AP European HistorySeptember 24 – 28 2018

If you have not paid deposit for AP exam then you’re almost too late! You might have noticed that there is no lesson for Tuesday…..ACT Book Needed on WEDNESDAY Unit Test is on THURSDAY (MCQ on Quia website with LEQ essay in class on FRIDAY See below

for the prompts) Thursday-Friday we will begin a new Unit Absolutism vs. Constitutionalism

Monday Discuss the causes and effects of the Agricultural Revolution (PP-2,9) (IS1,2)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT and Docs Lecture-discussion

Introduction

During the late 17th and throughout the 18th century, an Agricultural Revolution took place when European agriculture shifted from the techniques of the past. New patterns of crop rotation and livestock utilization paved the way for better crop yields, a greater diversity of wheat and vegetables and the ability to support more livestock. These changes impacted society as the population became better nourished and healthier. The Enclosure Acts, passed in Great Britain, allowed wealthy lords to purchase public fields and push out small-scale farmers, causing a migration of men looking for wage labor in cities. The passing of the Enclosure Laws, limiting the common land available to small farmers in 1760 was a kick start of farming for profit but was also bad news for many English peasants.

Another component of why this happened when it did was the development of a more favorable climate with warmer average temperatures and more regular precipitation. These workers would provide the labor for new industries during the Industrial Revolution but we will address this in a later unit.

Key Innovators

One of the biggest changes was in how farmers handled the land and increase crop yield. The available farmland increased due to changes in landholding patterns spurred on by new methods of cultivation. Previously, the open-field system was prominent. This system was problematic because it allowed part of the land to remain unplanted at all times in order to avoid depleting the soil. Since growing crops removes nutrients from the soil, a field must be replenished in order to continue to yield food.

The innovations in this four-year rotation system were turnips and clover. Turnips were not a new crop to English farming because they had been grown in East Anglia for use as cattle feed, fodder for livestock, during the winter months, since the 1660's. However, this was the first time they had been used in crop rotation. Charles Townshend was later to be known as "Turnip" Townshend because of his use of this crop in the four-year rotation system.

Clover is a plant which is able to add nitrogen compounds to the soil because its roots have special structures, inside these nodules are found symbiotic bacteria which feed by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and producing nitrates (nitrogen-containing salts). The clover, which is more nutritious than grass, was used for grazing the livestock. In turn, the livestock produced manure which could be ploughed back into the soil.

Since earliest times seeds had always been sown by hand. People who worked on the land would walk over the fields randomly scattering handfuls of grain. Jethro Tull invented a machine which greatly helped to increase the harvest yield by planting seeds in straight lines.

In 1731, Tull wrote a book called "Horse-houghing (hoeing) Husbandry" which he revised in 1733. Although his Seed Drill was improved in 1782 by adding gears to the distribution mechanism, the rotary mechanism of the drill provided the foundation for all future sowing technology.

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Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke, introduced selective breeding to improve the quality of the animals. Bakewell crossed different breeds of sheep to select their best characteristics. At the time, this was known as "breeding in and out". His experiments in selective breeding of sheep produced New Leicester breed in 1755.

Year Sheep (lbs) Cattle (lbs)

1710 28 370

1795 80 800

Information from the records of Smithfield market showing the average weight, in pounds, of sheep and cattle at the beginning and the end of the 18th century. This sheep had long, coarse wool and produced a high quality and yield of meat. Bakewell also experimented with breeds of cattle. In 1769, he produced the Longhorn; a breed that was a good meat producer but gave a poor milk yield. Bakewell was also the first to hire his animals out for stud. His farm, Leicestershire, England became a model of scientific management.

ConclusionThere can be little doubt that the Ag. Revolution can be equated to rising population figures in the late17th and 18th century. This also had implications for infant mortality and life expectancy. The quality and quantity of food had direct implications on diet and even helped to blur class lines in some places. Additionally, the development of this revolution will have direct implications with the first phase of the Industrial Revolution in textile product

HomeworkNone, begin studying for the Unit Test.

TUESDAYAnother Ridiculous waste of everyone’s time

HomeworkWork on the MCQ and Get ready for in class LEQ on Friday

WEDNESDAY Analysis of sources on the Scientific and Agricultural Revolutions (PP-2,9) (IS1,2)

Materials Strategy/FormatDocSets (primary and secondary) Close Text and Analysis of sources

InstructionsToday we will do some primary and secondary source analysis similar to last week’s assignment on the Age of Exploration. You will simply answer some guided questions related to the sources and some of these will be repeated most likely on your text tomorrow.

HomeworkMC Test on the Quia Website due by 7am Friday Morning

THURSDAY (Begin New Unit) Define absolutism and examine the reign of Louis XIV Evaluate his power as an absolutist ruler)

Materials Strategy/FormatPPT/video/book Discussion/Lecture/Doc. analysis

Set Chapter 16 discusses a period in European History that has been dubbed the Age of Absolutism. In fact, the

trait is something of an illusion because, as we have discussed, most European kings had to first be successful politicians because they rarely ever had this type of absolute power. The term is problematic because it reminds us of something more modern; dictatorships. The development of absolutism is a feature of 17 century Europe and will proceed in some form into the next century.

There are some important traits that we can see developing. France is the prime example of absolutism in the early modern era. Absolute government involved centralizing political power in the hands of a monarch, who allied with and exercised control over the traditional landed aristocracy, gained loyalty and support from the merchant rulers of cities, and exercised power through a bureaucracy and a standing army.

The degree of control was not comparable to twentieth century totalitarianism. The king's power was dependent upon the aristocracy which, though subordinate, still retained independent sources of power and wealth. Lack of technology limited the ability of government to regulate people's lives. Many claimed that their power descended from God and thus they were never to be challenged. This was called “divine right.” Another interesting trait and one that will be discussed in a later unit is the idea of “enlightened despotism.”In this system monarchs attempt, sometimes with success, to be rulers who attempt to put the state above personal and religious feelings. This is more common after Louis XIV but we see it sometimes with him.

Historians have long used France under Louis XIV as an example of absolutism. As we shall see this too was an illusion. Louis XIV was able to wield power b/c he was a better politician! In addition to this Louis XIV was able to profit from centralizing efforts before him. So, before we get into Louis XIV we must really start with events before.

ProcedureThe Transition of Power

1. The work of Richelieu (Louis XIII)a. The elimination of threats (HRE and Spain) to Bourbon Franceb. Centralization of power by controlling key nobles. This will cause trouble!c. Taxation: The gaballe and internal improvements (the corvèe)d. Powerful military (institution of better training and pay)

Louis XIV (The Early Years)

1. Not surprisingly the new king was too young to rule and a regent was established. (Cardinal Mazarin became his regent and principal advisor)

2. The Fronde was an early attempt to inspire a revolt and overthrown of the young king. It was conducted by angry peasants but many saw the hand of the nobility at work. This had a telling effect on the young king and a couple of long range impacts. a. Nobles MUST be controlled somehow or the monarchy will weaken and failb. The king will leave Paris and only occasionally go there. Versailles becomes the main residence from

now on.

Pathways to Louis XIV Power1. Managing the Economy (Jean Colbert)

a. The Mercantile Economy was theory and system of political economy prevailing in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade.

b. Colbert specified that the state should improve infrastructure to facilitate trade and maintain certain state monopolies (silk, gunpowder, and salt were a few examples)

c. Colonization is a byproduct of this process also. A key tenet of mercantilism is that exporting raw or unfinished materials disadvantages a nation, as greater wealth results from performing value-added manufacturing work within that nation.

d. Because mercantilism emphasizes bullion stores and colonization the result was a zero-sum game that led to intense warfare in the early 18th century. Ultimately France will lose much of its empire as a result of these wars.

2. Controlling the Noblesa. Louis XIV will be a master at playing the provinces against each other. These regions were

allowed parlements (similar to state assemblies) while the Paris parlement was most powerful. The French also had an Estates-general but it was rarely called into session as Louis XIV knew that this could only cause trouble.

b. To watch over the provinces and maintain a strong civil service Intendents were established. Their roles were tax collection and in some cases spying.

3. The Importance of PropagandaIn many ways, Louis XIV was perhaps the originator of modern day politics. The ways that Louis XIV maintained power is curiously modern not perhaps so much in the American vein but certainly when we examine areas where there is a distinct “cult of state” and “cult of personality”

a. Keep Your Friends Close and Your Enemies Closer: as he became more powerful Louis XIV encouraged the most important nobles to reside at or near Versailles. He kept them entertained and under his close watch. To curry favor with the king nobles jockeyed for position at the dinner table and vied for the chance to even dress the king! It became commonplace for noble women to extend sexual favors to the king at the behest of their own husbands.

b. Be accessible (catch trouble early): Louis held audience for commoners as well adjudicating civil matters and handing down decisions. There were of course regional courts but Louis wanted to appear just and fair.

c. The use of Versailles (Le roi de soleil) was more than a state residence. It was center of the French world. It was meant to over-awe diplomats and kings who visited. About 1/5 of the state budget was spent on its upkeep.

d. “L’etat c’est moi”is a famous phrase attributed to Louis and it does not seem far off the mark

4. Religion as a rallying pointa. Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes 1665; Louis XIV was persuaded by his Roman Catholic

advisers to embark on a policy of persecuting the Protestants. By a series of edicts that narrowly interpreted the Edict of Nantes, he reduced it to a scrap of paper. Finally, in 1685, he declared that the majority of Protestants had been converted to Catholicism and that the edict of 1598, having thus become superfluous, was revoked. Thousands fled abroad to escape the (many going to Canada and Holland) and several provinces were virtually depopulated. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes weakened the French economy by driving out a highly skilled and industrious

segment of the nation, and its ruthless application increased the detestation in which England and the Protestant German states held the French king. Its object-to make France a Catholic state-was fulfilled on paper only, for many secretly remained faithful to Protestantism, while the prestige of the Roman Catholic Church suffered as a result of Louis's intolerance

b. Suppression of the Jansenists and why Louis believed that this was necessary: This was aCatholic, religious movement that appeared chiefly in France, the Low Countries, and Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. It arose out of the theological problem of reconciling divine grace and human freedom. In France it became connected with the struggle against the papacy by proponents of Gallicanism—a political theory advocating the restriction of papal power—and with opposition to the monarchical absolutism of Cardinal de Richelieu and Louis XIV.

c. The Problem was that state suppression would weaken the attempt to make Catholicism a rally point. After agreeing with the Pope that he had a role to play in anointing bishops, the Pope declared the movement heretical.

ConclusionLouis XIV was the closest that early modern Europe had known to absolutism. However, we also see that while he was an astute politician his power also rested upon a foundation already laid. The 30 Years War had created a process leading to France being the most powerful states. And, as will be the case with nearly all emperors, his expansionist polices will be a blessing and a curse.

HomeworkMCQ and LEQ

FRDAYUNIT TEST LEQ essays

Materials Strategy/FormatWriting Rubrics Assessment and Review

MaterialsAge of Exploration and the Spanish Empire Class notes web-notes, and Chapter 14 pp:428- 455 Scientific Revolution Class notes web-notes Chapter 17 pp: 504 - 516Agricultural Revolution Class notes web-notes Chapter 17 pp: 542 – 546

Examine the causes for the Age of Exploration. To what extent was the development of overseas empire driven by mercantilism. (Hint: Be sure to use examples of the countries discussed in class.

Discuss the development of the Spanish Empire. To what extent did important events in Europe during the 16th century drive colonization? (Hint: Be sure to write “to what extent” and identify the “important events”)

Explain the development of the Scientific Revolution and why the new theories were a threat to the Catholic Church. (Hint: Be sure to discuss key theorists and why/how they challenged the accepted Aristotelian cosmology).

Explain how the Agricultural Revolution impacted society and economics in the late17th -18th century. (Hint: be sure to explain some of the new methods and innovations led to social changes like class structure and population growth)

HomeworkNone take a break