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Applications of secondarybattery technologies to realizing a lowcarbon society 2017 IERETNB Putrajaya Workshop Technologies reshaping the electricity supply industry Putrajaya, Malaysia, 21–24 November 2017 CRIEPI (Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry) Associate Vice President, Materials Science Lab. Tomohiko IKEYA [email protected] 1

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Page 1: Applications of secondary battery technologies to …€¦ · Control by SVR/SVC/STATCOM Power grid Large capacity BES connected to grid. Japanese Duck‐curve in load curve Increased

Applications of secondary‐battery technologies to 

realizing a low‐carbon society2017 IERE‐TNB Putrajaya Workshop 

Technologies reshaping the electricity supply industry  Putrajaya, Malaysia, 21–24 November 2017

CRIEPI (Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry)

Associate Vice President, Materials Science Lab.

Tomohiko [email protected]

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Applications of secondary battery technologies for low carbon social realization

1. Background: Realizing a low‐carbon society2. Popularization of EVs to lower CO2 emission

in transport sector3. Stabilization of power grid connected with 

unstable renewable energy sources of PV and WF

4. Li ion battery Energy Storage System for energy storage system and Evs

5. Summery

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1. Realizing a low‐carbon society Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from power supply systems and energy demand must be reduced.

Renewable energy power generation often provides a low‐carbon but unstable electric power supply. 

Energy storage is essential for a resilient and efficient power grid connected with renewable energy sources uncontrolable

Combining low‐carbon electric power and high‐efficiency electric technologies enhances CO2emission reductions. 

3

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Reduction targets for CO2 emissions in various sectors in Japan 

(set in July 2015, before the COP21 meeting)

Emissions in Energy conversion and Transportation sector are expected to be reduced by 28%. Popularization of EV & PHV should be accelerated by improvements in energy efficiency to reduce CO2 emissions.

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① Use of low‐carbon electricity② Use of energy‐saving technologies 

Significant reduction of CO2 emissions

Demand side  Supply side

Realization of a low‐carbon society 

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High-efficiency technology Low CO2 energy

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High-efficient electrification

My vehicle is

Shifted to Electricand plug-in Hybrid Vehicles

Shifted to Electricand plug-in Hybrid Vehicles

Decreasing CO2 by 50% !

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2. Popularization of EVs for lower CO2 emission

An EV is expected to be improved to extend a mileage per a charge.The performances of secondary batteries should be improved, on the energy density, cycle life, safety, cost and so on.An EV is too expensive, not cheap.It is necessary to make charge time shortened.Preparation of charge infrastructure is required against EV stranded.

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

CO2Em

issin on

 driv

ing 

(g‐CO

2/km

CO2 Emission Unit from electric power generation (kg‐CO2/kWh)

8

Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011

CO2 emissions reduction by combining high‐efficiency technologies and low‐carbon power generation

Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (196 g‐CO2/km) @2006

Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (132 g‐CO2/km) @2010

HEV (90 g‐CO2/km) @2010

HEV (123 g‐CO2/km) @2006

Electric Vehicle

Coal

Oil

ImprovementNational Gas

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Three prefectures spanning about 200 km:Tokyo, Kanagawa and Shizuoka

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Numbers of Quick Charging Stations:

High WayMain network roadsStranded EVWith 50% remained

200km

Tokyo

Yokohama

Hamamatsu Izu

Kawasaki

Quick chargingAdded QC

Shizuoka

QC Stations

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“Basic & destination charges at workplaces” and “Application of EVs & PHVs to V2X”

Using EVs for commuting can reduce CO2 emissions. EVs parked at workplaces can be charged by photovoltaics (PV) during the day.

EVs parked at workplaces can be used for battery energy storage systems for load‐leveling or preventing blackouts.

EVs parked at workplaces can be used for V2X, and managed and controlled for use as VPPs.  Wireless charging technology is expected to be used for VPPs. 

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Workplace charging and  application to V2X  at Mitsubishi

Charged by PV during the daytime at CRIEPI

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Obstacles to popularizing EVs and PHVs Improve battery performance for EVs to increase  mileage per charge and cycle life to reduce EV cost.Create used car and re‐use markets for energy storage systems to reduce cost of EV. These markets need a measure to estimate state of health and battery degradation. Install normal and quick charging stations to make driving EVs in cities more convenient.

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3.Power grid connected with PV and WF

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Wind farm

Photovoltaic array

コジェネ

Thermal plant

Unstable supply

Stable supply

Atomic power plant

Hydroelectric power plant

High‐voltage substation

High‐voltage substation

High Voltage154kV66 ‐ 154kV

Transformer on a pillar

Low voltage

Primary transformer substation

Distribution substation

Co‐generation system

Co‐generation system Residences Offices, Shopping malls  Factories

Plants

Buildings

275‐500 kV

154 kV

66 kV

6 kV

Photovoltaics

Buildings

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Isolated operation prevention,  FRT  and the reactive power modulation function

Issues and measurements for mass introduction of PV

5300

2800

InstalledCapacity of P

V(M

kW)

2010 2020 2030Year

Control of PV system

13

~1000Distribution line

Local distribution line

Control of voltage

Control of power supply and stabilization of voltage

Electric power surplus

・PVシステム側対策

Control on demand side

Control of PV output  power on calendar schedule

Hydro pump

Public safety of PV

・需要家側連携対策BES for stabilization

Energy Storage System is required for Stabilization of Power Grid

Battery Energy Storage at demand side

6400

Control by SVR/SVC/STATCOM

Power gridLarge capacity BES connected to grid

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Japanese Duck‐curve in load curve

Increased ramp

PV: 53GW

Ele

ctr

ic L

oad

(m

illio

nkW

)

O’clock

66% of the total load

Oct.7th.2009Load curve 

50%

33%

Mid-night Noon Night

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Differences between conventional power plants, and photovoltaics & windfarms

Conventional power plants

Can control output power 

Governor‐free because of revolving generators

CO2 emissions from fossil fuels

Photovoltaics & wind farmsLarge variation and  uncontrolled output power

Dependent on weather and daylight

Dependent on seasonCarbon‐free

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Stabilization of power grid

Power supply

Demand

Demand & Supply Balance(Voltage: 101 ± 6 VFrequency: 50 ± 0.2 Hz )

1616

To provide frequency regulation and voltage support

Co‐generation system

Megawatt photovoltaics

Balancing every 30 min+

Power control every 0.1 sPhotovoltaics

Wind farms

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Load-up operation and power control

Secondary battery systems are expected to operate in the faster LFC and governor‐free output area

LFC: Load frequency control ELD: Economic load dispatch

batteries

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Changing use of energy storage systems

1980s–1990s Load leveling by peak‐cut, peak shift, and 

bottom‐up methods Back‐up and preventing blackouts Improving electric load efficiency

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Increase in photovoltaics and wind farmsStabilizing voltage and frequency of power grid Supporting output power Substituting thermal power plants for stabilizationCompensating for capacity shortages during bad weather

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Issues for large‐introduction of renewal energy of PV and WF

Stabilization of power grid (Preparation of large‐capacity secondary batteries, and quick‐response and high‐efficiency thermal power) Shortage of the amount of power line capacity capable to interconnect the power generated from PV & WF

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Miyakojima island / NaS/4MW & LIBs/100kW Okinawa EPCO (2010)

Iki Island / 4 MW)Kyushu EPCO (2012)

Minami-hayakita / 15 MWHokkaido EPCO (2013)

Nishi-sendai / 20 MW Tohoku EPCO (2013)

Tsushima / 3.5 MWKyushu EPCO (2013)

BES connected with electric power grid

Oki Islands / NaS 4.2MW, LIBs 2MW Chugoku (2015)

Battery type : ■: LIBs, ■: Sodium-Sulfur, ■: Redox-Flow

Minami-soma / 40 MW Tohoku EPCO (2015)

Buzen / 50 MW Kyushu EPCO (2015)

The 17th IERE General Meeting & Canada Forum S2‐5

202017

Amami island / 2 MWKyushu EPCO (2013)

Tanagashima island / 3 MWKyushu EPCO (2013)

Stabilization in islands Stabilization of power grid

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東北電力の西変電所の紹介パンフレットより

Battery system stabilizes the load frequency control of the power grid

Large-scale Li battery storage system (40 MW, 20 MWh) at the Nishi Sendai substation

Page 22: Applications of secondary battery technologies to …€¦ · Control by SVR/SVC/STATCOM Power grid Large capacity BES connected to grid. Japanese Duck‐curve in load curve Increased

Li battery energy storage systemat the Nishi Sendai substation

Each container contains several Li ion batteries and is equipped with an air conditioner, lighting rod, and fire prevention equipment

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Buzen (50MW/300MWh)

Na/S battery energy storage system

Two steps accumulated 40ft containers  for more compact 

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Minami hayakita power station

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Cell stacks on the second floor

The tanks of vanadium electrolyte on the first floor

The tanks of electrolyteMockup model  of redox flow battery 

energy storage system

Vanadium Redox flow battery

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Li ion battery Energy Storage SystemCompact energy storage systemHigh energy  efficient storage (Higher than 80%)Quick response with full power in milliseconds orderEasy installation Remarking points

Limited power (W) and capacity (Wh)Flammability (Electrolyte: organic liquid)High cost (Expectation of cost reduced by mass production in near future) 

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Improvement of Li ion battery

Higher energy density ( weight, volume)  for vehicles and stationary system

Incombustibility, inflammability and no exposure against EV crash and distributed energy storage system on fire. 

So fast dis/charging reaction for super quick charge of EVs and control of power grid frequency  

Operation at wide range temperature for EVs and stationary system to reduce accessory and  auxiliary machine for control temperature.

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Summary

Secondary batteries must be improved to stabilize power grids and commercialize EVs to build a low carbon society.The performance of lithium batteries must continue to be improved, and new batteries must be developed with higher energy density, durability, and safety.Methods for evaluating batteries during operation are required to prolong operation time.

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APPLICATIONS OF SECONDARY‐BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES TO REALIZING A LOW‐CARBON SOCIETY

Thank you for your kind attention.

Correspondence to [email protected]

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