Application of Biotechnology Application of Biotechnology in Different Fieldin Different Field

by- by- vinod kumar vinod kumar

IntroductionIntroduction

BiotechnologyBiotechnology is an is an interdisciplinaryinterdisciplinary science including science including not only not only biologybiology, but also subjects , but also subjects like like mathematics, physics, mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineeringchemistry and engineering. .

It is a blend of various technologies It is a blend of various technologies applied together to living cells for applied together to living cells for productionproduction of a particular of a particular productproduct or for or for improvingimproving upon it. upon it.

IntroductionIntroduction

Through genetic engineering Through genetic engineering scientists can combine DNA from scientists can combine DNA from different sources and this process is different sources and this process is called called “R“Recombinant DNA ecombinant DNA technology”technology”

The secrets of DNA structure and The secrets of DNA structure and functions have led to functions have led to gene cloninggene cloning and and genetic engineeringgenetic engineering, , manipulating the DNA of an organismmanipulating the DNA of an organism

Monoclonal Antibodies

Molecular Biology

CellCulture

Genetic Engineering

Anti-cancer drugs

DiagnosticsCulture of plants from single cells

Transfer of new genes into animal

organisms

Synthesis of specific DNA

probes

Localisation of genetic disorders

Tracers

Cloning

Gene therapy

Mass prodn. of human proteins

Resource bank for rare human chemicals

Synthesis of new proteins

New antibiotics

New types of plants and animals

New types of food

DNA technology

Crime solving

Banks of DNA, RNA and proteins

Complete map of the human genome

Food BiotechnologyFood Biotechnology

Food biotechnology is Food biotechnology is the application of the application of technology to modify technology to modify genes of animals, genes of animals, plants, and plants, and microorganisms to microorganisms to create new species create new species which have desired which have desired production, marketing, production, marketing, or nutrition related or nutrition related properties. properties.

Why genetically modify food?Why genetically modify food?

Food biotechnology is Food biotechnology is and will continue to be and will continue to be an important area in an important area in science as the world’s science as the world’s human population human population continues to increase continues to increase and the world’s and the world’s agricultural lands agricultural lands continue to decrease.continue to decrease.

The following are The following are reasons why “we” reasons why “we” genetically modify food.genetically modify food.

1) Extended Shelf Life1) Extended Shelf Life

The first steps in The first steps in genetic modification genetic modification were for food were for food producers to ensure producers to ensure larger profits by larger profits by keeping food fresher, keeping food fresher, longer.longer.

This allowed for This allowed for further travel to and further travel to and longer availability at longer availability at markets, etc…markets, etc…

Example: Long Shelf Example: Long Shelf TomatoesTomatoes

These genetically modified These genetically modified tomatoes promise less waste tomatoes promise less waste and higher profits. and higher profits.

Typically, tomatoes produce a Typically, tomatoes produce a protein that softens them after protein that softens them after they have been picked. they have been picked.

Scientists can now introduce a Scientists can now introduce a gene into a tomato plant that gene into a tomato plant that blocks synthesis of the softening blocks synthesis of the softening protein. protein.

Without this protein, the Without this protein, the genetically altered tomato genetically altered tomato softens more slowly than a softens more slowly than a regular tomato, enabling regular tomato, enabling farmers to harvest it at its most farmers to harvest it at its most flavorful and nutritious vine-ripe flavorful and nutritious vine-ripe stage.stage.

2) Efficient Food Processing2) Efficient Food Processing

By genetically By genetically modifying food modifying food producing producing organisms, the wait organisms, the wait time and quantity of time and quantity of certain food certain food processing processing necessities are necessities are optimized.optimized.

Again this is a Again this is a money saver.money saver.

Example: Rennin ProductionExample: Rennin Production

The protein The protein renninrennin is used is used to coagulate milk in the to coagulate milk in the production of cheese.production of cheese.

Rennin has traditionally Rennin has traditionally been made in the stomachs been made in the stomachs of calves which is a costly of calves which is a costly process.process.

Now scientists can insert a Now scientists can insert a copy of the rennin gene copy of the rennin gene into bacteria and then use into bacteria and then use bacterial cultures to mass bacterial cultures to mass produce rennin. produce rennin.

This saves time, money, This saves time, money, space and animals.space and animals.

Rennin in the top test tube… not there in the bottom one.

3) Better Nutrient 3) Better Nutrient CompositionComposition

Some plants, during Some plants, during processing, lose some processing, lose some of the vital nutrients of the vital nutrients they once possessed.they once possessed.

Others are grown in Others are grown in nutrient poor areas.nutrient poor areas.

Both these problems Both these problems can be solved by can be solved by introducing genes into introducing genes into plants to increase the plants to increase the amount or potency of amount or potency of nutrients.nutrients.

““BiofortificationBiofortification””

Example: Golden RiceExample: Golden Rice Scientists have engineered "golden rice", which has Scientists have engineered "golden rice", which has

received genes from a daffodil and a bacterium that enable received genes from a daffodil and a bacterium that enable it to make it to make beta-carotene.beta-carotene.

This offers some promise in helping to correct a worldwide This offers some promise in helping to correct a worldwide Vitamin A deficiency.Vitamin A deficiency.

4) Efficient Drug Delivery4) Efficient Drug Delivery

Inserting genes Inserting genes into plants/animals into plants/animals to produce to produce essential medicine essential medicine or vaccines.or vaccines.

““BiopharmingBiopharming””

Medical biotechnologyMedical biotechnology

The main reason for medical The main reason for medical biotechnology is to prolong life.biotechnology is to prolong life.

Other reasons are to ease suffering Other reasons are to ease suffering of palliative care patients or to of palliative care patients or to increase accessibility for people with increase accessibility for people with disabilitiesdisabilities

1) Monoclonal Antibodies 1) Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)(mAb)

They are so called They are so called because they are because they are clones of an clones of an individual parent individual parent cell.cell.

Remember, Remember, antibodiesantibodies are are specific proteins that specific proteins that target pathogens target pathogens invading our body.invading our body.

1) Monoclonal Antibodies 1) Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)(mAb)

This technology is This technology is used primarily to fight used primarily to fight off cancer cells as off cancer cells as these monoclonal these monoclonal antibodies can be antibodies can be “trained” to target “trained” to target markers that show up markers that show up on cancer cells.on cancer cells.

The mAbs will then The mAbs will then destroy the cancer cell destroy the cancer cell and go looking for and go looking for more.more.

2) Bioprocessing2) Bioprocessing BioprocessingBioprocessing is the is the

mass production of mass production of human proteins, human proteins, vaccines, etc… by vaccines, etc… by genetically modifying genetically modifying bacteria or viruses.bacteria or viruses.

This allows for a large This allows for a large quantity of the desired quantity of the desired product to be created in product to be created in a short amount of time a short amount of time and for a relatively low and for a relatively low cost.cost.

2) Bioprocessing2) BioprocessingThe main product The main product

currently bioprocessed currently bioprocessed is insulin, the human is insulin, the human protein responsible for protein responsible for lowering blood sugar lowering blood sugar after eating.after eating.

The human gene for The human gene for insulin is placed into insulin is placed into bacteria, these are bacteria, these are cultured and allowed to cultured and allowed to produce insulin which is produce insulin which is collected, purified and collected, purified and sold to the millions of sold to the millions of diabetics worldwide.diabetics worldwide.

3) Stem Cells3) Stem Cells A A stem cell stem cell is a cell is a cell

that has the potential that has the potential to become any cell to become any cell type in the human type in the human body.body.

Everyone has stem Everyone has stem cells, but they are cells, but they are very hard to access.very hard to access.

The easiest place to The easiest place to get stem cells is from get stem cells is from an embryo.an embryo.

3) Stem Cells3) Stem CellsStem cells are Stem cells are

introduced into a introduced into a damaged area of the damaged area of the body where, under body where, under the right conditions, the right conditions, will replace the will replace the damaged area.damaged area.

Often times stem Often times stem cells are grown in a cells are grown in a lab first to ensure lab first to ensure the right conditions the right conditions and then placed into and then placed into a sick person.a sick person.

3) Stem Cells3) Stem Cells

Stem cells are currently Stem cells are currently being tested to treat being tested to treat everything from Crohn’s everything from Crohn’s disease to baldness!disease to baldness!

The main areas where The main areas where stem cells have proven stem cells have proven their worth is in bone their worth is in bone marrow transplants, marrow transplants, replacing damaged replacing damaged heart tissue after a heart tissue after a heart attack and heart attack and replacing damaged replacing damaged nerve tissue which gives nerve tissue which gives hope to anyone who has hope to anyone who has had a spinal cord injury.had a spinal cord injury.

4) Tissue Engineering4) Tissue EngineeringA form of regenerative A form of regenerative

medicine, medicine, tissue tissue engineeringengineering is the is the creation of human creation of human tissue outside the tissue outside the body for later body for later replacement.replacement.

Usually occurs on a Usually occurs on a tissue scaffold, but tissue scaffold, but can be grown on/in can be grown on/in other organisms as other organisms as shown on the right.shown on the right.

4) Tissue Engineering4) Tissue EngineeringTissue engineers have Tissue engineers have

created artificial skin, created artificial skin, cartilage and bone cartilage and bone marrow.marrow.

Current projects being Current projects being undertaken include undertaken include creating an artificial creating an artificial liver, pancreas and liver, pancreas and bladder.bladder.

Again, we are far from Again, we are far from replacing a whole replacing a whole organ, but just looking organ, but just looking for “refurbishing” our for “refurbishing” our slightly used ones at slightly used ones at the moment.the moment.

Agriculture biotechnology Agriculture biotechnology

Produce transgenic plant through Produce transgenic plant through plant tissue culture to improve the plant tissue culture to improve the crops with the desired traits.crops with the desired traits.

Resistance develop against abiotic Resistance develop against abiotic and biotic stress.and biotic stress.

Transgenic plants use as bioreactors Transgenic plants use as bioreactors for producing commercial products- for producing commercial products- protein, vaccines & biodegradable protein, vaccines & biodegradable plastics. plastics.

Tissue culture Tissue culture

MicropropagationMicropropagation Germplasm preservationGermplasm preservation Somaclonal variationSomaclonal variation dihaploid productiondihaploid production Protoplast fusionProtoplast fusion Secondary metabolites productionSecondary metabolites production Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering

Environmental Biotechnology Environmental Biotechnology

Environmental Environmental biotechnology biotechnology is is the solving of the solving of environmental environmental problems through problems through the application of the application of biotechnologybiotechnology

Why environmental Why environmental biotechnology?biotechnology?

It is needed to:It is needed to: eliminate the eliminate the

hazardous wastes hazardous wastes produced by our produced by our other technologies.other technologies.

distinguish between distinguish between similar species and similar species and ensure species are ensure species are not at risk of not at risk of extinction.extinction.

create alternative create alternative energy sources (i.e. energy sources (i.e. Biofuel).Biofuel).

1. Conservation of 1. Conservation of BiodiversityBiodiversity

2) Bioremediation2) BioremediationBioremediationBioremediation is the is the

use of bacteria (or use of bacteria (or fungi) to clean up fungi) to clean up hazardous hazardous environmental wastes.environmental wastes.

The bacteria essentially The bacteria essentially turn the dangerous turn the dangerous waste products into less waste products into less hazardous, easy to hazardous, easy to dispose of, waste. dispose of, waste.

Plants are also being Plants are also being tested in some areas to tested in some areas to do this job (Sunflowers do this job (Sunflowers at Chernobyl removed at Chernobyl removed Cesium and Strontium).Cesium and Strontium).

3) Biosensors 3) Biosensors A A biosensorbiosensor uses a uses a

biological entity biological entity (i.e. bacteria) to (i.e. bacteria) to monitor levels of monitor levels of certain chemicals certain chemicals OR uses chemicals OR uses chemicals to monitor levels of to monitor levels of certain biological certain biological entities (i.e. entities (i.e. pathogens).pathogens).

3) Biosensors 3) Biosensors Current uses of Current uses of

biosensors include:biosensors include: Detecting levels of Detecting levels of

toxins in an toxins in an ecosystemecosystem

Detecting airborne Detecting airborne pathogens (i.e. pathogens (i.e. anthrax)anthrax)

Monitoring blood Monitoring blood glucose levelsglucose levels

4) Biofuels4) Biofuels AA biofuel biofuel is a plant derived is a plant derived

fuel that is deemed more fuel that is deemed more environmentally friendly environmentally friendly that current fuel sources that current fuel sources as they all release less as they all release less carbon dioxide into the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.atmosphere.

EthanolEthanol from corn is from corn is placed in many gasoline placed in many gasoline varieties in North America.varieties in North America.

Biodiesel Biodiesel is fuel made is fuel made from used cooking oil.from used cooking oil.

BiogasBiogas is made from is made from gases released by gases released by compost or a landfill.compost or a landfill.

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