AP US History August 6– 10 2018

So, like most weeks at WSHS this is an optimistic plan for the week. I write these as a way for us to stay caught up and for extra information but I am not always privy the plan made by the administration. So as a result, this plan my change. Get used to it mates!

These lesson plans are designed to supplement class notes and the textbook. They are not meant to replace them.

Friday will be your first graded quiz grade (20%)

MONDAY(first day of school)Discuss policies, procedures, and materials

Materials Strategy/FormatProcedures list Introduction

Introduction1. Class cards and distribution of procedures list2. Discuss the blog/email we will use this year:

a.https://apusandapeuropeanhistory.yolasite.com/This website is a critical part of your success this year on the AP exam and in class. I post weekly detailed lesson plans on this cite as well as homework assignments. Many of your documents for essays will also be posted here. You should go home tonight and subscribe to the site with your email address. This will allow you to get notifications when I post info and I can send out mass emails from there. b. http://www.quia.com/web This is an online testing and review site that we will use for most of our outside testing and quiz materials. Most of your tests this year and many quizzes will be taken outside of this classroom! This site allows you to complete timed tests and immediately find out your scores. c. http://www.mcsk12.net/schools/whitestation.hs/site/index.shtml(our school website with a weekly calendar)d. http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/Controller.jpf This is the College Board website and has useful information about all AP classes including details of the tests and exam dates for Spring 2015.

3. All summer work research will be submitted tomorrow. The terms matrix does not have to be defined. This is part of the framework for our first unit.

4. Class materials or the year:a. a binder or spiral notebook of some type for notes and graded work that I return to you.b. an AP US History study guide (at least by the semester break)c. You will be given a textbook but should you want to Google information about the text and find helpful

websites related to it, we will be using American Pageant 13th Edition.

Homework for Monday Night Read procedures and get them signed. This will be your first homework grade and I will not be taking it late. Sign up and Familiarize yourself with the websites. Put finishing touches on your summer work. It is due tomorrow!!!

TUESDAY (Begin Period One: 1491-1607)(Summer work is due today) Analyze the origins of the Atlantic World: Native American and West African Cultures (MIG, ENV, CUL)

Materials Strategy/FormatSummer research, ppt class discussion, directed questions

Student SkillsSkill Types

I Chronological Reasoning (1, 2)II Comparison and Context (4, 5)IV Interpretation and Evidence (8)

Introduction

Today we going to briefly run through the summer assignment by answering a few questions about the high points of the work. I’m going to randomly ask questions to see what you recall.

The details below reflect the high points of your research. This material also represents some of the key points of the pre-colonial period and reflects the most likely information from this historical period.

If you have looked at the web-notes and hopefully you have, you will notice that after the objectives you will see some abbreviations. These represent key themes of APUS History. Generally speaking, you will only need to know the abbreviations because they represent themes of this course. This is REALLY important because while the course is organized around times periods, themes are equally important. In fact, most of the essays and short answers will revolve around these themes. Below is a chart created by Khan Academy that shows both the them and time frames. This will be something that we will use all year. You can find this at https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-us-history/general-ap-us-history-skills-and-test-strategiesI'd bookmark the website b/c we will use it a bunch!

Procedure and background The summer work that you completed focused on the coming together of three basic cultures to form a new culture

known as the Atlantic World. Over the next couple of days we will overview these cultures. Hopefully the summer work gave you insight into these cultures.

It is difficult to begin any discussion of America’s origin without first beginning with the first Americans. So we will begin with a discussion of their political, social, cultural, and economic nature. Understanding them is the key to explaining future conflicts.

How and why is it theorized that the first natives came to the new world? What evidence exists? What is a primary source and secondary source? Were there any primary sources that we can use?

The first natives seem to have arrived about 10,000 B.C.E. and within less than 1000 years decimated the large game in most places. Overtime the patterns of settlement and culture often depended directly on food acquisition. The more nomadic the less advanced and vice versa.

Most tribes could be classified as hunter-gatherers. Northwest, Northeast forest lands and parts of the Plains comprised this group. Plains tribes relied most heavily upon hunting large game animals. In the southwest and southeast Natives began to develop basic agriculture.

ProcedureNative AmericaSocial Structures

1. Religion (polytheism and animism) most tribes resembled Greek/Roman pantheon having a chief deity. 2. Gods with human natures and needs (Gods are angry = Popè’s Rebellion in 16th century reflected the belief that

Navajo gods were angry with the people for accepting Catholicism. A drought was the punishment. So to make amends priests were killed and Spanish control of the region ended for a century.)

3. Ceremonies and music reflected worship patterns (Peyote, a narcotic developed from cactus plant was used by some southwest tribes to “interact with the gods” )

4. The importance of music was reflected by the fact that there was no written language until later. Music served as a way to transmit cultural history

Gender Roles1. The general trend in native cultures followed this pattern: the more farming the greater the rights for women. 2. Anasazi vs. Sioux treatment of women is a good example. Anasazi Pueblo women had right of divorce and property

control. In the Plains Sioux tribes women had no real rights but were respected as mothers and wives.3. Child rearing was often a male activity especially in more primitive warrior cultures. Male children were segregated

and taught by the males.

Architecture1. Reflected needs the need s of the people and the terrain (Chaco Canyon, Pueblo Bonito, Mesa Verde)2. Tepees and longhouses were common for nomads and forest dwellers respectively3. mound builders were common in this era (Pinson Mounds near Jackson TN). This were multi-purpose serving for

defense and ceremonial (religious and burial) 4. Cahokia was the closest to a true empire nation-state in North America (resembling Maya, Incan, Aztec)5. totem poles in the Northwest reflect status and the “low end of the totem pole = highest power

Political Structure1. Chiefs were not all-powerful but the more war was likely the greater the power.2. Councils and elders/shaman (Jefferson’s admired them as a primitive democracy)3. Only Cahokia in Northern Hemisphere represents something close to a European empire4. Confederations occurred (Powhatan, Iroquois) between tribes

Economics1. The economic system was almost exclusively barter but some of the trade networks were extensive.2. Items trades (foods, obsidian). How do we know that they traded like they did?3. Individual land ownership was unknown and tribal lands/burial grounds were common

ConclusionNative tribes in North America really never developed empires like those in central and South America. Why was this likely true? The pattern of life for Natives will change like for thousands of years. However all of this will begin to change around the year 1500.

West African Culture Why are we focusing our discussion on West Africa? As we discuss the general nature of many West African tribes it will be important to also notice ways in which these

groups are similar and different. What role did geography play in the development of Native tribes? In sub-Saharan Africa tribes hunted and gathered but farming and herding animals was already common long before 1500. What is the first implication that can be drawn about their level of advancement?

ProcedureSociety

1. Religion in West Africa closely resembled the Native pantheon. Nature gods with human qualities conflicted with the spread of Islam. How did Islam penetrate into Africa and why did many native Africans convert? The caravan routes carried goods and ideas south of the Sahara. Along with valuable commodities like salt, religious ideas also spread. Many natives converted out of the idea (real or perceived) that they would get better deals from co-religionists. Islam was also important because it spread written language which most West Africans did not possess.

2. Family groups were clannish. What does this mean? They were also matrilineal with kinship through the woman’s family. The infusion of Islam also altered gender roles in some areas where women had fewer rights. This was not always the case.

3. Importance of music also here and until Islam took hold there was no written language. The “griot” was the keeper of the tribal history. After Islam major cultural centers were established by Mansa Musa at Timbuktu.

4. Architecture: what would your expectations be? Thatch and adobe like Chaco Canyon5. Political power in West Africa was far more centralized and tribal warfare was more common. Vast empires

developed at Mali, Ghana, and Songhai. In each the chief held more or less total power. The job also made him the judge and general. Mali and Songhai both had standing armies larger than any in Europe. The king ruled through a group of bureaucrats which also created more stratified social levels.

6. In economics Africans had vast sums of gold but it held little value. Far more important was the trade in salt, food stuffs, and later slaves. The system of “silent barter.”

ConclusionThe Atlantic World featured a blending of cultures. The Africans and Native Americans though they had no contact, shared striking similarities in the cultures. In fact, the similarities are far more striking than the differences especially before the arrival of monotheistic Islam during the Middle Ages. The Native and African views on religion, gender roles, and economics (especially land ownership) contrasted greatly with traditional European ideas. This will be a source of conflict later on.

HomeworkNone

WEDNESDAY & THURSDAY Timed Bell work Native-African culture Analyze the factors leading to European culture at the time of 16th century colonization (MIG, ENV, CUL) Examine factors leading to Spanish colonization in the early 16th century (MIG, ENV, CUL) Contrast the scholarship and views on the impact of early colonization (MIG, WOR)

Materials Strategy/FormatPpt and questions , primary source docs Lecture-discussion

Student SkillsI Chronological Reasoning (II Comparison and Context III Crafting Historical ArgumentsIV Interpretation and Synthesis

IntroductionWestern Europe

What year marks the pivotal beginning of the Atlantic World? Why do we choose this time period? Columbus is seen as the origin of this event. Why do we celebrate Columbus Day? Should we stop doing it? Columbus was not probably even the first European so why do we recognize him?

Columbus started a wave of interest and later migration at the head of a Spanish steamroller that first started colonizing the New World. Today our mission is different. We will not spend time with a lot of European society as we did with Natives and Africans. We will look at why this wave of migration occurred when it did. The factors that we will address are certainly not the only ones. Here there will be tremendous overlap with our themes.

Distribute primary source Mann vs. Kennedy/Cohen on the First Euro arrival.

Political and Economic Factors1. The development of the nation state in Europe

a. What defines a nation? Are we a nation?b. In Europe by the 16th century there were 4 clearly unified nation states: Spain, Portugal, France,

and England. These fall into the characteristics that we set out much better even then the U.S.c. A key component of the drive to expand was the system of mercantilism colonies, raw materials,

balance trade, government control (similar to socialism). This system created intense competition that devolved into war.

d. The creation of the joint-stock company in England and Holland was a boom to colonial ventures by private individuals because risk could be shared.

2. Social Factors

a. The Period of wars over religion in the 16th and 17th centuries created waves of immigration first in Europe and then to the New World

b. There were two dynamics at work. Religion led to colonization by those who disagreed w/ the established religions of the state. Or, missionaries such as the Jesuits sought to save lost souls through conversions. In both cases God became a factor but not as great as gold.

c. Population surplus in Western Europe followed threatening to wreck havoc on food supply that was forever tenuous. In England the enclosure movement forces thousands off of small plots as landowners began to see the profit in scientific farming. Also the system of primogeniture in Spain and England sent 2nd born sons searching for lands.

d. Scientific improvements in sailing and navigation (astrolabe, caravel, better maps, Prince Henry). Add to this the development of interest in new cultures and scientific discovery stemming from the Sci. Rev.

Spanish ColonizationOverview

Today we will focus upon the patterns of settlement for the Spanish (You will be analyzing French and Dutch patterns through your own research). Beginning next week we will examine English settlement separately. This will actually take us into our next period of examination. For the AP exam this starts the Colonial Period and marks the beginning of more important materials. We will see that the English patterns were frequently very different from those of other colonial powers.

Columbus is generally recognized as having begun the wave of colonization that swept across the Atlantic through the 16th century. What have you heard about this act? Was it heroism and act of greatness? Was it the advent of a genocide? This is one of the reasons why our first period starts with 1491 looking at the time before his arrival. Of course it is wholly inaccurate to say that he discovered the New World. Four centuries before Vikings had arrived. There is also some evidence that the Chinese sailor Zheng He

may have made landfall in California. There can be little doubt that arrival of the Spanish inaugurated the general subjugation of Native cultures.

However at the same time the Spanish themselves were not isolated. A new culture and ethnicity would also develop due to interbreeding of people and culture.

I Patterns of Settlement

1. What initially drove the Spanish colonization?

a. Spain was a newly organized nation-state once Isabella (Castile) and Ferdinand (Aragon) wed. Trade was the first motivator for conquest but remember, they wanted to trade with the eastern lands and thought that they could find faster routes by going west. When the western hemisphere got in the way, the game changed to some degree. They still desired eastern trade but now western riches were added to the mix. Bases were establish to exploit and then protect the resources that Europeans coveted

b. Primogeniture was another social motivate for exploration because in many lands the second-third born sons of nobles generally received few lands while the first born (primo) was left nearly all lands. This of course not only created a drive to garner new lands but would eventually result in transplanted gentry society (think “plantation” of the word “transplantation”

c. The Catholic Church became a motive for exploration to win souls for Christ. While this is often presented as a negative aspect of colonization being only an excuse for conquest, many priests (followed by Protestant ministers) came out of true evangelism and devotion. Some like priests awakened the crown to the brutality of slavery though regrettably little was done to protect the innocent. In fact, conversion was a hoped for way to escape the cycle of slavery and brutality among many natives.

2. The Conquistadores

a. Success or die! (The typical experience of a conquistador and his future). Unlike future settlers from the rest of Europe, the Spanish really rolled the dice and NEVER planned to return to Europe. This “all in” mentality probably fostered greater brutality toward native populations.

b. Ownership of lands and title. Conquistadores were first and foremost settlers. Many sought the lands that would always elude them back in Europe. The process was however really like renting land because one conquered in the name of the king/queen. This meant that they were the true owner but the vast distances precluded meddling from the royals as long taxes and tribute continued to roll in.

c. The encomiendas system was the plantation system and eventually the right granted by the crown to contract slave labor among the native populations. Once again the reaction of the Catholic Church was at first strongly against the system. Bartholomew de las Casas was a monk who exposed the brutality. At one point the Pope did caution against the poor treatment of Christian converts but, to little effect. The needs of cheap labor and promise of wealth outweighed the moral argument. (African slavery soon entered the equation because natives exposed to disease died quickly while Africans did not. Plus, Africans knew how to cultivate crops and raise animals.

d. Silver and crops formed the greatest wealth in North America and not the long coveted gold. Gold was rare and silver much more plentiful. Silver mines at Potosi pumped out large amounts and soon the Spanish devalued the value of it in Europe because they put too much into circulation. The Spanish were exposed to new crops never before seen in Europe such as the potato (The so-called “Irish” or white potato originated here and became a cheap food source among the poverty stricken Irish.).

3. Brutality of Cortes and Pizarro

a. The areas attacks and objectives: The modern view of conquistadores is really a vestige of these two beasts. Both men sought riches and lands at the head of mercenary armies. Cortes helped to destroy an already weak Aztec Empire and Pizarro exploited a power struggle among the Inca to conquer them.

b. Methods used to guarantee victory: In both cases the Spanish acquired allies among native populations. This was especially true among the Aztec who had also been quite brutal. The lessons of better technology were the most obvious reasons for European success. Steel and gunpowder will trump wood and spear points most of the time.

c. The impact of disease upon the Native populations was the single greatest factor in the decimation of native populations. Flu and TB spread far faster than Europeans. The population of the Aztec Empire may have dropped by 10-15 million.

4. The range of the Spanish Empire

a. The empire of New Spain in North American ran along a rough line of latitude bisecting the modern US from the Pacific west to roughly Florida. This also included Memphis known as San Fernando. Going South to the tip of South America (excluding Brazil which was Portuguese)

b. Spanish control in most of North America though a system of the presidios (forts) and mission towns. These still bear the old names of “San” and “Santa”

Conclusion

The Spanish Empire in the New World reached its height under the reign of PhilipII The influx of bullion led to inflation and ultimately would help to wreck the Spanish economy. Nothing reveals the independence of New Spain more than the fact that it remained largely independent of Spain’s European decline. By the 19th century a wave of independence movements of the sealed the deal with Columbia, Bolivia, Argentina, and Peru becoming free (and others).

Homework for Wednesday NightBell work on the factors leading to European colonization of the western hemisphere.

Homework for THURSDAYStudy for your first quiz on Friday. This will be a short answer format and will take much of the class period. This must be completed by the end of class. No extra time given. The quiz will reflect the reviewed materials from the summer work and these web-notes.

FRIDAY (Quiz Today) Assessment in short answer format covering the three cultures creating the Atlantic World

Materials Strategy/FormatYOUR paper and writing utensil. Assessment and Review

Student SkillsI Chronological Reasoning II Comparison and Context III Crafting Historical ArgumentsIV Interpretation and Evidence

Instructions Today is the first of MANY quizzes that you will take this year. Most quizzes will follow today's questions.

Here is what to expect: Most quizzes will have anywhere from 10 - 20 questions depending on the topic Many of the questions will have multiple parts (just like the SA questions on the AP exam) Some questions will be document based (Stimulus) while others are non-document (Formative) No notes or materials may be used on this assessment (though sometimes I do allow it). Because we must always remember that the AP is a timed exam, rarely will you be allowed extra

time on any assessment.

Weekend HomeworkRead the following links for possible bell work on Monday August 13th. This is a website that we will frequently use this year so you might want to book mark it. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/Here are the selections to readEuropean Commercial and Financial ExpansionSlavery and Spanish ColonizationThe Black Legend