief Justice Washington sent him to Britain to talk

them out of seizing American ships and “impressing” those captured into the British navy

After a year, Jay brought back a treaty that said the British would evacuate its posts on the American frontier

It said nothing about seizing ships or “impressing”

Very unpopular but kept the US at peace

PINCKNEY TREATY 1795 Spain saw the Jay Treaty as a sign of

union between Britain and the US Spain was a long time enemy of Britain Thomas Pinckney, US minister to Spain,

negotiated a treaty with Spain which opened the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to American trade

Treaty also settled the argument of Florida’s northern border

DOMESTIC CONCERNS: NATIVE AMERICANS American settlers continued to push

westward, encroaching on native lands Americans believed the British were

supplying the Native Americans with weapons

In 1794 the US army led by Gen. Anthony Wayne defeated the Shawnee, Wyandot, and other Native American peoples at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in northwestern Ohio

Treaty of Greenville 1795: Native Americans surrender their land in the Ohio territory and promised to open it up to settlement

WHISKEY REBELLION 1794 In western PA, farmers refused to pay an

excise tax on whiskey Farmers attacked revenue collectors

instead of paying the tax Washington federalized 15,000

militiamen and placed them under Hamilton’s orders

This put down the Whiskey Rebellion without bloodshed on either side

Showed the new national government was strong enough to enforce it’s laws

WESTERN LANDS US gained vast amounts of land through

the Jay Treaty and the Treaty of Greenville

Public Land Act in 1796 established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal land at reasonable prices

New states began to be added and the process went smoothly1791 Vermont1792 Kentucky1796 Tennessee

POLITICAL PARTIES Political parties began to form around

two leading figures: Hamilton and Jefferson

Hamilton: Federalists, favored in northeast, wanted the federal government to grow

Jefferson: Democratic-Republicans, favored in south and west, wanted states’ rights to be more powerful than the federal government

By 1796, the parties were beginning to take shape and become more organized

POLITICAL PARTIES

Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Leaders: Adams, Hamilton Constitution: strong

central government Foreign policy: Pro-British Military policy: large

peacetime army and navy Domestic policy: aid

business, national banks, tariffs

Chief supporters: northern businessmen, large landowners

Leaders: Jefferson, Madison

Constitution: weak central government

Foreign policy: Pro-French Military policy: small

peacetime army and navy Domestic policy:

agriculture, no national bank, no tariffs

Chief supporters: skilled workers, small farmers, plantation owners

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS Washington warned against

Not to get involved in European affairs

Against the United States making “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs

Not to form political partiesTo avoid sectionalism

JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY This Democratic-Republican president

tried to win Federalist supporters by maintaining Hamilton’s financial program

Reduced the military, eliminated a number of federal jobs, repealed the excise tax, and lowered the national debt

He appointed only Democratic-Republicans to Cabinet positions to avoid disunion

LOUISIANA PURCHASE Most important event in Jefferson’s first term France had regained the Louisiana Territory

from Spain in 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte hoped to re-establish

the French empire in America By 1803, Bonaparte had become

disinterested in the territory due to problems with the British and in Santo Domingo (Haiti)

Jefferson felt uncomfortable as long as a European country controlled the port of New Orleans

LOUISIANA PURCHASE Jefferson sent ministers to France to

offer to purchase New Orleans and a small piece of land east of the city

If the French didn’t want to sell, the ministers were instructed to travel to Britain to forge an alliance with the British

Napoleon's ministers needed money to fund a war so they offered not only to sell New Orleans but the entire Louisiana Territory

The American ministers accepted the offer and paid $15 million for the land

LOUISIANA PURCHASE Jefferson wasn’t sure if the purchase

was constitutional The Constitution did not state anything

about purchasing land Jefferson said it was in his power to

make treaties and so made the purchase legal

The Senate quickly ratified the treaty The majority of Americans strongly

supported the Louisiana Purchase

LOUISIANA PURCHASE The purchase more than doubled the

size of the US Jefferson hoped the new land would turn

the US into an agricultural society instead of Hamilton’s vision of industry and commerce

Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the new land in 1804. They achieved the following: Increased knowledge on the geography Improved relations with Native AmericansCreated maps and routes for future

settlement

JOHN MARSHALL AND THE SUPREME COURT Federal courts were still full of

Federalists due to earlier appointments by Washington and Adams

Marshall, Jefferson’s cousin, would cause Jefferson the most trouble during his presidency

Marshall would be Chief Justice for 34 years and would influence the court like Washington had influenced the presidency

MARBURY V. MADISON 1803 The case was over federal appointments

that Jefferson was trying to stop William Marbury sued to have his

appointment reinstated Marbury’s case went to the Supreme

Court for review in 1803 Marshall ruled that Marbury did have

the right to have his job reinstated but in the same ruling, he said the law that gave Marbury his job, the Judiciary Act of 1789, was unconstitutional

MARBURY V. MADISON 1803 Marshall said the Judiciary Act gave the

court more power and jurisdiction than the Constitution allowed

By ruling a law of Congress “unconstitutional” Marshall established the doctrine of “judicial review”

Judicial Review: power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was or was not allowed by the Constitution

The Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other branches

JUDICIAL IMPEACHMENTS Jefferson tried other methods to get rid

of Federalists in government positions Jefferson suspended the Alien and

Sedition Acts and released those jailed by the law

Jefferson also pushed for the impeachment of judges

The impeachment campaign didn’t result in many removals but it did make judges more cautious

JEFFERSON’S REELECTION Jefferson was re-elected by a landslide

in 1804 Aaron Burr, Jefferson first term VP, was

not re-elected Burr set out on several bizarre ventures Burr first wanted to become governor of

New York, unite New York with the New England states, and then secede from the Union

Burr was defeated in the election and the conspiracy disintegrated

AARON BURR Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel

because of an insulting comment Hamilton reportedly made toward Burr

Burr fatally shot Hamilton in 1804 and became the enemy of many

Burr then plotted to take Mexico from Spain and unite it with the Louisiana Territory under his rule

Jefferson had him arrested for treason but he was found “not guilty” because Chief Justice Marshall said there was not enough evidence

DIFFICULTIES ABROAD: BARBARY PIRATES Pirates from the African coast were

attempting to seize American cargo Washington and Adams had been paying

the leaders of these pirates to protect American ships

One of these leaders, the Pasha of Tripoli, demanded more money from Jefferson

Instead of paying, Jefferson sent the US navy to the Mediterranean which resulted in sporadic fighting over several years

The US gained respect and protected it’s trading vessels

CHALLENGES TO US NEUTRALITY France and Britain were blockaded each

other due to the Napoleonic Wars Britain would seize American ships and

“impress” the sailors into the British navy

In 1807, the British warship Leopard fired on the American warship Chesapeake which killed 3 Americans. 4 others were captured and “impressed” by the British

Jefferson was able to respond to the crisis through diplomacy and economic pressure

EMBARGO ACT 1807 This measure prohibited American merchant

ships from sailing to any foreign port Jefferson hoped that the British would stop

violating the rights of neutral nations rather than lose the US trade

The embargo act backfired and hurt the US more than the British

Act caused an economic depression so bad that the New England states actually considered seceding from the Union

In 1809, Jefferson called for the repeal of the Embargo Act during the last days of his presidency

WAR OF 1812: CAUSES James Madison is elected to his 2nd term in

1812 Americans still upset with Britain’s policy of

seizing American ships and “impressing” American sailors

British had aided the Shawnee during the Battle of Tippecanoe. Battle led by Tecumseh and the Prophet

“War Hawk” congressmen pushed for war to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native American resistance

Madison finally asks Congress to declare war

WAR OF 1812: VICTORIES AND DEFEATS Madison’s strategy: 1) hope for

Napoleon's victory in Europe, 2) successful invasion of Canada

Invasion of Canada: Poorly equipped army tried to invade Canada several times but were easily defeated by British

Naval Battles: US warship Constitution defeated British warship, American privateers continued to attack British shipping, and British conducted a successful blockade of US coast

WAR OF 1812: VICTORIES AND DEFEATS Naval Battles: US victories on Lake Erie,

Thames River (Detroit), and Lake Champlain kept the British from invading New York

Napoleon was defeated in Europe British burn the White House, Capitol,

and other buildings in 1814 Southern campaign, led by Andrew

Jackson, was successful for the Americans

Treaty of Ghent: 1814 ended the war Neither side gained anything from the

war

HARTFORD CONVENTION New England states had come close to

seceding from the Union during the war Delegates voted against secession but

wanted to make it more difficult to go to war in the future

Adopted a proposal which called for a 2/3 vote of both houses to declare war

War ended shortly after the Convention, many who attended were considered unpatriotic

PANIC OF 1819 Caused by the Second Bank of the

United States which had tightened credit in order to control inflation

Major economic depression, most severe in western states

Banks closed, value of money deflated, many were unemployed, bankruptcies rose, and many were placed in debtors prisons.

Changed the political views of many living in western states

JOHN MARSHALL Appointed to the Supreme Court in 1800

by Federalist president John Adams Consistently favored the central

government Said federal government had strong and

flexible powers Need to know:

Marbury v. Madison 1803: judicial reviewMcCulloch v. Maryland 1819: set precedent

for implied powers and ruled federal laws supreme to state laws

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 Missouri wanted to become a state, first

from the territory purchased during the Louisiana Purchase

Missouri wanted to be a slave state, would have created unbalanced number of free/slave states

Clay’s Missouri Compromise: 1) MO slave state, 2) ME free state, 3) slavery prohibited in the northern part of the Louisiana territory

Highlighted the problem of nationalism vs. sectionalism

MONROE DOCTRINE Powers like Russia, Spain, and Italy were

interested in strengthening or establishing colonies in the western hemisphere

Dec. 2, 1823 President James Monroe issued his “Monroe Doctrine”

Doctrine states European powers were not to interfere in the western hemisphere

Monroe Doctrine will become more significant in later years when the US uses it to justify foreign policy