approach for development of a national response to climate change from public health perspective in...
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This ppt gives you a brief view to where India stands on the issue of climate changeTRANSCRIPT
Approach for development
of a national response to
climate change from a
public health
perspective in India
Presenter: Dr. Sidharth Sekhar Mishra
Preceptor: Dr. Arvind Kumar Singh
1/50
‘‘We need to…
convince the world
that humanity
really is the most
important species
endangered by
climate change.’’
Margaret Chan,
MD, Director-General
World Health Organization
2/50
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* No date restrictions were applied 3/50
Outline of presentation
Introduction Definitions
Indicators
Impact of climate change
Global response to climate change
Global Scenario
Indian Scenario
Steps for Development of National Response
Opportunities
Conclusion
4/50
Introduction
What is climate change?
Any major change in measures of climate
(temperature, precipitation, rainfall, snow, wind)
Lasting for a long period of time (decades or longer)
Factors causing climate change:
Natural factors, such as changes in the sun's energy
or slow changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun
Natural processes within the climate system, such as
changes in ocean circulation
Human activities
Ref: Ready for Change: Preparing Public Health Agencies for the Impacts of Climate Change, A Climate Masters
Guide for the Public Section, May 2010 5/50
Two Important Concepts of Climate
Change
Climate Mitigation: An anthropogenic intervention
to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of
greenhouse gases
Climate adaptation: adjustment in natural or
human systems to a new or changing
environment
6
Indicators of Climate Change
Increase in:
Land surface temperature
Sea surface temperature
Increase in sea level
Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
Climate related natural calamities
Decrease:
Ice level
Forest cover
Change in wildlife pattern
Ref: Bush F K. Impacts of Climate Change on Public Health in India: Future Research Directions. Environmental
Health Perspectives • volume 119 | number 6 | June 2011 7/50
8
Ref: Climate change 2013. The physical science basis. Summary for policymakers. Intergovernmental panel on
climate change. (http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/docs/WGIAR5_SPM_brochure_en.pdf)
Change in ice over last decade
Ref: Climate change 2013. The physical science basis. Summary for policymakers. Intergovernmental panel on climate
change. (http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/docs/WGIAR5_SPM_brochure_en.pdf) 9/50
Global Occurrence of Floods
(2000-10)
Ref: Atlas of health and climate. 2012. World Health Organization 10/50
Impact of climate change
Rainfall pattern
Surface temperature
and cyclones
Coastline changes
Water level changes
Food productivity
Forest cover
Desertification of land
Health effects
* Details in Annexure 311/50
12
Climate change and Health Impacts
Increased probability of water borne, vector borne
diseases due to increased temperatures and flooding
Diseases due to heat stress
Air borne diseases
Changing weather patterns and more disasters will
also lead to increased poverty and therefore reduced
overall health
3.94% increase in mortality for each 1 degree Celsius
increase above 29 degree Celsius (Mc Michael et al.,)
13/50
Global Action Landmarks on Climate
Change
Montreal Protocol: 1987
First worldwide agreement designed to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects of the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer
Protocol is administered by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Objective: mandates an end to the production and consumption of the major CFCs, halons, hydrobromofluorocarbons and methyl bromide by 1996
14/50
Global Action Landmarks on Climate
Change (contd.)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC)
leading international body for the assessment of
climate change.
established by the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and World Meteorological
Organization in 1988
provide clear scientific view on the current state of
knowledge in climate change and its potential
environmental and socio-economic impacts
5th assessment to be finalised on 31st October, 2014
Currently 195 countries are members 15/50
Global Action Landmarks on Climate
Change (contd.)
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED/ Earth summit
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change
Rio de Janeiro, 1992
Objective: stabilize GHG concentrations at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with climate system
16/50
Global Action Landmarks on Climate
Change (contd.)
Kyoto Protocol First legally binding treaty aimed at cutting emissions
of the main greenhouse gases believed to contribute to global warming
More than 150 nations signed it in December 1997
But they left much of the detail about how it would be implemented to future talks
USA and EU were not on same terms and US pulled out
Other nations decided to carry on and they finally reached agreement in Marrakech in November 2001
17/50
Global Action Landmarks on Climate
Change (contd.)
WHO World Health Day 2008
Protecting health from climate change
Priorities of WHO:
Advocate and raise awareness
Strengthen partnerships
Enhance scientific evidence
Strengthen health systems
18/50
19/50
Global Scenario
20/50
Global comparison for approaches on
climate change
China Brazil United States
Political
Commit
ment
Action embedded in
China’s national
strategic development
policy
Absent (bill
relaxing
Brazil
Forest Code
of 2012)
Inside country
present but
internationally
absent
Actions
taken
a. Setting carbon
intensity goals
b. Energy efficient
systems
c. % of non fossil fuel
sourced energy
.... Lowered the
GHG emission
Ref: The response of china, india and brazil to climate change: A perspective for South Africa
http://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/ & Response of United States: A global perspective 21/50
Global comparison for approaches on climate
change (contd.)
China Brazil United States
Key
featur
e
a. Leaders of global
renewable energy
sector
b. Moved to high
quality growth rather
than fast growth
Leader in low
carbon
agriculture
and bio fuels
Leaders in
climate related
research
activities
Challe
nges
Benefits have been
marginalised by
negative
environmental impacts
of rapid economic
growth
Economic
development
vs climate
check
methods
No legal
binding of the
situation
Ref: THE RESPONSE OF CHINA, INDIA AND BRAZIL TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A perspective for South Africa
http://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/
22/50
23/50
Indian Scenario
Current Status of India in View of
Contributor to Climate Change
The per capita release of green house gases is even less than the average of developing countries (2.5 tonnes of Co2 per year per person)
But in total India is the second largest emitter
Coal is the main source of energy and it contributes to climate change the maximum
Ref: Hansen et al. Dangerous human-made interference with climate: a GISS model study. 2007. Atmospheric
Chemistry and Physics 7: 2287-2312 24/50
Indian contribution to global
warming has different facets
Poverty keeps India’s carbon dioxide emissions
low
Over 400m Indians lack access to electricity (1)
But a growing rich class of Indians are increasing
emissions dramatically
Top 1% of Indians (those earning over $700 US per
month) estimated to emit around to 5 tonnes CO2 per
annum, close to global average
Ref: : UNDP Human Development Indicators, 2008
25/50
Indian contribution to global warming
has different facets (contd.)
And our burning of biofuels such as wood for
cooking adds new problems
India and China are the primary contributors of ‘black
carbon’ (soot),
Vegetarian diets use much less energy
But increased incomes leading to shift in higher meat
diets
Ref: : UNDP Human Development Indicators, 200826/50
Ref: Impacts of Climate Change on Public Health in India: Future Research Directions27/50
Drivers for action
Impact of climate change
Global responsibility to reduce GHG emissions
Energy security
Natural resource management
Economic opportunities
Political will
Ref: THE RESPONSE OF CHINA, INDIA AND BRAZIL TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A perspective for South Africa
http://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/: Reference from Slide No. 29 to 3728/50
Reduce Green House Gas Emissions
India had the world’s 5th largest aggregate GHG
emissions
All sectors show an increase in emissions
except for agriculture
highest rates in cement, electricity and waste
Proactive steps by the government have reduced
the emissions intensity of India’s GDP by more
than 30% from 1994 to 2007
29/50
Energy security
India’s primary energy consumption is dominated
by fossil fuels
together coal, oil and natural gas account for 93% of
consumption
Nuclear energy provides only 1% of energy
consumption
POOR ENERGY SECURITY
30/50
Harness Renewables:
4th
in Wind Capacity Today
31/50
Kilowatt-hours per square meter per day
Harness Renewables:
Significant Solar Resource
Ref: NASA Atmospheric Science Data Center (2008)
32/50
Natural resource management
Land
Forest
Water bodies
Air quality
33/50
Economic opportunities
Scale in carbon markets (allows it to register
CDM projects)
Funds from developed countries
New climate friendly projects
34/50
Political Will
Prime Minister’s council on climate change
Constituted on 07th June, 2007
Comprising of: both government and non govrnment
representatives
Role:
coordinate national action plans for assessment, adaptation
and mitigation of climate change
will advise government on pro-active measures that can be
taken by India to deal with the challenge of climate change
facilitate inter-ministerial coordination and guide policy in
relevant areas
35/50
India’s response to climate change
Year Response
1976 Solar Photo Voltaic R & D Programme started
1980 Forest Conservation Act
1987 IREDA established (India Renewable Energy
Development Agency)
1988 NFAP (National Forestry Action Programme)
2002 Acceded to Kyoto Protocol
2008 India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change
published
2011 National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture
(NICRA) launched
2012 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy set up
* Annexure 2: Full list of Responses by India 36/50
Recent initiatives taken by Indian
government for addressing climate
change
Projects based on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Carbon tax on coal (funds generated from this fund renewable energy projects)
Detailed climate assessment
Climate friendly fuel: CNG
Separate national fund to finance climate change activities and policies to encourage renewable energy (also in Brazil)
Low carbon technology
37/50
38/50
Steps for development
of
National response
Domains that National response
strategy should address
Support national objective and sustainable
development
Adapt to climate change
Should be sustainable
Meet international obligations
Integrate with other sectors
Partnerships with others
39/50
Domains that National response
strategy should address (contd.)
Domestic and legal provisions should be met
Climate change related education, training,
awareness and capacity building
Climate change related research, development
and demonstration
Inventories of greenhouse gases and air
pollutants
Accessing and managing financial resources for
climate change
40/50
Steps for development of national
response
Researching impacts of
climate change,
community resources,
and existing measures
Identifying the most
vulnerable population
In depth interviews with
key stake holders and
by heat health
vulnerability assessment
(Annexure 1)
Young children, elders,
people with chronic
illness, workers
Ref: India Health Report. Climate Change and Health Preparedness in India: Protecting Local Communities in
Ahmedabad, Gujarat from Extreme Heat. PHFI.
41/50
Steps for development of national
response (contd.)
Developing an
actionable warning
system and integrating
it into a local climate
change preparedness
plan
Targeting heat risk
reduction outreach
Conducting best
practises workshops
Extreme heat event
tracking system(weather
gauges), by comparing
previous records and
climate change
phenomenon
Targeting the vulnerable
population
As was conducted in
Ahmedabad in 2010Ref: India Health Report. Climate Change and Health Preparedness in India: Protecting Local Communities in
Ahmedabad, Gujarat from Extreme Heat. PHFI. 42/50
Components climate change
preparedness programme
Identification of local vulnerabilities within the
specific population and geography
Monitoring and tracking health threats and
appropriate responses
Educating heath care practitioners and general
public about health implications
Creating emergency response plan
43/50
Ref: NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE STRATEGY FOR SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism 44/50
45/50
Indian Opportunities
Strengthening existing systems
Global Atmospheric Stations
10 in number
Generates data of exchange trace materials between
atmosphere and earth
Measures atmosphere turbidity and air quality
measurements to quantify trends and acid rain threats
Ozone measuring system
Currently daily monitoring at 5 sites in the country
46/50
Future prospects
Newer technologies like geospatial technology
needs to further developed
Adoption of cost effective energy efficient
technologies
Shift to renewable’s
Adoption of forest conservation
Efficient, fast and reliable public transport system
Rational energy pricing
LEED design buildings
47/50
Climate friendly examples from Our
Country
Country wide Eco friendly bags Eco friendly Ganesh idols E rickshaws Eco friendly towns and villages
Gujarat Eco friendly train Gujarat cleaner production centre Solar fishing trawler
Odisha Eco friendly stoves Eco friendly X cycles
48/50
Limitations in current steps being
taken by India
No plans to phase out fossil fuels in next 20 years
Self set target for lowering emissions: reduce the emission intensity of its GDP by 20-25% by 2020 relative to 2005 levels
Commit emission intensity of GDP (rather than absolute emission reductions)
49/50
Limitations in current steps being
taken by India: the biggest threat
Stake at International level for onus of climate
destruction on developed countries
India, the fifth largest emitter of greenhouse gases
from fossil fuel in the 1990s
suggested that the ‘right’ to pollute the atmosphere be
apportioned to all countries on the basis of their
population
Using this gauge, China and India, the only countries
with populations in excess of a billion each, could
legitimately emit greenhouse gases to a greater extent
50/50
Conclusion
India has potential to supply substantial
mitigation at a relatively low price
India needs to do much more towards becoming
climate resilient
51/50
52/50
Thank you