application biotechnology in agribusniss_ group 5
DESCRIPTION
BiotechnologyTRANSCRIPT
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5/18/2018 Application Biotechnology in Agribusniss_ Group 5
I. Introduction
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and
improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value (Ania
Wieczorek, 2003) !iotechnology has applications in four ma"or industrial areas,
including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food
(industrial) uses of crops and other products (eg #iodegrada#le plastics,
vegeta#le oil,#iofuels), and environmental uses $or e%ample, one application of
#iotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic
products (e%amples include#eerand milkproducts) Another e%ample is using
naturally present#acteria#y the mining industry in#ioleaching !iotechnology
is also used to recycle, treat &aste, cleanup sites contaminated #y industrial
activities (#ioremediation) removal heavy metal #y e%opolymeric su#stances
produced #y resistant purple nonsulfur #acteria isolated from contaminated
shrimp ponds , and also to produce#iological &eapons
A series of derived terms have #een coined to identify several #ranches
of #iotechnology' for e%ample
Bioinformaticsis an interdisciplinary field &hich addresses #iological pro#lems
using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis
of #iological data possi#le he field may also #e referred to as computational
biology, and can #e defined as, *conceptualizing #iology in terms of molecules
and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the
information associated &ith these molecules, on a large scale !ioinformatics
plays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics,structural
genomics, andproteomics, and forms a key component in the #iotechnology and
pharmaceutical sector
Blue biotechnologyis a term that has #een used to descri#e the marine and
aquatic applications of #iotechnology, #ut its use is relatively rare
Red biotechnologyis applied to medicalprocesses +ome e%amples are the
designing of organisms to produce anti#iotics, and the engineering of genetic
cures through genetic manipulation
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White biotechnology, also kno&n as industrial #iotechnology, is #iotechnology
applied to industrialprocesses An e%ample is the designing of an organism to
produce a useful chemical Another e%ample is the using ofenzymesas
industrial catalyststo either produce valua#le chemicals or destroy
hazardouspolluting chemicals White #iotechnology tends to consume less in
resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods
Green biotechnologyis #iotechnology applied toagriculturalprocesses An
e%ample &ould #e the selection and domestication of plants via
micropropagation Another e%ample is the designing of transgenic plantsto gro&
under specific environments in the presence (or a#sence) of chemicals -ne hope
is that green #iotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly
solutions than traditional industrial agriculture An e%ample of this is the
engineering of a plant to e%press apesticide,there#y ending the need of e%ternal
application of pesticides An e%ample of this &ould #eBt corn.Whether or not
green #iotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally
friendly is a topic of considera#le de#ate
II. Biotechnology Techniques and Applications
he development of #iotechnology may #e the #eginning of a ne&
agricultural revolution !iotechnology can #e #roadly defined as the use of
living organisms to solve pro#lems or make useful products his definition
includes traditional plant and animal #reeding methods, and #ioprocessing, such
as fermentation he ne& #iotechnology is the application of cellular and
molecular #iology to meet human needs, a definition that includes the use of
monoclonal anti#odies, cell culture, #iosensors, and genetic engineering
technologies
.any #iotechnology applications are an e%tension of traditional plant and
animal #reeding techniques !iotechnology tools are often complements of
traditional methods rather than replacements he traditional methods are
limited, ho&ever, to species that are se%ually compati#le !iotechnology can
e%pand the range of traits #eyond those found in compati#le species, #ut the use
of genetic engineering is limited to materials that can #e #iologically
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manipulated /urrent #iotechnology techniques are most effective &hen applied
to one gene at a time o&ever, many of the more important economic traits in
plants are controlled #y multiple genes
he term 1#iotechnology refers to all parts of an industry that creates,
develops, and markets a variety of products using monoclonal anti#odies, cell
culture, #iosensors, and genetic engineering techniques
Monoclonal antibodies are 1identical anti#odies that recognize a single, specific
antigen (su#stance that elicits an immune response) and are produced in #atches
#y fusing tumor cells &ith the anti#odyproducing cells his technique is a
diagnostic tool that detects cell proteins and is #eing used commercially for
improved diagnostics and vaccines in human health care 4n agriculture,
monoclonal anti#odies can #e used for the diagnosis of plant diseases or the
detection of pesticides in foods, and for developing animal vaccines
Cell culture is used to rapidly propagate cells isolated from living organisms to
produce nearidentical clones he ne& organism is gro&n in vitro (literally 1in
glass) from a single cell, em#ryo, or plant part his technique gives the a#ility to
screen a large num#er of individual cells for a trait at a relatively small cost
Biosensors can detect and measure the presence of specific #iomolecules
/hemical #iosensors consist of an immo#ilized enzyme that #inds to the target
chemical -ften a color reagent is included to visually indicate the presence of the
trace chemical 5lectronic #iosensors are created #y fusing organic matter to
electrodes to convert chemical reactions to electric currents that can then #e
monitored
Genetic engineering is the selective, deli#erate alteration in the genetic material of
organisms 4t is the use of genetic engineering to create transgenic organisms that
has engendered the most discussion among scientists and mem#ers of the pu#lic A
transgenic organism is one 1&hose hereditary 67A has #een augmented #y the
addition of 67A from a source other than parental germplasm using genetic
engineering techniques 4n current usage, the term 1genetic engineering is
synonymous &ith gene splicing and recom#inant 67A (r67A) he key
components of genetic engineering techniques are to isolate the desired gene, to use
a delivery system to introduce the gene into the recipient cells, and then to detect
the e%pression of the ne& genetic information in the recipient cells he gene
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transfer systems currently #eing used are (8) iplasmids ofAgrobucterium
tumefaciens; (2) plant viruses' and (3) direct 67A systems such as protoplast
transformations and microin"ection ( .argriet $ et all, Agricultural !iotechnology
An 5conomic 9erspective, 8::;)
III. cope and limitation
!ioteknologi merupakan penerapan ilmu ilmu #iologi untuk
kepentingan umat manusiakarena luasnya ilmu #iologi itu maka tidak ada
kesatuan definisi untuk #ioteknologi +etiap negara mempunyai definisi
tersendiriper#edaan definisi ini dise#a#kan per#edaan #atasan sistem #iologi
yang dipergunakan untuk #ioteknologi itu Ada yang mem#atasi sistim #iologi
itu hanya pada tingkat sel (9akar #iomolekuler, mikro#iologi ) ada yang pada
tingkat organ dan tanaman (pakar agronami, horticultural, kehutanan) +e#agai
seorang #iologi (pertanian) kami mendefinisikan #ioteknologi itu se#agai
#erikut 1Bioteknologi adalah pemanfaatan sistem biologi secara aseptik dan
non aseptik untuk kepentingan umat manusia
!ioteknologi tanaman adalah #agian dari #ioteknologi dan didalam
tulisan ini #ioteknologi tanaman adalah sama dengan kultur "aringan tanaman
elima
ruang lingkup itu akan mendapat sorotan le#ih mendalam didalam pemanfaatan
#ioteknologi dalam agri#isnis
9ada petani tradisional fungsi produksi dan fungsi pemasaran dilakukan
oleh petani itu sendiri 9ada pertanian modern dengan adanya teknologi ?
teknologi #aru fungsi produksi dan pemasaran itu sudah dilakukan oleh #adan ?
#adan khusus >omponen komponen produksi dan pemasaran merupakan
komponen yang #e#as dan dengan peran khusus etapi perkem#angan masing
? masing komponen se#agian #esar "uga dipengaruhi oleh komponen lain
seluruh mata rantai itu dise#ut se#agai agri#isnis +ecara sektoral agribisnis itu
terdiri dari se!tor pertanian dan se!tor industri e!tor industriini terdiri
dari industri pengolahan hasil produksi pertanian 6engan istilah seakarang le#ih
dikenal dengan istilah agro" industri huludan agro" industri hilir +ecara
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sederhana dapat kita definisikan #ah&a Agrobisnisitu adalah semua kegiatan
pada tingkat agroindustri hilir dan mekanisme pasar yang memungkinkan
produk produk terse#ut mencapai sipemakai (konsumen)6ari uraian terse#ut
kita dapat melihat #ah&a ciri agri#isnis itu multi sektoral, #e#as tetapi saling
ketergantungan dan ciri lain yang penting #ah&a agri#isnis itu adalah
#erorientasi pada pasar keuntungan
6alam agri#isnis terdapat istilah pertanian ( Agriculture ) 9ertanian
dapat diartikan secara luas atau secara sempit 9ertanian dalam arti luas
termasuk pertanian dalam arti sempit , perikanan dan peternakan 9ertanian
dalam arti luas termasuk semua usaha pertanian yang #erhu#ungan dengan
tanaman, yaitu perke#unan, kehutanan, pertanian tanaman pangan, tanaman
o#ato#atan dan industry, tanaman holtikultura dan lainlain Agri#isnis di#atasi
dalam pengertian yang sempit ( pra produksi tanaman ? produksi tanamanpasca
produksi tanaman), tidak termasuk agri#isnis yang #erhu#ungan dengan usaha
perikanan dan peternakan
+o, as descri#e a#ove that @reen #iotechnologyis #iotechnology applied
toagriculturalprocesses 4n agriculture, kno&n agri#usiness. Agribusinessis a
generic term for the various #usinesses involved in food production, including
farming and contract farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery,
&holesale and distri#ution, processing, marketing, and retail sales
Within the agricultureindustry, agri#usiness is &idely used simply as a
convenientportmanteauof agriculture and #usiness, referring to the range of
activities and disciplines encompassed #y modern food production here are
academic degreesin and departments of agri#usiness, agri#usiness trade
associations, agri#usinesspu#lications, and so forth, &orld&ide ere, the termis only descriptive, and is synonymous in the #roadest sense &ith food industry
he 7Bs $ood and Agriculture -rganization, for e%ample, operates a section
devoted to Agri#usiness 6evelopment, &hich seeks to promote food industry
gro&th in the hird World 5%amples of agri#usinesses include .onsanto, seed
and agrichemical producer' A6.,grain transport and processing'Cohn 6eere,
farm machinery producer' -cean +pray, farmerBs cooperative' and9urina $arms,
agritourismfarm
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o promote e%ports of food products, many government agencies pu#lish
on the &e# economic studies and reports categorized #y product and country
Among these agencies include four of the largest e%porters of food products,
such as the $A+of the nited +tates 6epartment of Agriculture, Agriculture and
Agri$ood /anada(AA$/), Austrade, and7D5 he$ederation of
4nternational rade Associationspu#lishes studies and reports #y $A+ and
AA$/, as &ell as other nongovernmental organizations on its &e#site
@lo#alradenet
-ne of application of !iotechnology is agricultural process ( green
#iotechnology &hich involve crop production and agriculture, kno&n as
Agricultural Biotechnology.
I#. Agricultural Biotechnology
Agricultural #iotechnology is the area of #iotechnology involving
applications to agriculture 4n !rief of U.S. Agency for International
Development Agricultural Biotechnology Support !ro"ect II and the !rogram
for Biosafety Systems, Agricultural biotechnologyis a collection of scientific
techniques used to improve plants, animals and microorganisms !ased on an
understanding of 67A, scientists have developed solutions to increase
agricultural productivity +tarting from the a#ility to identify genes that may
confer advantages on certain crops, and the a#ility to &ork &ith such
characteristics very precisely, #iotechnology enhances #reedersE a#ility to make
improvements in crops and livestock !iotechnology ena#les improvements that
are not possi#le &ith traditional crossing of related species alone
Agricultural #iotechnology has #een practiced for a long time, as people
have sought to improve agriculturally important organisms #y selection and
#reeding An e%ample of traditional agricultural #iotechnology is the
development of diseaseresistant &heat varieties #y cross#reeding different
&heat types until the desired disease resistance &as present in a resulting ne&
variety
$istory of Agricultural Biotechnology
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he first food product of #iotechnology (an enzyme used in cheese
production and a yeast used for #aking) appeared on the market in 8::0 he
first genetically engineered food product to enter the market &as recom#inant
chymosin, &hich replaces the enzyme rennet in the production of cheese and
other processed dairy products he $6A declared recom#inant chymosin as
1generally regarded as safe (@
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Application of agricultural Biotechnology
%. Genetic &ngineering ' G& (
@enetic 5ngineering is the introduction of a specific gene into the
D#A of a plant to obtain a desired trait he gene introduced may come
not only from another plant species, #ut also from other organisms
While traditional plant #reeding involves crossing related plants,
#iotechnology is a ne& tool that enhances the capa#ility of #reeders to#e
more precise
4n the 8:F0s, advances in the field of molecular #iology provided
scientists &ith the a#ility to manipulate 67AHthe chemical #uilding
#locks that specify the characteristics of living organismsHat the
molecular level his technology is called genetic engineering 4t also
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allo&s transfer of 67A #et&een more distantly related organisms than
&as possi#le &ith traditional #reeding techniques oday, this technology
has reached a stage &here scientists can take one or more specific genes
from nearly any organism, including plants, animals, #acteria, or viruses,
and introduce those genes into another organism An organism that has
#een transformed using genetic engineering techniques is referred to as a
transgenic organism, or a genetically engineered organism
+cientists have learned ho& to move genes from one organism to
another his has #een called genetic modification (@.), genetic
engineering (@5) or genetic improvement (@4)
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recom#ines randomly, and desira#le traits such as pest resistance are
#undled &ith undesira#le traits, such as lo&er yield or poor quality
raditional #reeding programs are timeconsuming and la#orintensive
A great deal of effort is required to separate undesira#le from desira#le
traits, and this is not al&ays economically practical $or e%ample, plants
must #e #ackcrossed again and again over many gro&ing seasons to
#reed out undesira#le characteristics produced #y random mi%ing of
genomes
/urrent genetic engineering techniques allo& segments of 67A
that code genes for a specific characteristic to #e selected and
individually recom#ined in the ne& organism -nce the code of the gene
that determines the desira#le trait is identified, it can #e selected and
transferred +imilarly, genes that code for un&anted traits can #e
removed hrough this technology, changes in a desira#le variety may #e
achieved more rapidly than &ith traditional #reeding techniques he
presence of the desired gene controlling the trait can #e tested for at any
stage of gro&th, such as in small seedlings in a greenhouse tray he
precision and versatility of todayEs #iotechnology ena#le improvements
in food quality and production to take place more rapidly than &hen
using traditional #reeding
The Goals and Benefits )f Genetic &ngineering in Agriculture
he goals of genetic engineering are the same as &ith traditional
#reeding hey may aim to improve crop performance in the field #y
conferring pest and disease resistance, her#icide resistance, or tolerance
to environmental stresses (such as drought or flooding) hey may also
aim to develop products &ith enhanced value, such as improved post
harvest life, nutritional value, or other health #enefits $ollo&ing are a
fe& e%amples of #enefits resulting from applying currently availa#le
genetic engineering techniques to agricultural #iotechnology
a. &nhanced crop protection
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$armers use cropprotection technologies #ecause they provide cost
effective solutions to pest pro#lems &hich, if left uncontrolled, &ould
severely lo&er yields +ome crop protection technologies, are
Insect resistance4n the last fe& years, several crops have #een genetically
engineered to produce their o&n !t proteins, making them resistant
to specific groups of insects *Bt+ is short forBacillus
thuringiensis,a soil #acterium that contains a protein that is to%ic to
a narro& range of insects, #ut not harmful to animals or humans
Applications of !t #acteria have #een used to control insect pests for
many years, #efore the advent of the current !t crops made using
#iotechnology Iarieties of !t insectresistant corn and cotton are
no& in commercial production -ther crops #eing investigated
include co&peas, sunflo-er, soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, -alnut,
sugar cane, and rice.
$erbicide tolerance
/hemical her#icides are frequently used to control &eeds Weeds
gro&ing in the same field &ith crop plants can significantly reduce
crop yields #ecause the &eeds compete for soil nutrients, &ater, and
sunlight .any farmers no& control &eeds #y spraying her#icides
directly onto the crop plants !ecause these her#icides generally kill
only a narro& spectrum of plants (if they didnEt, they &ould kill the
crop plants, too), farmers apply mi%tures of multiple her#icides to
control &eeds after the crop has started to gro&
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is ongoing on many other crops -ne application of this technology is
that her#icide could #e coated on seed from an herbicide resistant
ariety 'for e/ample, mai0e( and &hile the maize &ould germinate
and thrive, &eeds and parasites such as Striga&ould #e killed
#irus resistance
.any plants are suscepti#le to diseases caused #y viruses, &hich
are often spread #y insects (such as aphids) from plant to plant across
a field he spread of viral diseases can #e very difficult to control
and crop damage can #e severe 4nsecticides are sometimes applied to
control populations of transmitting insects, #ut often have little
impact on the spread of the disease -ften the most effective methods
against viral diseases are cultural controls (such as removing diseased
plants) or plant varieties #red to #e resistant (or tolerant) to the virus,
#ut such strategies may not al&ays #e practical or availa#le
+cientists have discovered ne& genetic engineering methods that
provide resistance to viral disease &here options &ere limited #efore
4n the +, several varieties of squash and zucchini resistant
to three important viral diseases have #een developed and
commercialized
!eginning in 8::2, a devastating out#reak of 9apaya
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left to mature on the plant longer, &ill have longer shelflife in shipping,
and may last longer for consumers
c. 2oods -ith improed nutritional alue
@enetic engineering has allo&ed ne& options for improving the
nutritional value, flavor, and te%ture of foods ransgenic crops in
development include soy#eans &ith higher protein content, potatoes
&ith more nutritionally availa#le starch and an improved amino acid
content, #eans &ith more essential amino acids, and 1golden rice
&ith the a#ility produce #etacarotene, a precursor of vitamin A, to
help prevent #lindness in people &ho have nutritionally inadequatediets
!iotechnology has also #een used to alter the content of many oil
crops, either to increase the amount of oil or to alter the types of oils
they produce
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Industri penun3ang Biote!nologi pertanian
9engem#angan !iotenologi tanaman di 4ndonesia #aik pada
pemerintahan, universitas dan s&asta masih #anyak kendala karena kurang
tersedia sarana produksi dan peralatan secara mudah dan murah#anyak alat
dan sarana produksi yang se#enarnya dapat di#uat di 4ndonesia dengan harga
yang "auh le#ih murah dari pada alat dan sarana produksi impor !e#erapa
contoh yang dapat dikemukakan se#agai #erikut
%. Wadah4 botol tempat tanaman
Wadah tanaman untuk kultur "aringan dieropa atau di +A dapat
dipesan dalam #er#agai macam ukuran dan #entuk +emua &adah itu
sudah di#uat khusus untuk kultur "aringan termasuk penutupnya 6i
4ndonesia mencari &adah untuk kultur "aringan harus dicari pada
pemulung yang kalau dapatpun "umlahnya sedikit dan #entuknya
#ermacam macam 6isampng itu harus ditam#ah ekstra #iaya untuk
mem#eli aluminium foil se#agai penutup #otol
6i Cepang, pemikiran sudah le#ih praktis lagi, mereka telah
mengem#angkan &adah tanaman itu dari kantung plastik yang dapat di
ovenkan 9emakaian &adah plastik ini "auh le#ih menguntungkan dari
pada &adah #otol dan mem#antu proses adaptasi planlet untuk
penanaman di lapangan !agi 4ndonesia hal ini pun dapat digunakan
apakah pa#rik gelas dan pa#rik plastik di indonesia tidak dapat
mendiverfikasikan produknya demi memperluas usahanya dan
mem#antu usaha #ioteknologi tanaman
5. 6ota! 7indah dan ha!er
>otak pemindah, shaker dan #e#erapa peralatan lainnya
merupakan peralatan standar didalam la# kultur "aringankotak pemindah
(transfer laminar flo&) yang #erasal dari luar negeri harganya #erkisar
antara
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kalah dengan #uatan luar negri tetapi tidak didalam fungsinya !agi
pemasok transfer #o% indonesia ini harus mampu meningkatkan produksi
dan ragam transfer #o% dengan mem#uat #er#agai tipe transfer #o%
+elain itu menyediakan fungsi filter yang dapat di#eli untuk
menggantikan filter dari transfer #o% yang sudah #erfungsi diatas satu
lahan
8. Agar
Agar merupakan suatu #ahan kultur "aringan yang utama arga
#acto agar di indonesia sangat mahal sekitar
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terse#ut "uga mempercepat pertum#uhan #isnis kultur "aringan tanaman
yang menopang agri#isnis hilirnya
he #iotechnology tools that are important for agricultural #iotechnology
include
/onventional plant #reeding
issue culture and micropropagation
.olecular #reeding or marker assisted selection
@enetic engineering and @. crops
.olecular 6iagnostic ools
Conentional 7lant Breeding+ince the #eginning of agriculture eight to ten thousand years ago, farmers have #een
altering the genetic makeup of the crops they gro& 5arly farmers selected the #est
looking plants and seeds and saved them to plant for the ne%t year he selection for
features such as faster gro&th, higher yields, pest and disease resistance, larger seeds,
or s&eeter fruits has dramatically changed domesticated plant species compared to their
&ild relatives 9lant #reeding came into #eing &hen man learned that crop plants could
#e artificially mated or crosspollinated to #e a#le to improve the characters of the plant
6esira#le characteristics from different parent plants could #e com#ined in the
offspring When the science of plant #reeding &as further developed in the 20th century,
plant #reeders understood #etter ho& to select superior plants and #reed them to create
ne& and improved varieties of different crops his has dramatically increased the
productivity and quality of the plants &e gro& for food, feed and fi#er
/onventional plant #reeding has #een the method used to develop ne& varieties
of crops for hundreds of years o&ever, conventional plant #reeding can no longer
sustain the glo#al demand &ith the increasing population, decline in agricultural
resources such as land and &ater, and the apparent plateauing of the yield curve of the
staple crops hus, ne& crop improvement technologies should #e developed and
utilized
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Conentional breeding entails se/ual hybridi0ation follo-ed by careful selection
Mutation breeding
he art of recognizing desira#le traits and incorporating them into future generations is
very important in plant #reeding !reeders inspect their fields and travel long distances
in search of individual plants that e%hi#it desira#le traits A fe& of these traits
occasionally arise spontaneously through a process called mutation, #ut the natural rate
of mutation is very slo& and unrelia#le to produce plants that #reeders &ould like to
see 4n the late 8:20s, researchers discovered that they could greatly increase the
num#er of these variations or mutations #y e%posing plants to Lrays and mutation
inducing chemicals 1.utation #reeding accelerated after World War 44, &hen the
techniques of the nuclear age #ecame &idely availa#le 9lants &ere e%posed to gamma
rays, protons, neutrons, alpha particles, and #eta particles to see if these &ould induce
useful mutations /hemicals such as sodium azide and ethyl methanesulphonate, &ere
also used to cause mutations .utation #reeding efforts continue around the &orld
today -f the 2,2=2 officially released mutationderived varieties, 8,08: or almost half
have #een released during the last 8= years +ome varieties of &heat, #arley, rice,
potatoes, soy#eans, onions and others &ere produced via mutation #reeding &ith
agronomicallydesira#le characteristics
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7ure line and hybrid seed technology
he end result of plant #reeding is either an openpollinated (-9 for corn) or in#red (for
rice) varieties or an $8 (first filial generation) hy#rid variety -9 and in#red varieties,
&hen maintained and properly selected and produced, retain the same characteristics
&hen multiplied y#rid seeds are an improvement over -9 and in#red seeds in terms
of yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and time to maturity y#rid seeds are
developed #y the hy#ridization or crossing of diverselyrelated parent lines 9ure lines
are offsprings of several cycles of repeated selfpollination that 1#reed true or produce
se%ual offspring that closely resem#le their parents
9ure line development involves firstly, the selection of lines in the e%isting germplasm
&hich e%press the desired characteristics such as resistance to pest and diseases, early
maturity, yield, and others hese traits may not #e present in only one line, thus
selected lines are #red together #y hand 4n selfpollinated plants, flo&ers are
emasculated #y removing the anthers or the male part of the flo&er #y hand, and are
pollinated #y pollen from another line he female parent is usually the line that
possesses the desired agronomic trait &hile the male parent is the donor of the ne& trait
$8 (first filial generation) offsprings are planted and selfed, as &ell as the $2 generation
!reeders then select in the $3 and $; generation the lines &hich e%hi#it their desired
agronomic characteristics and the added trait esting for resistances to pests and a#iotic
stresses are conducted also at this time Mines &ith desired traits and are rated
intermediate to resistanttolerant to the pests and a#iotic stresses are selected and selfed
in t&o to three more generations Mines &hich do not lose the ne& traits and are sta#leare termed pure lines and are sta#le 4n hy#rid seed technology, t&o pure lines &ith
complementing traits and are derived from diversely related parents are #red together #y
hand $8 hy#rids are tested for hy#rid vigor in all agronomic and yield parameters and
compared to #oth parents he resulting offsprings &ill usually perform more
vigorously than either parents
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+ince the technology has #een developed, it has #rought tremendous impact in ma"or
crops including rice, corn, &heat, cotton, and other crops including many vegeta#les 4n
the +A, the &idespread use of corn hy#rids, coupled &ith improved cultural practices
#y farmers, has more than tripled corn grain yields over the past =0 years from an
average of 3= #ushels per acre in the 8:30s to 88= #ushels per acre in the 8::0s 7o
other ma"or crop any&here in the &orld even comes close to equaling that sort of
success story
y#rid rice technology helped /hina to increase its rice production from 8;0 million
tons in 8:FG to 8GG million tons in 8::0
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Tissue Culture and Micropropagation
9lants usually reproduce through se%ual means ? they have flo&ers and seeds to create
the ne%t generation 5gg cells in the flo&ers are fertilized #y pollen from the stamens
(male part) of the flo&er of the same plant (selfpollination) or another plant (cross)
5ach of these se%ual cells contains genetic material in the form of 67A 6uring se%ual
reproduction, 67A from #oth parents is com#ined creating offsprings similar to the
parents (in selfpollinated crops), or in ne& and unpredicta#le &ays, creating unique
organisms (in crosspollinated crops) +ome plants and trees on the other hand need
several years #efore they flo&er and set seeds, making plant improvement difficult
9lant scientists have developed the science and art of tissue culture to assist #reeders in
this task
issue culture is the cultivation of plant cells, tissues, or organs on specially formulated
nutrient media nder the right conditions, an entire plant can #e regenerated from a
single cell 9lant tissue culture is a technique that has #een around for more than 30
years here are several types of tissue culture depending on the part of the plant
(e%plant) used
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Anther culture ($igure 3) is a tissue culture method used to develop improved varieties
in a short time 9ollen &ithin an anther contains half dose of the genome (haploid)
&hich spontaneously dou#le (diploid) during culture 4n some species ho&ever,
colchicine treatment is necessary to induce dou#ling
6ou#ling of the genome &ill allo& the e%pression of recessive traits &hich &ere
suppressed, masked or undetected in routine plant #reeding Anthers are placed in a
special medium, and immature pollen &ithin the anther divide and produce a mass of
dividing cells termed as callus ealthy calli (plural of callus) are picked and placed in
another medium to produce shoots and roots (regeneration) +ta#le plantlets are allo&ed
to gro& and mature in the greenhouse 9lant #reeders can then select the desired plants
from among the regenerated plants
Anther culture of $8 plants &hich are progenies in a specific #reeding o#"ective &ould
allo& many more different types of regenerantEs his is #ecause the genetic constitution
of the pollen &ill #e more varied than those from the in#red, thus #reeders &ill have a
&ider range of traits to choose from his technology has #een employed in the
successful development of dou#led haploid lines of rice, &heat, sorghum, #arley, and
other field crops
Anther culture of rice
Micropopagation is a tissue culture method developed for the production of disease
free, high quality planting material and for rapid production of 80 many uniform plants
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Activelydividing young cells (meristem) are placed in a special medium and treated
&ith plant hormones to produce many similar sister plantlets +ince the meristem
divides faster than diseasecausing virus, clean materials are propagated and hundreds
of uniform plantlets are produced in a short time hrough micropropagation, it is no&
possi#le to provide clean and uniform planting materials in plantations ? oil palm,
plantain, pine, #anana, a#aca, date, ru##er tree' field crops ? eggplant, "o"o#a, pineapple,
tomato' root crops ? cassava, yam, s&eet potato' and many ornamental plants such as
orchids and anthuriums .icropropagated plants &ere found to esta#lish more quickly,
gro& more vigorously and taller, have a shorter and more uniform production cycle, and
produce higher yields than conventional propagules
5m#ryo rescue
&mbryo rescue involves the culture of immature em#ryos of plants in a special
medium to prevent a#ortion of the young em#ryo and to support its germination ($igure
a#ove ) his is used routinely in #reeding parental lines having different or
incompati#le genome such as in introducing important traits of &ild relatives into
cultivated crops
http&&&&isegeekcom&hatisfermentationhtm
httpindonesiausaidgoven+A46Activity32GAgriculturalN!iotechnology
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fermentation.htmhttp://indonesia.usaid.gov/en/USAID/Activity/328/Agricultural_Biotechnologyhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fermentation.htmhttp://indonesia.usaid.gov/en/USAID/Activity/328/Agricultural_Biotechnology -
5/18/2018 Application Biotechnology in Agribusniss_ Group 5
@A+ ku
8 mem#uat contoh2 penerapan #iotechnology dalam food production, proses2nya,
produk2 nya, -ld #iotechnology ( fermentasi ) and ne& ( recom#inant 67A )
genetic engineering more complete ),
2 mencari video2 proses2 penerapan #iotechnology dalam agriculture and food
production )
3 apa itu pertanian, peternakan, kehutanan, perikanan,