Applied Beef Cattle Breeding and Selection

Larry V. CundiffARS-USDA-U.S. Meat Animal Research Center

2008 Beef Cattle Production Management Series-Module IIGreat Plains Veterinary Education Center

University of Nebraska, Clay CenterJune 4, 2008

Home Work Assignment for Module 2

Assume you are commercial breeder using a two-breed rotation of Angus and Herefords. You need to select three bulls for use this year to maintain your breeding program. Using the tables of breed averages provided, the 2007 Across Breed EPD Table provided, and the web sites of the Angus and Hereford breeds answer the following questions.

Home Work Assignment for Module 2

1) For birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk, what is the breed average EPD for Angus bulls (within breed average for each trait)?

From Angus web site: BW = 2.2, WW = 42, YW = 77, Milk = 20From table handed out: BW= 2.3, WW = 38, YW = 65, Milk = 15

2) For birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk, what is the breed average EPD for Hereford bulls (within breed average for each trait)?

From Hereford web site: BW = 3.6, WW = 40, YW = 67, Milk = 16From table handed out: BW = 3.7, WW = 3, YW = 65, Milk = 15

Home Work Assignment for Module 2

3) For birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk, what is the breed average Across Breed – EPD (AB-EPD) for each trait?

For Angus:BW = 0 + 2.2 = 2.2

WW = 0 + 42 = 42YW = 0 + 77 = 77MILK = 0 + 20 = 20

4) For Herefords:BW = 2.7 + 3.6 = 6.3WW = -3.1 + 40 = 36.9YW = -12.7 + 67 = 54.3MILK = - 15.7 + 16 = 0.3

Home Work Assignment for Module 2

In selecting three bulls of each breed, what range in AB-EPDs would you like to specify for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk? Considering traits you wish to emphasize in your breeding programs, discuss why you have specified these ranges for these traits.

Answer is arbitrary, goals not same for everyone

For purposes of this exercise, I chose AB-EPDs bracketing the midpoint of breed average AB-EPDs for Angus and Herefords.

BW WW YW MilkAngus 2.7 42 77 20Hereford 6.3 36.9 54.3 0.3Mid-point 4.1 40.5 65 10Range 3 to 5 38-43 60-70 5 to 15

Home Work Assignment for Module 2

6) Then back solving, determine the range for within breed EPDs that this AB-EPD range would allow in the Angus and Hereford bulls for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and Milk? Discuss why you have specified these ranges.

BW WW YW MilkAngus 3 to 5 38 to 43, 60 to 70, 5 to

15Hereford

AB-EPD 3 to 5 38 to 43 60 to 70 5 to 15

minus Factor - ( 2.7) - (- 3.1) - (-12.7) - (-15.7)

w/in breed range .3 to 2.3 42.1 to 46.1 73 to 83 21 to 31

Searching Angus data base (8 “main sires” were available)Searching Hereford base 570 bulls were available

ACROSS BREED EPDs (AB-EPDs)ACROSS BREED EPDs (AB-EPDs)(Notter and Cundiff, 1992)(Notter and Cundiff, 1992)

BIF Proceedings AnnuallyBIF Proceedings Annually(Van Vleck and Cundiff)(Van Vleck and Cundiff)(Kuehn et al. 2007, 2008)(Kuehn et al. 2007, 2008)

Tables produced to provide for Tables produced to provide for comparison of individuals in different comparison of individuals in different breeds on the same EPD scale for BW, breeds on the same EPD scale for BW,

WW, YW and MILKWW, YW and MILK

AB-EPDs • Within breed EPDs are accurate predictors of Within breed EPDs are accurate predictors of

purebred and crossbred performance.purebred and crossbred performance.

• AB-EPDs are most useful for selecting bulls of two AB-EPDs are most useful for selecting bulls of two or more breeds for use in crossbreeding.or more breeds for use in crossbreeding.

• Uniformity in AB-EPDs should be emphasized for Uniformity in AB-EPDs should be emphasized for rotational crossing.rotational crossing.

• Divergence in AB-EPDs should be emphasized in Divergence in AB-EPDs should be emphasized in selection of bulls for terminal crossing or calving selection of bulls for terminal crossing or calving ease in first calf heifers.ease in first calf heifers.

Home Work Assignment for Module 2

Other traits that can be considered based on within breed EPD available:

Angus Trait CED YH SC MW MH CW Marb RE FAT

Mean 5 0.3 .33 32 .5 5 .16 .16 -.001

Hereford Trait CED CEM SC FAT RE IMF% Mean -.2 0.5 0.6 .004 .14 0.00

ADJUSTMENT FACTORS TO ADD TO EPDs OF SIXTEEN BREEDS TO ESTIMATE AB-EPDs (SPRING, 2008)

BreedBreed BWT BWT WNWTWNWT YRWTYRWT MILKMILK

Hereford 2.7 -2.9 - 12.8 -15.3 Angus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Shorthorn 6.5 31.0 44.1 18.1S. Devon 3.3 3.6 -5.7 -5.6Brahman 12.5 38.0 2.5 27.5Simmental 5.4 23.3 16.9 13.9Limousin 4.0 -3.8 - 27.8 -11.9Charolais 9.6 39.0 47.3 2.9Maine Anjou 7.0 -3.6 - 31.6 - 6.0Gelbvieh 4.4 5.0 - 22.4 7.0Tarentaise 3.0 31.5 18.2 20.5Salers 4.2 30.3 43.4 13.1Red Angus 2.8 - 5.2 0.9 - 3.9Braunvieh 6.2 29.4 17.8 25.3Brangus 5.8 27.3 28.8 - 3.9Beefmaster 9.2 45.1 45.1 - 2.1

(Kuehn et al., 2008)

BREEDS MEANS AND DEVIATIONS FROM ANGUS ON INDUSTRY SCALE (SPRING, 2008 GENETIC EVALUATIONS), LB

BreedBreed BWT BWT WNWTWNWT YRWTYRWT MILKMILK

HerefordHereford 89 ( 4.1) 89 ( 4.1) 519 (- 4.4)519 (- 4.4) 884 (- 22.3) 884 (- 22.3) - 14.6- 14.6AngusAngus 85 ( 0.0)85 ( 0.0) 524 ( 0.0)524 ( 0.0) 906 ( 0.0)906 ( 0.0) 4.7 4.7ShorthornShorthorn 91 ( 6.5) 91 ( 6.5) 527 ( 3.8) 527 ( 3.8) 898 ( - 8.2) 898 ( - 8.2) 5.3 5.3S. DevonS. Devon 88 ( 3.5) 88 ( 3.5) 525 ( 1.3) 525 ( 1.3) 899 ( - 7.5) 899 ( - 7.5) 0.30.3BrahmanBrahman 96(11.9)96(11.9) 533 ( 9.6) 533 ( 9.6) 854 (- 52.3) 854 (- 52.3) 18.118.1SimmentalSimmental 89 ( 4.7) 89 ( 4.7) 538 (14.2) 538 (14.2) 904 ( - 2.3) 904 ( - 2.3) 3.6 3.6LimousinLimousin 88 ( 3.5) 88 ( 3.5) 518 (- 5.6) 518 (- 5.6) 876 (- 30.1) 876 (- 30.1) - 7.7- 7.7CharolaisCharolais 93 ( 8.6) 93 ( 8.6) 543 (19.2) 543 (19.2) 916 ( 10.0) 916 ( 10.0) - 5.5- 5.5Maine AnjouMaine Anjou 91 ( 6.7) 91 ( 6.7) 518 (- 5.1) 518 (- 5.1) 878 (- 28.9) 878 (- 28.9) - 1.4- 1.4GelbviehGelbvieh 89 ( 4.1) 89 ( 4.1) 527 ( 3.5) 527 ( 3.5) 881 (- 24.9) 881 (- 24.9) 8.78.7 TarentaiseTarentaise 87 ( 2.3) 87 ( 2.3) 518 (- 6.0) 518 (- 6.0) 859 (- 47.3) 859 (- 47.3) 6.2 6.2SalersSalers 88 ( 3.1) 88 ( 3.1) 529 ( 5.9) 529 ( 5.9) 902 ( - 4.7) 902 ( - 4.7) 6.16.1Red AngusRed Angus 85 ( 0.9) 85 ( 0.9) 507 (-16.1)507 (-16.1) 884 (- 21.9) 884 (- 21.9) - 3.1- 3.1BraunviehBraunvieh 89 ( 4.2) 89 ( 4.2) 517 (- 7.0) 517 (- 7.0) 856 ( -50.0) 856 ( -50.0) 10.010.0BrangusBrangus 90 ( 5.1) 90 ( 5.1) 533 ( 9.1) 533 ( 9.1) 898 ( - 8.7)898 ( - 8.7) - 10.5- 10.5BeefmasterBeefmaster 92 ( 7.4) 92 ( 7.4) 534 (10.8) 534 (10.8) 887 (- 19.1) 887 (- 19.1) - 15.6- 15.6

Kuehn et al. (2008)

REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR CARCASS TRAITS IN STEERS PROGENY (n=1224)

ON EPDs OF THEIR SIRES (s = 264) IN EIGHT BREEDS

Marbling 0.74 + .11

Rib eye area (REA) 1.36 + .17

Fat thickness (FAT) 0.69 + .13

Kuehn et al. (2008)

MEAN EPDs FOR CARCASS TRAITS (Spring 2008 Evaluations)MEAN EPDs FOR CARCASS TRAITS (Spring 2008 Evaluations)

BreedBreed MARB (sc) MARB (sc) REA (inREA (in22)) FAT (in) FAT (in)

AngusAngus 0.270.27 0.120.12 +0.009+0.009

S. DevonS. Devon 0.300.30 0.240.24 - 0.030- 0.030

SimmentalSimmental 0.100.10 0.040.04 + 0.010+ 0.010

LimousinLimousin 0.010.01 0.380.38 .----.----

CharolaisCharolais 0.030.03 0.190.19 -0.001-0.001

Maine AnjouMaine Anjou 0.210.21 0.180.18 + 0.000+ 0.000

SalersSalers 0.00 0.00 0.020.02 + 0.000+ 0.000

Red AngusRed Angus 0.060.06 0.040.04 - 0.001- 0.001

(Kuehn et. al., 2008)

ADJUSTMENT FACTORS TO ADD TO EPDs OF EIGHT ADJUSTMENT FACTORS TO ADD TO EPDs OF EIGHT BREEDS TO ESTIMATE AB-EPDs (SPRING, 2008)BREEDS TO ESTIMATE AB-EPDs (SPRING, 2008)

BreedBreed MARB (sc) MARB (sc) REA (inREA (in22)) FAT (in) FAT (in)

AngusAngus 0.000.00 0.000.00 +0.000+0.000

S. DevonS. Devon - 0.57- 0.57 0.070.07 - 0.008- 0.008

SimmentalSimmental - 0.84- 0.84 0.670.67 - 0.335- 0.335

LimousinLimousin - 1.08- 1.08 0.580.58 .----.----

CharolaisCharolais - 0.79- 0.79 0.430.43 - 0.335- 0.335

Maine AnjouMaine Anjou - 1.08- 1.08 0.840.84 - 0.305- 0.305

SalersSalers - 0.10 - 0.10 0.520.52 - 0.276- 0.276

Red AngusRed Angus - 0.02- 0.02 - 0.13- 0.13 - 0.062- 0.062

(Kuehn et al., 2008)

CARCASS TRAIT BREED MEANS AND DEVIATIONS FROM ANGUS (SPRING, 2008 GENETIC EVALUATIONS)

BreedBreed MARB (sc) MARB (sc) REA (inREA (in22) ) FAT(in)FAT(in)

AngusAngus 5.78 ( 0.00)5.78 ( 0.00) 12.21 ( 0.00)12.21 ( 0.00) 0.558 ( 0.000) 0.558 ( 0.000)

S. DevonS. Devon 5.24 (- 0.54)5.24 (- 0.54) 12.40 ( 0.19) 12.40 ( 0.19) 0.511 (- 0.047) 0.511 (- 0.047)

SimmentalSimmental 4.77 (- 1.01) 4.77 (- 1.01) 12.80 ( 0.59) 12.80 ( 0.59) 0.224 (- 0.334)0.224 (- 0.334)

LimousinLimousin 4.44 (- 1.34) 4.44 (- 1.34) 13.05 ( 0.84) 13.05 ( 0.84) .------------.------------

CharolaisCharolais 4.75 (- 1.03) 4.75 (- 1.03) 12.71 ( 0.50) 12.71 ( 0.50) 0.193 (-0.365) 0.193 (-0.365)

Maine AnjouMaine Anjou 4.64 (- 1.14) 4.64 (- 1.14) 13.11 ( 0.90)13.11 ( 0.90) 0.244 (- 0.314) 0.244 (- 0.314)

SalersSalers 5.41 (- 0.37) 5.41 (- 0.37) 12.63 ( 0.42) 12.63 ( 0.42) 0.273 (- 0.285) 0.273 (- 0.285)

Red AngusRed Angus 5.55 (- 0.23) 5.55 (- 0.23) 12.00 (- 0.21)12.00 (- 0.21) 0.486 (- 0.072) 0.486 (- 0.072) - 3.1- 3.1

Kuehn et al. (2008)

SYSTEMATIC CROSSBREEDING OR SYSTEMATIC CROSSBREEDING OR COMPOSITE POPULATIONSCOMPOSITE POPULATIONS

Use:Use:HeterosisHeterosisBreed differencesBreed differences

ComplementarityComplementarity among breeds among breeds to match genetic potential to match genetic potential ::

Consumer preferencesConsumer preferencesFeed resourcesFeed resourcesClimatic environmentClimatic environment

SIRE BREEDS USED IN THE GERMPLASM EVALUATION PROGRAM AT THE USMARC

Cycle I Cycle II Cycle III Cycle IV Cycle V Cycle VI Cycle VII Cycle VIII 70-72 73-74 75-76 86-90 92-94 97-98 99-00 01-02

F1 Crosses (Hereford or Angus dams) a

Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford HerefordAngus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus AngusJersey Red Poll Brahman Longhorn Tuli Wagyu Red Angus BeefmasterS. Devon Braunvieh Sahiwal Salers Boran Norweg. Red Limousin BrangusLimousin Gelbvieh Pinzgauer Galloway Belg. Blue Sw. Red&Wh. Charolais BonsmaraSimmental Maine Anj. Tarentaise Nellore Brahman Friesian Simmental RomosinuanoCharolais Chianina Shorthorn Piedmontese Gelbvieh

Piedmontese 3-way crosses CharolaisHereford Hereford GelbviehAngus Angus PinzgauerBrahman BrangusDevon Santa GertrudisHolstein

aSire breeds mated to Angus and Hereford females, Composite MARC III (1/4 Angus, Hereford, Red Poll and Pinzgauer) cows were also included in Cycles V, VI, and VII.

YearYear

BritishBritish ContinentalContinental AmericanAmerican TotalTotal1000s1000s

AA HH ShSh RARA TotalTotal

%%CC SS LL GG TotalTotal

%%BmBm SGSG BrgBrg BfmBfm TotalTotal

%%

1965 34.6 56.0 3.4 0.2 94.3 2.8 2.8 1.4 1.1 0.4 2.9 1,113

1970 40.0 45.0 4.0 0.6 89.9 5.1 5.1 2.1 2.2 0.7 5.0 882

1975 29.2 39.9 2.8 0.8 73.1 7.4 8.0 0.9 19.7 2.6 2.1 1.3 1.2 7.3 1,049

1980 28.1 38.5 2.1 1.1 70.2 2.9 7.4 4.3 0.5 17.1 4.0 2.8 2.7 3.3 12.7 917

1985 22.3 26.1 2.4 1.8 52.9 3.9 12.2 6.0 2.3 29.9 4.3 3.8 4.4 4.7 17.1 700

1990 21.5 23.1 2.4 2.1 49.4 6.3 10.6 9.8 3.1 36.2 1.8 2.0 4.3 6.3 14.4 738

1995 28.7 14.8 2.0 3.8 49.7 7.1 9.1 10.1 4.3 37.6 1.9 1.5 3.6 5.6 12.7 784

2000 37.5 12.2 2.7 5.7 58.0 6.1 6.2 7.0 3.8 29.3 2.6 1.5 3.9 4.6 12.7 696

2005 41.7 9.6 2.5 6.0 59.8 10.3 6.1 5.5 3.8 31.9 1.1 1.0 3.2 2.7 8.0 777

Beef Breed RegistrationsBeef Breed RegistrationsNational Pedigreed Livestock CouncilNational Pedigreed Livestock Council

Angus and Red Angus sired calves excel in calving ease (unassisted = UA) due to lighter birth wt.

In 30 years, relative to Hereford-Angus crosses, Continental breeds have reduced birth wt (9 vs. 4.2 lb) and improved direct calving ease, especially Simmental and Gelbvieh (formerly, 9% more assisted).

Differences in maternal calving ease and birth weight were not significant in Cycle I and II, and are still not significant.

However, maternal calving ease has been improved in Simmental relative to HA & AH (from 6% more to 13% less assistance in 2-yr-olds).

Cycle VII Calving Ease (UA and CD) and Birth weight (BW)Cycle VII Calving Ease (UA and CD) and Birth weight (BW)Sire of Calf Means (4 –10 yr olds)Sire breed UA CD BW

% sc lbHereford 96 1.24 90.4

Angus 99 1.01 84.0

Red Angus 99 1.06 84.5

240Simmental 98 1.10 92.2

Gelbvieh 98 1.10 88.7

Limousin 98 1.13 89.5

Charolais 93 1.40 93.7 Avg. LSD <.05 3.6 0.21 3.3

Sire of Dam Means - Total Maternal Sire 2-yr-olds breed UA CD BW

% sc lbHereford 74 1.86 81.5 Angus 72 1.96 79.8 Red Angus 68 2.19 78.2

36.2 225Simmental 86 1.54 79.6 Gelbvieh 64 2.24 83.6 Limousin 68 2.00 80.3 Charolais 69 2.09 81.6 Avg. 1. LSD <.05 19 0.64 4.4

Sire of Dam (Total Maternal)

Sire of Calf (Direct)

Hereford Sired Steers

British (H, A, Ra) and Continental (S, G, L, and C) sired progeny do not differ significantly

in Efficiency of Gain (live wt gain, lb/Mcal) to age or weight end points.

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

H A Ra S G L C

Time, 187d, LSD<.05 = .008WT, 750-1300,LSD<.05 = .009

Progeny by British sire breeds (H, A, Ra) were more efficient (lb live wt gain/Mcal)

than those by Continental (S, G, L, C) sire breeds to fatness endpoints

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

H A Ra S G L C

Fat th. .43 in, LSD<.05 = .007Fat trim 24.8%,LSD<.05 = .007Marb. = SM00,LSD<.05 = .007

Complementarity

Progeny of Continental European sire breeds (S, G, L, and C) had more efficient gains (Live wt gain/Mcal and retail

product/Mcal) than progeny of British sire breeds (H, A, and Ra) to weight of retail product (496 lb retail product) endpoints

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

H A Ra S G L C

RP = 496 lb, LSD<.05 = .009lb RP/Mcal, LSD<.05 = .006

SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT AND CARCASS TRAITS SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT AND CARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (445 DAYS)OF F1 STEERS (445 DAYS)

F test ** ** ** ** ** **Hereford 97 1322 60.7 480 526 70 9.1Angus 98 1365 59.2 488 584 95 8.9Red Angus 93 1333 59.1 474 590 93 9.2

Simmental 92 1363 63.0 522 528 66 9.5Gelbvieh 90 1312 63.8 509 506 58 9.9Limousin 84 1286 63.7 504 504 57 9.5Charolais 95 1349 63.7 523 517 62 9.6

LSD < .05 40 1.3 16 17 0.7 0.6

Final Retail Marb- USDA WBSire wt product ling Choice shearBreed N lb % lb sc % lb

USDA QUALITY GRADE X YIELD GRADEFOR HEREFORD, ANGUS AND RED ANGUS (N = 288)

Quality

grade

USDA Yield grade, %TOTAL1 2 3 4

Low Pr 0.0 0.0 1.7 .4 2.1High Ch 0.0 .7 2.1 1.7 4.5Av. Ch 0.0 1.7 7.3 2.8 11.8Low Ch 2.8 18.4 29.5 17.0 67.7Select 1.7 8.3 2.8 1.0 13.9Standard 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0TOTAL 4.5 29.2 43.4 22.9 100.0

USDA QUALITY GRADE X YIELD GRADEFOR STEERS WITH SIMMENTAL, GELBVIEH, LIMOUSIN, AND CHAROLAIS SIRES (n = 361)

Quality

grade

USDA Yield Grade, %TOTAL 1 2 3 4

Low Pr 0.0 0.0 0.0 .3 .3

High Ch 0.0 0.0 .3 0.0 .3Av. Ch 0.3 1.9 3.1 .3 5.5Low Ch 8.3 27.2 14.4 1.7 51.5

Select 13.6 18.3 9.1 1.1 42.1Standard 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 .3TOTAL 22.4 47.4 26.9 3.3 100.0

British sired steers: 22 % Yield grade 4’s14 % USDA Select

86% > USDA Choice

Results are consistent with earlier results: steers with 50:50 ratios of Continental to British inheritance receive fewer severe discounts for yield grade 4 or USDA standard grade carcasses than steers with higher or lower ratios of Continental to British inheritance.

Continental sired steers:3.3 Yield Grade 4 0.3 % USDA Standard, 42% USDA Select, 58% > USDA Choice

Matching Genotype to Consumer Preferences

464

493 498

479

517

622631

600

637639642

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

HA +AH

RedAng

Simm Gelb Lim Char

Cycle I & IICycle VII

BREED GROUP MEANS (DEVIATIONS FROM HA & AH) FOR BREED GROUP MEANS (DEVIATIONS FROM HA & AH) FOR MATURE WEIGHT (ADJUSTED TO CONDITION SCORE OF 5.5) MATURE WEIGHT (ADJUSTED TO CONDITION SCORE OF 5.5) OF F1 CROSS COWS IN CYCLES I AND II (BIRTH YEARS: 1970OF F1 CROSS COWS IN CYCLES I AND II (BIRTH YEARS: 1970--74) COMPARED TO CYCLE VII (BIRTH YEARS 1999-2000), KG74) COMPARED TO CYCLE VII (BIRTH YEARS 1999-2000), KG

LSD < 26

(0) (- 3) (- 5) (- 42) (- 11) (- 20)

(0) (29) (34) (15) (53)

HerefordHereford 8080 9292 7070 1.9 1.9 7474 81.581.5 413413 292292AngusAngus 8484 8383 7676 2.02.0 7272 79.879.8 424424 325325Red Angus 104Red Angus 104 8686 7676 2.22.2 6868 78.278.2 415415 317317

SimmentalSimmental 9898 8686 6969 1.51.5 8686 79.679.6 442442 309309Gelbvieh 109Gelbvieh 109 7979 6868 2.22.2 6464 83.683.6 447447 307307Limousin 109Limousin 109 8585 7373 2.02.0 6868 80.380.3 429429 313313CharolaisCharolais 9797 8787 7373 2.12.1 6969 81.681.6 430430 315315

LSD LSD << .05 .05 1414 1515 .6.6 1919 4.44.4 2121 6868

SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE THEIR FIRST TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE THEIR FIRST

CALVES AT 2 YEARS OF AGE (2001 & 2002)CALVES AT 2 YEARS OF AGE (2001 & 2002)

Sire Calf crop Calving Unassist. Birth 200-d wt perSire Calf crop Calving Unassist. Birth 200-d wt perbreedbreed born wnd. diff. births wt. calf cow exp born wnd. diff. births wt. calf cow expof female No.of female No. % % % % score % score % lb lb lblb lb lb

HerefordHereford 8080 9292 7070 1.9 1.9 7474 81.581.5 413413 292292AngusAngus 8484 8383 7676 2.02.0 7272 79.879.8 424424 325325Red Angus 104Red Angus 104 8686 7676 2.22.2 6868 78.278.2 415415 317317

SimmentalSimmental 9898 8686 6969 1.51.5 8686 79.679.6 442442 309309Gelbvieh 109Gelbvieh 109 7979 6868 2.22.2 6464 83.683.6 447447 307307Limousin 109Limousin 109 8585 7373 2.02.0 6868 80.380.3 429429 313313CharolaisCharolais 9797 8787 7373 2.12.1 6969 81.681.6 430430 315315

LSD LSD << .05 .05 1414 1515 .6.6 1919 4.44.4 1010 6868

SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE THEIR FIRST TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE THEIR FIRST

CALVES AT 3-5 YEARS OF AGE (2002-2004)CALVES AT 3-5 YEARS OF AGE (2002-2004)

Sire Calf crop Calving Unassist. Birth 200-d wt perSire Calf crop Calving Unassist. Birth 200-d wt perbreedbreed born wnd. diff. births wt. calf cow exp born wnd. diff. births wt. calf cow expof female No.of female No. % % % % score % score % lb lb lblb lb lb

Differences in reproduction rate, and calf survival to weaning not significant.

Feed resources were not limiting!

Cows were fed silage and hay in winter to meet

nutrient requirements for maintenance and gestation.

BREAKBREAK

Genotype X Environment Interaction

EE1 1 EE22EE1 1 EE22

EE1 1 EE22

YY YY YY

No No interactioninteraction

Interaction Interaction Change in Change in magnitudemagnitude

Interaction Interaction Change in Change in

rankingranking

Matching Genetic Potential to the

Feed Resources

100100

9090

8080

7070

6060

Med.Med. High High Very HighVery High

(Energy Level)(Energy Level)

IntervalIntervalfromfrom

CalvingCalvingto Firstto First

ObservedObservedEstrusEstrus(Days)(Days)

HH

HFHF

FF

Postpartum interval of Hereford (H) Hereford-Holstein, and Holstein fall calving females on three levels of supplementation during lactation as 2-, 3-, and 4- year olds (Kropp et al., 1972; Holloway, et al, 1973; Lusby et al., 1974)

Matching Genetic Potential to the

Climatic Environment

Matching GeneticMatching GeneticPotential to the Potential to the

Climatic EnvironmentClimatic Environment

(Olson et al., 1991)(Olson et al., 1991)

OUTPUT/INPUT DIFFERENCES AMONG BOS INDICUS X BOS TAURUSAND BOS TAURUS X BOS TAURUS F1 COWS (Green et al., 1991)

___________________________________________________Overall _____Breed group (ratios)_______

Item mean HAX BmX SwX PzX_

Progeny (126 d)Wt gain,kg 129 92 108 103 99ME cons., Mcal 592 112 92 94 102

Dams (126 d)Milk prod. kg/d 7.0 90 105 101 100Cow wt., kg 561 98 105 97 100Fat Probe, cm .78 91 102 112 95ME cons., Mcal 3292 93 106 97 104

Efficiency Prog Gain per

Mcal ME, kg/Mcal .033 96 104 106 95____________________________________________________

>52 2 0 4 1 246 to < 52 2 5 0 4 241 to <46 5 0 4 36 1136 to < 41 2 4 4 41 1330 to < 36 1 2 22 37 16< 30 3 8 12 9 8

Bos indicus to Bos taurus ratioTemp (Fo) 0:100 25:75 50:50 75:25 Mean

MORTALITY IN CALVES WITH DIFFERENT RATIOS OF MORTALITY IN CALVES WITH DIFFERENT RATIOS OF BOS INDICUSBOS INDICUS TO TO BOS TAURUSBOS TAURUS INHERITANCE INHERITANCE

(Josey et al., 1993(Josey et al., 1993))

Breed Effects as Deviations from Angus

MonthMonth

Av

era

ge

Da

ily G

ain

, lb

.A

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Bos Indicus to Bos Taurus RatioBos Indicus to Bos Taurus Ratio

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TRADEOFFSTRADEOFFS

Bos indicus Bos indicus xx Bos taurus Bos taurus crosses excel incrosses excel in

• Weaning weight per cow exposedWeaning weight per cow exposed• Cow efficiencyCow efficiency

especially in subtropical climates, butespecially in subtropical climates, butthese advantages are tempered by:these advantages are tempered by:

• Older age at pubertyOlder age at puberty• Reduced meat tendernessReduced meat tenderness• Reduced gain and feed efficiency during winterReduced gain and feed efficiency during winter

months in temperate environmentsmonths in temperate environments• Increased mortality during spring calving inIncreased mortality during spring calving in

temperate environmentstemperate environments

SIRE BREEDS USED IN THE GERMPLASM EVALUATION PROGRAM AT THE USMARC

Cycle I Cycle II Cycle III Cycle IV Cycle V Cycle VI Cycle VII Cycle VIII 70-72 73-74 75-76 86-90 92-94 97-98 99-00 01-02

F1 Crosses (Hereford or Angus dams) a

Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford HerefordAngus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus AngusJersey Red Poll Brahman Longhorn Tuli Wagyu Red Angus BeefmasterS. Devon Braunvieh Sahiwal Salers Boran Norweg. Red Limousin BrangusLimousin Gelbvieh Pinzgauer Galloway Belg. Blue Sw. Red&Wh. Charolais BonsmaraSimmental Maine Anj. Tarentaise Nellore Brahman Friesian Simmental RomosinuanoCharolais Chianina Shorthorn Piedmontese Gelbvieh

Piedmontese 3-way crosses CharolaisHereford Hereford GelbviehAngus Angus PinzgauerBrahman BrangusDevon Santa GertrudisHolstein

aSire breeds mated to Angus and Hereford females, Composite MARC III (1/4 Angus, Hereford, Red Poll and Pinzgauer) cows were also included in Cycles V, VI, and VII.

Boran

Final Marb- USDA 14-dSire wt Retail product ling Choice Shearbreed No. kg % kg score % kg

Hereford 106 576 61.9 204 520 70.3 4.8Angus 101 580 62.2 206 556 84.6 4.0

Brahman Original 43 533 64.1 199 485 29.4 6.1 Current 76 544 63.8 204 466 30.4 5.9

Boran 151 506 62.6 181 504 47.2 5.1Tuli 162 503 63.4 184 525 63.8 4.6

Nellore 97 555 65.0 211 500 51.4 ----

LSD < .05 48 1.7 8 30 22.2 0.6

SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT ANDSIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT ANDCARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (447 d)CARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (447 d)

2-years of age 3 to 7 years of age2-years of age 3 to 7 years of ageCalfCalf 200-day wt 200-day wt Calf 200-day wt. Calf 200-day wt.

Age at crop per per cow crop per per cowAge at crop per per cow crop per per cow Sire breedSire breed puberty, wnd. calf exposed wnd. calf puberty, wnd. calf exposed wnd. calf exposedexposed of female No. daysof female No. days % % lb lb % lb lb lb lb % lb lb

HerefordHereford 152152 355355 73.873.8 419419 300300 88.788.7 474474422422

AngusAngus 130130 351351 74.474.4 437437 313313 86.386.3 493493426426

Avg.Avg. 282282 353353 74.174.1 428428 307307 87.587.5 483483424424

BrahmanBrahman OriginalOriginal 8282 429429 54.354.3 456456 238238 85.985.9 511511

440440 CurrentCurrent 208208 423423 69.669.6 476476 319319 82.782.7 521521

430430 Avg.Avg. 244244 426426 62.062.0 466466 279279 83.283.2 516 516

435435

BoranBoran 206206 396396 83.383.3 444444 357357 86.286.2 488488421421

TuliTuli 244244 371371 74.674.6 413413 296296 84.184.1 471471397397

Piedmont.Piedmont. 7575 348348 75.375.3 441441 321321 85.385.3 476476404404

Belg. BlueBelg. Blue 237237 348348 71.071.0 436436 300300 79.079.0 502502398398

LSD.05LSD.05 1313 13.913.9 1818 6262 6.76.7 14143636

BREED GROUP MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION BREED GROUP MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITSAND MATERNAL TRAITS

Romsinuano

Bonsmara

Cycle VIIICycle VIII

MARCMARC LSULSU M&FM&F F F

HerefordHereford XX AngusAngus XXBeefmasterBeefmaster XX XXBrangusBrangus XX XXRomosinuanoRomosinuano XX XXBonsmaraBonsmara XX XX

Genotype X Environment Genotype X Environment InteractionInteraction

TABLE 14. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT AND CARCASS TRAITS OFF1 STEERS PRODUCED IN CYCLE VIII (426 DAYS, 2001 & 2002 CALF CROPS)

Hereford 102 564.7 61.8 211.3 515 52 3.67Angus 103 582.0 60.0 212.7 548 71 3.44 Brangus 107 569.7 62.1 217.7 497 42 3.90Beefmaster 103 587.9 61.2 218.6 483 35 4.08

Bonsmara 104 537.5 63.4 210.5 487 37 3.67Romosinuano 102 521.6 64.4 205.0 488 37 3.76

LSD < .05 13.6 1.1 5.9 24 13 0.22

Final Retail USDA W-BSire wt product Marb. Choice shear

Breed N kg % kg score % kg

2-years of age 3 to 4 years of age Sire Age Calf 200-day wt Calf 200-day wt. breed at crop per per cow crop per per cow of puberty wnd. calf exposed wnd. calf exposed female No. % lb lb % lb lb

BREED GROUP MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL BREED GROUP MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES IN CYCLE VIII OF THE GPE PRORAM AT MARCTRAITS OF F1 FEMALES IN CYCLE VIII OF THE GPE PRORAM AT MARC

Hereford 101 329 76 452 346 92 525 481 Angus 104 310 69 474 326 92 547 505

Brangus 45 341 85 481 406 88 553 489Beefmaster 51 450 86 485 417 94 538 511

Bonsmara 48 352 69 454 317 90 525 478 Romosinuano 50 362 79 414 328 97 480 469

LSD < .05 12 15 22 72 8 24 46

Matching GeneticMatching GeneticPotential to the Potential to the

Climatic EnvironmentClimatic Environment

• In hotter more humid climates of the gulf coast cattle with ~ 50% tropical adapted germplasm may be optimal.

• In more intermediate subtropics, cattle with ~25% tropically adapted germplasm may be optimal.

Breeds Grouped into Biological Types for Seven Criteria Growth Lean Marbling rate & to (Intra- Age Milk

mature fat muscular Tender- at pro- TropicalBreed size ratio fat) ness puberty duction adaptation

Angus XXXX XX XXXX XXX XX XXX XRed Angus XXXX XX XXXX XXX XX XXX XHereford XXXX XX XXX XXX XXX XX XShorthorn XXXX XX XXXX XXX XX XXX X

Gelbvieh XXXX XXXXX X XX XX XXXX XSimmental XXXXX XXXX XX XX XXX XXXX XLimousin XXXX XXXXX X XX XXXX X XCharolais XXXXX XXXXX XX XX XXXX XX X

Romosinuano X XXX XX XX XXX XXX XXXTuli XX XXX XXX XX XXX XXX XXXBrangus XXXX XXX XXX XX XXX XXX XXXBeefmaster XXXX XXX XX XX XXX XXX XXXSanta Gertrudis X XXX XXX XX XXX XXX XXX XXXBonsmara XXX XXX XX XX XXX XXX XXXBrahman XXXX XXXX XX X XXXXX XXXX XXXXNellore XXXX XXXX XX X XXXXX XXX XXXXBoran XXX XXX XX X XXX XXX XXXXSahiwal XX XXXX XX X XXXX XXX XXXX

A COMPILATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS INVOLVING A COMPILATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS INVOLVING TROPICALLY ADAPTED BEEF CATTLE BREEDSTROPICALLY ADAPTED BEEF CATTLE BREEDS

S-243 and S-277 Multi-state Research ProjectsSouthern Cooperative Series Bulletin 405

Proceedings: Tropically Adapted BreedsSouthern Section ASAS

February 8, 2005Little Rock, Arkansas

www.lsuagcenter.com/en/crops livestock/livestock/beef cattle/breeding genetics/trpoical+breeds.htm

Cross breeding or composite populations can be used to Cross breeding or composite populations can be used to exploit: exploit:

• HETEROSISHETEROSIS

• COMPLEMENTARITY among breeds optimize COMPLEMENTARITY among breeds optimize performance for important traits and match genetic performance for important traits and match genetic potential with:potential with:

Market preferencesMarket preferencesFeed resourcesFeed resourcesClimatic environmentClimatic environment

BREED DIFFERENCES BREED DIFFERENCES an important genetic resourcean important genetic resource