applied ethics in agriculture

Applied Ethics in

Agriculture

Paul Lasley and Arne HallamFall, 2003

Sumber: www.econ.iastate.edu/.../Ethics%20in%20Agricultu...

“Character is not the same thing as reputation. Character is what you are.

Reputation is what people say you are.”

Josephson, 2002


Mengapa kita melakukan studi tentang Etika dalam pertanian?

• About 10 years ago Phil Baumel and Paul Lasley began a series of studies that focused on ethics within farm cooperatives

• Grant from Farmers Cooperative Service• Findings from the Iowa Farm and Rural Life

Poll• Teaching a new course, Sociology/ Economics

362X, first offered fall, 2002


• What do you suppose coop managers and board members told us about ethics in agriculture?


Cooperative Managers and Board Members Identified Several Areas of Ethical Concern

• Shirking responsibilities• Business dealings with friends, relatives, or

competitors• Sales incentives• Pricing policies• Illegal Practices


MENGAPA STANDAR ETIKA MENURUN ?


Alasan-alasan Perilaku Tidak-Etis

1. Extreme pressure to show a profit2. No board oversight on management3. Too much competition that it is unhealthy4. Business is too complex for a lay board5. Fewer farmers, greater business, more incentive to

retain them as members6. Young farmers lack appreciation of cooperatives7. Tough economic times on the farm contributed to

erosion in ethical standards.


Baghaimana pendapat Saudara tentang ceritera petani dari Iowa?

• Do you suppose they agree that ethics have declined among farmers?

• Can you provide examples?


Apa yang dikatakan oleh petani Iowa? (2002 Farm Poll, n=1942)

• At one time a person’s word was as good as a signed contract; now you must get it in writing. 93% somewhat or strongly agreed

• In general, ethical standards in society have declined. 87% agreed


Apa yang diceriterakan oleh petani ?

1. I used to take a persons’ word as measure of his/her honor, but now-a-days you can’t always simply accept what a person tells you. 85% agreed.

2. One reason ethical standards have declined is that people have lost respect for authority. 70% agreed

3. Often people admit they are not being ethical in paying the full amount of their taxes. 49% agreed.


• Even among friends and neighbors, I am concerned that they no longer feel obliged to honor their word. 37% agreed

• Farmer’s ethical standards have declined. 57% agreed


Apa yang diceriterakan oleh petani ?

ENAM PILAR KARAKTER (Source: Josephson, Making Ethical Decisions)

• Trustworthiness = KEPERCAYAAN– Honesty– Truthfulness– Sincerity– Candor– Honesty in conduct – Integrity– Relability


• Respect = MENGHORMATI– Civility, courtesy, and decency– Dignity and autonomy– Tolerance and acceptance

• Responsibility = TANGGUNG-JAWAB– Accountability– Pursuit of Excellence– Self Restraint



• Fairness–Process– Impartiality– Equity

• Caring

• Citizenship



Beberapa arahan untuk menentukan apakah suatu aktivitas itu ETIS?

1. The Golden Rule, “you act in a way that you would expect others to act toward you”

2. The Professional Ethic, “You take only those actions that would be viewed as proper by an objective panel of your professional peers”


3. Kant’s Categorical Imperative, “Ask yourself, “What if everyone behaved this way?”

4. Child on Your Shoulder, “Would you proudly make the same decision if your young child were witnessing your choice?”

5. TV Test, Could you explain and justify your actions to general television audience?”

6. The Des Moines Register Test, “Would you like your friends and neighbors to read about this?”


Beberapa arahan untuk menentukan apakah suatu aktivitas itu ETIS?

EMPAT PERTANYAAN SEDERHANA

1. Could you or someone else suffer physical harm?2. Could you or someone else suffer emotional pain?3. Could the decision hurt your reputation,

undermine your credibility, or damage important relationships?

4. Could the decision impede the achievement of any important goal?


TUJUH TAHAP UNTUK MEMPERBAIKI KEPUTUSAN

1. Stop and think2. Clarify goals3. Determine Facts4. Develop options5. Consider consequences6. Choose7. Monitor and modify


What happens when there is not adherence to a code of ethics?

• People begin to “cut corners”– Most unethical and illegal activities start small

• Rationale or justifications often include, everyone else is doing it

• Erosion in ethics brings about greater regulation because trust has been violated

• Rules, regulations and laws reflect the formalization of ethics


Erosi Etika = Distrustful Culture

• Where people no longer trust each other• Where extreme individualism is primary• Where people no longer know each other• With diminished respect, trust and

cooperation, there are calls for regulations to monitor or regulate behaviors/actions


Gejala Distrust di Pertanian

• Legal representation• Formalized contracts• Fear of Liability—liability insurance• Less personal contact—fear of strangers• Formal communication• Suspiciousness


• What would a professional code of ethics in farming look like?

• Who should take the lead in drafting such a document, and how it could be used?


PERLUNYA MENEGAKKAN ETIKA DALAM PERTANIAN

PERLUNYA KODE ETIK DALAM USAHA PERTANIAN

• Evidence is there has been an erosion in ethics• The erosion in ethics has contributed to loss of

trust, and consumer confidence, and calls for more regulations.

• A code of ethics might restore confidence and farming could be viewed a leader in pursuing higher ethical standard.


applied ethics in agriculture

Documents

reason ethical standards

iowa farm

board members

farm cooperativesgrant

farm poll

persons word

agriculture paul lasley

lay boardfewer farmers