Appendix: Westminster ElectionResults, 1780–1891

Westminster

1780George Brydges Rodney W (m) 5298Charles James Fox W (o) 4878Lord Lincoln W (m) 4157

1782 (June by-election)Cecil Wray W (o) nc

1784Lord Hood m 6694Charles James Fox W (o) 6234Cecil Wray W (m) 5998

1788 (by-election)Lord John Townshend W (o) 6392Lord Hood m 5569

1790Fox W (o) 3516Hood m 3217John Horne Tooke R 1679

1796Fox W (o) 5160Alan Gardner m 4814Tooke R 2819

1802Fox W (o) 2671Alan Gardner m 2431John Graham R 1693

1806 (by-election) ncEarl Percy m

1806Sir Samuel Hood m 5478Richard Sheridan W (m) 4758James Paull R 4481

1807Francis Burdett R 5134Lord Cochrane R 3708Sheridan W (o) 2615John Elliot m 2137James Paull R 269

1812 ncBurdett RCochrane R

1814 (by-election) ncCochrane R

1818Samuel Romilly W 5339Burdett R 5238Murray Maxwell T 4808Henry Hunt R 84Douglas Kinnaird R 65Major John Cartwright R 23

1819 (by-election)George Lamb W 4465John Cam Hobhouse R 3861Cartwright R 38

1820Burdett R 5327Hobhouse R 4882Lamb W 4436

1826 ncBurdett RHobhouse R

1830 ncBurdett RHobhouse R

255

256 Appendix: Westminster Election Results, 1780–1891

1831 ncBurdett RHobhouse R

1832 (by-election)Hobhouse L nc

1832Burdett L 3248Hobhouse L 3217Col. DeLacy Evans R 1096

1833 (April by-election)Hobhouse L nc

1833 (May by-election)Evans R 2027Hobhouse L 1835Bickham Escott C 738

1835Burdett L 2747Evans R 2588Sir T. J. Cochrane C 1528

1837 (by-election)Burdett C 3567John Temple Leader L 3052

1837Leader L 3793Evans L 3715Sir George Murray C 2620

1841H. J. Rous C 3338Leader L 3281Evans L 3258

1846 (by-election)Evans L 3843Rous C 2906

1847Evans L 3139Charles Lushington L 2831Charles Cochrane R 2810Viscount Mandeville C 1985

1852Sir J. V. Shelley L 4199Evans L 3756Viscount Maidstone C 3373William Coningham R 1716

1857Evans L ncShelley L nc

1859Evans L ncShelley L nc

1865R. W. Grosvenor L 4534John Stuart Mill L 4525W. H. Smith C 3824

1868Smith C 7648Grosvenor L 6584Mill L 6284

1874Smith C 9371Sir Charles Russell C 8681Sir T. F. Buxton L 3749Sir W. J. Codrington L 3435

1880Smith C 9093Russell C 8930John Morley L 6564Sir A. Hobhouse L 6443

1882 (by-election) ncLord Algernon Percy C

1885W. A. B. Burdett-Coutts C 3991Prof. E. S. Beesly L 1736

1886 ncBurdett-Coutts C

St. George, Hanover Square

1885Lord Algernon Percy C 5256Sir W. G. F. Phillimore L 2503

1886 ncPercy C

1887 (by-election)Rt. Hon. G. J. Goschen LU 5702J. Haysman L 1812

Appendix: Westminster Election Results, 1780–1891 257

Strand

1885W. H. Smith C 5645E. G. Johnson L 2486

1886Smith C 5034J. E. H. Skinner L 1508

1891 (by-election)W. F. D. Smith C 4952Dr. R. S. Gutteridge L 1946

Abbreviations:

W WhigT ToryR radicalm ministerialisto oppositionC ConservativeLU Liberal Unionistnc no contest

Sources: Henry Stooks Smith, The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847, 2ndedn., ed. F. W. S. Craig (1844–50; 1973); McCalmont’s Parliamentary Poll Book, 8thedn., eds. John Vincent and Michael Stenton (1879; Brighton, 1971).

Notes

Commencement: The Boundaries of Politics

1 For the thorny debate on the meaning of political culture see R. P. Formisano,‘The Concept of Political Culture’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31 (2001),393–426; for electoral behaviour in Westminster during the first half ofthe era under consideration see E. Green, ‘Social Structure and PoliticalAllegiance in Westminster, 1774–1820’, Ph.D. thesis (University of London,1992).

2 S. M. Lipset, ‘The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited’, American Sociolog-ical Review 59 (1994), 3 on the foundation of political culture for democracy;cf. P. Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-CenturyEngland (Cambridge, 1994), intro., 178–9.

3 J. Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993); F. O’Gorman, ‘The Culture of Elections in England:From the Glorious Revolution to the First World War, 1688–1914’, inE. Posada-Carbó (ed.), Elections before Democracy: The History of Elections inEurope and Latin America (1996), 17–31; J. Lawrence, ‘The Culture of Electionsin Modern Britain’, History 95 (2011), 459–76.

4 [C. Cochrane], Address to the Business-like Men of Westminster (1847), 6.5 J. Lawrence and M. Taylor, ‘Introduction: Electoral Sociology and the Histo-

rians’, in id., Party, State and Society: Electoral Behavior in Britain since 1820(1997), 1–26; M. Roberts, Political Movements in Urban England, 1832–1914(Basingstoke, 2009), ch. 7.

6 ‘Middling’ includes manufacturing, retail, handicraft, capitalists and profes-sionals. Table 0.2 is a unique snapshot, for no other census provided this levelof detail. For the social stability of the West End between the 1790s and 1890ssee H. Pelling, Social Geography of British Elections, 1885–1910 (1967), 31, 35–6;P. J. Atkins, ‘The Spatial Configuration of Class Solidarity in London’s WestEnd 1792–1939’, Urban History 17 (1990), 36–65; L. D. Schwartz, ‘HanoverianLondon: The Making of a Service Town’, Proceedings of the British Academy 107(2001), 93–110.

7 Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, f. 784; Parliamentary Election, Westminster1784, Election Papers of the 5th Duke of Bedford, Bedford Estate Office; cf.PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 9.

8 Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1841; PlaP, 35150, fos. 144, 255–8; J. A. Jaffe,‘The Affairs of Others’: The Diaries of Francis Place, 1825–1836 (Cambridge,2007), 343; PP 1831–2, Number of Ratepayers, xliv. 90–1, 94–5; PP 1844,Registered Electors, xxxviii. 427; PP 1847, Non-Payment of Assessed Taxes,xlvi. 333.

9 88.8 per cent of Westminster MPs fell into the first three categories, com-pared with only 27.8 per cent of the 5034 eighteenth-century MPs: G. P. Judd,Members of Parliament, 1734–1832 (New Haven, 1955), 31.

258

Notes 259

10 In 1806 Arthur Morris purchased the office from his predecessor for £4000,and paid the dean and chapter a one–time fee of £2000 and £150 perannum: PP 1810–11, Report from Committee on the Office of High Bailiff ofWestminster, ii. 349–50 and PP 1833, Municipal and Parochial Affairs of the Cityof Westminster, xxxi. 342.

11 London Courant, 7 Sep. 1780; Hardwicke Papers, BL Add. MS 36226, fos.413–14; Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, fos. 867–74; Hood, HOO/28, fos.32, 35; London Chronicle, 18 Nov. 1806; Courier, 14 May 1807; Proceedings inan Action brought by Arthur Morris against Sir Francis Burdett in the Court of King’sBench (1811), 5; Morning Chronicle, 23 June 1818; PlaP, 27843, f. 393.

12 Correspondence of King George the Third, ed. J. Fortescue (1928), iii. 132, 138;Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/237/5, fos. 872–4, 925–7, and see also 861, 894–5;WAC, Papers of Frederick Booth and Simon Stephenson, Acc. 36/144 andE/3349; BrP 56540, f. 56.

13 WAC, E/2422, fos. 179–80; Vestry of St. Margaret and St. John, Special andAnnual Report, with notes on local government in Westminster (1889), 172–7; PP1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 13–14.

14 See Robinson Papers, BL Add. MS 37835, f. 171; Morning Chronicle, 13Sep. 1780, 22, 26 July 1788; Later Correspondence of George III, ed. A. Aspinall(Cambridge, 1966), i. 57; cf. T. Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain(1792), ii. 254–77; St. James’s Chronicle, 19 Feb. 1846; HO 42/13, fos. 114–25;L. Namier and J. Brooke, House of Commons, 1754–90 (1964), i. 336.

15 See Foxite pamphlets and Burdettite placard in NA, TS 24/3/1–2 and TS24/8/1; Namier and Brooke, House of Commons 1754–90, ii. 261; ChathamPapers, NA 30/8/148, f. 21; J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalismin London 1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982), 63–4; S. Koss, The Rise and Fall of thePolitical Press in Britain, i: The Nineteenth Century (1981), ch. 2.

16 Morning Chronicle, 10 Apr. 1784.17 Chatham Papers, NA 30/8/135, f. 77; Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of

Great Britain, ii. 261, 265–71; HMC, Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue Preservedat Dropmore (1915), viii. 414, 417; Morning Chronicle, 19 Nov. 1806, and25, 30 June and 2 July 1818; PlaP, 27841, f. 124; [A. Buller], ‘Bribery andIntimidation at Elections’, WR 25 (1836), 505.

18 A. Ribeiro (ed.), Letters of Dr. Charles Burney (Oxford, 1991), i. 412; Diary ofJoseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), ii. 562; T. D. Hardy, Memoirsof Lord Langdale (1852), i. 326–8; Parliamentary Election, Westminster 1784,Election Papers of the 5th Duke of Bedford, Bedford Estate Office, London.

19 PlaP, 27849, fos. 163–4; see also Autobiography of Francis Place (1771–1854),ed. M. Thale (Cambridge 1972), 221–2.

20 L. Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III, 2nd edn. (1965),85–6.

21 Earl Grey, Parliamentary Government Considered with Reference to Reform, 2ndedn. (1864), 164; Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed. his sons, 3rdedn. (1842), ii. 505; W. Thomas, ‘Whigs and Radicals in Westminster: TheElection of 1819’, Guildhall Miscellany 3 (1970), 194; Letters to Lord G. WilliamRussell (1919), iii. 222; Russell Papers, NA 30/22, f. 3; Ellice Papers, NationalLibrary of Scotland, MS 15028, f. 53; Chadwick Papers, University CollegeLondon, f. 83.

22 Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 256.

260 Notes

23 L. Colley, In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714–1760 (1982), 101, 161,173, 258.

24 PlaP 27849, fos. 100, 102.25 Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 255–6, 261.26 Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser, 28 Apr. 1784; PR 17 (1810), 874.27 PlaP 27845, f. 72.28 For 1819 see Scrope Berdmore Davies Papers, BL Loan 70, i. 31; Letters of

William and Dorothy Wordsworth, eds. M. Moorman and A. G. Hill (Oxford,1967–79), iii. 537; Charles Churchill diary, GL, MS 5762, vol. i; F. Shelley,Diary of Francis Lady Shelly 1818–1873 (1913), ii. 28–31.

29 Qtd HWE, 215; see also [J. L. Elliot] A Letter to the Electors of Westminster. Froma Conservative (1847), 67.

30 [J. Allen], ‘Annual Parliaments and Universal Suffrage’, ER 28 (March 1817),126.

31 H. Maxwell, Life and Times of the Right Honourable W. H. Smith (Edinburgh,1893) i. 117.

32 J. Stevenson, Popular Disturbances in England 1700–1832, 2nd edn. (1992),233; see also G. T. Keppel, Earl of Albemare, Fifty Years of My Life (1876), i.318.

33 In the London Courant of 8 Sep. 1780 the Westminster election was the firstnews item of the day and took up almost all the 3rd page.

34 Vernon, Politics and the People and J. Lawrence, Speaking for the People representthe two alternatives. In part their contradictory arguments depend on locale(Wolverhampton versus Oldham)—suggesting because variation based onplace looms so large in understanding electoral politics in nineteenth-centuryBritain a grass roots rather than a constitutional approach is preferable, iffor no other reason than to consider the parallel debate regarding popu-lar culture, for which see R. W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in EnglishSociety (Cambridge, 1973) and A. P. Donajgradzki (ed.), Social Control inNineteenth-Century Britain (1977).

35 Spectator, 24 Nov. 1832.

1 Stories: Whig, Radical and Tory Westminster, 1780–1890

1 Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1865; M. C. Tyler, Glimpses of England (1898), 17–21;The Times, 21 May 1906.

2 W. Jeans, Parliamentary Reminiscences (1912), 24; Morning Star, 11 July 1865.3 Daily Telegraph and Guardian, 12 July and Daily News, 13 July 1865; M. D.

Conway, ‘The Great Westminster Canvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine31 (1865), 736–7.

4 The Works of John Jebb, ed. J. Disney (1787), i. 148; H. Walpole, Journal of theReign of King George III, ed. J. Doran (1859), ii. 364; Memorials and Correspon-dence of Charles James Fox, ed. Lord J. Russell (1853–7), i. 241; WestminsterCommittee of Association, BL Add. MS 38593, f. 16.

5 Wyvill Papers, North Yorkshire R.O., ZFW 7/2/14, fos. 1–4; Fox Papers, BLAdd. MS 47850, f. 65.

6 T. Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain (1792), ii. 256;H. Butterfield, George III, Lord North and the People (1949), 227.

Notes 261

7 L. Namier and J. Brooke, House of Commons, 1754–90 (1964), i. 337.8 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, i. 257.9 PlaP, 27849, fos. 106–7.

10 PlaP, 27849, f. 108; Oldfield, History of the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 256–7;E. A. Smith, Lord Grey, 1764–1845 (Oxford, 1990), 47; L. G. Mitchell, CharlesJames Fox (Oxford, 1992), 34–5.

11 Rodney Papers, NA 30/20/20/4, fos. 71–8; Alfred Morrison Collection, BLAdd. MS 39779, fos. 104, 110; Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, FirstLord of the Admiralty, 1771–82, ed. G. R. Barnes and J. H. Owen (1933), iii.221–3; HMC, Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs Stopford–Sackville (1904–10),ii. 172.

12 Liverpool Papers, BL Add. MSS 38214, fos. 155, 160, 38507, f. 208; LondonCourant, 22 Sep. 1780.

13 London Courant, 8 Sep. 1780; Fox and Rodney. To the Worthy Electors ofWestminster. Sept. 12, 1780 [1780], BL shelfmark 1850.c.10. (140); A NewSong [1780], Place Coll., set 13, f. 33.

14 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, i. 258.15 Rodney Papers, NA 30/20/20/3, fos. 80–5.16 Westminster Committee of Association, BL Add MS 38594, f. 5; Parliamen-

tary Papers of John Robinson, 1774–1784, ed. W. T. Laprade (1922), 32–3;HMC, Manuscripts of the Earl of Carlisle, 15th Report (1897), app. vi. 445;Correspondence of King George the Third, ed. J. Fortescue (1928), v. 466; LondonCourant, 22 Sep. 1780.

17 Correspondence of King George the Third, vi. 37, 39; Letters Written by Sir SamuelHood (Viscount Hood), ed. D. Hannay (1895), 155; Morning Chronicle, 10Apr. 1784.

18 Wyvill Papers, North Yorkshire RO, ZFW 7/2/3, f. 2; [C. Wray], Letter to theIndependent Electors of Westminster, 3rd edn. (1784), 11–12, 15; Memoirs of SirNathaniel William Wraxall, ed. H. B. Wheatley (1884), iii. 80.

19 A. Stephens, Memoirs of John Horne Tooke (1813), ii. 50–1; Morning Chron-icle, 1 Apr. 1784 and 17 July 1788; PlaP, 27849 fos. 52, 110, 27838, fos.2–3; [Wray], Letter to Independent Electors, 18–21; E. Black, The Associa-tion: British Extraparliamentary Political Organization, 1769–1793 (Cambridge,Mass., 1963), 112–15, 201–2.

20 Hardwicke Papers, BL Add. MS 36226, fos. 396–401, 411–12; Earl Stanhope,Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt (1861–2), i. 209; Morning Chronicle,13 Apr. 1784; Hood, HOO/2, f. 134.

21 Stanhope, Life of Pitt, i. 209. Partisanship intersected personality, suggestedacross the 92 satirical prints generated by the election.

22 London Chronicle, 3, 12 June 1784; Correspondence between the Right Hon.William Pitt and Charles, Duke of Rutland, intro. Duke of Rutland (1890),14–15; HMC, Manuscripts of the Duke of Rutland, 14th Report, App. i(1888–94), iii. 102; J. Ehrman, Younger Pitt (1969–96), i. 222.

23 London Chronicle, 15 June 1784; Hood, HOO/2, f. 135; Letters of GeorgeDempster to Sir Adam Fergusson, ed. J. Fergusson (1934), 134; RutlandManuscripts, iii. 126; Wraxall, Posthumous Memoirs, i. 238; Thoughts on theMerits of the Westminster Scrutiny [1784], 32–3.

24 London Chronicle, 17, 19 June 1784; Hardwicke Papers, BL Add. MS 36226,f. 396.

262 Notes

25 Annual Register 28 (1786), 204; Morning Chronicle, 17, 25 July 1788;Westminster Catechism [1788].

26 Journals of the House of Commons (1789), xliv. 125, 518–19; Chatham Papers,NA 30/8/237/5, esp. fos. 791v, 872–4, 932–42; Hood, HOO/28, fos. 29–36.

27 Later Correspondence of George III, i. 52 n. 3; The Times, 26, 31 Mar. 1790.28 Hood, HOO/2, f. 188.29 Rose Papers, BL Add. MS 42772, f. 8; G. Pellow, Life and Correspondence of

the Right Hon. Henry Addington, first Viscount Sidmouth (1847), i. 55–6; Corre-spondence of Edmund Burke, gen. ed. T. W. Copeland (Cambridge, 1958–78),v. 407, 413; W. Eden, Journal and Correspondence of William, Lord Auckland,ed. Bishop of Bath and Wells (1860–20), ii. 222–3; Duke of Buckingham andChandos, Memoirs of the Court and Cabinets of George III (1853–4), i. 414;Morning Post, 5 July and Morning Chronicle, 19 July and 5 Aug. 1788.

30 Burke, Correspondence, v. 413–14 and n. 2; Laprade, Robinson Papers, 130–1;D. Ginter, Whig Organization at the Election of 1790 (1967, 135–6; Corre-spondence of George, Prince of Wales, 1770–1812, ed. A. Aspinall (Oxford,1963–71), i. 509–10 and n. 1.

31 The Times, 31 Mar. and London Chronicle, 1 Apr. 1790; Stanhope, Life of Pitt,ii. 52–3.

32 London Chronicle and Public Advertiser, 17 June 1790; J. H. Tooke, Proceedingsin an Action for Debt (1792), 17; Stephens, Tooke, ii. 84 ff.; Oldfield, Historyof the Boroughs of Great Britain, ii. 259–60; Wilkes Papers, BL Add. MS 30877,f. 98.

33 Tooke, Two Pairs of Portraits, Presented . . . especially to the Electors ofWestminster (1788), 1–25; Two Pair of Portraits (BMC 9270, by J. Gillray,1 Dec. 1798); The Times, 13 Aug. 1790; Mitchell, Fox, 22; C. Bewley andD. Bewley, Gentleman Radical: A Life of John Horne Tooke 1736–1812 (1998),82–9.

34 W. H. Reid, Memoirs of the Public Life of John Horne Tooke (1812), 44.35 Journals of the House of Commons (1790), xlvi. 45 and xlvii. 687; Trial of George

Rose (1791); Ehrman, Younger Pitt, ii. 108–9.36 Burke, Correspondence, ix. 43, 79.37 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, iii. 67, 135–6, 149; Mitchell, Fox,

151; R. E. Willis, ‘An Handful of Violent People: The Nature of the FoxiteOpposition, 1794–1801’, Albion 8 (1976), 241.

38 Correspondence of King George the Third, v and Later Correspondence of GeorgeIII, for the elections of 1780, 1784 and 1788. Absence of correspondence forthe 1790 election reveals the effect of the agreement to avoid a contest bydividing the representation.

39 T. Dolby, Memoirs (1827), 95, 108.40 Annual Register 44 (1802), 184.41 Letters of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, ed. C. Price (Oxford, 1966), ii. 305; J. B.

Trotter, Memoirs of the Latter Years of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox(1811), 507; Courier, 7 July 1802; Picture of Parliament (1802), 80–3.

42 C. Redding, Fifty Years’ Recollections, 2nd edn. (1858), i. 35; Sheridan Letters, ii.275–6; Creevy’s Life and Times, ed. J. Gore (1934), 31; The Times, 20 Oct. 1806;C. A. Clayton, ‘The Political Career of Richard Brinsley Sheridan’, D. Phil.thesis (University of Oxford, 1993), 116–18; F. O’Toole, A Traitor’s Kiss: TheLife of Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1997), 396.

Notes 263

43 PlaP, 27850, f. 12; PR 10 (1806), 657–60.44 PR 10 (1806), 550–3; Westminster Journal, 20 Sep. and 4 Oct. 1806; London

Chronicle, 27 Sep. and 4 Oct. 1806.45 ‘Pitts, Grenvilles and Foxes are all alike’: PR 10 (1806), 229. In the

ministry Grenville was both auditor of the Exchequer and first Lordof the Treasury, which meant he received an additional income toaudit his own accounts: P. Spence, Birth of Romantic Radicalism: War,Popular Politics, and English Radical Reformism, 1800–1815 (Aldershot,1996), 34.

46 Watkins, Sheridan, 66–7; PlaP, 27849, f. 52; Holland House Papers, BL Add.MS 51544, fos. 44–5; Life and Literary Pursuits of Allen Davenport, ed. M. Chase(Aldershot, 1994), 47–8.

47 BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 143.48 HMC, Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue Preserved at Dropmore (1915), viii. 400,

426–8, 430; Sheridan, Letters, ii. 305.49 London Chronicle and Morning Chronicle, 6 Nov. 1806; Dropmore Papers, viii.

430; Holland, Memoirs, ii. 65–6; J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalismin London 1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982), 156.

50 Morning Chronicle, 19 Nov. and Courier, 27 Nov. 1806; PP 1806–7, Petition ofJames Paul, iii, esp. 426–9, 454, 457, 476–7, 480; Clayton, ‘Political Careerof Sheridan’, 145; M. Baer, ‘The Ruin of a Public Man’, in J. Morwood andD. Crane (eds.), Sheridan Studies (Cambridge, 1995), 164.

51 PR 10 (1806), 833–42; Redding, Fifty Years’ Recollections, i. 86; Baer, ‘Ruin ofa Public Man’, 162–4, esp. plates 11–12.

52 Courier, 8 Oct. 1806; PlaP, 27850, fos. 19–20.53 C. Wyvill, Political Papers (1794–1802), iv. 515; PlaP, 27838, f. 3; T. Hardy,

Memoirs of Thomas Hardy (1832), 89–90, 107, 109; Westminster Election, 1807[1807], 2; I. Prothero, Radical Artisans in England and France, 1830–1870(Cambridge, 1997), 16, 19.

54 J. Paull, A Refutation of the calumnies of John Horne Tooke (1807), 17–19,69–71. Contrary to Frank O’Gorman, this Westminster Committee wasnot the same as the earlier Foxite organization with the same name; Vot-ers, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electorate of Hanoverian England,1734–1832 (Oxford, 1989), 71.

55 PlaP, 27838, f. 18.56 J. R. Dinwiddy, ‘Sir Francis Burdett and Burdettite Radicalism’, History 65

(1980), 17–31; Stephens, Tooke, ii. 233, 306–8; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. c. 61, f. 60;WAC, A. M. Broadley Coll., Some Social, Political and Literary Landmarks ofBath and Piccadilly, 1711–1911, iii., f. 25.

57 PlaP, 27836, f. 18; Independent Whig, 24 May 1807.58 Lord Cochrane, Autobiography of a Seaman (1860), i. 215–19; T. Jenks, Naval

Engagements: Patriotism, Cultural Politics, and the Royal Navy 1793–1815(Oxford, 2006), ch. 5.

59 PlaP, 27836, f. 19; [J. C. Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election(1808), 6–10.

60 PlaP, 27850, f. 76; Hone, For the Cause of Truth, 152.61 PlaP, 27850, f. 79, 27838, fos. 20–1.62 BP, Ms. Eng. hist. d. 216, f. 324.63 Brougham Papers, University College London, 35902.

264 Notes

64 Life and Correspondence of Major Cartwright, ed. F. D. Cartwright (1826), ii.126; Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed. his sons (1840), ii. 506–7;Dropmore Papers, x. 429; Morning Chronicle, 6 July 1818; PlaP, 27849, fos. 36v–37; Scrope Berdmore Davies Papers, BL Loan 70, ii., fos. 68–9; GL, MS 20334,f. 26; BrP, 47235, f. 21.

65 PlaP, 27841, fos. 188, 260, 389; Morning Post, 15, 19 June, Morning Chroni-cle, 18, 24 June and 1 July 1818; PR 33 (1818), 328–54; Romilly, Memoirs,ii. 508.

66 Impartial Statement of All The Proceedings Connected with the Progress and Resultof the Late Elections (1818), 368; PlaP, 27841, f. 270; Life and Correspondenceof Cartwright, ii. 145–6.

67 G. Wallas, The Life of Francis Place, 1771–1854 (1898), 130–1.68 Cowper Papers, Hertfordshire Archives and Local Studies, D/ED F427, f. 12;

BrP, 47224, fos. 57, 60, 47226, f. 32; Holland House Papers, BL Add.MS 51667, f. 39; Brougham Papers, University College, London, BL 344;[F. Place], Reply to Lord Erskine By An Elector of Westminster (1819), 3; LordBrougham, Life and Times (Edinburgh, 1871), ii. 340–1; C. Greville, GrevilleMemoirs, ed. H. Reese (1888), i. 17.

69 [14 Feb.] 1819, Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51666.70 PlaP, 27838, fos. 4, 9, 19; Morning Chronicle, 23, 30 June 1818; WAC, E3349/3,

fos. 1, 6; H. White, Letter Addressed to Sir Francis Burdett on His Past and PresentConduct (1819); Westminster Election, 1820 (1820), 7; Joseph Parkes Papers,University College, London, 39; E. Green, ‘Social Structure and PoliticalAllegiance in Westminster, 1774–1820’, Ph.D. thesis (University of London,1992), 331.

71 PlaP, 27843, f. 29; Authentic Narrative of the Events of the WestminsterElection . . . 1819 (1819), 326.

72 Reform of Parliament [1819]; [Place], Reply to Lord Erskine, 3–7.73 Trifling Mistake of Lord Erskine Corrected (1819), 49.74 BrP, 36458, f. 191; PlaP, 27843, fos. 9, 11, 82; The Times, 21 Dec. 1819; Black

Dwarf, 16 Feb., 29 Mar. and Courier, 27 Mar. 1820; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96,f. 6; A. Aspinall, Lord Brougham and the Whig Party (1927), 279; R. Zegger,John Cam Hobhouse: A Political Life, 1819–1852 (1973), 79.

75 Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, ed. T. L. S. Sprigge et al. (1968– ), ix. 413;PlaP, 27843, fols. 9 ff.; BrP, 56540, fos. 59, 67; WAC, E3349/6, fos. 1–54;Tables Shewing the progressive state of the poll for . . . Westminster (1820); Reformin Parliament. Westminster Election [1820].

76 Morning Chronicle, 27 Mar. 1820; PlaP, 27838, f. 4.77 PlaP, 27838, f. 20; Westminster Election of 1819, 49.78 Morning Chronicle, 28 June 1841; Lord W. Russell, Letters to Lord G. William

Russell from Various Writers, 1817–1845 (1915–19), iii. 214; J. M. Main,‘Radical Westminster, 1807–20’, Historical Studies 12 (1966)’, 198–200; B.Weinstein, ‘Shopkeepers and Gentlemen: The Liberal Politics of Early-Victorian London’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Cambridge, 2006), 35 andn. 19.

79 PlaP, 27838, f. 4; 27841, fos. 18, 131, 243; 27842, fos. 135, 348; 27843, fos.63, 219, 224–5, 228, 375; 27847, fos. 10–11; BrP, 56541, f. 9.

80 J. C. Hobhouse, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester (1909–11),iii. 173, 260 and iv. 28; J. A. Jaffe, ‘The Affairs of Others’: The Diaries of

Notes 265

Francis Place, 1825–1836 (Cambridge, 2007), 69, 80, 319–20; Main, ‘RadicalWestminster’, 203; Zegger, Hobhouse, 96–100, 105, 187.

81 Morning Post, 26 June, 3, 7 July 1818; M. Roberts, The Whig Party, 1807–1812(New York, 1965), 208, 243–5; Wallas, Place, 134 n. 2; Holland House Papers,BL Add. MS 52178, fos. 168–9, 172; [H. Brougham], ‘Parliamentary Reform’,ER 20 (1812), 140.

82 BrP, 47226, f. 142; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 228.83 PlaP, 27850, fos. 236, 241, 27837, f. 146.84 PlaP, 35148, f. 369.85 F. Place, Letter to the Electors of Westminster (1832), 15; PlaP, 27844, fos. 47,

49 and 54v, 27850, f. 214; Zegger, Hobhouse, 92–7, 204–6, 286–8; D. Rapp,‘The Left-Wing Whigs: Whitbread, The Mountain and Reform, 1809–1815’,JBS 21 (1982), 48.

86 PlaP, 27844, f. 22; Place, Letter to Electors of Westminster, 3; Hobhouse,Recollections, v. 259.

87 Morning Chronicle, 12 May 1832.88 A. Aspinall, Three Early Nineteenth Century Diaries (1952), 286; M. W.

Patterson, Sir Francis Burdett and his times (1770–1844) (1931), ii. 615; Zegger,Hobhouse, 200–2; E. M. Spiers, Radical General: Sir George de Lacy Evans,1787–1870 (Manchester, 1983), 50–2.

89 Hobhouse, Recollections, iv. 264.90 Journal of Thomas Moore, ed. W. S. Dowden (1984), iv. 1523–4; T. Raikes,

Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes (1856–8), i. 232–3; The Times, 9Dec. 1835.

91 BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, fos. 218–19, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 95, f. 115; MorningPost, 5 Jan. 1835.

92 PlaP, 35150, f. 140v; Raikes, Journal, ii. 27; Sinclair of Ulbster MSS, NationalArchives of Scotland, x, f. 62; The Times, 2 May and St. James’s Chronicle,9 May 1837.

93 Real Reformers canvassing for Sir F——s B——tt (JJC Political Cartoons 3 (179),by BH [May 1837]); Letters to Lord G. William Russell, iii. 214; Hobhouse,Recollections, v. 70–1; G. Huxley, Lady Elizabeth and the Grosvenors (Oxford,1965), 74.

94 W. F. Monypenny and G. E. Buckle, Life of Benjamin Disraeli (1910–20), i.367, 370; John Bull, 30 Apr. and St. James’s Chronicle, 13 May 1837; GrevilleMemoirs, iii. 406.

95 Brougham, Life and Times, ii. 198.96 Morning Chronicle, 14, 19, 22, 26, 29, 30 June and The Times, 26, 29 July

1841, 12 Feb 1842; Fraser’s Magazine 18 (1838), 632, 20 (1838), 637, and 22(1840), 628; Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40496, f. 84; N. Gash, Politics in the Ageof Peel (1953), 366; Spiers, Radical General, 125–7.

97 Peel Papers, BL Add. MSS 40524, fos. 262 and 265, 40570, f. 171 and 40583,f. 229; C. S. Parker (ed.) Sir Robert Peel from His Private Papers (1899; 1970),iii. 334; Morning Chronicle, 12 Feb., The Times, 20 Feb. and Illustrated LondonNews, 21 Feb. 1846; Spiers, Radical General, 117–20.

98 Mill, CW, xxviii. 25.99 Morning Post, 6 May 1833; The Times, 11 May 1837; Morning Chronicle, 1 July

1841; Westminster Elector [C. Cochrane], Address to the Business-like Men ofWestminster (1847), 5; Morning Herald, 12 July 1865.

266 Notes

100 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 195; PlaP, 35150, fos. 147–8; John Bull, 30 Apr. 1837;Examiner, 2, 16 July 1837; J. Diprose, Some Account of the Parish of St. ClementDanes (1868), i. 64 and ii., p. xiii; Westminster Reform Society [late 1830s]and Westminster Reform Society [c.1846], JJC, Elections, London; MorningChronicle, 18 June 1841; The Times, 20 Sep. 1842, 13 Mar. 1852; IllustratedLondon News, 20 Sep. 1856; To the Electors of Westminster (1847), WAC,B 137 (37).

101 Thomas, ‘Whigs and Radicals in Westminster’, 187.102 [Cochrane], Address to Westminster, 5.103 [J. Beal], Mr. J. S. Mill and Westminster: The Story of the Westminster Election,

1865 (1865), 2.104 Guardian, 10 Mar., Morning Advertiser, 24 June, The Times 3, 8 July, and Daily

News and Northern Star, 10 July 1852; Spiers, Radical General, 139–42; PP1860, Election Expenses, lvi. 167.

105 Morning Chronicle, 14, 16 Mar. 1857; Layard Papers, BL Add MS 38986, f. 105;The Times, 9, 23 Apr. 1859.

106 [Beal], Story of the Westminster Election, 3, 10, 19; The Times, 27 May 1865;Morning Star, 21 Nov. 1868; Diprose, St. Clement Danes, i. 63, 65; F. M.Leventhal, Respectable Radical: George Howell and Victorian Working ClassPolitics (1971), 104.

107 To the Members of the Westminster Liberal Registration Society (1865), JJC, Elec-tions, London; HP, B, f. 56; Daily News, 30 May, 2 June 1865; Mill, CW, xvi.1072.

108 The Times, 14–15 Feb. and Daily News, 8 Apr. 1865; [Beal], Story of theWestminster Election, 4; Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University,Hutzler Collection, i., f. 18; Mill, CW, xvi. 1005–6.

109 HP, PS1, fos. 11, 56.110 H. Maxwell, Life and Times of William Henry Smith, (1893), i. 123 states Smith

stood as a pro-Palmerston independent; H. J. Hanham, Elections and PartyManagement in the Time of Gladstone and Disraeli (1959), 225–6 and R. Blake,The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill (New York, 1970), 111 assertSmith stood as a Palmerstonian Liberal. See also J. Belchem, Class, Party andthe Political System in Britain 1867–1914 (Oxford, 1990), 18 and ODNB, l.381–4, but cf. WAC, Records of WCA, MS 487, fos. 204–33.

111 The Times, 4 Mar. 1865; Mill, CW, xvi. 1031, 1035, 1038; ChadwickPapers, University College London, f. 83; Eisenhower Library, Johns HopkinsUniversity, Hutzler Collection, i., f. 18; [Beal], Story of the WestminsterElection, 4–5.

112 Mill, CW, i. 273–5; Mill–Taylor Collection, British Library of Political andEconomic Science, I/88, f. 212; Hanham, Elections and Party Management, 96.

113 Daily Telegraph, 24 Mar. 1865.114 The Times, 14 Feb., 4 Mar. and Daily News, 8 Apr. 1865; [Beal], Story of the

Westminster Election, 4; Mill, CW, xvi. 1035, 1038.115 John Bull, 15 Jul. 1865; Maxwell, Smith, i. 118; [Beal], Story of the Westminster

Election, 19–20.116 Daily Telegraph, 17 Nov. and Morning Star, 21 Nov. 1868; City of Westminster

Liberal Registration Society [1866] and Mr. John Stuart Mill and Mr. Bradlaugh[1868], JJC, Elections, London.

117 Mill, CW, xvi. 1487.

Notes 267

118 Mill, CW, xvi. 1495–6, 1501–2, 1512–13, 1518–19 and xvii. 1541.119 Economist, 29 Apr. 1865. For an example of such a collision see Mill, CW,

xvi. 1410–12 and n. 2.120 HP PS2, f. 64; for Smith’s financial support see PS2, fos. 58, 68; PS3, fos. 88,

95, 119, 165, 171, 173, 189, 201. Positive results began appearing as early asthe 1865 revision: The Times, 13 Oct. 1865.

121 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 806;A. Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in Imperial London, 1868–1906(Woodbridge, 2007), App. 2, Tables 2–5.

122 HP, PS2, fos. 57, 60.123 HP, PS2, f. 88.124 WAC, Records of WCA, MS 487, f. 4; HP, PS2, f. 169.125 LWWMCA, Prospectus [1867]; HP, PS2, fos. 29–47, 66, 70; The Times, 9

Nov. 1869; Maxwell, Smith, i. 70; Viscount Chilston, W. H. Smith (1965), 33.126 Metropolitan Working-Men’s Conservative Association, Prospectus (1867);

LWWMCA, First Annual Report (1868); Hanham, Elections and Party Manage-ment, 107.

127 Standard, 12 Nov. 1867; British Lion, 27 June 1868.128 Metropolitan Working-Men’s Conservative Association, First Annual Report

[1868]; M. Roberts, ‘Popular Conservatism in Britain, 1832–1914’, PH 26(2007), 405–6; M. Pugh, The Tories and the People, 1880–1935 (Oxford, 1985),141.

129 Chelsea Times, 31 Jan. 1874; HP, PS2, f. 70; The Times, 15 Mar. 1880.130 William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44413, fos. 79–81; HP, PS2, f. 70;

Spectator, 7 Nov. 1868; Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collec-tion, Letterbook 1868, fos. 29–30; Bee-Hive, 21 Nov. 1868, 31 Jan. 1874;Broadhurst Collection, British Library of Political and Economic Science,B/LRL, fos. 64, 72–3; The Times, 5 Mar. 1880, 16 Dec. 1882.

131 HP, PS3, fos. 1, 117; Maxwell, Smith, i. 248; Chelsea Times, 31 Jan., 7 Feb. andThe Times, 29 Jan. 1874.

132 PP 1874, Election Charges, liii. 1; PP 1877, Parliamentary and MunicipalElections, xv. 1, ques. 913.

133 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, ques. 798; Maxwell, Smith, i.247; William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44446, fos. 75v–76.

134 F. W. Hirst, Early Life and Letters of John Morley (1927), iii. 85; L. T. Hobhouseand J. L. L. Hammond, Lord Hobhouse: A Memoir (1905), 123; The Times,15, 27 Mar. 1880; WAC, Records of WCA, MS 487, f. 18; PP 1880, ElectionCharges, lvii. 1.

135 WAC, Records of WCA, MS 487, f. 14; The Times, 15, 22, 27 Mar. 1880; PallMall Gazette, 25 Nov. 1885; cf. K. Rix, ‘ “The Elimination of Corrupt Practicesin British Elections”? Reassessing the Impact of the 1883 Corrupt PracticesAct’, EHR 123 (2008), 81.

136 William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44255, f. 13; Hobhouse andHammond, Lord Hobhouse, 122–3, 159–60.

137 The Times, 16 Mar. 1880, 8 Feb., 16 Dec. 1882, 12 Jan. 1883; Liberal andRadical Yearbook (1887), 46; P. Thompson, Socialists, Liberals and Labour: TheStruggle for London, 1885–1914 (1967), 94–5.

138 Harrowby MSS Trust, Sandon Hall, Series ii, vol. liv.139 Pall Mall Gazette, 1 July 1886.

268 Notes

140 M. Millgate (ed.), Life and Work of Thomas Hardy (1989), 175.141 M. Duverger, Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern

State (1963), 133–5; J. Garrard, Democratisation in Britain: Elites, Civil Societyand Reform since 1800 (2002), 56, 82–3, 101.

142 Westminster and Lambeth Gazette, 28 Nov. 1885. Over one third of Conserva-tive MPs returned for London seats had landed connections: Windscheffel,Popular Conservatism in London, 108–9.

143 R. S. Churchill and M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill (1966–99), v. 28; NationalMuseum of Labour History, Labour History Archives and Study Centre, By-Election Report, 25 Mar. 1924, Labour Party National Executive CommitteeMinutes, LP/GS/NEC.

144 Hanham, Elections and Party Management, 226; below, ch. 7. John Morley’ssuggestion, on which Hanham may have relied, that Mill was defeated in1868 by ‘a coalition of true patricians, stuccoed patricians, and shopkeepers’,expressed an intellectual’s rage that ‘brains have been steadily ostracized’;‘The Chamber of Mediocrity’, Fortnightly Review n.s. 4 (1868), 692.

145 HP, PS1, fos. 15–15A. For the sociological explanation see also Blake, Conser-vative Party, 111, and J. Cornford, ‘The Transformation of Conservatism inthe Late Nineteenth Century’, VS 7 (1963), 36–7.

146 J. Phillips, The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs: English Electoral Behaviour1818–1841 (Oxford, 1992); E. Jaggard, ‘Small Town Politics in Mid-VictorianBritain’, History 89 (2004), 3–29; M. Roberts, Political Movements in UrbanEngland, 1832–1914 (Basingstoke, 2009), ch. 10.

147 M. Taylor, ‘Interest, Parties and the State: The Urban Electorate in England,c.1820–72’, in J. Lawrence and Taylor (eds.), Party, State and Society: ElectoralBehaviour in Britain since 1820 (Aldershot, 1997), 50–77, F. O’Gorman, ‘TheElectorate Before and After 1832’, PH 12 (1993), 171–83 and J. C. Mitchell,The Organization of Opinion: Open Voting in England, 1832–68 (Basingstoke,2008), ch. 6.

148 Smith, Parliaments of England, 213–16; [Beal], Story of the WestminsterElection, 20.

149 Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in London, app. 2; A. D. Taylor, ‘Modesof Political Expression and Working Class Politics: The Manchester andLondon Examples, 1850–1880’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Manchester,1992), 123.

2 Tribunes: The Personality of Democracy

1 Thoughts and Adventures (1932), 155.2 Contemporaries rarely used the word tribune explicitly, although see C. P.

Moritz, Travels through Several Parts of England in 1782 (1795; 1924), 52;London Chronicle, 8 Nov. 1806; W. Cory, A Guide to Modern English History(New York, 1880–2), ii. 283.

3 G. Egerton, ‘Politics and Autobiography: Political Memoir as Polygenre’,Biography 15 (1992), 222, 232, 238.

4 E. H. Carr, What is History? (New York, 1961), 55.

Notes 269

5 Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, ed. H. B.Wheatley (1884), ii. 18; M. D. George, English Political Caricature, 1793–1832 (Oxford, 1959), i. 153; J. W. Derry, Charles James Fox (1972), 370,380–1; L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Oxford, 1992), 28, 159, 164, 186,218.

6 Earl of Bessborough, Georgiana: Extracts from the Correspondence of Georgiana,Duchess of Devonshire (1955), 98; Mitchell, Fox, 97.

7 Morning Chronicle, 5 Sep. 1780.8 Mitchell, Fox, 25, 39.9 Derry, Fox, 26, 37; Mitchell, Fox, 5–6, 16–17.

10 Mitchell, Fox, 7, 44, 115; W. Thomas, ‘Lord Holland’, in H. Lloyd-Jones,V. Pearl and B. Worden (eds.), History and Imagination (1981), 297.

11 Lord Holland, his nephew, thought Fox had never favoured reform: BrP,56540, f. 51.

12 Speeches of the Rt. Hon. C. J. Fox in the House of Commons, ed. J. Wright (1815),i. 14 and iv. 230–1.

13 Fox Papers, BL Add. MS 47572, f. 128; Later Correspondence of George III, ed.A. Aspinall (Cambridge, 1962–70), ii. 581; J. R. Dinwiddy, ‘Charles JamesFox and the People’, History 55 (1970), 343.

14 Derry, Fox, 20–2, 33, 44, 62–3, 95–8, 144, 211, 299.15 Fox Papers, BL Add. MS 47573, f. 121, 47569, f. 192; Mitchell, Fox, 51; Derry,

Fox, 187, 192–3, 206–10; B. Simms, ‘ “An Odd Question Enough”: CharlesJames Fox, the Crown and British Policy during the Hanoverian Crisis of1806’, HJ 38 (1995), 592–3.

16 Morning Chronicle, 15 Sep. and St. James’s Chronicle, 21 Sep. 1780; Correspon-dence of Edmund Burke, gen. ed. T. W. Copeland (Cambridge, 1958–78), iv.282–3.

17 Morning Chronicle, 7 Apr. 1780; Mitchell, Fox, 36–7; Derry, Fox, 143–4, 433.18 Derry, Fox, 215–16.19 J. Trotter, Memoirs of the Latter Years of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox

(1811), 508; Morning Chronicle, 7 July 1802.20 H. Butterfield, ‘Sincerity and Insincerity in Charles James Fox’, Proceedings of

the British Academy 57 (1971), 240–1, 26; Derry, Fox, 120.21 Dinwiddy, ‘Fox and the People’, 344, 347, 356.22 Morning Chronicle, 2 July 1802.23 P. J. Corfield, C. Harvey and E. M. Green, ‘Westminster Man: Charles James

Fox and His Electorate, 1780–1806’, PH 20 (2001), 162; Derry, Fox, 106;Butterfield, ‘Sincerity’, 248.

24 Morning Herald, 8 Mar. and 8 Apr. 1783; Mitchell, Fox, 257 and CharlesJames Fox and the Disintegration of the Whig Party (1971), 52–3, 96–7; I.Christie, Wilkes, Wyvill and Reform: The Parliamentary Reform Movement inBritish Politics, 1760–1785 (1962), 149.

25 HMC, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Abergavenny (1887), 66; Morning Her-ald, 14 Feb. 1784; Cumberland Letters, ed. C. Black (1912), 324–5; Full andAuthentic Account . . . Proceedings in Westminster-Hall . . . 14th Feb. 1784 (1784),19; Morning Chronicle, 2 Apr. 1784, 17, 25 July 1788; Public Advertiser, 17 June1790; E. A. Smith, Lord Grey, 1764–1845 (Oxford, 1990), 46–7; A. Page, JohnJebb and the Enlightenment Origins of British Radicalism (2003), 251–2.

270 Notes

26 Letter from the Right Honourable Charles James Fox to the Worthy and Indepen-dent Electors of the City and Liberty of Westminster, 13th edn. (1793).

27 Morning Chronicle, 10 Nov. 1795.28 Fox Papers, BL Add. MS 47565, f. 16, 47566, f. 5, Holland House Papers, BL

Add. MS 51592, f. 1; L. Reid, Charles James Fox (1969), 380.29 PlaP, MS 27849, fos. 129–35.30 Morning Chronicle, 14 Feb. 1806; Dinwiddy, ‘Fox and the People’, 343.31 Mitchell, Fox, 153.32 Mitchell, Fox, 144–5, 151; J. Epstein and D. Karr, ‘Playing at Revolution:

British “Jacobin” Performance’, Journal of Modern History 79 (2007), 509.33 For various interpretations see Corfield, Harvey and Green, ‘Westminster

Man’, 171; Mitchell, Fox, 152; Dinwiddy, ‘Fox and the People’, 358.34 Morning Chronicle, 10 Feb. 1819; R. Wells, Insurrection: The British Experi-

ence, 1795–1803 (Gloucester, 1983), 67; R. E. Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse(Columbia, 1973), 71.

35 Dinwiddy, ‘Fox and the People’, 358.36 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 97, f. 123.37 The Times, 21 Nov. 1835.38 M. W. Patterson, Sir Francis Burdett and His Times (1770–1844) (1931), i. 34.39 W. B. Stevens, Journal of the Rev. William Bagshaw Stevens, ed. G. Galbraith

(Oxford, 1965), 273.40 Ode to Sir Francis Burdett [1820], PlaP, 27843, f. 198. At least one Westminster

Committee leader, Paul Thomas LeMaitre had been in Cold Bath Fieldsprison.

41 Parliamentary Debates 35 (1817), 650.42 C. S. Hodlin, ‘The Political Career of Sir Francis Burdett’, D. Phil. thesis

(University of Oxford, 1989), 15–24.43 Parliamentary History 33 (1797), 681.44 [J. C. Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election (1808), 272–3.45 Parliamentary Debates 23 (1812), 1265.46 Creevey’s Life and Times, ed. J. Gore (1934), 20; cf. BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 97,

f. 62; Patterson, Burdett, i. 174, 182–3, and ii. 483.47 Lord Granville Leveson Gower. Private Correspondence 1781 to 1821, ed. Count-

ess Granville (1916), ii. 224–5; London Chronicle, 8 Nov. 1806.48 Patterson, Burdett, i. 187; cf. PR 10 (1806), 683 and Parliamentary Debates 18

(1810), 103–7.49 Political Principles of Sir Francis Burdett Exposed (1810), 1–2; BP, MS Eng. hist.

b. 200, fos. 207–8; cf. Grenville Papers, BL Add. MS 41856, f. 253. Burdett’sfirst print appearance, Messager d’ Etat (BMC 9213, by J. Gillray, 21 May1798) cast him as a Jacobin.

50 Qtd R. G. Thorne (ed.), The House of Commons 1790–1820 (1986), iii. 312.51 The Times, 30 May 1807.52 Parliamentary Debates 14 (1809), 1041–56; Hodlin, ‘Burdett’, 84; J. Ehrman,

The Younger Pitt (1969–96), ii. 109.53 Brougham Papers, University College, London, 35902.54 Exposition of the Circumstances Which Gave Rise to the Election of Sir Francis

Burdett (1807), 25.55 Correspondence of Leigh Hunt, ed. T. L. Hunt (1862), i. 63; PR 32 (1817),

753–5.

Notes 271

56 Parliamentary Debates 38 (1818), 1118–49; T. D. Hardy (ed.), Memoirs of LordLangdale (1852), i. 323.

57 Hodlin, ‘Burdett’, 80, 187; M. H. R. Bonwick, ‘The Radicalism of Sir FrancisBurdett (1770–1844), and Early Nineteenth Century “Radicalisms”’, Ph.D.thesis (Cornell University, 1967), 64–5.

58 Hardy, Langdale, i. 259; J. C. Hobhouse, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. LadyDorchester (1909–11), iv. 151; A. Aspinall, Lord Brougham and the Whig Party(Manchester, 1927), 74; Lord Holland, Further Memoirs of the Whig Party,1807–21 (1905), 253–4.

59 Morning Chronicle, 8 June 1826.60 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 469.61 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. c. 64, fos. 43–4; Patterson, Burdett, ii. 599.62 As far back as 1810 Burdett had remarked, ‘I have no committee’;

M. A. DeMorgan, Threescore Years and Ten, ed. Sophia DeMorgan (1895), 9.63 Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51569, f. 1; PlaP, 27789, f. 342; Patterson,

Burdett, ii. 614; Morning Chronicle, 20 Nov. and Spectator, 1 Dec. 1832.64 Morning Chronicle, 2 Aug. 1830; Spectator, 24 Nov. 1832.65 PlaP, 27850, fos. 88, 105–6, 35146, f. 84; D. LeMarchant, Memoir of John

Charles Viscount Althorp third Earl Spencer (1876), 121; Hobhouse, Recollec-tions, iii. 186–7.

66 The Republican, 31 May 1822.67 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 647.68 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 94, f. 62.69 BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 242; A. Aspinall (ed.), Three Early Nineteenth

Century Diaries (1952), 328; PlaP, 35149, f. 328v.70 Holland House Diaries, 1831–1840, ed. A. Kriegel (1977), 210; Greville Mem-

oirs, ed. H. Reeve (1888), iii. 406; Croker Papers, ed. L. J. Jennings (1885), ii.202–3, 211.

71 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 630.72 The Tory Candidate (JJC, Political Cartoons 3 [194], anon., May 1837).73 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 644.74 BP, Ms Eng lett c. 64, f. 40; Patterson, Burdett, ii. 648; Osborne Papers, BL

Add. MS 46405, f. 71.75 Speeches and letters of Sir Francis Burdett, Bart., M.P. or on his Behalf, during

the Late Contest for the Representation of the City of Westminster in Parliament(1837), 8.

76 Mill, CW, xvi. 1234, 1493, 1506, 1530.77 Mill, CW, i. 286.78 R. Borchard, John Stuart Mill (1957), 139; see also B. L. Kinzer, A. P. Robson,

and J. M. Robson, A Moralist in and Out of Parliament: John Stuart Mill atWestminster, 1865–1868 (1992), 220.

79 Mill, CW, i. 288.80 [W. D. Christie], ‘Mr. John Stuart Mill for Westminster’, MacMillan’s Maga-

zine (1865), 94; Mill, CW, xxviii. 325.81 Mill, CW, i. 61, and cf. 109–11.82 Mill, CW, i. 73.83 S. Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain,

1850–1930 (Oxford, 1991), 157; Hodlin, ‘Burdett’, chs. 1–3.84 Mill, CW, i. 113–15; M. Packe, The Life of John Stuart Mill (1954), 346.

272 Notes

85 Packe, Mill, 446.86 Mill, CW, i. 273.87 In addition to Packe see, for example, Collini, Public Moralists, 124 and J. B.

Ellery, John Stuart Mill (1964), 89–90.88 Authentic Narrative of the Westminster Election of 1819 (1819), 315; Mill, CW,

i. 101, xxviii. 13–18; [J. Beal], Mr. J. S. Mill and Westminster: The Story of theWestminster Election, 1865 (1865), 14; J. A. Jaffe, ‘The Affairs of Others’: TheDiaries of Francis Place, 1825–1836 (Cambridge, 2007), 71 n. 171.

89 Economist, 29 Apr. 1865.90 Mill, CW, i. 274, xvi. 1073.91 [F. Place and W. Adams], To the Electors of Westminster [1807], 2–3; Morning

Chronicle, 20 Nov. 1832; Patterson, Burdett, i. 194, 198; Daily News and otherLondon papers for 21 Apr. 1865; Mill, CW, xvi. 1013–14; Kinzer, Robsonand Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 41.

92 Packe, Mill, 449; M. D. Conway, ‘The Great Westminster Canvass’, Harper’sNew Monthly Magazine 31 (1865), 736.

93 Mill, CW, i. 276, xxviii. 23.94 See Mill, CW, 1062–3 and n. 4.95 Mill, CW, i. 273, Kinzer, Robson, and Robson, Moralist In and Out of

Parliament, ch. 2; W. Thomas, Mill (Oxford, 1985), 117–18.96 Life and Letters of John Arthur Roebuck, ed. R. E. Leader (1897), 307–8.97 Cf. Mill, CW, i. 275 ff., xvii. 1514, 1534, 1542–3, 1697; Daily Telegraph, 3

Nov. 1868; G. W. Smalley, London Letters (New York, 1891), i. 238–9. In onepolitical cartoon Mill huddles with Bradlaugh and others about to be tossedoverboard the ship Liberal: J. Proctor, Lightening the Ship, Judy, 30 Sep. 1868.

98 Mill, CW, i. 290; Packe, Mill, 473. The Autobiography segment that dis-cusses this episode is less than straightforward: Kinzer, Robson and Robson,Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 7–8 and n. 9, 278–9, 292.

99 Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 15, thoughcf. 40 n. and 223.

100 The Times, 21 Nov. and 21 Dec. 1868; see also the correspondencebetween Bouverie and Mill published in several London newspapers in lateOctober.

101 Mill, CW, i. 288–9. For the Eyre controversy see R. W. Kostal, A Jurisprudenceof Power: Victorian Empire and the Role of Law (Oxford, 2005).

102 Mill, CW, xvi. 1495–7, 1501–2.103 Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament, ch. 7.104 The Bee-Hive, 21 Nov. 1868; Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins Univer-

sity, Hutzler Collection, i. f. 21, iii, f. 93; Will-o’-the-Wisp, 12 Sep. and TheTimes, 21 Dec. 1868.

105 Mill, CW, xvi. 1512–13, xvii. 1541–2; West End News, 21 Nov. 1868; HP, PS2,f. 73; The Tomahawk (5 Dec. 1868), 247.

106 Mill, ‘On Democracy’ (1835) and ‘On the Electoral Franchise’ (1859), in J. M.Robson (ed.), John Stuart Mill: A Selection of His Works (New York, 1966),453–61; Considerations on Representative Government (1861), CW, xix. 471,499, 507; J. Gibbins, ‘J. S. Mill, Liberalism, and Progress’, in R. Bellamy(ed.) Victorian Liberalism: Nineteenth Century Political Thought and Practice(1990), 105; P. Smart, ‘Mill and Nationalism. National Character, SocialProgress and the Spirit of Achievement’, History of European Ideas 15 (1992),

Notes 273

527; B. L. Kinzer, J. S. Mill Revisited: Biographical and Political Explorations(New York, 2007), ch. 7.

107 West End News, 19 Dec. 1868 and Saint Paul’s (1869), 412.108 Mill, CW, xxviii. 176–86.109 Mill, CW, xvi. 1085.110 HP, PS2, fos. 2, 6, 60–1, PS3, f. 155; H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party

Management in the Time of Gladstone and Disraeli (1959), 107–8.111 HP, PS2, fos. 29, 66.112 J. Diprose, Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes (1868–76), ii. 248.113 Bee-Hive, 21 Nov. 1868; R. H. Williams (ed.), Salisbury–Balfour Correspon-

dence (Ware, 1988), p. xx; Maxwell, Smith, i. 3, ii. 278–9 n; The Times, 30Nov. 1877; Diary of Gathorne Hardy, later Lord Cranbrook, 1866–1892, ed. N. E.Johnson (Oxford, 1981), 810; R. Temple, Life in Parliament (1893), 129, 179,377.

114 Maxwell, Smith, i. 114–16. Maxwell has Smith in 1864 (the year before theelection) telling the Liberal Edward Lawson of the Daily Telegraph that hewas the Conservative candidate for Westminster. Neither date nor label makesense in the context of Maxwell’s story, which includes an Apr. 1865 let-ter from Smith to Col. Taylor, the Conservative Whip, stating ‘I am not amember of the Conservative party as such’ (Maxwell, Smith, i. 122 n. 1) andSmith’s election address of the same month in which Smith states his can-didacy is intended to give the ‘more moderate or Conservative [perhaps hemeant conservative as a synonym for moderate] portion of the constituencyan opportunity of marking their disapproval of the extreme political doc-trines which have been avowed by the Candidates already in the field’:Maxwell, Smith, i. 123.

115 Viscount Chilston, W. H. Smith (1965), 49; HP, PS1, f. 1; A. West, Recollections1832–1886 (1899), 235.

116 Maxwell, Smith, i. 309–10.117 C. Wilson, First with the News: The History of W. H. Smith, 1792–1972 (1985),

153–4.118 HP, B, f. 56.119 Maxwell ‘had a charming, if too facile pen, but such remarkable versatility

precluded deep research’; ODNB, xxxvii. 502.120 HP, B, f. 56, PS 1, fos. 1, 11, 56.121 Daily News, 14 June 1865; Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and

Out of Parliament, 54; London Chronicle, 15 July 1788; Morning Chronicle, 6Nov. 1806; The Times, 25 Apr. 1837, 29 Jan. 1846, 24 July 1847; Pall MallGazette, 30, 31 Jan. 1874.

122 Chilston, Smith, 50.123 When Viscount Maidstone ‘wisely put the question of his success upon

the intelligible issue of support to the general principles of the Earl ofDerby’s Government’: John Bull, 3 July 1852. Yet, on 30 June Maidstonesaid he would support Derby, ‘but not in servile manner’: The Times, 1 July1852.

124 Bodleian Library, Oxford, Dep. Hughenden 143/1, fols. 41–2.125 The second Liberal candidate, Robert Grosvenor, declared repeatedly he

sought election ‘independent of all parties or sections, and, if elected,would not be the delegate of any, but the representative of all’: Mill, CW,

274 Notes

xxviii. 31–40; The Times, 18 Feb., 9 Mar., Morning Star, 29 Mar. and MorningAdvertiser, 3 June 1865.

126 Daily News, 6, 14 June 1865. Prior to the 2nd reform act Smith told hisfriend and solicitor William Ford that he favoured extending the suffrage:Chilston, Smith, 56.

127 HP, PS1, fos. 11, 34; Diary of Gathorne Hardy, 85.128 Maxwell, Smith, i. 136; S. M. Ellis (ed.), Hardman Papers (New York, 1930), 33.129 HP, PS2, f. 155; Pall Mall Gazette, 16 Nov. 1868; cf. Lord G. Hamilton,

Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reflections, 1868 to 1885 (1916), 252–3.130 Chilston, Smith, 269; Maxwell, Smith, i., ch 1, passim; J. P. Parry, Democracy

and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party 1867–1875 (Cambridge, 1986),313–14.

131 Maxwell, Smith, i. 136.132 The London and North-Western: Maxwell, Smith, ii. 44.133 Smith also spent £450,000 on land purchases in Suffolk and Devonshire

between 1876 and 1891: Maxwell, Smith, ii. 138.134 Maxwell, Smith, ii. 246; M. Bentley, Lord Salisbury’s World (Cambridge, 2001),

71, 86.135 Smith spent a good deal of his own money to accomplish this: see HP, PS2

and PS3, passim.136 HP, PS2, fos. 29–47, PS3, fos. 54, 97; British Lion, 27 June 1868; Maxwell,

Smith, i. ch 3; Chilston, Smith, 62, 69.137 Exercises, Political and Others (1842), iv. 199.138 Mill, CW, xvi. 1063 n. 4.139 BrP, 36463, fos. 69–70; PlaP, 35148, f. 5.140 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 6; PlaP, 27843, fos. 9v–10; Daily News, 12 Feb. 1865.141 Earl of Bessborough, Lady Bessborough and Her Family Circle (1940), 90–1.142 National Maritime Museum, Papers of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich,

F/41/67.143 Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collection, C/D, f. 3; Smalley, London

Letters, i. 238–9; W. White, The Inner Life of the House of Commons (1897), ii.31–3.

144 Qtd M. Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (1992), 195.145 Burke, Correspondence, v. 134; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, fos. 42–3.146 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 189. The Cast-Off Cloak (BMC 17304, by J. Doyle

[HB], 22 Nov. 1832), published three weeks before the 1832 contest andsix months prior to the by-election contextualizes this problem. WhileHobhouse trades his radical credentials for a cabinet position, Burdettreminds him he is about to face the Westminster electorate, warning, ‘Youmay find the atmosphere rather cool in that quarter’.

147 Compare Letter to the Electors of Westminster, On the Choice of a Representative.By an Elector (1814), 18 and Maxwell, Smith, ii. 24–5, 47.

148 Mitchell, Fox and the Whig Party, 96; E. A. Smith, Reform or Revolution?A Diary of Reform in England, 1830–2 (Stroud, 1992), 102; Mill, CW, xvii.1535; Collini, Public Moralists, 167; [H. Maxwell], ‘The Right Hon. W. H.Smith’, Blackwood’s Magazine 150 (1891), 750–1.

149 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, iii. 125.150 Morning Chronicle, 8 June 1826.151 Mill, CW, xxvii. 68.

Notes 275

152 Mill, CW, xxix. 572–93; Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collection,C/D, f. 2; see also Smalley, London Letters, i. 239.

153 Mill, CW, xxviii.154 Mr. Chadwick’s Letter on His Candidature [1865], University College London,

Chadwick Papers, f. 83.155 Collini, Public Moralists, 129.156 Drawing from personal experience, Burdett warned Hobhouse the

Westminster radicals ‘must not make a puppet of you, and the sooner theyknow that the better’: 23 Oct. 1819, BrP, 56540.

157 For his colleague see G. D. Evans, To the Constituency of the City of Westminster(1861), 2, and for Leader in 1847 and the candidates in 1852 see The Times,24 July 1847, 1–2, 8 July 1852.

158 Diary of Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), ix. 3455; MonthlyMagazine 28 (1809), 191; T. A. J. Burnett, Rise and Fall of a Regency Dandy:The Life and Times of Scrope Berdmore Davies (1982), 168; BP, Ms. Eng. lett.d. 96, fos. 9–11; Daily Telegraph, 17 Nov. 1868.

159 GL, MS 202, ii., f. 55.160 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. c. 65, fos. 47–8. Burdett was an Enlightenment deist:

Hobhouse, Recollections, vi. 102.161 Sir Fraunceys Scrope in Endymion, ch. 76; see also W. F. Monypenny and

G. E. Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (1910–20), i.370.

162 Althorp Papers, BL Add. MS, F38, f. 307; Mitchell, Fox, 262–3; B. Weinstein,‘Shopkeepers and Gentlemen: The Liberal Politics of Early–VictorianLondon’, unp. Ph.D. thesis (University of Cambridge, 2006), 43.

163 N. B. Penny, ‘The Whig Cult of Fox in Early Nineteenth-Century Sculpture’,P&P 70 (1976), 94–105, esp. plates 5–6; HWE, 296. There is a Mill statue inVictoria Embankment Gardens.

164 The Times, 24 May 1820.165 Memoirs of the Public and Private Life of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan, ed.

J. Watkins (1817), i., p. iii.166 J. F. Stanfield, An Essay on the Study and Composition of Biography

(1813), 68.167 Kinzer, Robson and Robson, Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 4.

3 Words: The Languages of Democracy

1 Speeches (out of Parliament) addressed to the electors of the City of Westminster(1796), 8.

2 J. Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson (Oxford, 1934–64), iv. 292; C. P. Moritz,Travels through Several Parts of England in 1782 (1795; 1924), 52.

3 WAC, Hellyer Family Papers, Acc. 1580/2.4 B. S. Escott, Would Reform in Parliament be a Benefit to the Country?, 2nd edn.

(1831), 54, 57.5 B. Disraeli, ‘What Is He?’, Whigs and Whiggism, ed. W. Hutcheon (1913), 17.6 [C. Wray], Letter to the Independent Electors of Westminster, 3rd edn. (1784),

10; HWE, 179; C. Pigott, Political Dictionary (1795), 10, 14, 79; J. H. Tooke,Proceedings in an Action for Debt (1792), 12, 41; Oracle and Public Advertiser,

276 Notes

6 June 1796; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 95, f. 63; Report of the Trial of the Causebetween John Cullen Plaintiff and Arthur Morris, Bailiff (1820), p. vii.

7 R. Fellowes, The Rights of Property Vindicated Against the Claims of UniversalSuffrage (1818), 123; H. Rogers, ‘The Genius of Plato’, ER 87 (1848), 367;cf. R. Herr, Tocqueville and the Old Regime (Princeton, 1962), 35–6.

8 London Courant, 18 Apr. 1780; Wray, Letter to Electors of Westminster, esp. 13;London Chronicle, 15 July 1788; Public Advertiser, 17 June 1790; WestminsterJournal, 4 Oct., 22 Nov. 1806; The Times, 3 May 1831, 13 Dec. 1832, 29Jan. 1846; St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835.

9 BP, Ms. Eng. Lett. d. 96, fos. 218, 220.10 Morning Chronicle, 29 July 1847.11 A. Stephens, Memoirs of J. Horne Tooke (1813), ii. 89–91; Speeches (out of

Parliament), 57.12 HWE, 106, 237, 300, 335; Morning Chronicle, 10 Apr. 1784, 29 July, 2 and

Morning Post, 4 Aug. 1788.13 Morning Chronicle, 23 June 1818, 8 June 1826.14 PlaP, 27849, f. 129.15 Black Dwarf 2 (1818), 721.16 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, fos. 199–200; Illustrated Times, 15 July 1865.17 The Sun, 27 Nov. 1832; J. Roper, Democracy and its Critics: Anglo-American

Democratic Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1989), 12–14.18 PlaP, 27841, f. 68.19 HWE, 296.20 HWE, 150; L. Colley, In Defiance of Oligarchy: The Tory Party 1714–60

(Cambridge, 1982), 101; N. Rogers, Whigs and Cities: Popular Politics in theAge of Walpole and Pitt (Oxford, 1989), ch. 5.

21 Mr. Fox Convicted of Self-Contradiction [1788].22 Fox Papers, BL Add. MS 47572, f. 128.23 Tooke, Proceedings, 7; Speeches of John Horne Tooke [1796], 39.24 Mr. Fox’s Celebrated Speech (1800), 17; Morning Chronicle, 7 July 1802;

L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Oxford, 1992), 150.25 Exposition of the Circumstances which gave rise to the Election of Sir Francis

Burdett (1807), 5–6.26 Address to Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 2nd edn. (1807), 4; [J. C. Jennings], The

Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election (1808), 262.27 Examiner, 31 Jan. 1819; BrP, 36457, f. 20; To the Electors of Westminster (1819),

1.28 P. Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work: Local Politics and National Parties 1832–

1841 (Woodbridge, 2002), 40–1.29 Exposition of the Circumstances, 5–6; [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late

Westminster Election, 68; PlaP, 27809, f. 52.30 Mr. Chadwick’s Letter on His Candidature [1865], University College, London,

Chadwick Papers, f. 83; J. Hamburger, Intellectuals in Politics: John StuartMill and the Philosophic Radicals (New Haven, 1965), 86–100; I. Bradley, TheOptimists: Themes and Personalities in Victorian Liberalism (1980), 22.

31 [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election, 40; P. Langford,Englishness Identified: Manners and Character, 1650–1850 (Oxford, 2000),206–7.

32 Morning Post, 18 Feb. 1806.

Notes 277

33 [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election, 115.34 Morning Post, 8 June 1796.35 Authentic Narrative of the Events of the Westminster Election of 1819 (1819),

169, 173.36 Plan of Parliamentary Reform (1818; New York, 1977), ch. iv.37 Oracle and Public Advertiser, 2 June 1796.38 The Times, 29 June 1818; [F. Place], Reply to Lord Erskine by an Elector of

Westminster (1819), 7; Morning Chronicle, 6 Mar. 1819.39 Stephens, Tooke, ii. 85; Memoirs of the public and private life of the Right Hon.

R. B. Sheridan, ed. J. Watkins (1817), 65; J. Bowles, Thoughts on the LateGeneral Election, as Demonstrative of the Progress of Jacobinism (1802), 2.

40 Speeches (out of parliament), 29, 41; Stephens, Tooke, ii. 171, 181–2, 204,209, 213–16; J. Binns, Recollections of the Life of John Binns (Philadelphia,1854), 43.

41 Westminster Election in the Year 1796 (1796), 53; cf. T. Jenks, ‘Language andPolitics at the Westminster Election of 1796’, HJ 44 (2001), 422, 432.

42 [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election, 37.43 London Courant, 8 Sep. 1780; Morning Chronicle, 2 Apr. 1784, 8 May

1807; St. James’s Chronicle, 4 June 1796; London Chronicle, 13, 15 July1802 and 4, 6 Nov. 1806; British Press, 5 June 1818; University ofChicago, Henry Hunt Correspondence, MS 563, f. 17; Daily Telegraph, 19Nov. 1868.

44 Mill, CW, xxviii. 347–8.45 Mill, CW, xxviii. 14, 22.46 The Times, 31 Jan. 1874, 14 Oct. 1885.47 The Times, 27, 29 June and Sherwin’s Political Register, 3 Jul. 1818; T. Cleary,

Reply to the Falsehoods of Mr. Hunt (1819); H. Hunt, Memoirs (1820–2),ii. 256–7, iii. 530–41; A. Prochaska, ‘Westminster Radicalism, 1807–1832’,D. Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1975), 78–86; J. Belchem, ‘Orator’Hunt: Henry Hunt and English Working-Class Radicalism (Oxford, 1985),80–3.

48 Bowles, Thoughts on the Late General Election, 4–6.49 Figaro in London (8 Dec. 1832), 210; M. Joyce, My Friend H. John Cam

Hobhouse, Baron Broughton of Broughton de Gyfford (1948), 247–8.50 BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, fos. 201–3.51 Wilson Papers, BL Add. MS 30109, f. 58.52 Tooke, Proceedings, 10, 12.53 T. D. Hardy, Memoirs of Lord Langdale (1852), i. 259 n.54 Courier, 18 Nov. 1806.55 S. Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical (1844), i. 177.56 D. Wahrman, ‘Virtual Representation: Parliamentary Reporting and the Lan-

guage of Class in the 1790s’, P&P 136 (1992), 101; D. Hay and N. Rogers,Eighteenth-Century English Society (Oxford, 1997), esp. 191–2.

57 W. E. Saxon, ‘The Political Importance of the Westminster Committee of theEarly Nineteenth Century’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Edinburgh, 1958), ii.104 and n., and 163.

58 PP 1810–11, High Bailiff of Westminster, ii. 349–62; Gorgon, 11 July 1818;Report of the Trial between Cullen and Morris, p. vii.

59 E. P. Thompson, Making of the English Working Class (New York, 1963), 770.

278 Notes

60 Patriot’s Calendar, for the Year 1795 (1794), 66; J. Gerrald, A Conventionthe only means of saving us from ruin (1793), 108; R. Sweet, ‘Freemenand Independence in English Borough Politics, c.1770–1830’, P&P 161(1998), 97.

61 Morning Chronicle, 9 Oct. 1812.62 Stephens, Tooke, ii. 200–1; Morning Chronicle, 22 June 1818; PlaP, 33498,

f. 23; BrP, 47224, f. 58; The Times, 9 Dec. 1819.63 D. O’Bryen, Utrum horum?, 3rd edn. (1796), 3; British Press, 15 May 1807;

To the Electors of Westminster, 2; The Times, 6 May 1837. Table 3.1 drawsupon Roper, Democracy and its Critics, 15.

64 True Briton, 14, 15 June 1796.65 HWE, 307; see also Morning Chronicle, 10 Apr. 1784, 25 July 1788.66 Morning Post, 10 May 1833.67 Standard, 10 July 1865. For the bookseller Westerton and the auctioneer Beal

see chs. 1, 7.68 HWE, 216, 246, 250, 263.69 Elizabeth Ham by herself 1783–1820, ed. E. Gillett (1945), 43; [W. Young],

Rights of Englishmen; or the British Constitution of Government, Compared withthat of a Democratic Republic (1793), 62.

70 Letter from an Independent Elector of Westminster to the Right HonourableCharles James Fox, in answer to his Letter to his Constituents (1793), 6–10.

71 BMC 8332, by I. Cruikshank, 20 Dec. 1792; cf. A Right Honble DemocratDissected (BMC 8291, by W. Dent, 15 Jan. 1793).

72 English Patriots bowing at the Shrine of Despotism (BMC 9890, by C. Williams,8 Nov. 1802); Address to Sheridan, 35; Letters of Harriet Countess Granville, ed.F. Leveson Gower (1894), ii.. 232; Holland House Papers, BL Add. MS 51544,f. 189.

73 New Monthly Magazine, 1 Mar. 1819; An Excellent New Song [1819], PlaceColl., set 13, f. 33.

74 HWE, 264, 288, 299, 337; The Times, 19 Mar. 1792.75 Exposition of the Circumstances, 5–6.76 M. W. Patterson, Sir Francis Burdett and His Times (1770–1844) (1931), i. 324;

Authentic Narrative of the Westminster Election of 1819, 173; Morning Chronicle,14 Aug. 1830.

77 [Young], Rights of Englishmen, 37.78 Thelwall, The Tribune (1795–6), iii. 359; Mill, CW, i. 91.79 Gerrald, Convention the only means of saving us from ruin, 90–1, 108; Parlia-

mentary Reform. A Full and Accurate Report . . . Meeting . . . 1 May 1809 (1809),23, 28; P. Harling, The Waning of ‘Old Corruption’: The Politics of EconomicalReform in Britain, 1779–1846 (Oxford, 1996), 96–104.

80 Bowles, Thoughts on the Late General Election, 2–6.81 R. Fellowes, An address to the people . . . with reflections on the genius of democ-

racy, and on parliamentary reform (1799), 33–9, 43; Courier, 20 Nov. andWestminster Journal, 22 Nov. 1806; PlaP, 27843, f. 30; Mill, CW, xxiii. 493.

82 W. Knox, Friendly Address to the Members of the Several Clubs in the Parishof St. Ann, Westminster Associated for the Purpose of Obtaining a Reform inParliament (1793), pp. ii, 16.

83 [F. Jeffrey], ‘State of Parties’, ER 15 (1810), 509.84 36 Geo. III c. 8, sec 12.

Notes 279

85 Knox, Friendly Address, p. i; History of Two Acts (1796), 352–5; C. Emsley,‘Repression, “Terror” and the rule of law in England during the decade ofthe French Revolution’, EHR 100 (1985), 813–14.

86 The Sun, 14 May 1807.87 Faction Detected and Despised (1810), 10–11, 18; HMC, Manuscripts of J. B.

Fortescue Preserved at Dropmore (1915), x. 441; [Jeffrey], ‘State of Parties’, 510.88 The Sun, 24 June 1818.89 St. James’s Chronicle, 10 Jan. 1835; cf. Hogarth’s Gin Lane (1751); Morning

Post, 4 Aug. 1788; J. Ashton, Modern Street Ballads (1888), 304, 401.90 St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835, 9 May 1837; The Times, 25 Mar. and 25

Apr. 1836.91 Patterson, Burdett, ii. 642–4.92 The Times, 29 Apr. 1837.93 St. James’s Chronicle, 9 May 1837.94 Burdett’s Second Childhood, Figaro in London, 1 Apr. 1837.95 T. Raikes, Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes (1856–8), ii. 51; Morning

Post, 26 May 1813; St. James’s Chronicle, 13 May 1837.96 [J. L. Elliot], Letter to the Electors of Westminster. From a Conservative (1847),

32–3, 37, 42–3, 45; idem, Letter to the Electors of Westminster. From aProtectionist (1848), 52.

97 Morning Chronicle, 2 July 1841.98 Reynolds’s Newspaper, 11 Apr., The Times, 1 July and John Bull, 3 July

1852.99 Daily News, 6, 14 June 1865; Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1865; HP, PS2, f. 155.

100 H. C. G. Matthew, ‘Rhetoric and Politics in Great Britain, 1860–1950’, inP. J. Waller (ed.), Politics and Social Change in Modern Britain (1987), 50;H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (1978), 4.

101 West End News, 19 Dec. 1868; L. Stephen, ‘On the Choice of Representativesby Popular Constituencies’, Essays on Reform, ed. W. L. Guttsman (1867;1967), 106–7.

102 Metropolitan Conservative Working Men’s Association, Prospectus [1867];see also idem, Rules (1867) and First Annual Report [1868].

103 British Lion, 27 June 1868.104 The Times, 20 Mar. 1880, 3, 14 Oct. 1885, and 3, 10 Feb. 1887; Westminster

and Lambeth Gazette, 21 Nov. 1885.105 The Times, 29, 31 Jan. and Pall Mall Gazette, 30, 31 Jan. 1874.106 The Times, 25 Mar. 1880.107 Westminster and Lambeth Gazette, 21 Nov. 1885.108 For the earlier period see London Courant, 18 Apr. 1780 and Morning

Chronicle, 13 Apr. 1784; for the later see J. Lawrence, ‘Class and Gen-der in the Making of Urban Toryism, 1880–1914’, EHR 108 (1993), 644and A. Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in Imperial London 1868–1906(Woodbridge, 2007), chs. 2–3.

109 E. S. Beesley, ‘Positivists and Workmen’, Fortnightly Review 24 (1875), 74.110 E. F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform (Cambridge, 1992), 50–60;

R. McWilliam, ‘Melodrama and the Historians’, Radical History Review 78(2000), 59; B. Kinzer, J. S. Mill Revisited: Biographical and Political Explorations(New York, 2007), 149–52.

111 The Times, 14 Oct. 1885.

280 Notes

112 Proceedings at the First Anniversary Meeting of the Triumph of Westminster(1808), 10–11.

113 Morning Chronicle, 28 Mar. 1820.114 The Sun, 27 Nov. 1832.

4 Crowds: The Decline of Disorder

1 LMA, OB/SP.1784/MAY/76; Later Correspondence of George III, ed. ArthurAspinall (1962–8), i. 58; NA, HO 42/4/210v.

2 G. Colman, The Election of the Managers (1784) and Random Records (1830),ii. 216; London Chronicle, 3 June 1784; see also [John Williams], A novel: theforty days madness of a general election in England; with a letter of essentialadvice to the scrutineers of Westminster (1784).

3 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 790, 857.4 E. Halévy, England in 1815, trans. E. I. Watkin and D. A. Baker, 2nd edn.

(1961); The Birth of Methodism in England, trans. and ed. B. Semmel (Chicago,1971).

5 D. J. V. Jones, Crime, Protest, Community and Police in Nineteenth CenturyBritain (1982), ch. 5; V. A. C. Gatrell, ‘The Decline of Theft and Violencein Victorian and Edwardian England’, in Gatrell, B. Lenman and G. Parker(eds.), Crime and the Law (London, 1980), 238–370.

6 ‘Decline of Assaults’, Journal of the Statistical Society of London 12 (1849), 169;J. Davis, ‘A Poor Man’s System of Justice: The London Police Courts in theSecond Half of the Nineteenth Century’, HJ 27 (1984), 317.

7 Daily News, 27 Oct., Pall Mall Gazette, 27 Oct., 20 Nov., The Graphic, 21 Nov.and The Times, 23 Nov. 1885; J. McCalman, ‘Respectability and Working-Class Politics in Late-Victorian London’, Historical Studies 19 (1980), 119;C. Conley, The Unwritten Law: Criminal Justice in Victorian Kent (Oxford,1991), 38–41; J. Wasserman, ‘Democracy and Disorder: Electoral Violenceand Political Modernisation in England and Wales, 1857–1880’, Ph.D. thesis(Edith Cowan University, 2002), 126–7.

8 See J. M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England, 1660–1800 (Oxford, 1986),136–9, and more broadly M. Wiener, Men of Blood: Violence, Manliness andCriminal Justice in Victorian England (Cambridge, 2004).

9 [A. Buller], ‘Bribery and Intimidation at Elections’, WR 25 (1836), 501;[X.X.], ‘Corruption at Elections’, WR 51 (1849), 154; H. J. Hanham, Electionsand Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (1959),281–3; M. Cragoe, Culture, Politics, and National Identity in Wales 1832–1886(Oxford, 2004), 125.

10 E. Reynolds, Before the Bobbies: The Night Watch and Police Reform inMetropolitan London, 1720–1830 (Stanford, 1998), 60.

11 ‘Some London Riots’, All the Year Round 41 (1887), 52; [T. E. Kebbel], ‘Mobs’,Blackwood’s Magazine 153 (1893), 109–25.

12 W. A. Speck, Tory & Whig: The Struggle in the Constituencies, 1701–1715(1970), 27; Gentleman’s Magazine 33 (1763), 133; W. Besant, Westminster(1895), 230–1, 292, 318; N. Rogers, ‘Aristocratic Clientage, Trade andIndependency: Popular Politics in Pre-Radical Westminster’, P&P 61 (1973),72, 77 and idem, Whigs and Cities: Popular Politics in the Age of Walpole andPitt (Oxford, 1989), ch. 10.

Notes 281

13 [G.] F. A. Wendeborn, A view of England towards the close of the eighteenthcentury (1790), i. 184.

14 Courier, 23 Mar. 1820.15 The Times, 9 Dec. 1885.16 BrP, 56540, f. 67.17 London Chronicle, 13 Nov. 1806; WAC, St. George, Hanover Square Vestry

Minutes 1784–7, C774.18 NA, HO 42/4/214; HWE, 358.19 NA, HO 42/4/215, 217; HWE, 198, 200, 357, 404, 526.20 London Chronicle, 13 Nov. 1806; LMA, Session of the Peace Rolls, Middlesex,

MJ/SR 3752. Campaigns encouraged such conflicts by distributing lists ofquestions with which to confront the candidates at election gatherings:Hobhouse’s Request, JJC, Elections 10; BrP, 56557, fos. 46, 50.

21 Westminster Journal, 8 Nov. 1806.22 Morning Chronicle, 19 Nov. 1806; LMA, Session of the Peace Rolls, Middlesex,

MJ/SR 3752; R. D. Sack, Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History(Cambridge, 1986), esp. 27; J. Archer, ‘ “Men Behaving Badly”?: Masculinityand the Uses of Violence, 1850–1900’, in S. D’Cruze (ed.), Everyday Violencein Britain (2000), 47.

23 PlaP, 27841, f. 337v; Impartial Statement of All The Proceedings Connected withthe Progress and Result of the Late Elections (1818), 371; Examiner, 21 Feb. 1819.

24 R. Rush, Memoranda of a Residence at the Court of London, 2nd edn.(Philadelphia, 1833), 292.

25 Murder! Murder! Murder! Blue and Buff, BL shelfmark 11602.i.19.(2.); LondonChronicle, 26 July, Morning Post, 26, 28 July and Morning Chronicle,29 July 1788.

26 Lord Cloncurry, Personal Recollections (Dublin, 1849), ch. 3 recounts a mur-der Macnamara witnessed, which experience may have helped him framethe 1788 episode.

27 NA, HO 42/13, fos. 94–100; London Chronicle, 24 July 1788; Later Correspon-dence of George III, i. 385; Betsy Sheridan’s Journal, ed. W. LeFanu (1960),111.

28 HWE, 163.29 Morning Chronicle, 6 Nov. 1806; Letters of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, ed.

C. Price (Oxford, 1966), ii. 302; LMA, Session of the Peace Rolls, Middlesex,MJ/SR 3752.

30 Humours of an Election [1819?], Place Coll., set 13, f. 307; C. Grosvenorand C. Beilby, The First Lady Wharncliffe and Her Family (1927), i. 258; BP,MS Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 40; C. Knight, London (1841–44), vi. 268; ‘Smith forWestminster’, Will-o’-the-Wisp, 26 Sep. 1868.

31 Letters of Lady Palmerston, ed. T. Lever (1957), 28; GL MS. 24458.32 Sheridan, Letters, ii. 298; Morning Chronicle, 20 Nov. 1806.33 PlaP, 27837, fos. 146 ff.; BrP, 56540, fos. 62–3; Diary of Frances, Lady

Shelley, ed. R. Edgecumbe (1912–13), ii. 29; Journal of the Hon. Henry EdwardFox, ed. Earl of Ilchester (1923), 33; Morning Chronicle, 4–5 Mar. 1819;J. C. Hobhouse, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester (1909–11),iv. 312.

34 PlaP, 26841, f. 412A; Morning Chronicle, 30 June 1818; Burdett for Ever! Dread-ful Shipwreck Near Covent-Garden Market, On Monday June 29, 1818 [1818].‘John Bates’ may have been James Bates, a King Street carpenter, who

282 Notes

plumped for Burdett in the election: Poll Book . . . for the City and Libertyof Westminster, June 18, to July 4, 1818 (1818).

35 Morning Chronicle, 30 June, 1 July and The Times, 30 June 1818; PlaP, 27841,fos. 412–412v; BrP, 47235, f. 30.

36 London Chronicle, 3 June 1784; HWE, 297, 401.37 Morning Post, 19 July, Morning Chronicle, 22 July, London Chronicle, 26 July

1788; The Sun, 1 July 1841.38 Morning Chronicle, 16 July 1802.39 PlaP, 27838, f. 19.40 PlaP, 27840, f. 1; W. E. Saxon, ‘The political importance of the Westminster

Committee of the early nineteenth century, with special reference to theyears 1807–22’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Edinburgh, 1958), iii. 36–7.

41 Morning Chronicle, 27 Mar. 1820.42 Hood, HOO/28, fos. 23–4; Public Advertiser, 3 July 1790; BP, MS. Eng. hist.

d. 216, fos. 329, 331; BrP, 47235, fos. 31–4; F. O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Ritualsand Ceremonies: The Social Meaning of Elections in England, 1780–1860’,P&P 135 (1992), 91; P. Heelas, ‘Anthropology, Violence and Catharsis’, inP. Marsh and A. Campbell (eds.), Aggression and Violence (Oxford, 1982),56–7.

43 Last Journals of Horace Walpole, ed. A. F. Steuart (1910), ii. 330; History ofthe Westminster and Middlesex Elections in November 1806, 305; Examiner, 7Mar. 1819; BrP, 56540, fos. 62, 64.

44 HWE, 64, 159.45 The Sailors Poled (BMC 7367, anon, 4 Aug. 1788).46 Morning Chronicle, 10 June 1826.47 London Chronicle, 8 Nov. 1806; C. Redding, Fifty Years’ Recollections, 2nd ed.

(1858), i. 86; M. Baer, ‘The Ruin of a Public Man: The Rise and Fall of RichardBrinsley Sheridan as Political Reformer’, in J. Morwood and D. Crane (eds.),Sheridan Studies (Cambridge, 1995), 165.

48 Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, ed. P. Edwards (1792; 1968), 295; NA,Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, f. 832; Farington Diary, ed. K. Garlick et al.(1978–84), v. 1794.

49 Daily Telegraph, 19 Nov. 1868.50 T. Carter, Memoirs of a Working Man (1845), 165–6.51 Jacob Gawkey’s Ramble [1818], PlaP, 27841, f. 553.52 H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (1861–2), i. 20.53 W. Knox, Friendly Address to the Members of the Several Clubs in the Parish of St.

Ann, Westminster Associated for the Purpose of Obtaining a Reform in Parliament(1793), 16; R. Fellowes, Address to the people . . . with reflections on the geniusof democracy, and on parliamentary reform (1799), 30; PP 1826–7, Election Pollsfor Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1124, p. 14.

54 The Times, 11 May 1837; Morning Chronicle, 18 Feb. 1846; [W. O’Brien], ‘ThePolice System of London’, ER 96 (1852), 9; Spectator, 21 Nov. 1868.

55 N. Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of ParliamentaryRepresentation, 1830–1850 (1953), 145–6, 149; J. Lawrence, Electing Our Mas-ters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair (Oxford, 2009), 9–10,44–5.

56 ‘The Bedford-Row Conspiracy’, W. M. Thackeray, Works of Thackeray(Boston, 1899), vi. 598.

Notes 283

57 P. J. Corfield and C. Evans, Youth and Revolution in the 1790s (1996), 137;Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler (1869), ii. 121; WAC, Acc 730,f. 11; The Times, 21 May 1906.

58 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, f. 832; Farington, Diary, ii. 405; Extractsfrom Miss Mary Berry’s Journal, ed. Lady T. Lewis (1866), ii. 415; Carter,Memoirs of a Working Man, 201; Rush, Memoranda, 291–2; J. Binns, Recol-lections of the Life of John Binns (1854), 43; St. James’s Chronicle, 13 May1837.

59 The Times, 29 June, Morning Chronicle, 29–30 June, 6 July 1818; Poll Book forWestminster . . . 1818.

60 J. Bohstedt, ‘Gender, Household and Community Politics: Women inEnglish Riots, 1790–1810’, P&P 120 (1988), 91; J. Caple, The Bristol Riots of1831 and Social Reform in Britain (1990), 137–8; M. Baer, Theatre and Disorderin Late Georgian London (Oxford, 1992), 141.

61 Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel, 144, 148; Reynolds, Before the Bobbies, 31;C. O’Leary, The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections, 1868–1911(Oxford, 1962), 15–16; A. Hayter, The Army and the Crowd in Mid-GeorgianEngland (Totowa, 1978), 37–8, 41; K. T. Hoppen, ‘Grammars of ElectionViolence in Nineteenth-Century England and Ireland’, EHR 109 (1994),606; A. Randall, Riotous Assemblies: Popular Protest in Hanoverian England(Cambridge, 2006), ch. 8.

62 Morning Chronicle, 16 Sep. 1780, 22, 26 July 1788, 23 Feb. 1819, 2 Aug. 1830,19 June 1841; HWE, 61, 99, 125, 147, 163–4, 300; NA, Chatham Papers,30/8/237/5, f. 785; London Chronicle, 6, 8 Nov. 1806; Morning Post, 10 May1833, 5 May 1837; Hood, HOO/28, fos. 18–19; J. H. Tooke, Proceedings in anAction for Debt (1792), 37–8; True Briton, 15 June 1796; The Champion (1818),402; PlaP, 27843, f. 29 and 27849, f. 116; Authentic Narrative of the Events ofthe Westminster Election of 1819 (1819), 402–3; BrP, 56540, fos. 57, 60, 64,56541, f. 16, 56557, f. 55, 56557, f. 150; Spectator, 1 Dec. 1832; Universe,15 July 1865.

63 John Robinson Papers, BL Add. MS 37835, f. 167; HWE, 407.64 Daily Universal Register, 1 July 1785; Sir Frantic, the Reformer (1809), 49;

M. Harrison, Crowds and History: Mass Phenomena in English Towns, 1790–1835 (Cambridge, 1988), 4–6; J. Keane, Violence and Democracy (Cambridge,2004), 89–90.

65 True Briton, 14, 15 June 1796; Courier, 19 Nov. 1806; BrP, 56540, f. 61; PlaP,35146, f. 34; T. Jenks, ‘Language and Politics at the Westminster Election of1796’, HJ 44 (2001), 430–1.

66 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, f. 915; H. Mayhew, The Morning ChronicleSurvey of Labour and the Poor: The Metropolitan Districts (Horsham, 1980–2),vi. 230.

67 Morning Chronicle, 5 Aug. 1788, 16 July 1802, 2 Aug. 1830; Courier, 8 Oct., 6,20 Nov. 1806; Westminster Journal, 23–30 May and Independent Whig, 24 May1807; PlaP, 27839, f. 198; GL, Ms. 3730, f. 27; The Times, 1 May 1837.

68 Morning Post, 22 July 1788; London Chronicle, 20 Nov. 1806.69 Morning Post, 7 Jan. 1835; St. James’s Chronicle, 29 July 1837.70 St. James’s Chronicle, 17 Feb. 1846.71 Carter, Memoirs of a Working Man, 201.72 HWE, 147.

284 Notes

73 Morning Post, 8 May 1833.74 True Briton, 14, 15 June 1796.75 Carter, Memoirs of a Working Man, 193–4; ‘The Passing Crowd’, Chambers’

Edinburgh Journal, 4 Mar. 1832; T. Hardy, Memoirs of Thomas Hardy (1832),85; O’Leary, Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections, 3.

76 H. Broadhurst, Henry Broadhurst (1901), 34–40.77 M. Gandy, ‘Catholics in Westminster: The Return of Papists of 1767’,

Westminster History Review 2 (1998), 19–22; P. Seleski, ‘Identity, Immigration,and the State: Irish Immigrants and English Settlement in London, 1790–1840’, in G. K. Behlmer and F. M. Leventhal (eds.), Singular Continuities:Tradition, Nostalgia, and Identity in Modern British Culture (Stanford, 2000),17.

78 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, fos. 778–80.79 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, fos. 915–17.80 HWE, 112–13.81 Nonconformist, 14 July 1852; Punch 23 (1852), 36.82 T. Miller, Picturesque Sketches of London (1852), 215–16.83 Spectator, 21 Nov. 1868.84 O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies’, 114; C. Tilly, Popular Con-

tention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 (1995), 265, 304; J. Vernon, Politics and thePeople: A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993),231; J. Wasserman and E. Jaggard, ‘Electoral violence in mid nineteenth-century England and Wales’, HR 80 (2007), 133–4, 145.

85 The Times, 6 July and Illustrated London News, 10 July 1852; Layard Papers,BL Add. MS 38948, f. 92; Tea and Anarchy: The Bloomsbury Diaries of OliveGarnett, ed. B. C. Johnson (1989), 92.

86 Besant, Westminster, 363–4; G. Godwin, London Shadows (1854), 2; A. Ashley-Cooper, Speeches of the Earl of Shaftesbury . . . Upon Subjects Relating to theClaims and Interests of the Labouring Class (1868), 269–70.

87 F. Place, Autobiography of Francis Place (1771–1854), ed. M. Thale (Cambridge1972). 214, 227–30.

88 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 883; Mayhew,Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor, iv. 55; P. J. Edwards, Historyof London Street Improvements, 1855–1897 (1898), 134–9; G. S. Jones, OutcastLondon (Oxford, 1971), 170.

89 D. J. Olsen, The Growth of Victorian London (1976), 296; C. Harvey, E. M.Green and P. J. Corfield, ‘Continuity, change, and specialization withinmetropolitan London: the economy of Westminster, 1750–1820’, EconomicHistory Review 52 (1999), 474.

90 T. Barnard, Pleasure and Pain, 1780–1818 (1930), 62 and n 1; J. Hollingshead,Ragged London in 1861 (1861; 1986); L. Twining, Recollections of Life and Work(1893), ch. 6.

91 I. McCalman, ‘Ultra-Radicalism and Convivial Debating-Clubs in London,1795–1838’, EHR 102 (1987), 316–17; PlaP, 27828, fos. 30–4; S. Bamford,Passages in the Life of a Radical (1844), i. 279–81.

92 PP 1834, Select Committee on Drunkenness, viii. 173–4, 279, 311–12.93 W. Besant, Autobiography of Sir Walter Besant (1902), 275–8; G. R. Sims,

My Life (1917), 100–1, 106, 320, 331.

Notes 285

94 B. W. Noel, The State of the Metropolis (1835), in J. Marriott andM. Matsumura (eds.), The Metropolitan Poor (1999), iv. 233–4; D. A. Hayes,Victorian Seven Dials (2001), 22 and n. 53.

95 T. Beggs, Duties of an Elector at the Present Time (1852), 2; T. Holmes, Picturesand Problems from London Police Courts (1900), 276–9; B. Harrison, Drink andthe Victorians (1971), 66.

96 V. A. C. Gatrell and T. B. Hadden, ‘Criminal Statistics and their interpreta-tion’, in E. A. Wrigley (ed.), Nineteenth Century Society (Cambridge, 1972),370–1; J. M. Beattie, ‘The Patterns of Crime in England, 1600–1800’, P&P62 (1974), 67, 80–1, 84; G. Rudé, Criminal and Victim: Crime and Society inEarly Nineteenth-Century England (Oxford, 1985), 28, 134–5; V. A. C. Gatrell,‘Crime, Authority and the Policeman State’, in F. M. L. Thompson (ed.),The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750–1950, (Cambridge, 1990), iii.297–8; R. Anderson, ‘Criminal Violence in London, 1856–1875’, Ph.D. thesis(University of Toronto, 1991), 6.

97 D. Pearce, P. N. Grabosky and T. R. Gurr, ‘London: The Politics of Crime andConflict, 1800 to the 1970’s, in Gurr, Grabosky and R. C. Hula (eds.), ThePolitics of Crime and Conflict (1977), 66, 70–2, 117 and 126.

98 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 785.99 G. Philips, The Necessity of a Speedy and Effectual Reform in Parliament

(Manchester, 1792), in A. Clark (ed.), History of Suffrage 1760–1867 (2000),ii. 61.

100 The Times, 6, 11 Feb. 1874; B. Kinzer, The Ballot Question in Nineteenth-Century English Politics (New York, 1982), 246.

101 J. Walvin, Victorian Values (1987), 73.102 Hanham, Elections and Party Management, 266–7, 281; Wasserman, ‘Democ-

racy and Disorder’, 56, 135, 155; N. Tomes, ‘A “Torrent of Abuse”: Crimes ofViolence Between Working-Class Men and Women in London, 1840–1875’,Journal of Social History 11 (1978), 330, 340; D. C. Richter, Riotous Victorians(Athens, Ohio, 1981), ch. 5, esp. 66, 68; K. T. Hoppen, ‘Roads to Democ-racy: Electioneering and Corruption in Nineteenth-Century England andIreland’, History 81 (1996), 569–70.

103 Miller, Sketches of London, 216; M. D. Conway, ‘The Great WestminsterCanvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 31 (1865), 741; Spectator, 21Nov. 1868.

104 The Times, 3, 5 and Pall Mall Gazette, 4 Feb. 1874; PP 1877, Parliamentaryand Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 879, 881, 911–12. Half of all English andWelsh election disorders c.1857–80 occurred on polling day: Wasserman andJaggard, ‘Electoral violence in England and Wales’, 129, Table 1.

105 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 32, 53; Pall Mall Gazette,30 Mar. 1880, 2 July 1886.

106 An Election Journal: General Election, 1892 (1894), 110.107 NA, HO 42/13, f. 92.108 [W. H. Pyne and W. Combe], Microcosm of London (1810–11), i. 85; J. Fletcher,

‘A Statistical Account of the Police of the Metropolis’, Journal of the StatisticalSociety of London 13 (1850), 230; PP 1828, Police of the Metropolis, vi, App. M.

109 WAC, Booth Papers, Acc. 36/144; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 171.110 The Times, 18 Feb. 1846; Fletcher, ‘Police of the Metropolis’, 240.

286 Notes

111 [A. Wynter], ‘The Police and the Thieves’, QR 99 (1856), 167; Wassermanand Jaggard, ‘Electoral violence in England and Wales’, 152, Table 9.

112 Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collection, Letterbook 1868,f. 29.

113 Wasserman and Jaggard, ‘Electoral violence in England and Wales’, 130, 141,145.

114 Gatrell and Hadden, ‘Criminal Statistics and Their Interpretation’, 352; A. T.Harris, Policing the City: Crime and Legal Authority in London, 1780–1840(Columbus, 2004), 127.

115 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, f. 858; Liverpool Papers, BL Add. MS38507, f. 207v; Mary Berry’s Journal, ii. 416; T. D. Hardy (ed.), Memoirs ofLord Langdale (1852), i. 269; The Times, 3 Sep. 1819.

116 NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/237/5, fos. 778–80; R. D. Bass, The Green Dragoon(1957), 268–9.

117 The Times, 30 June and Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1818; PlaP, 27841, fos. 412–412A.

118 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques. 794, 803, 890;M. Taylor, The Decline of British Radicalism 1847–1860 (Oxford, 1995), 75.

119 Morning Chronicle, 2 Aug. 1830; The Times, 3 May 1831; Morning Post, 11,13 May 1833.

120 E. Royle, Revolutionary Britannia? Reflections on the Threat of Revolution inBritain, 1789–1848 (Manchester, 2000), ch. 4; M. Roberts, Political Movementsin Urban England, 1832–1914 (Basingstoke, 2009), 36–7; L. Keller, Triumph ofOrder: Democracy & Public Space in New York and London (New York, 2009),93–131.

121 D. Phillips, ‘Riots and Public Order in the Black Country, 1835–1860’, inR. Quinault and J. Stevenson (eds.), Popular Protest and Public Order (1974),162–3; L. MacKay, ‘Moral Paupers: The Poor Men of St. Martin’s, 1815–1819’,Histoire Sociale/Social History 67 (2001), 123; Beattie, ‘Patterns of Crime’, 85,92.

122 Rudé, Criminal and Victim, 118.123 PlaP, 27834, f. 107; A. G. R. Steinberg, ‘The City of Westminster and the

British Radical Movement of the Late 18th Century’, Ph.D. thesis (St. John’sUniversity, 1976), 29, 52; cf. L. D. Schwarz, ‘The Standard of Living in theLong Run: London, 1700–1860’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 38 (1985),24–41.

124 Wasserman and Jaggard, ‘Electoral Violence in England and Wales’, 132.125 Beattie, ‘Patterns of Crime’, 93–5; D. Hay, ‘War, Dearth and Theft in the

Eighteenth Century: The Record of the English Courts’, P&P 95 (1982), 139.126 Parliamentary History 35 (1800), 531–9.127 Besant, Westminster, 323; H. Barker, Newspapers, Politics, and Public Opin-

ion in Late Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford, 1998), 53–5, 59–62;K. W. Schweizer, ‘Newspapers, Politics and Public Opinion in the LaterHanoverian Era’, PH 25 (2006), 39–42.

128 St. James’s Chronicle, 7 June and Morning Chronicle, 8 June 1796.129 Morning Post, 26 June 1818.130 Table 4.4 uses the categories of Table 4.3 to consider causal factors only, and

is based on newspaper accounts, government records, diaries, correspon-dence, pamphlets and broadsides.

Notes 287

131 P. Pasquin (pseud.), Triumph of Volpone: or, A Peep behind the Curtain at theWestminster Election (1788), 6.

132 HWE, 360, 379–409; London Chronicle, 1–3 June 1784; NA, HO 42/4/212;Hannah Arendt, On Violence (1970), 65.

133 HWE, 410.134 HWE, 406.135 HWE, 379; cf. R. McGowen, ‘The Changing Face of God’s Justice: The

Debates over Divine and Human Punishment in Eighteenth-CenturyEngland’, Criminal Justice History 9 (1988), 63–98.

5 Spaces: Civic, Public, Private and Social

1 Memorials and Correspondence of Charles James Fox, ed. Lord J. Russell(1853–7), iii. 124–6; Morning Chronicle, 16–17 Nov. 1795; F. O’Gorman, TheWhig Party and the French Revolution (1967), 213; L. G. Mitchell, Charles JamesFox (1992), 143.

2 Later Correspondence of George III, ed. A. Aspinall (Cambridge, 1963), ii.421–2, 424–5; The Times, 17 Nov. 1795.

3 Diary of Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), ii. 403–6; LaterCorrespondence of George III, ii. 425–6.

4 Account of the Proceeding of a Meeting of the Inhabitants of Westminster, inPalace-Yard, November 26 [sic], 1795 (1795), 9; Diary and Correspondence ofCharles Abbot, Lord Colchester, ed. Lord Colchester (1861), i. 7.

5 Account of Proceedings in Palace–Yard, 10, 12; Farington, Diary, ii. 404;W. Cobbett, The Political Proteus: A View of the Public Character and Conductof R. B. Sheridan (1804), 371.

6 Farington, Diary, ii. 405–6; The Times, 17 Nov. 1795.7 H. Jephson, The Platform; Its Rise and Progress (1892), ii. 466–7.8 Parliamentary History 32 (1795), 357–8; J. Mori, William Pitt and the French

Revolution, 1785–1795 (New York, 1997), 252–3.9 [G.] F. A. Wendeborn, A view of England towards the close of the eighteenth

century (1790), i. 214–15; C. P. Moritz, Travels through Several Parts of Englandin 1782 (1795; 1924), 52; W. H. Curran, Life of John Philpot Curran (1818), i.67–8.

10 C. T. Goodsell, The Social Meaning of Civic Space: Studying Political Authoritythrough Architecture (Lawrence, 1988), 10–14, quotation at 10; N. Pevsnerand S. Bradley, London. 6, Westminster (New Haven, 2003), 46.

11 Westminster Committee of Association, BL Add. MS 38593, f. 34.12 The Times, 24 Mar. 1792; Alfred and Westminster Evening Gazette, 28

Apr. 1810.13 57 Geo. III c. 19, like Hood’s demands in 1795, required prior notice of

meetings to include the names and addresses of 7 resident householders.14 Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed. his sons (1840), ii. 546.15 For fairs and theatres functioning as alternative political spaces see M. Judd,

‘ “The Oddest Combination of Town and Country”; Popular Culture andthe London Fairs’, in J. K. Walton and James Walvin (eds.), Leisure inBritain, 1780–1939 (Manchester, 1983), 10–30; J. Butwin, ‘Democracy andPopular Culture Before Reform’, Browning Institute Studies 17 (1989), 3;

288 Notes

M. Baer, Theatre and Disorder in Late Georgian London (Oxford, 1992), ch. 8.Wordsworth termed parliament ‘that great stage where senators, tongue-favoured men, perform’: The Prelude, ed. E. de Selincourt (1805; Oxford,1959), 249.

16 Proceedings of the electors of the city and liberties of Westminster (1810); St.James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837; Dyott’s Diary, ed. R. W. Jeffery (1907), ii. 74.

17 G. C. Williamson, Curious Survivals (1925), 106–8.18 J. Diprose, Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes (1869), ii.

136; Westminster and Lambeth Gazette, 14 Nov. and Pall Mall Gazette, 26Nov. 1885; E. Johnson, The Heart of Charles Dickens (New York and Boston,1952), 206 n. 4; D. Orton, Made of Gold: A Biography of Angela Burdett Coutts(1980), 105–8, 249.

19 Wordsworth, The Prelude, 226.20 Letters and Journals of Lady Mary Coke, ed. J. A. Home (Edinburgh, 1889–96),

ii. 226; The Times, 24 August 1842.21 K. D. Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society in Victorian Britain

(Oxford, 1998), 155.22 Recently, A. Foreman, Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (New York, 1998),

ch. 9; J. S. Lewis, ‘1784 and All That: Aristocratic Women and Electoral Pol-itics’, in A. Vickery (ed.), Women, Privilege, and Power: British Politics, 1750 tothe Present (Stanford, 2001), 90–122; R. Lana, ‘Women and Foxite Strategy inthe Westminster Election of 1784’, Eighteenth-Century Life 26 (2002), 46–69;A. Clark, Scandal: The Sexual Politics of the British Constitution (Princeton,2004), ch. 3.

23 ‘Ode to Georgina, Duchess of Devonshire’, Collected Works of SamuelTaylor Coleridge, ed. J. C. C. Mays (Princeton, 2001), xvi. 611; HWE, 138,227–8, 319; Yale Edition of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, ed. W. S. Lewis,(1937–83), vii. 51–2 and xxxix. 196; J. S. Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism:Gender, Class and Politics in Late Georgian Britain (2003), 39–40, 140.

24 HWE, 222, 288, 296, 341.25 HWE, 94, 106, 135, 217, 221, 242, 246, 252, 270. For prints see The Dutchess

Canvassing for Her Favourite Member (BMC 6527, by W. Dent, 13 Apr. 1784),Lords of the Bedchamber (BMC 6529, by T. Rowlandson, 14 Apr. 1784) and TheTipling Dutchess Returning from Canvassing (BMC 6588, anon., 29 Apr. 1784).

26 The story first appeared in the anti–Foxite Morning Post, and may have beenapocryphal: HWE, 228 and n. 345; Georgiana: Extracts from the Correspondenceof Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, ed. Earl of Bessborough (1955), 79.

27 Memorials and Correspondence of Fox, i. 257; London Courant, 11, 23Sep. and Morning Post, 25 Sep. 1780; Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–88,ed. B. Cozens–Hardy (1950), 291; A. Foreman, ‘A Politician’s Politician:Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire and the Whig Party’, in H. Barker andE. Chalus (eds.), Gender in Eighteenth-Century England: Roles, Representationsand Responsibilities (Harlow, 1997), 183–4.

28 London Courant, 23 Sep. 1780.29 HWE, 227, 231, 236–7, 240, 314, 327; N. Wraxall, Posthumous Memoirs of

His Own Time, 2nd edn. (1836), i. 11; Lords of the Bedchamber (BMC 6529,by T. Rowlandson, 14 Apr. 1784); The Devonshire Minuet, Danced to AncientBritish Music Through Westminster, During the Present Election (BMC 6541, byW. P. Carey, 20 Apr. 1784).

Notes 289

30 Mary Hamilton, afterwards Mrs. John Dickenson, eds. E. Anson and F. Anson(1925), 78; Mrs. Montagu, ‘Queen of the Blues’, ed. R. Blunt [1923], ii. 169; TheWorks of Anna Laetitia Barbauld, ed. L. Aikin (1825), ii. 26; Countess Spencerto Lady Duncannon, 13, 22 Apr., 2 May 1784, and duchess of Devonshireto Countess Spencer, 3, 7 May 1784, Althorp Papers, BL, MS Coll.,F. 38.

31 HWE, 352; D. T. Andrew, ‘Popular Culture and Public Debate: London 1780’,HJ 39 (1996), 413–14.

32 HWE, 233, 251, 254, 265.33 HWE, 105, 117, 217, 225, 246, 248–9, 254, 277; Fig. 4.4 and May Garland

or Triumph Without Victory (BMC 6600, by W. G. Phillips?, 26 May1784).

34 HWE, 244, 246, 251, 253, 254, 265, 277; Westminster [1784], WAC, A. M.Broadley Coll., Some Social, Political, and Literary Landmarks of Bath andPiccadilly 1711–1911 [1911], ii. f. 91; Correspondence of Charles, First MarquisCornwallis, ed. C. Ross (1859), i. 166; Two Patriotic Duchess’s on their Canvass(BMC 6494, by T. Rowlandson, 3 Apr. 1784); The D—-ss purchasing a Brush(BMC 6633, anon., June 1784).

35 HWE, 313.36 Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, xxv. 489 n. 25; F. Bickley, The Cavendish

Family (1911), 250–1; Lord John Cavendish to Lady Spencer and duchess ofDevonshire to earl Spencer, 14, 23 Apr. 1784, Althorp Papers, BL MS Coll.,F. 121 and G. 287; Foreman, Georgiana, 174. When the duchess temporarilywithdrew from canvassing on 14 Apr. Fox’s share of the poll plummeted:HWE, 410.

37 Ride for Ride or Secret Influence Rewarded (BMC 6596, anon., 25 May 1784)and Fig. 2.1 above.

38 HWE, 259.39 HWE, 351; Bedford Estate Office, Election Papers of the 5th duke of Bedford,

Parliamentary Election, Westminster 1784.40 Morning Chronicle, 19 July and London Chronicle, 19, 26 July 1788.41 Moritz, Travels in England, 52; HWE, 64; V. Firth (ed.), Women and History:

Voices of Early Modern England (Toronto, 1995), 198.42 Correspondence of Duchess of Devonshire, 132–3; NA, Granville Papers,

30/29/4/7, f. 94; Lord Granville Leveson Gower: Private Correspondence 1781 to1821, ed. Countess Granville (1916), i. 10; Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism,113–14.

43 Election Compromise or a Cornish Hug in Westminster (BMC 7638, by W. Dent,30 Mar. 1790).

44 Morning Chronicle, 16 July 1802.45 Figs. 2.2, 5.3; Covent Garden Market. Westminster Election (1808), BM Prints

and Drawings, Crace Portfolio.46 Courier, 19 Nov. 1806; [J. C. Jennings], The Proceedings of the Late Westminster

Election (1808), 85, 124; V. Foster (ed.), The Two Duchesses (1898), 299;D. M. Stuart, Dearest Bess (1955), 154; Hary-O. The Letters of Lady HarrietCavendish, 1796–1809, eds. G. L. Gower and I. Palmer (1940), 155; [W. Earle],Sheridan and His Times (1859), i. 218–19; The English Spy 1 (1826; 1907), 350;H. Mayhew, Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor: The MetropolitanDistricts (Horsham, 1980–2), vi. 230.

290 Notes

47 Representation of the Election of Members of Parliament for Westminster (BMC13006, by G. Scharf and R. Howel, Nov. 1818); M. Edgeworth, Letters fromEngland 1813–1844, ed. C. Colvin (Oxford, 1971), 106–7.

48 BrP, 47235, f. 30v; Journal of Mary Frampton ed. H. G. Mundy (1885), 310;Morning Chronicle, 30 June and Evening Star, 4 July 1818; S. H. Romilly (ed.),Romilly–Edgeworth Letters, 1813–1818 (1936), 48–9; Letters of Lady Palmerston,ed. T. Lever (1957), 19, 29; H. Alken, A Panorama of the Progress of HumanLife (1820; 1948), opp. 36; A. Mitchell, The Whigs in Opposition, 1815–1830(Oxford, 1967), 50 and n. 3.

49 The Whole Disgraceful Truth: Selected Letters of Lady Caroline Lamb, ed.P. Douglass (New York, 2006), 171–3; P. Quennell (ed.), Private Letters ofPrincess Lieven to Prince Metternich, 1820–1826 (1937), 13–14; BrP, 36457,f. 20, 56540, fos. 56, 59, 56541, f. 17; WAC, Stephenson Papers, E3349/6,f. 19; P. W. Graham, Byron’s Bulldog: The Letters of John Cam Hobhouse to LordByron (Columbus, 1984), 287; W. M. Torrens, Memoirs of Viscount Melbourne(1878), i. 137.

50 Black Dwarf, 4 June 1817; PR 34 (1818), 359; Nonconformist, 14 July 1852;Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism, ch. 3; J. Vernon, Politics and the People:A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993), 249;A. Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the BritishWorking Class (1995), 230–1.

51 Speech of Sir Francis Burdett, 20 Feb. 1819 (1819), 2, 4; The Times,24 May 1821.

52 Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, gen. ed. J. H. Burns (Oxford, 1968), xiii.305; M. G. Fawcett, What I Remember (1924), 61; The Times, 23 June 1884;M. Pugh, ‘The Limits of Liberalism: Liberals and Women’s Suffrage 1867–1914’, in E. F. Biagini (ed.), Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals, andCollective Identities (Cambridge, 1996), 52.

53 The Times, 2 Aug. 1830; St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837; Morning Chronicle,30 June 1841.

54 The Times, 27 July 1841, 10 Dec. 1868; F. O’Gorman, Voters, Patrons, andParties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England 1734–1832(Oxford, 1989), 93 and n. 228; J. Fulcher, ‘Gender, Politics and Class inthe Early Nineteenth-century English Reform Movement’, HR 67 (1994),68; M. Cragoe, ‘ “Jenny Rules the Roost”: Women and Electoral Politics,1832–68’, in K. Gleadle and S. Richardson (eds.), Women in British Politics1760–1860: The Power of the Petticoat (Basingstoke, 2000), 162.

55 St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837; Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1841; IllustratedLondon News, 21 Feb. 1846, 10 July 1852; The Times, 31 July 1847; Reynolds’sNewspaper, 4 July and Nonconformist, 14 July 1852; N. Mitford (ed.), TheStanleys of Alderley (1939), 43.

56 Blunt, Mrs. Montagu, ii. 223; Harcourt Papers, ed. E. W. Harcourt (Oxford,1880), iv. 279.

57 Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society, 146; K. Gleadle, ‘ “Our Sev-eral Spheres”: Middle-class Women and the Feminisms of Early VictorianRadical Politics’, in K. Gleadle and S. Richardson, Women in British Politics,1760–1860, 146; Miss Lister of Shibden Hall: Selected Letters (1800–1840), ed.M. M. Green (Sussex, 1992), 174–5.

Notes 291

58 M. Conway, ‘The Great Westminster Canvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine31 (1865), 737; Hardman Papers, ed. S. M. Ellis (New York, 1930), 153–4.

59 Conway, ‘Westminster Canvass’, 736–7; L. Hanson and E. Hanson, MarianEvans and George Eliot (1952), 252; H. Malleson, Elizabeth Malleson 1828–1916: Autobiographical Notes and Letters (1926), 117; Punch 49 (1865), 23.

60 [H. Taylor], ‘The Ladies Petition’, WR 31 (Jan. 1867), 63–79; Fawcett,What I Remember, 51–2; Mill, CW, xxviii. 27–8; S. S. Holton, ‘Women andthe Vote’, in J. Purvis (ed.), Women’s History: Britain, 1850–1945 (1995),280; J. Rendall, ‘John Stuart Mill, Liberal Politics, and the Movement forWomen’s Suffrage, 1865–1873’, in Vickery, Women, Privilege, and Power,172, 175.

61 [J. Beal], J. S. Mill and Westminster: The Story of the Westminster Election,1865 (1865), 14; Mill, CW, xxviii. 27–8, 325; Morning Star, 6 July 1865 and10 Nov. 1868; Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1865, 23 July and 3–4 Nov. 1868; M. C.Tyler, Glimpses of England, Social, Political, Literary (1898), 17.

62 Conway, ‘Westminster Canvass’, 743; [Lister], ‘Rights and Condition ofWomen’, 201, 203; [Taylor], ‘Ladies Petition’, 226.

63 Bishopsgate Institute, London, Howell Collection, Letterbook 1868, f. 11;Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society, 142; S. Richardson, ‘ “Well-neighboured Houses”: The Political Networks of Elite Women, 1780–1860’,in Gleadle and Richardson, Women in British Politics, esp. 66; G. E. Maguire,Conservative Women: A History of Women in the Conservative Party, 1874–1997(Basingstoke, 1998), ch. 1.

64 Daily Telegraph, 3 Nov., Morning Star, 5, 10 Nov. and Spectator, 21 Nov. 1868.65 The Times, 2 Feb. 1874; Pall Mall Gazette, 21, 24 Nov. 1885; K. Y. Stenberg,

‘Gender, Class, and London Local Politics, 1870–1914’, Ph.D. thesis (Uni-versity of Minnesota, 1993), 30; E. L. Pugh, ‘The First Woman Candidate forParliament: Helen Taylor and the Election of 1885’, International Journal ofWomen’s Studies 1 (1978), 378–90.

66 Pugh, ‘Limits of Liberalism’, 52; Mrs. W. Phillips, An Appeal to Women [1890];The Woman’s Herald, 20 Feb. 1892.

67 J. Hearn, Men in the Public Eye: The Construction and Deconstruction of PublicMen and Public Patriarchies (1992), 69.

68 J. C. Hobhouse, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester (1909–11),iii. 263.

69 BrP, 56540, f. 47v.70 G. Grote, Posthumous Papers, ed. H. Grote (1874), 42; Bentham, Collected

Works, xiii. 301.71 Thompson, Customs in Common (New York, 1993), ch. 2; D. Wahrman,

‘National Society, Communal Culture’, SH 17 (1992), 43–72; J. Barry, ‘Bour-geois Collectivism? Urban Association and the Middling Sort’, in J. Barryand C. Brooks (eds.), The Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Pol-itics in England, 1550–1800 (1994), 103–4; P. King, ‘Edward Thompson’sContribution to Eighteenth-Century Studies. The Patrician-Plebeian ModelRe-Examined’, SH 21 (1996), esp. 223–4.

72 London Chronicle, 4 Oct. 1806.73 Hobhouse grew up in a Unitarian household and his father received a

baronetcy only in 1812. Until his own marriage and his father’s death, both

292 Notes

in 1831, Hobhouse had sparse resources: R. E. Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse:A Political Life, 1819–1852 (Columbia, 1973), 30, 37–8, 45–7, 51; BrP, 56540,fos. 15–16, 56541, f. 9; PlaP, 27847, f. 8.

74 Obligation, or what H. Perkin termed ‘vertical friendship’ (The Originsof Modern English Society 1780–1880 [1969], 49) while related should becontrasted to what is here understood as ‘horizontal sociability’.

75 The best insight into Fox’s magnetism comes from, of all people, HannahMore, who, meeting Fox canvassing in 1784, commented, ‘he looks so sen-sible and agreeable, that if I had not turned my eyes another way, I believeit would have been all over for me’; W. Roberts, Memoirs of the Life andCorrespondence of Mrs. Hannah More, 2nd edn. (1834), i. 316.

76 Returning from Brooks’s (BMC 6528, by J. Gillray, 18 Apr. 1784); MorningChronicle, 19 July 1788; Letters from the year 1774 to the year 1796 of J. Wilkes,Esq. to his daughter, ed. Sir W. Rough (1804), iii. 38; R. D. Bass, The GreenDragoon (New York, 1957), 195, 211, 236, 261–2; T. A. J. Burnett, The Riseand Fall of a Regency Dandy: The Life and Times of Scrope Berdmore Davies(1982), ch. 5; P. Deutsch, ‘Moral Trespass in Georgian London: Gaming,Gender, and Electoral Politics in the Age of George III’, HJ 39 (1996),640–4.

77 BrP, 56540, fos. 9, 32v,, 53v–54; L. Cooper, Radical Jack: The Life of John GeorgeLambton (1959), 66–7.

78 BrP, 56540, fos. 25, 32, 66.79 PlaP, 27840, f. 19.80 PlaP, 27850, f. 2; cf. J. Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle–Class

Home in Victorian England (1999), 138–9. A barrister, Jennyns (or Jennings)was an original member of the Westminster Committee. For the problemshe created for the Westminster Committee see his alternative version ofthe events of 1807, [Jennings], Proceedings of the Late Westminster Election,his Letter to the Electors of Westminster (1812), his ‘Address to the Electorsof Westminster’ in The Champion, 31 May 1818 and his attack on Burdett’sintegrity in Triumph of Westminster: Correspondence Between J. Clayton Jennynsand Sir Francis Burdett (1830).

81 BrP, 47232, f. 100v,, 56540, fos. 22v–23; Lord Byron’s Correspondence, ed.J. Murray (New York, 1922), ii. 85–6; Graham, Byron’s Bulldog, 243; [J. Grant],Random Recollections of the House of Commons (1836), 209.

82 HMC, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Abergavenny (1887), 66.83 PlaP, 27841, f. 16; The Politics of English Jacobinism: Writings of John Thelwall,

ed. G. Claeys (University Park, 1995), p. xvii.84 PlaP, 27841, fos. 152–3; BrP, 56540, f. 37v; PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities

and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 15; Autobiography of Francis Place (1771–1854), ed.M. Thale (Cambridge, 1972), 221–2.

85 PlaP, 27838, f. 18; A. Prochaska, ‘The Practice of Radicalism: EducationalReform in Westminster’, in J. Stevenson (ed.), London in the Age of Reform(Oxford, 1977), 102; J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London,1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982), ch. 4.

86 HWE, 136, 142.87 BrP, 56540, fos. 27, 40, 49–50, 61, 56541, f. 23, 56557, fos. 45, 49; The Times,

8 July 1816; cf. M. McCormack, Public Men: Masculinity and Politics in ModernBritain (Basingstoke and New York, 2007), 2, 190.

Notes 293

88 Graham, Byron’s Bulldog, 231; BrP, 36457, fos. 3–4, 56540, fos. 14–56, 56541,fos. 12–14; Hobhouse, Recollections, ii. 94, 113–14, 133; Zegger, Hobhouse,55–6.

89 D. Miles, Francis Place, 1771–1854 (1988), 224, 234, 242–3; D. J. Rowe (ed.),London Radicalism, 1830–1843: A Selection from the Papers of Francis Place(1970), 119–20.

90 B. Connell, Portrait of a Whig Peer (1957), 175.91 Hone, Cause of Truth, 22–6; Diversions of Purley (BMC 10976, by S. De Wilde,

1 Apr. 1808); Zegger, Hobhouse, 52–3; Memoirs of Lord Langdale, ed. T. D.Hardy (1852), i. 329.

92 Curran, Life of Curran, 26.93 BrP, 47226, fos. 32, 39–40, 142, 47235, fos. 22, 25, 30–3, 56541, fos. 8–24,

56557, fos. 37–58, 126–50; BP, Ms. Eng. lett. d. 96, f. 40; Scrope DaviesPapers, BL Loan 70, ii. f. 71; PlaP, 27838, fos. 3–4; J. Cartwright, Addressto the Electors of Westminster (1819), 3.

94 Hobhouse, Recollections, ii. 104–6, iii. 101, 104; Holland House Papers, BLAdd. MS 51569, f. 47.

95 Place Coll., set 31, f. 253iii; BrP, 47226, f. 142; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200,f. 228.

96 Spectator, 1 Dec. 1832; BrP, 56557, fos. 37–42; M. W. Patterson, Sir FrancisBurdett and His Times, 1770–1844 (1931), ii. 615.

97 Evening Mail, 10 Dec. 1832; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 141.98 See above, Ch.1 and below, Ch. 7.99 Viscount Chilston, W. H. Smith (1965), 49.

100 L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English MiddleClass, 1780–1850 (1986), 33.

101 Diprose, St. Clement Danes, i. 54; see also Epicure’s Almanack (1815), 115;J. Timbs, Clubs and Club Life in London (1872), 420.

102 Correspondence of Edmund Burke, gen. ed. T. W. Copeland (1958–78), ix. 357;The Times, 19 May 1797.

103 HWE, 223.104 The Times, 2 Aug. 1830.105 Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Memoirs of the Courts and Cabinets of

George III (1853–4), i. 416–17.106 [H. Brougham], ‘Parliamentary Reform’, ER 20 (1812), 127–43; Mill, CW,

xvii. 2013.107 Lord Brougham, Life and Times (Edinburgh, 1871), ii. 340–1; University

College, London, Brougham Papers, Brougham Letters 344.108 Zegger, Hobhouse, ch. 3; Rev. E. Hankin, Letter to Sir Francis Burdett, Bart.

On the Folly, the Indecency, and the Dangerous Tendency of His Public Conduct(1804), 1–2, 13–14.

109 Morning Chronicle, 10 Feb. 1819; N. Myers, Reconstructing the Black Past:Blacks in Britain c.1780–1830 (1996), 29; A. Burton, At the Heart of Empire:Indians and the Colonial Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain (1998), 27.

110 Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, ed. P. Edwards (1792; 1968), 295; LondonChronicle, 3 June 1784; HWE, 401; Betsy Sheridan’s Journal, ed. W. LeFanu(Oxford, 1986), 111; NA, HO 42/13, f. 99; St. James’s Chronicle, 8 July 1802;Table 3.1, Figs. 4.2, 5.4.

111 The Poor Blacks Going to Their Settlement (BMC 7127, by W. Dent, 12 Jan. 1807).

294 Notes

112 Letter from an Independent Elector of Westminster to the Right HonourableCharles James Fox (1793), 4–5.

113 HWE, 242, 269, 275; Public Advertiser, 14 Apr. 1787; History of the Westminsterand Middlesex Elections; in the Month of November, 1806 (1807), 114.

114 PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 9.115 Pall Mall Gazette, 16 Nov. 1868; R. Mace, Trafalgar Square: Emblem of Empire

(1976), ch. 6, esp. 134.116 In A Pair of Spectacles (BMC 16185, by W. Heath, 1830), Burdett asks

Hobhouse, ‘Shall we listen to Rabble out of doors’.117 Mill, CW, xxviii. 13–45, 319–25, 329–32, 334–70.118 Peter Williams, ‘Constituting Class and Gender: A Social History of the

Home, 1700–1901’, in Nigel Thrift and P. Williams (eds.), Class and Space:The Making of Urban Society (1987), 168; L. J. Davis, ‘The Social Constructionof Public Locations’, Browning Institute Studies 17 (1989), esp. 34 ff.

119 10 and 11 Vict., c. 34, secs. 21 and 29; The Times, 28 Aug. 1885; F. Bedaridaand A. Sutcliffe, ‘The Street in the Structure and Life of the City: Reflectionson Nineteenth–Century London and Paris’, Journal of Urban History 6 (1980),380, 385, 393; A. Croll, ‘Street Disorder, Surveillance and Shame: RegulatingBehaviour in the Public Spaces of the late Victorian British Town’, SH 24(1999), 252–3.

120 Mayhew, Morning Chronicle Survey of Labour and the Poor, iv. 191–240;F. S. Schwarzbach, ‘George Scharf and Early Victorian London’, in I. B.Nadel and F. S. Schwarzbach (eds.), Victorian Artists and the City (New York,1980), 94.

121 Illustrated Times, 15 July 1865.

6 Rituals: Performing Demotic Political Culture

1 BrP, 47235, fos. 25, 31–5; P. W. Graham, Byron’s Bulldog: The Letters of JohnCam Hobhouse to Lord Byron (Columbus, 1984), 240.

2 The Times, 2 Aug. 1830.3 PlaP, 27838, fos. 3–5, 20, 27849, f. 41; [H. Brougham], ‘Parliamentary

Reform’, ER 20 (1812), 129; Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed. hissons (1840), iii. 21–2; Speech of Sir Francis Burdett, 20 Feb. 1819 (1819), 2, 4;Mill, CW, xvi. 1058–9; J. S. Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism: Gender, Classand Politics in Late Georgian Britain (2003), 52–4.

4 Horner Papers, ed. K. Bourne and W. B. Taylor (Edinburgh, 1994), 642.5 F. O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals and Ceremonies: The Social Meaning of

Elections in England 1780–1860’, P&P 135 (1992), 79–115.6 J. A. Epstein, Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual, and Symbol in

England, 1790–1850 (New York and Oxford, 1994), 164.7 True Briton, 14 June 1796; St. James’s Chronicle, 12–13 July 1802; Morning

Post, 20–3, 28 June, 2 July 1810, 6 May 1837; The Times, 24 May 1826; Diaryof Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler (1869), ii. 121; Diary of Frances LadyShelley, ed. R. Edgecumbe (1913), ii. 28; C. Grosvenor and C. Beilby, TheFirst Lady Wharncliffe and Her Family (1927), i. 266–7; PP 1826–7, ElectionPolls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 1.

8 The Times, 27 June 1818.

Notes 295

9 Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, ed. and trans.Q. Hoare and G. N. Smith (1971), 418; B. G. Meyerhoff , ‘A Death in DueTime: Construction of Self and Culture in Ritual Drama’, in J. J. MacAloon(ed.), Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsals Toward a Theory of CulturalPerformance (Philadelphia, 1984), 151–2; D. I. Kertzer, Politics and Symbols(New Haven, 1996), 134; J. A. Epstein, In Practice: Studies in the Language andCulture of Popular Politics in Modern Britain (Stanford, 2003), 87, 95.

10 The Times, 11 Nov. 1794; PlaP, 27817, f. 95; T. Hardy, Memoirs of ThomasHardy (1832), 19, 89, 105, 113–16; G. Claeys (ed.), The Politics of EnglishJacobinism: Writings of John Thelwall (University Park, 1995), 225–6; J. Barrell,Imagining the King’s Death: Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide 1793–1796(Oxford, 2000), 364.

11 True Briton, 12 July, St. James’s Chronicle, 8 July 1802; Knock me down Argu-ments at Westminster (BMC 9876, by P. Roberts, July 1802); Morning Chronicle,5 Nov. 1806; History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections; in the Monthof November, 1806 (1807), 80–1, 98.

12 Westminster Election, 1807 [1807], 2. The statement is all the more curious inthat the Westminster radicals simultaneously made public that 40 per centof their expenditures on the election and its aftermath had been spent pro-moting ritualized activities: An Exposition of the Circumstances which gave riseto the Election of Sir Francis Burdett (1807), 27–8. They may also have orga-nized breakfasts: J. C. Jennyns, The Triumph of Westminster: CorrespondenceBetween J. Clayton Jennyns and Sir Francis Burdett (1830), 10.

13 Kertzer, Politics and Symbols, chs. 7–8; P. Borsay, ‘ “All the Town’s a Stage”:Urban Ritual and Ceremony, 1660–1800’, in P. Clark (ed.), The Transfor-mation of English Provincial Towns (1974), 228–58; Simon Gunn, The PublicCulture of the Victorian Middle Class: Ritual and Authority and the EnglishIndustrial City 1840–1914 (Manchester, 2000), 72; F. O’Gorman, ‘The PaineBurnings of 1792–1793’, P&P 193 (2006), 115, 136, 151.

14 For example, O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 102, 112–13; Epstein, RadicalExpression, 83; J. Brewer, ‘Theater and Counter-Theater in Georgian Poli-tics: The Mock Elections at Garrat’, Radical History Review 22 (1979–80),8; M. Harrison, Crowds and History: Mass Phenomena in English Towns,1790–1835 (Cambridge, 1988), ch. 9; E. P. Thompson, Customs in Com-mon (New York, 1991), 48 n. 3 and ch. 8; K. T. Hoppen, ‘Grammars ofElectoral Violence in Nineteenth–Century England and Ireland’, EHR 109(1994), 605.

15 London Chronicle, 18 May 1784; E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution inFrance, ed. L. G. Mitchell (Oxford, 1993), 69; J. C. Hobhouse, Recollec-tions of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester (1909–11), iv. 113; C. Thompson,Autobiography of an Artisan (1847), 81; The Times, 27 July 1841.

16 BMC 10763, by C. Williams, 1 Oct. 1807; W. Austin, Letters from London(Boston, 1804), 21. For other visual evidence see Figs. 2.2, 5.2. I know of novisual images of carnival as applied to modern British politics.

17 Epstein, Radical Expression, 98, 150–1, 157; J. Brewer, Party Ideology and Pop-ular Politics at the Accession of George III (Cambridge, 1976), 182; V. Turner,‘Social Dramas and Stories about Them’, Critical Inquiry 7 (1980), esp. 162–3;J. Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993), ch. 3.

296 Notes

18 The Times, 9 Dec. 1819. For the stave as a symbol of authority seeP. Colquhoun, Treatise on the Functions and Duties of a Constable (1803), 20;Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn. (1989), q.v., ‘white’.

19 Correspondence of King George the Third, ed. J. Fortesque (1927–8), iii. 144;The Times, 9 Dec. 1819; The Sun, 1 July 1841; Nonconformist, 14 July1852; cf. O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 82 and ‘Paine Burnings’, 115;B. Bushaway, By Rite: Custom, Ceremony, and Community in England, 1700–1880 (1982), 167, 190–5, S. Lukes, Essays in Social Theory (1977), 54.

20 R. Bocock, Ritual in Industrial Society (1974), 61; D. I. Kertzer, Ritual, Pol-itics, and Power (1988), 9, 67; C. T. Goodsell, The Social Meaning of CivicSpace: Studying Political Authority Through Architecture (Lawrence, 1988), 25;J. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain: Religion and National Life in Britain andIreland 1843–1945 (1994), 77.

21 Hobhouse and Liberty! [1819].22 O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 96; W. F. Patton, ‘Political Expression

Through Song and Verse: Nottingham 1780–1850’, Ph.D. thesis (Queen’sUniversity, Belfast, 1983), 36, 88 ff.; I. McCalman, Radical Underworld:Prophets, Revolutionaries, and Pornographers in London, 1795–1840 (Cambridge,1988), 118; M. Philp, ‘Vulgar Conservatism, 1792–3’, EHR 110 (1995), 59;P. Brett, ‘Political Dinners in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain: Platform,Meeting Place and Battleground’, History 81 (1996), 532–3.

23 Vernon, Politics and the People, 127–31; N. D. LoPatin, ‘Ritual, Symbolism,and Radical Rhetoric: Political Unions and Political Identity in the Ageof Parliamentary Reform’, Journal of Victorian Culture 3 (1998), 15–20; M.Cragoe, Culture, Politics, and National Identity in Wales 1832–1886 (Oxford,2004), 217–24; M. T. Davis, ‘ “An Evening of Pleasure Rather than Business”:Songs, Subversion and Radical Sub–Culture in the 1790s’, Journal for theStudy of British Cultures 12 (2005), 115–26.

24 London Courant, 25 Sep. 1780; The Case is alter’d [1784]; Works of John Jebb,ed. J. Disney (1787), i. 147; Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–1788, ed. B. Cozens-Hardy (1950), 291, 319–20; Correspondence of Edmund Burke, gen. ed. T. W.Copeland (1958–78), v. 410–11; Thompson, Autobiography of an Artisan, 82.

25 Mr Fox addressing his Friends from the King’s Arms Tavern 14 Feb. 1784 (BMC6423, anon., c. Feb 1784); HMC, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Abergavenny(1887), 66; Morning Post, 16 Feb. 1784; The Times, 31 Mar. 1790.

26 The Times, 3 May 1837; O’ Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 93; G. Rudé,Hanoverian London, 1714–1808 (1971), 183. Such an argument was a tac-tic used by right-wing controversialists, e.g. James Gillray: T. Hunt, DefiningJohn Bull: Political Caricature and National Identity in late Georgian England(2003), 175.

27 Romilly, Memoirs, i. 273; Burke Correspondence, iv. 282 n. 1 and 284; LondonChronicle, 8 Apr. 1783, 8 July 1802 and 4, 6, 13 Nov. 1806; Public Adver-tiser, 17 June 1790; Morning Chronicle, 28 May 1796; Sir Robert BarriePapers, Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University,Box 4; History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 300, 302; Hobhouse,Recollections, iv. 109–10, 309; St. James’s Chronicle, 13 May, 27 July 1837.

28 Thompson, Customs in Common; Bushaway, By Rite, ch. 5; A. Wood, ‘ThePlace of Custom in Plebeian Culture: England, 1550–1800’, SH 22 (1997),46–60.

Notes 297

29 Diary of Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), ii. 568; St. James’sChronicle, 13 July and True Briton, 14 July 1802; London Chronicle, 6 Nov. andWestminster Journal, 8 Nov. 1806, 23 May 1807; History of the Westminsterand Middlesex Elections, 70; The Times, 25 June 1818; Authentic Narrative ofthe Westminster Election of 1819 (1819), 169; Courier, 11 and 14 Mar. 1820;BrP, 56541, f. 12; J. Diprose, Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes(1868), i. 166–7.

30 Morning Chronicle, 14 June 1796; Diary and Correspondence of Charles Abbot,Lord Colchester, ed. Charles, Lord Colchester (1861), i. 59–60.

31 Burke, Correspondence, v. 410; D. Ginter, Whig Organization in the GeneralElection of 1790 (1967), 95; D. R. McAdams, ‘Electioneering Techniques inPopulous Constituencies, 1784–96’, Studies in Burke and His Time 14 (1972),29; J. Brewer, ‘Commercialization and Politics’, in N. McKendrick, Brewerand J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization ofEighteenth-Century England (Bloomington, 1982), 232.

32 Morning Chronicle, 2 Apr. 1784. For the receipt tax, which as a minister Foxhad supported see [C. Wray], Letter to the Independent Electors of Westminster,3rd edn. (1784), 7–10.

33 London Chronicle, 31 July, 7 Aug. 1788; Morning Post, 4 Aug and MorningChronicle, 7 Aug 1788; Letters and Correspondence of Sir James Bland Burges,ed. J. Hutton (1885), 126.

34 History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 45; PlaP 27843, f. 224 and27849, f. 41.

35 Morning Post, 7 Jan., St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835.36 The electors of Westminster have determined, by a general illumination this

evening, to celebrate the triumph of the rights of election (1785), JJC, Elections,London; General Evening Post, 5 Mar. 1785.

37 Farington, Diary, ii. 403–6; The Times, 27 June 1818; The Sun, 1 July 1841;Nonconformist, 14 July 1852.

38 Morning Chronicle, 19, 27 Feb. 1819.39 Morning Post, 19 July 1788; A Few Words in Point [1788], BL, shelfmark

807.h.23 (10).40 London Chronicle, 4 Nov. 1806; To the Worthy and Independent Electors of

Westminster [1819].41 Morning Chronicle, 8 Nov. and London Chronicle, 18 Nov. 1806; History of the

Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 33, 55, 86, 98, 200–1, 208; Address toRichard Brinsley Sheridan, 2nd edn. (1807), 13–14.

42 The Sun, 1 July 1841.43 London Chronicle, 6 Nov. 1806.44 Reform of Parliament. Purity of Election. Hobhouse (1819). On 3 May 1807

Joseph Clayton Jennings announced from the hustings that he stood there‘as the representative of an association of the free and Independent Elec-tors of Westminster’, while the association’s chairman, Samuel Brooks,took the trouble to clarify for Henry Hunt that the Westminster Com-mittee was ‘adopted (though not originally appointed) by the Electorsof Westminster’: [J. C. Jennings], The Proceedings of the Late WestminsterElection (1808), 34, 246.

45 Morning Advertiser, 19 June 1818; Public Advertiser, 17 June 1790; History ofthe Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 18–19.

298 Notes

46 Burke Correspondence, iv. 282 n. 1.47 Annual Register 32 (1790), 208–9; L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox and the

Disintegration of the Whig Party, 1782–1794 (1971), 87.48 Morning Chronicle, 27 June 1818, 26 Feb. 1819, 13, 20 July 1837; The Times,

16 Mar. 1820; St. James’s Chronicle, 11 Dec. 1832.49 R. E. Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse: A Political Life, 1819–1852 (Columbia,

1973), 201; Nonconformist, 14 July 1852.50 Morning Chronicle, 8 Apr. 1784, 23 June 1818; BrP, 47235, fos. 21, 30;

Examiner, 7 Mar. 1819; St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835; The Sun, 1 July1841.

51 C. Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834 (1995), 372;J. Lawrence, Speaking for the People. Party, Language, and Popular Politics inEngland, 1867–1914 (Cambridge, 1998), 181.

52 London Chronicle, 15 July 1802.53 Morning Chronicle, 15 Sep. 1780, 6 Mar. 1819; Journals of the House of Com-

mons 40 (1784–5), 13; London Chronicle, 6, 15 Nov. 1806; Morning Advertiser,19 June 1818; J. C. Hobhouse, A Defence of the People, in Reply to Lord Erskine’s‘Two Defences of the Whigs’ (1819), 93, 98, 100; Report of the Trial between JohnCullen and Arthur Morris (1820), 4, 13.

54 History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 85; Morning Chronicle, 8Nov. 1806, 30 June 1841; Courier, 13 Feb. 1819; St James’s Chronicle, 17Feb 1846.

55 Morning Post, 7 Jan. 1835; St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837, 17 Feb. 1846;Nonconformist, 14 July 1852; PP 1826–7, Elections Polls for Cities and Boroughs,iv. 1115, p. 9; PP 1860, Elective Franchise, xii, 1, ques. 744.

56 St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837. ‘Jim Crow’ was slang for a street clown,mountebank or folk trickster: C. Mackay, Popular Delusions, 2nd edn. (1852),629; W. T. Lhamon, Jr., Jump Jim Crow: Lost Plays, Lyrics, and Street Proseof the First Atlantic Popular Culture (2003), 31 and n. 46, 61. Jim Crow wasperformed at the Royal Surrey Theatre early in 1837, suggesting anotherlink between theatre and electoral politics.

57 C. P. Moritz, Travels through Several Parts of England in 1782, ed. P. E.Matheson (1924), 53; London Chronicle, 5 Aug. 1788.

58 Courier, 2 Nov., London Chronicle, 20 Nov. 1806.59 The Times, 8 Oct. 1806; GL, Noble Collection B. W2/COV.60 PlaP, 27839, f. 198 and 27840, f. 25.61 European Magazine 62 (1812), 326; W. E. Saxon, ‘The Political Importance

of the Westminster Committee of the Early Nineteenth Century, with spe-cial reference to the years 1807–22’, Ph.D. thesis (University of Edinburgh,1958), i. 100; A. Prochaska, ‘Westminster Radicalism, 1807–1832’, D.Philthesis (University of Oxford, 1975), 242.

62 Burke Correspondence, iv. 282 n. 1; Morning Chronicle, 17 July 1788, 20Nov. 1806; Romilly, Memoirs, iii. 360; W. Thomas, ‘Whigs and Radicals inWestminster: The Election of 1819’, Guildhall Miscellany 3 (1970), 212; LMA,Beal Papers, F/BL/9/33; HP, PS1, f. 1, PS2, f. 140.

63 Letters of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, ed. C. Price (Oxford, 1966), i. 135–6; NA,Rodney Papers, 30/20/20/3, f. 84; Burke Correspondence, iv. 300; Morning Post,21 July 1788, 4 May 1833; NA, Chatham Papers, 30/8/151, f. 146; BrP 47235,fos. 22–31; PlaP 27841, f. 300∗ and 27844, f. 33; WAC, Papers of Simon

Notes 299

Stephenson, E3349/4, f. 37; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b 200, f. 192; Co–operativeUnion, Manchester, G. J. Holyoake Collection, MM/96636/1, f. 228; P. Jupp,British and Irish Elections, 1784–1831 (1973), 128.

64 WAC, Papers of Frederick Booth, Acc. 36/144; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b 200, fos.166v, 192; Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40585, f. 142; PP 1860, Corrupt Prac-tices Prevention Act (1854), x., 968, 998–1003; Eisenhower Library, JohnsHopkins University, Hutzler Collection, i., f. 21; Bee–Hive, 21 Nov. 1868;E. L. O’Malley and H. Hardcastle, Reports . . . Election Petitions (1870), i. 91–2;HP, PS2, f. 169 and PS4, f. 68.

65 Morning Chronicle, 22 July 1788; BrP, 56540, f. 59v; The Times, 24 Apr. 1837.66 HMC, Manuscripts of the Duke of Rutland (1894), 35; B. Connell, Portrait of a

Whig Peer (1957), 176.67 A New Way to secure a Majority (BMC 6572, by S. Collings, 3 May 1784);

A. Trollope, Life of Cicero (1880), i. 130.68 PlaP 35150, fos. 147–8; Thompson, Autobiography of an Artisan, 82.69 PlaP, 27847, f. 26. Election breakfasts worked similarly; a Whig breakfast on

18 Feb. 1819 paid immediate benefits for George Lamb: BrP, 56540, f. 56v.70 The Times, 24 May 1831.71 Morning Chronicle, 26 July 1788.72 LWL 788.7.29.1, by R. Newton?, 29 July 1788. The print began life as a ballad

with the same title: BL shelfmark 11602.i.19 (11).73 O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 91; Vernon, Politics and the People, 96–8;

Hoppen, ‘Grammars of Electoral Violence’, 607. In addition to Hogarth’siconic Chairing the Member (1754–5) see The May Garland or Triumph WithoutVictory (BMC 6600, by W. G. Phillips, 26 May 1784); Symptoms of an Election(LWL 825.0.51, anon., 1825); Election Pandemonium (Bridgeman Art LibraryDRU 86944, anon., 1826).

74 Broughton, Recollections, iv. 312; L. Marin, ‘Notes on a Semiotic Approachto Parade, Cortege, and Procession’, in Falassi, Time Out of Time, 220–8; Gunn,Public Culture of the Victorian Middle Class, ch. 7.

75 Order of the Procession For Chairing Sir Francis Burdett (BM, Dept. of Prints &Drawings, History 1807 IMP, 1807).

76 Bell’s Weekly Messenger and Independent Whig, 24 May 1807.77 Westminster Journal, 30 May 1807; The Times, 30 June 1807; [Jennings], Pro-

ceedings of the Late Westminster Election, 250, 266–70; PlaP, 27838, f. 20; BP,MS. Eng. hist. d. 216, fos. 329, 331; Memoirs of the Life of Sir Francis Burdett(1810), 38–9; H. Hunt, Memoirs (1820–2), ii. 269; Lord Granville LevesonGower, Private Correspondence, 1781–1821, ed. Countess Granville (1916), ii.259; Patterson, Burdett, i. 216, 218.

78 Morning Chronicle, 25 Sep. 1780, 16 July 1802; Courier, 8 Oct. 1806; GL, MS.3730, f. 27.

79 J. B. Trotter, Memoirs of the Latter Years of the Right Honourable Charles JamesFox (1811), 479–83; Last View of the Rt. Hon. Charles James Fox (DLC, PC31806, anon., Oct. 1806); T. Jenks, ‘Contesting the Hero: The Funeral ofAdmiral Lord Nelson’, JBS 39 (2000), 422–53. The Morning Chronicle articleshowing Fox’s funeral procession is in Place Coll., set 28, f. 95. It should benoted that the expenses for Burdett’s chairing in 1807 totalled nearly £508,approaching half of what it cost to elect him.

80 PlaP, 27838, f. 21; Morning Post, 27, 30 June 1807.

300 Notes

81 London Chronicle, 18 May 1784; Burke Correspondence, v. 409; J. W. vonArchenholz, A Picture of England (Dublin, 1790), 16–17; History of theWestminster and Middlesex Elections, 266, but cf. 305.

82 Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall, ed. H. B.Wheatley (1884), i. 13–15; Morning Chronicle, 7 May 1807; Graham, Byron’sBulldog, 240; Examiner, 7 Mar. 1819; Patterson, Burdett, i. 216; Private Lettersof Princess Lieven to Prince Metternich 1820–1826, ed. P. Quennell (1948), 19.

83 G. T. Keppel, Earl of Albemarle, Fifty Years of My Life (1876), i. 247–8;cf. Hardy, Memoirs, 113.

84 P. Clark, British Clubs and Societies, 1580–1800: The Origins of an AssociationalWorld (Oxford, 2000), 266–7.

85 Francis Place commented that ribbons ‘tend to create disturbances’: PP1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 14. He should haveknown: at a 20 June 1818 meeting of Burdett’s managing committee Placehad noted a resolution that ‘Flags and Music are necessary and that a largeblue Silk Flag with the inscription “Sir Francis Burdett” be ordered forth-with’: PlaP 27849, f. 41. At a subsequent procession radicals ‘took everyprecaution that our colours and symbols should not be mixed with Romilly’sprocession’: BrP, 47235, f. 32.

86 Morning Herald and Morning Chronicle, 2 Apr. 1784. During the electionFoxite women wore blue and ministerialist women green dresses: A. L. Cust,The Albinia Book (1929), 54–5.

87 Courier, 19 Nov. 1806; Scrope Davies Papers, BL Loan 70/2, f. 71.88 HWE, 146; see also WAC, Papers of Frederick Booth, Acc. 36/144.89 HWE, 64, 159; Morning Chronicle, 26, 28 July 1788, 3 Mar. 1819; Morning

Post, 25 July and London Chronicle, 26 July 1788; Life and Letters of LordDurham, ed. S. J. Reid (1906), i. 117; The Times, 29 July 1847; Nonconformist,14 July 1852.

90 Morning Herald, 6 July 1818; BrP, 47235, f. 32, 56541, f. 25; Romilly, Mem-oirs, iii. 364–5; [Sir Samuel Romilly being Chaired] (BM, Prints & Drawings,Binyon 14/8, by George Scharf [1818]).

91 Letters of Dr. Charles Burney, ed. A. Ribeiro (Oxford, 1992), i. 442; True Briton,14 July 1802; PlaP, 27843, f. 10v.

92 PlaP, 27838, f. 21, 27841, f. 321, 27843, f. 201 and 27845 unfol., 12 July1818; Independent Whig, 24 May 1807; The Times, 23 June 1818; Order ofProcession for Chairing Sir Francis Burdett [1818], broadside, BL shelfmark1855.de.14; BrP, 47235, f. 31v; Order of Procession for Chairing Sir FrancisBurdett and John Cam Hobhouse [1820], GL Broadside 6.95.

93 BrP, 47235, fos. 26–7. Hobhouse used humours as did David Hume:‘The humours of the people, set afloat by the parliamentary impeach-ment . . . broke out in various commotions’: History of England (1754–62):Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. ‘humours’.

94 BrP, 56541, f. 24; PlaP, 27843, f. 209; Morning Chronicle, 2 Aug. 1830;Spectator, 1 Dec. 1832.

95 For a fuller analysis see M. Baer, ‘Political Dinners in Whig, Radical and ToryWestminster, 1780–1880’, in C. Jones, P. Salmon and R. W. Davis (eds.),Partisan Politics, Principle and Reform in Parliament and the Constituencies,1689–1880 (Edinburgh, 2005), 183–206.

96 PlaP, 27838, f. 21, 27843, f. 367; The Times, 24 May 1822.

Notes 301

97 F. O’Gorman, Voters, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System ofHanoverian England 1734–1832 (Oxford, 1989), 92; BrP 47222, f. 16; Corre-spondence of Jeremy Bentham, ed. T. L. S. Sprigge et al. (1968–), ix. 195; P. Jupp,British Politics on the Eve of Reform (1998), 409–10.

98 The Times, 25 May 1812.99 Rutland Manuscripts, iii, App. I, p. 63; Windham Papers, BL Add. MS 37843,

f. 5; Farington, Diary, ii. 566; BrP, 56540, f. 43v, 56541, f. 9v and 56557,f. 58v.

100 Speeches of John Horne Tooke During the Westminster Election, 1796 [1796],37–40; Courier, 20 Nov. 1806; Parliamentary Debates 14 (1809), 774–5;Authentic Narrative of the Westminster Election of 1819, 333–7, 340–5;D. Rapp, ‘The Left-Wing Whigs: Whitbread, The Mountain and Reform,1809–1815’, JBS 21 (1982), 53.

101 London Chronicle and Morning Chronicle, 7 Aug 1788; Duke of Buckinghamand Chandos, Memoirs of Courts and Cabinets of George III (1853–5), i.416–19.

102 History of the Westminster and Middlesex Elections, 28, 94.103 Morning Chronicle, 9 July 1818; John Bull, 2, 30 Apr. 1837; The Times, 27,

31 July 1841, 12 Feb. 1842.104 British Press, 3 Mar. and Champion, 5 Mar. 1820; The Times, 24 May 1831.105 Epstein, Radical Expression, 154 and n. 32; PR 62 (1827), 196 ff.106 PlaP, 27843, f. 349.107 The Times, 24 May 1817 and 1822, 25 May 1818, 1824, and 27 May 1828;

Hobhouse, Recollections, ii. 189; PlaP, 27843, fos. 347–50; BrP, 47235, f. 35;cf. Baer, ‘Political Dinners’, 197, Table 1.

108 BMC 11335, by S. De Wilde, 1 June 1809; Full and Accurate Report of theProceedings at the Meeting at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, May 1, 1809(1809).

109 The Times, 24 May 1827; Hobhouse, Recollections, iii. 195–7, 271; Patterson,Burdett, ii. 561–3.

110 The Times, 26 May 1829.111 PlaP, 27843, f. 391v.112 E. A. Smith (ed.), Reform or Revolution: A Diary of Reform in England 1830–2

(Wolfeboro Falls, 1992), 146.113 WAC, Leslie Grove Jones Papers, D/Jon/20.114 BrP, 56540, fos. 45v, 49v.115 Hobhouse, Recollections, iv. 270.116 BrP, 47235, fos. 34–5.117 The annual dinner was a feature of medieval confraternities, and was con-

nected to related festivity: J. J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the EnglishPeople (Oxford, 1984), ch. 2, esp. 20, 23; Clark, British Clubs and Societies,20. For the comparable antiquity of butchers and their rough music seeJ. P. Malcolm, Anecdotes of Manners and Customs of London (1808), ii. 28,W. Hone, The Every-Day Book (1827), i. 1434 and R. Chambers, The Bookof Days (1914), i. 360 and ii. 111–12. Satirical prints such as A Peep intoFriar Bacon’s Study (BMC 6436, by T. Rowlandson, 3 Mar. 1784) and TheCunning Men (BMC 16584, by R. Seymour, 26 Feb. 1831) read alongsideK. Thomas, Religion and Decline of Magic (1971) display the staying powerof the pre-modern worldview.

302 Notes

7 Associations: From Actors to Audiences

1 Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, ch. 16. Dickens was familiar withBurdett and close to his daughter Angela, later Baroness Burdett-Coutts.

2 PlaP, 27844, fos. 22, 29v; BrP, 56557, fos. 38v–39v; Westminster Election [1832],1–3; The Times, 20 Nov. 1832, 11 Apr. 1837; A. Prochaska, ‘WestminsterRadicalism, 1807–1832’, D.Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1975), 58.

3 K. Marx and F. Engels, The Communist Manifesto, intro. A. J. P. Taylor (1848;1985), 113; for a comparable critique by a liberal see J. T. Smith, Governmentby Commissions Illegal and Pernicious (1849), 172.

4 D. J. Rowe, ‘The Failure of London Chartism’, HJ 11 (1968), 482; M. Taylor,The Decline of British Radicalism 1847–1860 (Oxford, 1995), 75.

5 Morning Chronicle, 30 May 1833.6 Dinners are infrequently mentioned in works on radical Westminster MPs

in this era: see J. T. Leader, Rough and Rambling Notes (1899); E. M. Spiers,Radical General: Sir George deLacy Evans, 1787–1870 (Manchester, 1983).

7 Spiers, Radical General, 202, 204, although see Morning Advertiser,22 July 1850.

8 [W. D. Christie], ‘Mr. John Stuart Mill for Westminster’, MacMillan’s Maga-zine 12 (1865), 92; Mill, CW, xvi. 1058, 1061, 1095–6, 1422, 1493, 1502,xxviii. 20. Jeremy Bentham, his mentor, felt similarly about political partic-ipation: Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham, ed. T. L. S. Sprigge et al., (1968–),ix. 150, 195.

9 Westminster Reform Society prospectus, JJC, Elections, London folder; PlaP,27844, f. 271; [H. Rich], ‘Tory and Reform Associations’, ER 62 (1835), 176–7;The Times, 25 Apr. 1836, 12 Feb. 1842; Morning Chronicle, 14–19 June 1841;Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40496, f. 86; Morning Advertiser, 17 June 1852;N. Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of ParliamentaryRepresentation, 1830–1850 (1953), 400-1 and ‘The Organization of the Con-servative Party 1832–1846 Part II: The Electoral Organization’, PH 2 (1983),136.

10 PlaP, 27841, f. 16; T. J. Nossiter, ‘Aspects of Electoral Behaviour in EnglishConstituencies’, in E. Allardt and S. Rokkan (eds.), Mass Politics: Stud-ies in Political Sociology (New York, 1970), 173; F. O’Gorman, ‘CampaignRituals and Ceremonies: The Social Meaning of Elections in England 1780–1860’, P&P 135 (1992), 114–15; A. August ‘A Culture of Consolation?Rethinking Politics in Working-Class London, 1870–1914’, HR 74 (2001),193–219.

11 Epicure’s Almanack (1815), 115; O’Gorman, ‘Campaign Rituals’, 115; E. Yeo,‘Culture and Constraint in Working-Class Movements, 1830–1855’, inE. Yeo and S. Yeo (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590–1914:Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure (Brighton, 1981), 168;J. Schwarzkopf, Women in the Chartist Movement (1991), 180–1.

12 HP, PS2, fos. 57–8; West End News, 21 Nov. 1868; A. Windscheffel, PopularConservatism in Imperial London, 1868–1906 (Woodbridge, 2007), 71–98.

13 Country Gentleman, Letter to Sir Francis Burdett (1810), 4.14 The Times, 10 Dec. 1868, 6 Dec. 1872.15 M. Pugh, The Tories and the People (Oxford, 1985), 35–8; Windscheffel, Pop-

ular Conservatism in London, 99–102; K. Rix, ‘ “The Elimination of Corrupt

Notes 303

Practices in British Elections”? Reassessing the Impact of the 1883 CorruptPractices Act’, EHR 123 (2008), 93.

16 LWWMCA, Sixth Annual Report (1873), HP, PS3, f. 149; Nonconformist, 1Apr. 1880. For distinctions between Tory democracy and popular Con-servatism cf. R. Quinault, ‘Lord Randolph Churchill and Tory Democracy1880–85’, HJ 22 (1979), 141–65; R. F. Foster, ‘Tory Democracy and Politi-cal Elitism: Provincial Conservatism and Parliamentary Tories in the Early1880s’, Parliament and Community 14 (1981), 147–75; R. McWilliam, Popu-lar Politics in Nineteenth-Century England (1998), ch. 8; M. Roberts, ‘PopularConservatism in Britain, 1832–1914’, PH 26 (2007), 387–410.

17 Lords and Commons 4 (1880), 800; The Times, 15 May 1884.18 HP, PS2, fos. 51, 78; National Union of Conservative and Constitutionalist

Associations, Minutes of the Proceedings (1867), 5–6.19 Qtd R. Shannon, The Age of Disraeli, 1868–1881: The Rise of Tory Democracy

(1992), 19; for Bennett see The Times, 10 June 1867.20 M. Pugh, ‘Popular Conservatism in Britain: Continuity and Change, 1880–

1987’, JBS 27 (1988), 259, 273, 278.21 LWWMCA, Prospectus [1867].22 The Times, 12 Nov. 1867; C. Driver, Tory Radical: The Life of Richard Oastler

(New York, 1946), 203–4; J. Innes, ‘ “Reform” in English Public Life: TheFortunes of a Word’, in A. Burns and Innes (eds.), Rethinking the Age ofReform: Britain 1780–1850 (Cambridge, 2003), 96.

23 Westminster Journal, 4 Oct. 1806.24 London Chronicle, 15 July 1788.25 PlaP, 27850, fos. 214–15, 27840, f. 252, 27843, fos. 331, 335; Morning Chron-

icle, 30 Mar. 1809; Statesman, 10 Feb. 1810; Westminster Election 1820 (1820),7–8; The Times, 27 Apr. and 22 Sep. 1831, 23 Jan. 1833, 22 Apr. and 24Nov. 1837.

26 Morning Chronicle, 6 Oct. 1812, 8 June 1826; PlaP, 27843, f. 402.27 Spectator, 24 Nov. 1832.28 PlaP, 27789, fos. 276–8; The Times, 19 Mar. 1831; Westminster Reform Society

(c. late 1830s) and Westminster Reform Society (c. 1846), in JJC, Elections,London; T. A. Jenkins (ed.), Parliamentary Diaries of Sir John Trelawny, 1858–1865, Camden 4th ser., 40 (Woodbridge, 1990), 330.

29 Spectator, 1 Dec. 1832; The Times, 24 Apr. 1837, 5 Jan. 1838; BP, Ms.Eng. hist. b 200, fos. 250, 252; Evans & Lushington for Westminster [1847],National Co-operative Archive, Manchester, George Jacob Holyoake Papers,MM/96636/1, f. 228; A. D. Taylor, ‘Modes of Political Expression and Work-ing Class Politics: The Manchester and London Examples, 1850–1880’, Ph.D.thesis (University of Manchester, 1992), 125–7.

30 BP, Ms Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 242; PlaP, 35150, f. 144.31 As suggested in H. J. Hanham, Elections and Party Management: Politics in the

Time of Disraeli and Gladstone (1959), 92.32 BrP, 47226, f. 32; Morning Chronicle, 12 Feb. 1846; Westminster Reform Soci-

ety [c.1846], in JJC, Elections. London folder; To the Electors of Westminster(1847), WAC, B 137 (37).

33 P. Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work: Local Politics and National Parties 1832–1841 (Woodbridge, 2002), 48.

34 HP, PS2, f. 38.

304 Notes

35 HP, PS2, fos. 52–4.36 HP, PS1, f. 12, PS2, fos. 60, 66, PS3, fos. 102, 148; Conservative Agents and

Associations in the Counties and Boroughs of England and Wales (1874), 91;Old Liberal, Letters to Working Men, No. 2: ‘Radical, Liberal or Conservative’(1879), 2–3.

37 LWWMCA, Prospectus.38 W. Bagehot, The English Constitution (1867; 1963), 61.39 HP, PS2, f. 60.40 HP, PS2, fos. 52, 78; Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism in London, 107.41 The Times, 18 June 1867, 30 Jan. 1874; Spectator and Illustrated Times, 21

Nov. 1868; Bishopsgate Institute, London, George Howell Coll., HowellLetters 1868, f. 29; G. W. Smalley, London Letters (New York, 1891),i. 240.

42 Purity of Election (1812), Place Coll., set 31, f. 17; Autobiography of FrancisPlace, ed. M. Thale (Cambridge, 1972), 216–18; British Press, 5 June 1818;St. James’s Chronicle, 8 Jan. 1835.

43 PlaP, 27838, fos. 21, 342.44 The Times, 24 May 1826.45 Sir J. Bowring, Autobiography (1877), 80.46 P. H. Ditchfield, Old English Customs (1896), 172; The Times, 29 Mar. 1880.47 Place Coll., set 31, f. 71; PlaP, 27840, f. 253.48 [ J. Beal], Mr. J. S. Mill and Westminster: The Story of the Westminster Election,

1865 (1865), 2; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 141; PlaP, 35150, f. 140v; MorningChronicle, 18, 21 June 1841.

49 PlaP, 27844, fos. 272–9; Examiner, 9 July 1837; The Times, 15–20 Dec. 1838,20 May 1848; Morning Advertiser, 31 July 1847; Spiers, Radical General,131–2; T. H. Lloyd, ‘Dr. Wade and the Working Class’, Midland History 2(1973), 78.

50 Morning Chronicle, 14, 20 Mar. 1857; The Times, 14 Feb. 1865; [Beal], Story ofthe Westminster Election, 3; S. M. Ellis (ed.), The Hardman Papers (New York,1930), 29.

51 The Westminster Liberals lost considerable ground at the 1865 RevisingBarrister’s Court which followed the election: The Times, 13 Oct. 1865.Diprose (1814–79) was a Strand bookseller, publisher and author.

52 City of Westminster Liberal Registration Society [1866], JJC, Elections. Londonfolder. Six names could not be traced back to previous elections. For thelabels see Ch. 1 above.

53 To the Members of the Westminster Liberal Registration Society [1865], JJC,Elections. London folder; Morning Star, 21 Nov. 1868.

54 The Times, 19 Apr., 23 May 1873, 6 Feb. 1874, 5 Mar. 1880, 16 Oct. 1882;prospectus of Westminster Working Men’s Liberal Association, BishopsgateInstitute, London, George Howell Coll.; [A. Trollope], ‘Upshot of Elections’,Saint Pauls (1869), 412; William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44446, f. 75v.

55 The Times, 2 Dec. 1872; HP, PS3, fos. 117, 130; Pall Mall Gazette, 4 Feb. 1874;P. Thompson, Socialists, Liberals and Labour: The Struggle for London 1885–1914 (1967), 179; T. G. Ashplant, ‘London Working Men’s Clubs, 1875–1914’, in Yeo and Yeo, Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 245–7; J. Lawrence,‘Popular Radicalism and the Socialist Revival in Britain’, JBS 31 (1992),172–4.

Notes 305

56 The Times, 23 May 1873, 7–8 Feb., 16 Dec. 1882, 12 Jan. 1883; Liberaland Radical Yearbook (1887), 46; PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elec-tions, xv. 52; J. Davis, ‘Radical Clubs and London Politics, 1870–1900’,in D. Feldman and G. S. Jones (eds.), Metropolis London: Histories andRepresentations since 1800 (1989), 106.

57 [Rich], ‘Tory and Reform Associations’; Rules and Regulations of theWestminster Constitutional Club [1835], 6; The Times, 14 July and 13Oct. 1835, 12 Feb. 1842; PP 1860, Corrupt Practices Prevention Act (1854),x. 357.

58 Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40585, f. 143; WAC, Papers of the WCA, Acc. 487,f. 2; The Times, 6 July 1852; HP, PS2, f. 72.

59 HP, PS6, fos. 625–6. The LWWMCA nevertheless continued to have aseparate existence, bucking the trend in London of uniting middle- andworking-class Tory associations: The Times, 1 Apr. 1886; Windscheffel,Popular Conservatism in London, 92.

60 LWWMCA, Sixth Annual Report and The Times, 7 Aug. 1877, 6 Aug. 1878, 3Aug. 1880.

61 Illustrated London News, 21 Feb. 1846.62 St. James’s Chronicle, 11–13 May 1837; The Times, 6 July and Illustrated London

News, 10 July 1852; Tea and Anarchy: The Bloomsbury Diaries of Olive Garnett,ed. B.C. Johnson (1989), 92; see also R. Price, An Imperial War and the BritishWorking Class: Working-Class Attitudes and Reactions to the Boer War 1899–1902 (1972), ch. 3.

63 The Times, 13 Oct. 1835, 20 Sep. 1842; M. D. Conway, ‘The GreatWestminster Canvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 31 (1865), 741; PallMall Gazette, 17 Nov., Spectator, 21 Nov. 1868; Salmon, Electoral Reform atWork, 38.

64 HP, PS2, f. 48; Pall Mall Gazette, 25 Nov. 1885; Morning Chronicle, 18Feb. 1846; The Times, 11 July 1865.

65 Westminster Election 1820, 1 (italics added).66 Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work, chs. 1–2; M. Cragoe, Culture, Politics, and

National Identity in Wales 1832–1886 (Oxford, 2004), 81–91. For Westminstercases see The Times, 9 Oct. 1833, 16 Oct. 1835, 20 Sep. 1842; G. Pigott andB. B. H. Rodwell, Reports of Cases Decided in the Court of Common Pleas onAppeal from the Decisions of the Revising Barristers (1846), 149–50.

67 The Times, 3 Dec. 1847, 2 July 1886; PP 1860, Elective Franchise, xii.1, ques.659–60; PP 1868–9, Registration Committee, vii. 301, ques. 1304, 1356; PP1870, Registration of Votes in the Counties, vi. 191, p. 762; Mill, CW, xvi. 1071;HP, PS2, fos. 63, 67; National Union of Conservative and ConstitutionalAssociations, Seventh Annual Conference (1873), 5; J. Vernon, Politics and thePeople: A Study in English Political Culture, c.1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993),100, 106, 131–58; Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work, ch. 1, esp. 24.

68 PP 1864, Registration of County Voters, x. 403, p. 51; HP, PS1, f. 34, PS2,f. 170; The Times, 13 Oct. 1865, 16 Oct. 1872, 27 Sep. 1873; West End News,28 Nov. 1868; A. Alison, Some Account of My Life and Writings, ed. Jane,Lady Alison (1883), i. 311; Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work, 40; J. Davisand D. Tanner, ‘The Borough Franchise after 1867’, HR 69 (1996), 309–10,Tables 2–3.

69 Table 4.2 above; Pall Mall Gazette, 30 Mar. 1880.

306 Notes

70 Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, Hutzler Collection, i., f. 21;PP 1868–9, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, viii. 424–5; E. L. O’Malleyand H. Hardcastle, Reports . . . Election Petitions (1870), i. 91; C. O’Leary, Elim-ination of Corrupt Practices at Election (Oxford, 1962), 50–1. In 1880 theConservatives failed to submit election expenses to the returning officer:PP 1880, Election Charges, lvii. 33.

71 B. Bushaway, By Rite: Custom, Ceremony, and Community in England, 1700–1880 (1982), 25, 158.

72 Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler (1869), ii. 121; Parliamentary andMunicipal Elections, xv, 1, pp. 45, 50–3.

73 J. Bentham, Plan of Parliamentary Reform (1818), 17; McWilliam, PopularPolitics, ch. 5; M. Canovan, Populism (New York, 1981), ch. 5.

74 Vernon, Politics and the People.75 J. Thelwall, The Tribune (1795), ii. 209–35; WAC, Vestries of St Mary le Strand

and Liberty of the Rolls, Minutes . . . Sedition, G1003, fos. 233–6 and K401,10 Dec 1792 and 12 Dec 1792–27 Nov 1793, Lloyd’s Evening Post, 4 May 1798.

76 F. von Raumer, England in 1835 (1836), 267.77 PlaP, 27847, fos. 25–6; BrP, 47226, f. 142; J. Garrard, Democratisation in

Britain: Elites, Civil Society and Reform since 1800 (2002), ch. 5; J. Barrell,The Spirit of Despotism: Invasions of Privacy in the 1790s (Oxford, 2006), 68;F. Trentmann, Paradoxes of Civil Society (2000), 22; R. Rodger and R. Colls,‘Civil Society and British Cities’, in Colls and Rodger (eds.), Cities of Ideas(Aldershot, 2004), 11.

78 [G.] F. A. Wendeborn, A view of England towards the close of the eighteenthcentury (1790), i. 214.

79 PlaP, 27841, fos. 16, 54v, 27849, fos. 7–15; T. Cleary, Letter to Major Cartwrightin Justification of the Writer’s Conduct at the Late Elections for Westminster(1819), 2–4; WAC, Leslie Grove Jones Papers, D/Jon/20; W. Thomas, ‘Whigsand Radicals in Westminster: The Election of 1819’, Guildhall Miscellany 3(1970), 187.

80 Full and Authentic Account . . . Proceedings in Westminster-Hall . . . 14th February1784 (1784), 12–14, 19; [F. Place and W. Adams], To the Electors of Westminster(1807), 1; PR 33 (1818), 603–34; Rump Chronicle, 26 Feb.–3 Mar. [1819], WAC,Papers of Simon Stephenson, E3349/3/12; Spectator, 8 Dec. 1832; BP, Ms.Eng. hist. b. 200, f. 228; St. James’s Chronicle, 11 May 1837; [C. Cochrane],Address to the Business–like Men of Westminster (1847), 5.

81 Earl Grey, Parliamentary Government Considered with Reference to Reform, 2ndedn (1864), 155.

82 H. Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago, 1958), 50–8; see also D. I.Kertzer, Politics and Symbols (New Haven, 1996), 159–60; H. F. Pitkin, ‘Jus-tice: On Relating Private and Public’, in L. P. Hinchman and S. K. Hinchman(eds.), Hannah Arendt: Critical Essays (Albany, 1994), 270–2. In The closeof the poll or John Bull in high good humour (BMC 10736, by C. Williams,13 May 1807), Sheridan is made to declare, ‘Curse those Ballad singers whata noise they make’, referring to a female ballad–seller who, advertising oneof her titles to amused listeners, bawls, ‘The same is a New Song entitled andcalled—Sherry done over’.

83 Works of John Jebb, ed. J. Disney (1787), i. 147; Westminster Committee ofAssociation, BL Add. MS 38593, f. 24; PlaP, 27809, f. 198v, 27843, f. 403

Notes 307

and 27847, fos. 15–16; G. Wallas, The Life of Francis Place. 1771–1854(1898), 133–4; J. M. Main, ‘Radical Westminster, 1807–1820’, Historical Stud-ies 12 (1966), 189, 202–3; The Times, 2 June 1826. For similar efforts bythe Westminster Whigs c.1818–20 see WAC, Papers of Frederick Booth andSimon Stephenson, Acc. 36/144 and E/3349.

84 British Press, 5 June 1818.85 HP, PS1, f. 34 and PS3, f. 210; Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins Uni-

versity, Hutzler Collection, i., f. 21; WAC, Papers of the WCA, Acc.487/14; Nonconformist, 1 Apr. 1880; Windscheffel, Popular Conservatism inLondon, 89.

86 Most recently M. Crook and T. Crook, ‘The Advent of the Secret Ballotin Britain and France, 1789–1914: From Public Assembly to Private Com-partment’, History 92 (2007), 449–71 and F. O’Gorman, ‘The Secret Ballotin Nineteenth-Century Britain’, in R. Bertrand, J.-L. Briquet and P. Pels(eds.), Cultures of Voting: The Hidden History of the Secret Ballot (2007), 16–42,although see E. Hadley, Living Liberalism: Practical Citizenship in Mid-VictorianBritain (Chicago, 2010), ch. 4.

87 [J. Mackintosh], ‘Universal Suffrage’, ER 31 (1818), 196–8; [W. J. Fox], ‘Menand Things in 1823’, WR 1 (1824), 4; cf. Sherwin’s Weekly Political Register,25 July 1818; ‘Public Meetings’, Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal, 4 Mar. 1832;‘The Poll or the Ballot’, Fraser’s Magazine 16 (1837), 289–94; The Times, 10Dec. 1856; ‘Liberty and Light’, WR n.s. 35 (1869), 388.

88 Smith, Government by Commissions, 352; B. Weinstein, ‘ “Local Self-Government Is True Socialism”: Joshua Toulmin Smith, the State andCharacter Formation’, EHR 123 (2008), 1202.

89 Local Self-Government and Centralization (1851), 81; The Parish, 2nd edn.(1857), 211–12.

90 Local Self-Government and Centralization, 244–5; The Parish, 472–3.91 Grey, Parliamentary Government, vii, ix, 154–62; G. P. Coull, ‘The Third Earl

Grey, the Coming of Democracy and Parliamentary Reform, 1865–67. PartOne: Grey and the Defeat of the Liberals’, Durham University Journal 87(1995), 11–21; J. P. Parry, Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in VictorianBritain (1993), 114.

92 Grey, Parliamentary Government, 254–64.93 Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (1861), CW, xix. 490.94 Considerations on Representative Government, CW, xix. 402, 432–3, 436.95 The phrase is from Mill’s review of Tocqueville, Democracy in America:

B. Baum, ‘Freedom, Power and Public Opinion: J. S. Mill on the PublicSphere’, History of Political Thought 22 (2001), 515–16. For the intellectualorigins of such thinking see J. H. Parry, Democracy and Religion: Gladstoneand the Liberal Party, 1867–1895 (Cambridge, 1986), 250–1.

96 T. Miller, Picturesque Sketches of London (1852), 216; Conway, ‘GreatWestminster Canvass’, 741; Spectator, 21 Nov. 1868; J. E. T. Rogers, ‘Bribery’,Essays on Reform (1867; 1967), 113–14.

97 Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work, 226–7; Vernon, Politics and the People,155–7; G. Claeys (ed.), The Chartist Movement (2001), i. 120.

98 So argued Francis Place in the 1820s (PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Citiesand Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 15), as did The Times, 6, 11 Feb. 1874 and anelection agent (PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, ques.

308 Notes

934); cf. B. Kinzer, The Ballot Question in Nineteenth–Century English Politics(New York, 1982), 246.

99 B. Kinzer, J. S. Mill Revisited: Biographical and Political Explorations (New York,2007), 154–5; WAC, A. M. Broadley Coll., Bath and Piccadilly 1711–1911[1911], iii. f. 15. She may have inherited this attitude from her father: seeBentham Correspondence, ix. 179.

100 PP 1826–7, Election Polls for Cities and Boroughs, iv. 1115, p. 1.101 [Mackintosh], ‘Universal Suffrage’, 198.102 Weinstein, ‘Joshua Toulmin Smith’, 1220.103 Arendt, Human Condition, 53, ch. 6.104 Arendt, Human Condition, 50; M. Canovan, ‘Politics as Culture: Hannah

Arendt and the Public Realm’, History of Political Thought 6 (1985), 634; M. P.d’Entrèves, ‘Hannah Arendt and the Idea of Citizenship’, in C. Mouffe (ed.),Dimensions of Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship, Community (1992),151.

105 Taine’s Notes on England, trans. Edward Hyams (1871; 1957), 290.106 D. Marquand, Decline of the Public: The Hollowing Out of Citizenship (Oxford,

2004); A. Aughey, The Politics of Englishness (Manchester, 2007), 105–6;E. J. Yeo, ‘Some Practices and Problems of Chartist Democracy’, in Epsteinand Thompson, Chartist Experience, esp. 374. On de-democratization seeC. Tilly, Democracy (Cambridge, 2007), esp. ch. 3.

107 J. Brewer, ‘Theater and Counter-Theater in Georgian Politics: The Mock Elec-tions at Garrat’, Radical History Review 22 (1979–80), 22–31 and The CommonPeople and Politics 1750–1790s (Cambridge, 1986), 34–9; HWE, esp. 296;Morning Herald, 2 Apr. 1784; Late Sam House (1785); G. Colman the Elder,Election of the Managers (1784); The Auto-biography of Luke Hansard: Printer tothe House, 1752–1828, ed. R. Myers (1991), 19; George, BMC, vi.

108 The Times, 24 May 1810; PlaP, 27850, f. 152, 27843, fos. 9v–10, 27849, fos.25–7, 32; PR 34 (1818), 346–7; Morning Chronicle, 5 Mar. 1819; BP, Ms. Eng.lett. d. 96, f. 6.

109 The Times, 30 Mar. 1880, 16 Dec. 1882, 12 June 1891; J. M. Davidson, Emi-nent English Liberals in and Out of Parliament (1880), 231–5; F. W. Hirst,Early Life and Letters of John Morley (1927), 15; J. Davis, Reforming London(Oxford, 1988), 60–4. In 1865 Beal founded and during 1870–5 served ashonorary secretary of the Metropolitan Municipal Association. Westerton,a clerk turned bookseller was another Placeite ex-Chartist, churchwarden ofSt. Paul’s, Knightsbridge, represented St. George’s, Hanover Square 1864–72on the Metropolitan Board of Works and chaired Mill’s campaign in 1865.

110 W. Wolfe, From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation ofFabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881–1889 (New Haven, 1975), 187; N. MacKenzieand J. MacKenzie, The First Fabians (1977), 56–7; R. Harrison, The Lifeand Times of Sidney and Beatrice Webb: 1858–1906, the Formative Years(Basingstoke, 2000), 4–6, 20.

111 Speeches of John Horne Tooke During the Westminster Election, 1796 [1796], 37;PlaP, 27843, f. 9v; J. A. Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London1796–1821 (Oxford, 1982).

112 D. J. Rowe (ed.), London Radicalism, 1830–1834: A Selection from the Papers ofFrancis Place (1970), 216, 220; Davidson, Eminent Liberals, 239; The Times,20 May 1848.

Notes 309

113 Viscount Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 46508, fos. 207–8. Holland, a recentconvert from the Tories, sat on the London County Council for Westminster1895–8 and was honorary secretary of the London Municipal Society.

114 The Times, 19 Feb. 1789; A. G. R. Steinberg, ‘The City of Westminster and theBritish Radical Movement of the Late 18th Century’, Ph.D. thesis (St. John’sUniversity, 1976), 309–10; P. D. G. Thomas, John Wilkes: A Friend to Liberty(Oxford, 1996); ODNB, xi. 592–5.

115 Lewis Namier and John Brooke, The House of Commons, 1754–1790 (1964),iii. 95.

116 G. S. Byng to T. Arber, 21 July 1837, Earl of Strafford Papers, Rubenstein RareBook and Manuscript Library, Duke University; The Times, 12 Feb. 1842;Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel, 366.

117 Illustrated London News, 8 Oct. 1898; F. Boase, Modern English Biography(1892–1921), v. 217.

118 H. Maxwell, Life and Times of the Right Honourable W. H. Smith (Edinburgh,1893), i. 309–10; S. H. G. Twining, ‘Richard Twining III’, Dictionary of Busi-ness Biography (1984–6), v. 587; S. H. Twining, House of Twining 1706–1956(1956), 64–5; [A. M. Broadley], The Twinings in Three Centuries: The Annalsof a Great London Tea House, 1710–1910 (1910), 74; Windscheffel, PopularConservatism in London, 91.

119 See Viscount Chilston, W. H. Smith (1965), 49, The Times, 2 Sep. 1890 andBagehot, English Constitution, 161.

120 H. Malleson, Elizabeth Malleson 1828–1916: Autobiographical Notes and Letters(1926), 117.

121 WAC, Broadley, Bath and Piccadilly, iii, f. 15. Ironically, Burdett-Coutts wasthe first woman elected to be a Poor Law Guardian: K. Y. Stenberg, ‘Gender,Class, and London Local Politics, 1870–1914’, Ph.D. thesis (University ofMinnesota, 1993), 55 n. 1.

122 Making of the English Working Class (1963; New York, 1964), 467.123 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv. 1, p. 52; R. J. Morris,

‘Clubs, Societies and Associations’, in F. M. L. Thompson (ed.), CambridgeSocial History of Britain, 1750–1950 (Cambridge, 1990), iii. 412–13.

124 The Times, 3, 5 Feb. 1874; PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv.1, ques. 934.

125 J. F. Murray, The World of London (1843), ii. 41.

8 Pictures: Democracy Imagined

1 George, BMC, vii, p. 16.2 For postmodern art history’s aversion to context see R. Simon, ‘Disap-

pearing Facts and the Growth of Factionalism’, Apollo 134 (1991), 373;P. Burke, Eyewitnessing: The Uses of Images as Historical Evidence (Ithaca,2001), esp. 178.

3 Morning Chronicle, 1 Aug. 1796.4 [J. Robertson], ‘Caricatures’, WR 28 (1838), 291; cf. The Times, 22 Dec. 1791.5 The Past is a Foreign Country (1985), 194, 210; P. Burke, ‘History as Social

Memory’, in T. Butler (ed.), Memory: History, Culture, and the Mind (1989),97–113.

310 Notes

6 A. Baddely, ‘The Psychology of Remembering and Forgetting’, in Butler,Memory, 53; for an 1819 example see BrP, 56540, f. 66.

7 [W. M. Thackeray], ‘An Essay on the Genius of George Cruikshank’, WR 34(1840), 3–4.

8 M. Bills, The Art of Satire: London in Caricature (2006), 110; A. Rauser, Car-icature Unmasked: Irony, Authenticity, and Individualism in Eighteenth-CenturyEnglish Prints (Newark, 2008), ch. 5.

9 ‘James Gillray, and His Caricatures’, The Athenaeum (1 Oct. 1831), 633. LoyalAddresses and Radical Petitions (BMC 13280, [G. Cruikshank], 4 Dec. 1819)reveals how the image was transferred from Fox to Burdett.

10 Morning Chronicle, 27 May 1796; GL, MS 202, ii., f. 160; R. H. Gronow,Reminiscences and Recollections of Captain Gronow, ed. J. Grego (1900), ii.113, 296; [W. Thackeray], ‘Pictures of Life and Character’, QR 96 (1854),77; G. Berkeley, My Life and Recollections (1865–6), iv. 138; J. E. Ritchie,Christopher Crayon’s Recollections (1898), 45; R. C. Temple, Letters and Char-acter Sketches from the House of Commons (1912), 127–8; M. V. Hughes,A London Child of the Seventies (1934; Oxford, 1977), 123–4; G. K. Chesterton,Autobiography (1936), ch. 2.

11 J. P. Malcolm, Historical Sketch of the Art of Caricaturing (1813), p. iii;M. D. George, English Political Caricature, 1793–1832 (Oxford, 1959, i. 131;H. T. Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution 1760–1832 (Cambridge,1986), 13.

12 William Holland opened an exhibition of prints in his shop in 1788, and sodid Samuel Fores in 1789; each charged a shilling for admission; cf. WAC,Hellyer Family Papers, Acc 1580, f. 2.

13 Elections in Westminster particularly generated enthusiasm for collecting:Yale Edition of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, ed. W. S. Lewis (New Haven,1937–80), xxv. 496, n. 4; Sheridan Papers, BL Add. MS 63641, fos. 61–9; BP,Ms. Eng. lett. d. 94, f. 60; Letters from Charles Dickens to Angela Burdett-Coutts,1841–1865, ed. E. Johnson (1953), 90–1.

14 H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor (1861), i. 303; PlaP, 27828,fos. 53, 94; C. R. Weld, ‘On the Condition of the Working Classes in theInner Ward of St. George’s Parish, Hanover Square’, Journal of the StatisticalSociety of London 6 (1843), 17–23; G. Godwin, London Shadows (1854), 5;Scenes from My Life. By a Working Man (1858), 21–2; J. Taylor, From Self-Helpto Glamour: The Workingman’s Club, 1860–1972 (Oxford, 1972), 10.

15 WAC, Acc 730, fos. 10, 12, 18, 29–30, 39; James Beattie’s London Diary 1773,ed. R. S. Walker (Aberdeen, 1946), 99; T. Carter, Memoirs of a Working Man(1845), 198; C. Knight, Passages of a Working Life (1864–5), ii. 6; L. Simond,Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain (1815), i. 21; F. W. Hackwood,William Hone: His Life and Times (1912), 39–40.

16 On such metapictures see L. James, ‘Cruikshank and Early Victorian Car-icature’, History Workshop 6 (1978), 117; W. J. T. Mitchell, Picture Theory(Chicago, 1994), ch. 2; R. Crone, ‘Mr and Mrs Punch in Nineteenth-CenturyEngland’, HJ 49 (2006), 1065.

17 Private Letters of Sir Robert Peel, ed. G. Peel (1920), 116; F. Bamford and Dukeof Wellington (eds.), Journal of Mrs. Arbuthnot, 1820–1832 (1950), ii. 305;Good Humour (BMC 15859, by W. Heath, 22 Sep. 1829).

Notes 311

18 LMA, SC/PD/WE/06/06; Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb, ed. E. W. Marrs, Jr.(1975), i. 267; J. Ford, Rudolph Ackermann (1983), 79.

19 S. von La Roche, Sophie in London, 1786, trans. C. Williams (1933), 237; Diaryof Joseph Farington, ed. K. Garlick et al. (1978–84), iii. 928; PlaP, 27828, fos.53, 163; S. Bamford, Early Days (1849), 87; C. Knight, London (1841–4), v. 34;D. Hudson, Munby: Man of Two Worlds: The Life and Diaries of Arthur J. Munby1828–1910 (1972), 53; M. Rosenthal, ‘Public Reputation and Image Controlin Late-Eighteenth-Century Britain’, Visual Culture in Britain 7 (2006), 69–72.

20 For the narrower reading see Dickinson, Caricatures and the Constitution,E. E. C. Nicholson, ‘Consumers and Spectators: The Public of the Polit-ical Print in Eighteenth-Century England’, History 81 (1996), 5–21 andD. Donald, The Age of Caricature: Satirical Prints in the Age of George III (1996);for the populist alternative see Rauser, Caricature Unmasked, 64, M. Wood,Radical Satire and Print Culture 1790–1822 (Oxford, 1994), 50, L. Nead, ‘Map-ping the Self: Gender, space and modernity in mid-Victorian London’, inR. Porter (ed.), Rewriting the Self: Histories from the Renaissance to the Present(1997), esp. 179–80 and T. Hunt, Defining John Bull: Political Caricature andNational Identity in Late Georgian England (2003), 10–12.

21 Half a Century of English History (1884), pp. iii–iv.22 Public Advertiser, 12 Dec. 1793, and for loyalist fretting well beyond the

1790s see The Loyal Man in the Moon: With Thirteen Cuts (1820) and J. A.Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London, 1796–1821 (Oxford,1982), 313.

23 W. Crane, An Artist’s Reminiscences (1907), 38, 50; Berkeley, Life and Rec-ollections, iv. 133; W. Allingham, Diary, ed. H. Allingham and D. Radford(Harmondsworth, 1985), 35; C. M. Smith, The Little World of London (1857),9–10; J. Sullivan, The British Working Man (1878), 59; J. Hatton, Club-Land,London and Provincial (1890), 1–2; F. Morris, Artist of Wonderland: The Life,Political Cartoons, and Illustrations of Tenniel (Charlottesville, 2005), 245.

24 M. D. George, Hogarth to Cruikshank: Social Change in Graphic Satire (1967),13; H. Atherton, Political Prints in the Age of Hogarth (Oxford, 1974), ch. 3;R. Porter, ‘Seeing the Past’, P&P 118 (1988), 192–4; R. L. Patten, GeorgeCruikshank’s Life, Times, and Art (1992–6), i. 26; H. J. Miller, ‘John Leechand the Shaping of the Victorian Cartoon: The Context of Respectability’,Victorian Periodicals Review 42 (2009), 268, 275.

25 Morris, Artist of Wonderland, 244–7; Hunt, Defining John Bull, 17; J. B.Osborne, ‘The Journal Vanity Fair and Later Victorian Politics’, Journal ofthe Rutgers University Libraries 42 (1980), 71; J. J. Savory and P. Marks, TheSmiling Muse: Victoriana in the Comic Press (1985), 16–17; V. Gatrell, City ofLaughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London (2006), ch. 7.

26 H. Twiss, The Public and Private Life of Lord Chancellor Eldon (1844), i. 114;K. Bourne, Palmerston: The Early Years 1784–1841 (1982), 477. Gillray’s cor-respondence is filled with commissions from politicians; for examples seeGillray Papers, BL Add. MS 27337, fos. 55, 73–5, 82.

27 F. Grose, Rules for Drawing Caricature (1788), 4; Gillray Papers, BL Add. MS27337, fos. 20, 39; [J. Corry], A Satirical View of London at the Commencementof the Nineteenth Century (1801), 149–51; PlaP, 27844, f. 167; ‘James Gillray,and His Caricatures’, 633–4; [H. Cole], ‘Modern Wood Engraving’, WR 29

312 Notes

(1838), 268; [W. M. Thackeray], ‘Parisian Caricatures’, WR 32 (1839), 287;‘Cruikshank’, London Journal (1847), 177–80.

28 The Caricaturist’s Apology (LWL 802.6.1.5, anon., 1 June 1802); Peel Papers,BL Add. MS 40500, f. 314v; Patten, Cruikshank i. 148.

29 Punch 12 (1847), 216, 245; 13 (1847), 22, 39, 41, 47; on Cochrane’s cam-paign see J. Winter, ‘The “Agitator of the Metropolis”: Charles Cochraneand Early-Victorian Street Reform’, LJ 14 (1989), 29–42.

30 School for Scandal (BMC 10606, by C. Williams, Nov. 1806); View of theHustings in Covent Garden (BMC 10619, by J. Gillray, 15 Dec. 1806);[Frontispiece to the Rising Sun, vol. II] (BMC 10703, by W. O’Keefe, 20Feb. 1807); M. Baer, ‘The Ruin of a Public Man: The Rise and Fall of RichardBrinsley Sheridan as Political Reformer’, in J. Morwood and D. Crane (eds.),Sheridan Studies (Cambridge, 1995), 164 and n. 78.

31 Doublûres of Characters;——or——striking Resemblances in Phisiognomy (BMC9261, by Gillray, 1 Nov. 1798). For Burdett see Pair of Spectacles (BMC 16185,by W. Heath, [July] 1830), and for Mill Figure 8.11 below.

32 Morning Herald, 8 Mar. and 8 Apr. 1783; Ambitio (BMC 6395, by [J. Boyne],1 Feb. 1784); The Times, 29 Mar. 1790; L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox andthe Disintegration of the Whig Party, 1782–1794 (1971), 52–3, 96–7; A. Page,John Jebb and the Enlightenment Origins of British Radicalism (2003), 248–9.

33 Besides Figure 8.1 see The Tree of Liberty must be planted immediately!—(BMC8986, by J. Gillray, 16 Feb. 1797); John Bull Consulting the Oracle! (BMC 9190,by Gillray, 20 Mar. 1798).

34 Guy Vaux (BMC 6007, by [J. Gillray], [June 1782]); Fashionable Follies (BMC7359, by Gillray, 29 July 1788); Patriots Amusing Themselves (BMC 8082,by [Gillray], 19 Apr. 1792); The Republican-Attack (BMC 8681, by Gillray,Nov. 1795); The General Sentiment (BMC 8999, by R. Newton, 22 Mar. 1797).

35 Pro Bono Publico:The Political Cluster in Terrorem (BMC 6627, by W. Dent,25 June 1784). See also The Constitutional Society (BMC 6246, by Dent,27 June 1783) and The Westminster Return (LWL 785.3.10.1, by Dent, 10Mar. 1785).

36 Hazlitt, The Spirit of the Age (1825; 1954), 233. For pre-1807 see NewMorality (LWL 798.8.1.1+, by J. Gillray, 1 Aug. 1798); CITIZENS Visitingthe BASTILLE,—Vide. Democratic Charities—(LWL 799.1.16.1, by Gillray, 16Jan. 1799); The Triumph of Independence Over Majesterial Influence and Cor-ruption (BMC 10372, by C. Williams, 8 Mar. 1805); Uncorking Old-Sherry(BMC 10375, by Gillray, 10 Mar. 1805). For post-1807 see The First Exploitof the Modern Don Quixote (BMC 10705, by C. Williams?, June 1807); ModernSt. George Attacking the Monster of Despotism (BMC 11538, by W. Heath, 6Apr. 1810); A Model for Patriots or an Independent Legislator (BMC 11540, byHeath, 10 Apr. 1810).

37 The Close of the Poll or John Bull in High Good Humour (BMC 10736, byC. Williams, 30 May 1807).

38 Election—Candidates;—Or;—The Republication Goose at The Top of the PolˆLE(BMC 10732, by J. Gillray, 20 May 1807); see also A Second Sight. View ofthe Blessings of Radical Reform (BMC 11328, by S. DeWilde, 1 May 1809),depicting an assault on Britannia by Burdett and other radicals.

39 Tree of Corruption (BMC 11323, by I. Cruikshank, Apr. 1809). This printshould be contrasted with Figure 8.9’s image of Fox as the serpent, and

Notes 313

The Reformers’ Attack on the Old Rotten Tree; or, Foul Nests of the Cormorantsin Danger (BMC 16650, by Sharpshooter, Apr. 1831?), where Burdett onceagain wields an axe.

40 An Attack on le Livre Rogue, or Champions of Liberty Reducing an Overgrown RedBook (BMC 11537, by W. Heath, 1 Apr. 1810); Brittania Lamenting the Fateof her Favorite Son (HEH, BMX 1810—L, anon., 11 Apr. 1810); The BoroughMongers Strangled in the Tower (BMC 11551, by T. Rowlandson, 11 Apr. 1810);To Commemorate the Restoration of Sir Francis Burdett to Liberty (DLC, PC3—1810, anon., June 1810); The Pride of Britain (BMC 11562, by C. Williams,June 1810).

41 Sir Francis’s Hob-by, Nothing but the Rump! (Place Coll., set 13, f. 53,anon., c.1819); The Funeral Procession of the Rump (BMC 13207, byG. Cruikshank, 22 Mar. 1819); Covent Garden, 3rd March, 1819 (BMC 13219,by G. Cruikshank, 20 Apr. 1819); Loyal Address’s & Radical Petitions (BMC13280, by G.? Cruikshank, 4 Dec. 1819); Western Patriots (BMC 13654,by R.? Cruikshank, Feb. 1820); The Revolution Association (BMC 14194, byR. Cruikshank [1821]); Cockney Laureate Elected (BMC 14261, by J. Gleadah[1821]).

42 Figaro in London, 1 Dec. 1832; The Contest for Westminster (BMC 17323, anon.1 Dec. 1832); The Managers Last Kick, or, the Destruction of the Boroughmongers(BMC 17342, by C. J. Grant [1832]).

43 Figaro in London, 1 Apr. and 8 July 1837.44 The Last & Highest Point At Which the Unheard of Courage of Don Quizote Ever

Did, or Could arrive, with the happy conclusion (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings,298.c.16, by J. Doyle, 23 May 1837); cf. The first exploit of the modern DonQuizote or John Bull turned Sancho Panza (BMC 10705, by C. Williams, June1807).

45 The only cartoon ever published of Evans electioneering in Westminsteris Re-organizing the Legion (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, 298. c. 16, byJ. Doyle, 24 July 1837).

46 Leslie Ward, Forty Years of ‘Spy’ (1915), 104, 109–11; A Feminine Philosopher,by Ward, Vanity Fair, 29 Mar. 1873.

47 For Mill and the Eyre controversy see C. Hall, K. McClelland and J. Rendall,Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the British Reform Act of1867 (Cambridge, 2000), ch. 4.

48 Mill’s Logic; or, Franchise for Females, by J. Tenniel, Punch 52 (1867), 83; seealso The Ladies Advocate, ibid, 225; J. M. Robson, ‘Mill in Parliament: TheView from the Comic Papers’, Utilitas 2 (1990), 109.

49 Judy, 29 Jul. 1868.50 ‘The Political Prelude’, Fortnightly Review 10 (1868), 110; The Tomahawk, 5

Dec. 1868.51 The Westminster Steeple-Chase, Will-o-the Wisp, 3 Oct. 1868. The theme

looked back to A race for the Westminster stakes (JJC, Political Cartoons 6[34], by [J. Doyle], 22 May 1837).

52 The Westminster Guy, rep. Moralist In and Out of Parliament, 290; CommonSense, by F. Waddy, Once a Week, 19 Oct. 1872.

53 Covent Garden Market Westminster Election (BM, Dept of Prints & Draw-ings, Crace Portfolio, XVIII.100, by T. Rowlandson and A. C. Pugin, 1 July1808).

314 Notes

54 M. Philp, ‘English Republicanism in the 1790s’, Journal of Political Philosophy6 (1998), 246–7.

55 Opposition Music Or Freedom of Election (BMC 7362, anon., July 1788) alsohas Fox, Burke and George Hanger about to strike a woman and her childwith butchers’ cleavers and marrow bones.

56 Correspondence of Edmund Burke, gen. ed. T. W. Copeland (Cambridge,1956–78), v. 407–9; London Chronicle, 24 Jul. 1788; E. Sheridan, BetsySheridan’s Journal, ed. W. LeFanu (Oxford, 1986), 111; G. Hanger, The Life,Adventures, and Opinions of Col. G. H. Written by Himself (1801), ii. 199; F. P.Lock, Edmund Burke (Oxford, 1998, 2006), ii. 200–01.

57 George, BMC, v, p. 512; see also Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Originof our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, ed. J. T. Boulton (1757; Oxford, 1987),39 and N. K. Robinson, Edmund Burke: A Life in Caricature (New Haven,1996), 115–16.

58 The Westminster Election (Picture Library, Museum of London 152, byR. Dighton, 1788). Flying cats and cabbages appeared in crowd scenesfrom the mid-eighteenth well into the nineteenth century, adding powerto the ‘since time immemorial’ trope in Ch. 4 above: Fig. 4.4; N. Rogers,‘Aristocratic Clientage, Trade and Independency: Popular Politics in Pre-Radical Westminster’, P&P 61 (1973), 74; Symptoms of an Election (LWL825.0.51, anon., 1825); A Specimen of British Elections (GL, Satirical PrintColl., Satires 1830, anon., c.1830); Election hints (LWL 834.0.17, byG. Cruikshank, 1834); Illustrated London News, 7 Aug. 1847.

59 Illustrated London News, 21 Feb. 1846, 10 July 1852, 22 Jul. 1865 and21 Nov. 1868; Fun, 21, 28 Nov. 1868; Illustrated Times, 15 July 1865, 21Nov. 1868; Mary Evans Picture Library 10118709.

60 Illustrated London News, 14 Feb. 1874 and 5 Dec 1885.61 Illustrated London News, 28 Nov. 1885; J. Parton, Caricature and Other Comic

Art (New York, 1878), 153. The Graphic often included images of pastWestminster elections just prior to an actual campaign to define ‘oldentimes’: The Graphic, 7 Feb. 1874, 21, 28 Nov., 5, 12 Dec. 1885.

62 Epstein, Radical Expression, 97; Hunt, Defining John Bull, 92 and n. 88.63 A Petitioning, Remonstrating, Reforming Republican (BMC 5665, by R. Lyford?,

8 May 1780).64 [The Chairing of Fox] (BMC 6524, anon., 12 Apr. 1784, rep. 18 May

1784).65 Patriotic Regeneration (BMC 8624, by J. Gillray, 2 Mar. 1795). Gillray bor-

rowed heavily from A Petitioning, Remonstrating, Reforming Republican (BMC5665, by R. Lyford?, 8 May 1780).

66 Dorothy George’s analysis in BMC, vii. 449–50 should be augmented withGenesis 2:15–3:7, 22 and Rev. 22:2, as well as J. Reeves, Thoughts on theEnglish Government (1795), 12–13.

67 Casting Up the Poll and Declaring the Majority, By Mr Reynard (BMC 7366, byW. Dent, 4 Aug. 1788).

68 This reading is suggested by Doctor Barnacle Driving a Load of SpittalfieldsWeavers to Poll for Westminster (BMC 6575, by Dent, 5 May 1784), whereinthe red cap was worn by two Spitalfields weavers being taken to pollfor Fox.

Notes 315

69 [Imitation bank note] (BMC 10734, anon., 23 May 1807); [Frontispiece toThe Satirist, Vol. I] (BMC 10764, by S. DeWilde, 1 Oct. 1807).

70 Reformers’ Dinner (BMC 11335, by S. DeWilde, 1 June 1809).71 Western Patriots (BMC 13654, by R. Cruikshank?, Feb. 1820); Bennet the Brave

(BMC 14045, by J. L. Marks, [1820]).72 Hunt, Defining John Bull, ch. 4; Rauser, Caricature Unmasked, 118–28; M.

Taylor, ‘John Bull and the Iconography of Public Opinion in Englandc.1712–1929’, P&P 134 (1992), 96–102; R. T. Matthews, ‘The Victorians’Biography of John Bull’, Nineteenth-Century Prose 22 (1995), 75–80. Note inFigure 1.1 that Fox is supported by Britannia.

73 Genial Rays, or John Bull enjoying the Sunshine (BMC 11563, by Williams, June1810).

74 Cynicus (Martin Anderson), Somnia Non Mors (1890?) in S. Houfe, Dictionaryof British Book Illustrators and Caricaturists, 1800–1914 (1978), 277; Taylor,‘John Bull and Public Opinion’, 116.

75 Elements of Bacchus; or Toasts and Sentiments (1792), pl. 7, 16, pp. 13–14,31–2.

76 Universal Suffrage, or—the Scum Uppermost!!!!! (BMC 13248, by G. Cruikshank,17 Jul. 1819) and The Radical Ladder (BMC 13895, by G. Cruikshank, 1820,rep. 1821).

77 BMC 13001, 3 July 1818; Sir Francis’s Hob-by, Nothing but the Rump! (PlaceColl., set 13, f. 53, anon., c.1819); The Funeral Procession of the Rump (BMC13207, by G. Cruikshank, 22 Mar. 1819); The Revolution Association (BMC14194, by R. Cruikshank, c. June–July 1821); BrP, 36456, f. 25; MorningChronicle, 13 Jan. 1819; R. E. Zegger, John Cam Hobhouse: A Political Life,1819–1852 (Columbia, 1973), 81.

78 The March of Roguery (BMC 16408, by C. J. Grant [1830]); Democracy andAristocracy (BMC 16889, by R. Seymour, 1831); The Dissolution of AristocraticTyranny or Vox Populi, Vox Dei (BMC 16673, by H. Heath, [May?] 1831); TrialBetween Might and Right (BM Dept of Prints & Drawings, Broadsides British1841 Imp, by H. Paul, 1841).

79 The May Garland, (BMC 6600, by Phillips, 26 May 1784); Opposition Musicor Freedom of Election (BMC 7362, anon. [Jul. 1788]; cf. Hunt, Defining JohnBull, 38–9, 193.

80 Spirit of Democracy, or the Rights of Man maintained and Spirit of Aristocracyenforcing Reform, Or, the Rights of Kings maintained (BM Dept of Prints &Drawings, BM Sat undescribed, by Dent, 23 Jan. 1792); The New MercuryDedicated to the Free & Independent Electors of Westminster (BMC 8813, byR. Cruikshank, 1 June 1796).

81 A Phillipick to the Geese (BMC 5843, anon., 25 June 1781); The WestminsterElectors Chairing Their Favorite Candidate (BMC 6211, anon., 16 Apr. 1783);Geese Triumphant or Fox in the Dumps (LWL 784.2.26.1, anon., 26 Feb. 1784);The Undecided Geese (DLC, PC3 1784, anon., [c. Feb. 1784]); The WestminsterReturn (LWL 785.3.10.1, by W. Dent, 10 Mar. 1785); Covent Garden, 3d March,1819 (BMC 13219, by G. Cruikshank, 20 Apr. 1819); Punch 1 (1841), 9.

82 Sam House was featured in 29 prints on the Westminster election of 1784,the duchess of Devonshire in 75, both achieving iconic status by the endof the campaign. C. McCreery, The Satirical Gaze: Prints of Women in Late

316 Notes

Eighteenth-Century England (2004), 141–7 has the most contextually nuancedreading of the prints.

83 HWE, 254, 343; Morning Chronicle, 5 Apr. 1784. For a helpful critique ofthe clumsy applications of conceptual frameworks to political prints seeE. E. C. Nicholson, ‘English Political Prints and Pictorial Political Argumentc.1640–c.1832: A Study in Historiography and Methodology’, Ph.D. thesis(University of Edinburgh, 1994), ii, ch. 2.

84 A Sally from Sam’s or F—x Canvassing (BMC 6479, anon., 31 Mar. 1784).85 BMC 6487, anon., Apr. 1784.86 Female Influence: or, the Devon—e Canvas (BMC 6493, by S. Collings,

3 Apr. 1784).87 Fox’s Cotillion in St James Market (BMC 6532, by W. P. Carey, 15 Apr. 1784);

Falstaff in all his glory (DLC, PC 3–1784, anon., 4 June 1784).88 A Borough Secur’d or Reynard’s Resource (LWL 784.5.24.124, anon., May 1784).89 Morning Post, 28 Jan. 1819.90 Fig. 6.1; PlaP, 27843, fos. 390–1; Zegger, Hobhouse, chs. 4, 8; D. Miles, Francis

Place (Brighton, 1988), ch. 12.91 The Funeral Procession of the Rump (BMC 13207, by G. Cruikshank, 22

Mar. 1819); Francis Place, by D. Maclise, Fraser’s Magazine 13 (1836), 427.92 For competing readings of the print see Bills, Art of Satire, 100–2 and Donald,

Age of Caricature, 140.93 Contrast An Election in Outline. Polling-Day, by R. Doyle, Fun, 28 Nov. 1868

and The Nomination of Candidates at Westminster, Illustrated Times, 21Nov. 1868. See also ‘Election Sketches’, The Graphic, 2 Apr. 1880 and‘Humours of Electioneering’, Illustrated London News, 28 Nov. 1885.

94 Famously in the Vanity Fair cartoons, but see also Punch, 23 and 30 Oct. 1886or Illustrated London News, 6 Oct. 1900.

95 The General Election—Leaves From Our Artist’s Note-Book, by W. Ralston, TheGraphic, 3 Apr. 1880.

96 The Ladies’ Committee, On the Music Hall Stage for This Night Only, and LadyCanvassers, Illustrated London News, 21, 28 Nov. 1885.

97 Parton, Caricature and Other Comic Art, 153. This assessment failed to explainwhy collections of Gillray’s work continued to be reprinted by businessmenwho likely knew their markets: The Genuine Works of James Gillray. Engravedby himself (1830); T. Wright and R. Harding, Historical and descriptive accountof the caricatures of James Gillray (1851); J. Grego, The Works of J. G., theCaricaturist (1873).

98 Examiner, 30 Dec. 1848.99 Berkeley, Life and Recollections, iv. 139.

100 Patten, Cruikshank, i. 172; ODNB, v. 59; George, BMC, vols. v–xi; Robson’sLondon Directory (1840–50); W. B. Todd, A Directory of Printers and Others inAllied Trades, London and Vicinity, 1800–1840 (1972); P. A. N. Brown, LondonPublishers and Printers c.1800–1870 (1982).

101 George, BMC, vol. xi.102 Patten, Cruikshank, i. 268, 390–1; J. J. Lamb, ‘Gallery of Comicalities’, Notes

and Queries, 4th ser. 5 (1870), 209; ODNB, xxiii. 296–7; George, EnglishPolitical Caricature, ii. 218–19, 230, 237–8, 245, 250.

103 R. Doyle, A Journal kept by Richard Doyle in the Year 1840, ed. J. H. Pollen(1885), p. v; Berkeley, Life and Recollections, iv. 139–40.

Notes 317

104 E. (pseud.), ‘The Philosophy of Punch’, WR 38 (1842), 317; G. M. Trevelyan,The Seven Years of William IV: A Reign Cartooned by John Doyle (1952),3–4.

105 Berkeley, Life and Recollections, iv. 141–2; George, From Hogarth to Cruikshank,220; Miller, ‘Leech and the Victorian Cartoon’, 270, 277.

106 R. G. G. Price, A History of Punch (1857), 46–9; A. W. á Beckett, Recollectionsof a Humourist (1907), 394, 404–5; G. Sutherland, ‘Cruikshank and London’,in I. B. Nadel and F. S. Schwarzbach (eds.), Victorian Artists and the City(New York, 1980), 106; H. Cunningham, Leisure in the Industrial Revolution,c.1780–c.1880 (New York, 1980), ch. 3.

107 J. Hatton, Journalistic London (1882), 24; L. E. Naylor, The IrrepressibleVictorian (1965), 20.

108 Fraser’s Magazine 1 (1830), 520; cf. E. L. Bulwer, England and the English(1833), ii. 107; J. B. Osborne, ‘ “Governed by Mediocrity”: Image and Textin Vanity Fair’s Political Caricatures, 1869–1889’, Victorian Periodicals Review40 (2007), 308.

109 The Successful Candidate (JJC, Political Cartoons 3 [116], anon., 21Nov. 1868); Westminster, by C. Pellegrini, Vanity Fair, 2 Feb. 1878.

110 See [Robertson], ‘Caricatures’, 289–92; Berkeley, Life and Recollections, iv. 139;[J. Hannay], ‘English Political Satires’, QR 101 (1857), 436.

111 Cf. A Fine Old English Gentleman, HB’s Political Sketches 5, no. 481 (10 May1837) and the image of Burdett in E. Alford and W. Thornberry, Old and NewLondon (1897), iv. 277.

112 Gatrell, City of Laughter, chs. 14–18; cf. Bills, Art of Satire, ch. 6.113 George, English Political Caricature, ii. 218–19, 230; Patten, Cruikshank,

I, ch. 24; D. Hill, Fashionable Contrasts: Caricatures by James Gillray(1966), 18.

114 [W. Thackeray], ‘Half-a-Crown’s Worth of Cheap Knowledge,’ Fraser’s Maga-zine 17 (1838), 281.

115 Coleridge to John Rickman, Feb. 1804, in Collected Letters of S. T. Coleridge,ed. E. A. Griggs (1971), ii. 1063.

Conclusion: The Workshop of Democracy

1 A. Trollope, The Way We Live Now (1875), chs. 35, 45, 63–4.2 A. de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, trans. S. Gilbert

(Garden City, 1955), p. vii.3 PlaP, 27849, f. 103.4 PlaP, 27844, fos. 272–5.5 ‘What is a Revolution’, The Pamphleteer 14 (1819), 59.6 PP 1877, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, xv, 1, ques. 1026.7 Elections and Party Management in the Time of Gladstone and Disraeli

(1959), 226.8 William Gladstone Papers, BL Add. MS 44446, fos. 77–8, 44413, fos. 79–81.

Smith had formed his anti-labour worldview while a lecturer for the Anti-Corn Law League. For the Liberal Smith’s collusion with the ConservativeSmith in gathering support against the Reform League’s Hyde Park demon-stration in May 1867 see HP, PS 2, fos. 24–8.

318 Notes

9 Pall Mall Gazette, 16 Nov. 1868; ‘The Upshot of the Elections’, Saint Pauls 3(1869), 411–12; cf. G. S. Jones, Languages of Class: Studies in English WorkingClass History, 1832–1982 (1983), ch. 4; M. Roberts, ‘Popular Conservatism inBritain, 1832–1914’, PH 26 (2007), 398.

10 ‘Aristocratic Clientage, Trade and Independency: Popular Politics in Pre-Radical Westminster’, P&P 61 (1973), 73.

11 D. A. Hamer, John Morley: Liberal Intellectual in Politics (Oxford, 1968), 124–5;F. Harrison, Autobiographic Memoirs (1911), ii. 219.

12 F. W. Hirst, Early Life and Letters of John Morley (1927), iii. 89. Morley had madea contradictory argument in a bitter response to Mill’s defeat in 1868: ‘TheChamber of Mediocrity’, Fortnightly Review, n.s. 4 (1868), 691–2.

13 PlaP, 27809, f. 31; Morning Post, 6 May 1833; BP, Ms. Eng. hist. b. 200, fos.207–8; M. W. Patterson, Sir Francis Burdett and His Times (1770–1844) (1931),ii. 614–5; Mill, CW, xvi. 1142, 1480–1; Morning Star, 21 Nov. 1868.

14 M. P. D’Entrèves, ‘Hannah Arendt and the Idea of Citizenship’, in C. Mouffe(ed.), Dimensions of Radical Democracy: Pluralism, Citizenship, Community(1992), 152.

15 Observer, 22 Nov. 1868; Peel Papers, BL Add. MS 40585, f. 143; MorningChronicle, 10 Apr. 1784.

16 HP, PS2, f. 113.17 PP 1877, xv, 1, Parliamentary and Municipal Elections, p. 51, ques. 890.18 P. Salmon, Electoral Reform at Work: Local Politics and National Parties

1832–1841 (Woodbridge, 2002), ch. 3.19 PlaP, 27849, f. 107.20 A. Prochaska, ‘Westminster Radicalism, 1807–1832’, D.Phil (University of

Oxford, 1975), 62–3, 81–3, 88, 245–8.21 The Spirit of the Laws (1748), book v, ch. 19.

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George IV, Correspondence of George, Prince of Wales, 1770–1812, ed. A. Aspinall, 8vols. (Oxford, 1963–71).

Gower, F. L., Bygone Years: Recollections, 3rd edn. (1905).Gower, G. L., Lord Granville Leveson Gower, Private Correspondence, 1781–1821, ed.

Countess Granville (1916).Green, M. M., Miss Lister of Shibden Hall: Selected Letters (1800–1840) (Sussex,

1992).Greville, C., Greville Memoirs, ed. H. Reeve, 8 vols. (1888).Grote, G., Posthumous Papers, ed. H. Grote (1874).Ham, E., Elizabeth Ham by herself 1783–1820, ed. E. Gillett (1945).Hamilton, G., Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reflections, 1868 to 1885 (1916).Hanger, G., Life and Adventure of Col. George Hanger (1801).Hansard, L., Auto-biography of Luke Hansard: Printer to the House, 1752–1828, ed.

R. Myers (1991).Harcourt, E. W., Harcourt Papers, ed. E. W. Harcourt, 14 vols. (1880).Hardy, G., Diary of Gathorne Hardy, ed. N. E. Johnson (Oxford, 1981).Hardy, T., Memoirs of Thomas Hardy (1832).Hardy, T. D. ( ed.), Memoirs of Lord Langdale, 2 vols. (1852).Harrison, F., Autobiographic Memoirs, 2 vols. (1911).HMC, Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue Preserved at Dropmore (1915).——, Manuscripts of the Marquess of Abergavenny (1887).——, Manuscripts of the Duke of Rutland, 4 vols. (1888–1905).——, Manuscripts of the Earl of Carlisle (1897).——, Manuscripts of Mrs Stopford-Sackville, 2 vols. (1904–10).Hobhouse, J. C., Byron’s Bulldog: The Letters of John Cam Hobhouse to Lord Byron,

ed. P. W. Graham (Columbus, 1984).——, Recollections of a Long Life, ed. Lady Dorchester, 6 vols. (1909–11).Hobhouse, L.T., Lord Hobhouse: A Memoir, ed. J. L. L. Hammond (1905).Hood, S., Letters Written by Sir Samuel Hood (Viscount Hood), ed. D. Hannay (1895).Horner, F., Horner Papers, ed. K. Bourne and W. B. Taylor (Edinburgh, 1994).Hunt, H., Memoirs, 3 vols. (1820–2).Hunt, L., Correspondence of Leigh Hunt, ed. T. L. Hunt (1862).Jaffe, J. A. ‘The Affairs of Others’: The Diaries of Francis Place, 1825–1836

(Cambridge, 2007).Jeans, W., Parliamentary Reminiscences (1912).Keppel, G. T., Earl of Albemare, Fifty Years of My Life (1876).Knight, C., Passages of a Working Life, 3 vols. (1864–5).Lamb, C., The Whole Disgraceful Truth: Selected Letters of Lady Caroline Lamb, ed. P.

Douglass (New York, 2006).Lamb, C. and M. Lamb, Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb, ed. E. W. Marrs (1975).La Roche, S. von, Sophie in London, 1786, trans. C. Williams (1933).Late Sam House (1785).[Lawless, V. P.], Lord Conclurry, Personal Recollections (Dublin, 1849).Leader, J. T., Rough and Rambling Notes (1899).LeMarchant, D., Memoir of John Charles Viscount Althorp third Earl Spencer (1876).

324 Select Bibliography

Lever, T. (ed.), Letters of Lady Palmerston (1957).Malleson, E., Elizabeth Malleson 1828–1916: Autobiographical Notes and Letters, ed.

H. Malleson (1926).Memoirs of the Life of Sir Francis Burdett (1810).Montagu, E., Mrs. Montagu, ‘Queen of the Blues’, 2 vols., ed. R. Blunt [1923].Moore, T., Journal of Thomas Moore, ed. W. S. Dowden (1984).More, H., Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Mrs. Hannah More, ed.

W. Roberts, 2nd edn., 4 vols. (1835).Morley, J., Early Life and Letters of John Morley, ed. F. W. Hirst (1927).Moritz, C. P., Travels through Several Parts of England in 1782 (1795; 1924).Neville, S., Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–88, ed. B. Cozens-Hardy (1950).Peel, R., Sir Robert Peel from His Private Papers, ed. C. S. Parker (1899; 1970).Pitt, W., Correspondence between the Right Hon. William Pitt and Charles, Duke of

Rutland, intro. John, Duke of Rutland (1890).Place, F., Autobiography of Francis Place (1771–1854), ed. M. Thale (Cambridge

1972).Quennell,P. (ed.), Private Letters of Princess Lieven to Prince Metternich, 1820–1826

(1937).Raikes, T., Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes, 2 vols. (1856–8).Redding, C., Fifty Years’ Recollections, 2nd edn. (1858).Ribeiro, A. (ed.), Letters of Dr. Charles Burney (Oxford, 1991).Robinson, H. C., Diary of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. T. Sadler (1869).Robinson, J., Parliamentary Papers of John Robinson, 1774–1784, ed. W. T. Laprade

(1922).Roebuck, J. A., Life and Letters of John Arthur Roebuck, ed. R. E. Leader (1897).Romilly, S., Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly, ed. his sons, 3rd edn. , 3 vols.

(1842).——, Romilly-Edgeworth Letters, 1813–1818, ed. S. H. Romilly (1936).Rush, R., Memoranda of a Residence at the Court of London, 2nd edn. (Philadelphia,

1833).Russell, G., Letters to Lord G. William Russell from Various Writers, 1817–1845,

3 vols. (1915–19).Sancho, I., Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, ed. P. Edwards (1792; 1968).Scenes from My Life. By a Working Man (1858).Shelley, F., Diary of Frances Lady Shelly, ed. R. Edgcumbe, 2 vols. (1912–13).Sheridan, B., Betsy Sheridan’s Journal, ed. W. LeFanu (1960).Sheridan, R. B., Letters of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, ed. C. Price, 3 vols. (Oxford,

1966).——, Memoirs of the Public and Private Life of the Right Hon. R. B. Sheridan, ed.

J. Watkins (1817).Simond, L., Journal of a Tour and Residence in Great Britain (1815).Sims, G. R., My Life (1917).Smalley, G. W., London Letters (New York, 1891).Smith, E. A. (ed.), Reform or Revolution: A Diary of Reform in England 1830–2

(Wolfeboro Falls, 1992).Stevens, W. B., Journal of the Rev. William Bagshaw Stevens, ed. G. Galbraith

(Oxford, 1965).Temple, R., Life in Parliament (1893).Thompson, C., Autobiography of an Artisan (1847).

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Trelawny, J., Parliamentary Diaries of Sir John Trelawny, 1858–1865, ed. T. A. Jenkins(Woodbridge, 1990).

Trotter, J. B., Memoirs of the Latter Years of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox(1811).

Twining, L., Recollections of Life and Work (1893).Walpole, H., Journal of the Reign of King George III, ed. J. Doran (1859).——, Last Journals of Horace Walpole, ed. A. F. Steuart (1910).——, Yale Edition of Horace Walpole’s Correspondence, 37 vols., ed. W. S. Lewis

(1937–83).Ward, L., Forty Years of ‘Spy’ (1915).West, A., Recollections 1832 to 1886 (1899).Wilkes, J., Letters from the year 1774 to the year 1796 of J. Wilkes, Esq. to his daughter,

ed. Sir W. Rough (1804).White, W., Inner Life of the House of Commons, 2 vols. (1897).Williams, R. H. (ed.), Salisbury-Balfour Correspondence (Ware, 1988).Wordsworth, W. and D. Wordsworth, Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth,

eds. M. Moorman and A. G. Hill, 5 vols. (Oxford, 1967–79).Wraxall, N. W., Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel William Wraxall,

ed. H. B. Wheatley (1884).

PrintsAttack on le Livre Rogue, or Champions of Liberty Reducing an Overgrown Red Book

(BMC 11537, by William Heath, 1 Apr. 1810).Battle of Bow-Street (BMC 7353, by James Gillray, July 1788).Bennet the Brave (BMC 14045, by J. L. Marks, 1820).Borough Mongers Strangled in the Tower (BMC 11551, by Thomas Rowlandson,

11 Apr. 1810).A Borough Secur’d or Reynard’s Resource (LWL 784.5.24.124, anon., May 1784).Brittania Lamenting the Fate of her Favorite Son (HEH, BMX 1810 – L, anon., 11 Apr.

1810).Burdett’s Second Childhood, anon., Figaro in London, 1 Apr. 1837.Butchers of Freedom (BMC 7352, by James Gillray, 16 July 1788).Canvassing (BMC 16186, by William Heath, July 1830).Canvassing Macaroni and True British Elector (LWL 788.7.29.1, by Richard Newton?,

29 July 1788).Caricature Shop (LWL 801.9.0.1, by Piercy Roberts?., Sept. 1801).Caricaturist’s Apology (LWL 802.6.1.5, anon., 1 June 1802).Cast-Off Cloak (BMC 17304, by John Doyle, 22 Nov. 1832).Casting Up the Poll and Declaring the Majority, By Mr Reynard (BMC 7366, by

William Dent, 4 Aug. 1788).Celebrated Sam House (HEH, BMX 1794, anon. [1780?]).[Chairing of Fox] (BMC 6524, anon., 12 Apr. 1784, rep. 18 May 1784).Champion of Westminster defending the People from Ministerial Imps & Reptiles (BMC

13002, by Robert Cruikshank, 7 July 1818).CITIZENS Visiting the BASTILLE,—Vide. Democratic Charities—(LWL 799.1.16.1, by

James Gillray, 16 Jan. 1799).Close of the poll or John Bull in high good humour (BMC 10736, by Charles Williams,

13 May 1807).

326 Select Bibliography

Cockney Laureate Elected (BMC 14261, by Joseph Gleadah, 1821).Common Garden Orator (BMC 9549, by Isaac Cruikshank, 14 Oct. 1800).Common Sense, by Frederick Waddy, Once a Week, 19 Oct. 1872.Constitutional Club (BMC 7372, by William Dent, 26 Aug. 1788).Constitutional Society (BMC 6246, by William Dent, 27 June 1783).Contest for Westminster (BMC 17323, anon., 1 Dec. 1832).Covent Garden, 3rd March, 1819 (BMC 13219, by George Cruikshank, 20 Apr.

1819).Covent Garden Market. Westminster Election (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, Crace

Portfolio, XVIII.100, by Thomas Rowlandson and A. C. Pugin, 1 July 1808).Cunning Men (BMC 16584, by Robert Seymour, 26 Feb. 1831).Democracy and Aristocracy (BMC 16889, by Robert Seymour, 1831).A Democrat,—or—Reason and Philosophy (BMC 8310, by James Gillray, 1 Mar.

1793).Devonshire Minuet, Danced to Ancient British Music Through Westminster, During the

Present Election (BMC 6541, by W. P. Carey, 20 Apr. 1784).Dissolution of Aristocratic Tyranny or Vox Populi, Vox Dei (BMC 16673, by Henry

Heath, May 1831).Divertions of Purley. Or Opposition attending their Private Affairs (BMC 9020, by Isaac

Cruikshank, 5 June 1797).Doctor Barnacle Driving a Load of Spittalfields Weavers to Poll for Westminster (BMC

6575, by William Dent, 5 May 1784).Doublûres of Characters;— or— striking Resemblances in Phisiognomy (BMC 9261, by

James Gillray, 1 Nov 1798).D——ss purchasing a Brush (BMC 6633, by Robert Cruikshank, June 1784).Dutchess Canvassing for Her Favourite Member (BMC 6527, by William Dent, 13

Apr. 1784).Election—Candidates;—Or;—The Republication Goose at The Top of the PolˆLE (BMC

10732, by James Gillray, 20 May 1807).Election Compromise or a Cornish Hug in Westminster (BMC 7638, by William Dent,

30 Mar. 1790).Election hints (LWL 834.0.17, by George Cruikshank, 1834).Election in Outline. Polling-Day, by Richard Doyle, Fun, 28 Nov. 1868.Election Pandemonium (Bridgeman Art Library DRU 86944, anon., 1826).Election Tate á Tate (BMC 6487, anon.,1 Apr. 1784).English Patriots bowing at the Shrine of Despotism (BMC 9890, by Charles Williams,

8 Nov. 1802).Exact Representation of the Principal Banners and Triumphal Car which Conveyed Sir

Francis Burdett to the Crown & Anchor Tavern on Monday June 29th, 1807 (DLC,PC3—1807, anon., 1 July 1807).

Falstaff in all his glory (DLC, PC3—1784, anon., 4 June 1784).Fashionable Follies (BMC 7359, by James Gillray, 29 July 1788).Female Influence: or, the Devon——e Canvas (BMC 6493, by S. Collings, 3 Apr.

1784).Feminine Philosopher, by Leslie Ward, Vanity Fair, 29 Mar. 1873.Fine Old English Gentleman, HB’s Political Sketches V, no. 481, by John Doyle, 10

May 1837.First Exploit of the Modern Don Quixote (BMC 10705, by Charles Williams?, June

1807).

Select Bibliography 327

Fox’s Cotillion in St James Market (BMC 6532, by W. P. Carey, 15 Apr. 1784).Francis Place, by Daniel Maclise, Fraser’s Magazine 13 (1836), 427.Freedom of Election or Hunt-ing for Popularity and Plumpers for Maxwell (BMC 12999,

by Robert Cruikshank, 22 June 1818).[Frontispiece to Henry Heath, The Caricaturist’s Scrap Book] (1840).[Frontispiece to the Rising Sun, vol. II] (BMC 10703, by W. O’Keefe, 20 Feb. 1807).[Frontispiece to The Satirist, Vol. I] (BMC 10764, by Samuel De Wilde, 1 Oct.

1807).Funeral Procession of the Rump (BMC 13207, by George Cruikshank, 22 Mar. 1819).Geese Triumphant or Fox in the Dumps (LWL 784.2.26.1, anon., 26 Feb. 1784).General Election—Leaves From Our Artist’s Note-Book, by W. Ralston, The Graphic, 3

Apr. 1880.General Sentiment (BMC 8999, by Richard Newton, 22 Mar. 1797).Genial Rays, or John Bull enjoying the Sunshine (BMC 11563, by Charles Williams,

June 1810).Glorious Return of The Pride of Westminster and his Flunkey (BMC 16210, by William

Heath, Aug. 1830).Good Humour (BMC 15859, by William Heath, 22 Sep. 1829).Guy Vaux (BMC 6007, by James Gillray, June 1782).Head of the Poll (BMC 10733, by Charles Williams, May 1807).Humours of Covent Garden or Freedom of Election (BMC 6511, anon., 8 Apr. 1784).John Bull Consulting the Oracle! (BMC 9190, by James Gillray, 20 Mar. 1798).John Cam Hobhouse, by Daniel Maclise, Fraser’s Magazine, May 1836.Jump Jim Crow! (JJC, Political Cartoons 3 [159], by BH [May 1837]).Knock me down Arguments at Westminster, or RIVAL CANDIDATES (BMC 9876, by

Piercy Roberts, July 1802).Ladies Advocate, by John Tenniel, Punch 52 (1867).Last & Highest Point (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, 298.c.16, by John Doyle, 23

May 1837).Last View of the Rt. Hon. Charles James Fox (DLC, PC3 1806, anon., Oct. 1806).Lightening the Ship, by John Proctor, Judy, 30 Sep. 1868.Lords of the Bedchamber (BMC 6529, by Thomas Rowlandson, 14 Apr. 1784).Loyal Addresses and Radical Petitions (BMC 13280, by George Cruikshank, 4 Dec.

1819).Managers Last Kick, or, the Destruction of the Boroughmongers (BMC 17342, by C. J.

Grant, 1832).March of Roguery (BMC 16408, by C. J. Grant, 1830).Mars and Venus, or Sir Cecil Chastised (BMC 6491, by Samuel Collings?, 2 Apr.

1784).May Garland or Triumph Without Victory (BMC 6600, by W. G. Phillips, 26 May

1784).Messager d’ Etat (BMC 9213, by James Gillray, 21 May 1798).Mill’s Logic; or, Franchise for Females, by John Tenniel, Punch, 30 Mar. 1867.Miss Mill Joins the Ladies, by John Proctor, Judy, 25 Nov. 1868.Model for Patriots or an Independent Legislator (BMC 11540, by William Heath, 10

Apr. 1810).Modern Colossus (BMC 66601, anon., 28 May 1784).Modern St. George Attacking the Monster of Despotism (BMC 11538, by William

Heath, 6 Apr. 1810).

328 Select Bibliography

Mr Fox addressing his Friends from the King’s Arms Tavern 14 Feb. 1784 (BMC 6423,anon., c.Feb 1784).

Mrs. Bull at the Poll, anon., Punch, 17 July 1852.New Mercury Dedicated to the Free & Independent Electors of Westminster (BMC 8813,

by Isaac Cruikshank, 1 June 1796).New Morality (LWL 798.8.1.1+, by James Gillray, 1 Aug. 1798).New Way to secure a Majority: or no Dirty Work comes amiss (BMC 6572, by Samuel

Collings, 3 May 1784).Newspapers, by Leslie Ward, Vanity Fair, 9 Mar. 1872Nomination of Candidates at Westminster, anon., Illustrated Times, 21 Nov. 1868.‘Not for Jo’ (Hn Stuart Mill); Or, A Smith for Westminster, by Matt Morgan,

Tomahawk, 7 Nov. 1868.Opposition Music Or Freedom of Election (BMC 7362, anon., July 1788).Order of the Procession For Chairing Sir Francis Burdett (BM, Dept. of Prints &

Drawings, History 1807 IMP, 1807).Pair of Spectacles (BMC 16185, by William Heath, 1830).Patriotic Regeneration (BMC 8624, by James Gillray, 2 Mar 1795).Patriots Amusing Themselves (BMC 8082, by James Gillray, 19 Apr. 1792).Peep into Friar Bacon’s Study (BMC 6436, by Thomas Rowlandson, 3 Mar. 1784).Petitioning, Remonstrating, Reforming Republican (BMC 5665, by R. Lyford?, 8 May

1780).Phillipick to the Geese (BMC 5843, anon., 25 June 1781).Plumpers for Sr Judas (BMC 6502, by Isaac Cruikshank, 5 Apr.1784).Political Fair (BMC 10763, by Charles Williams, 1 Oct. 1807).Poor Blacks Going to Their Settlement (BMC 7127, by William Dent, 12 Jan. 1807).Pride of Britain (BMC 11562, by Charles Williams, June 1810).Pro Bono Publico (BMC 6627, by William Dent, 25 June 1784).Race for the Westminster stakes (JJC, Political Cartoons 6 [34], by [John Doyle], 22

May 1837).Radical Ladder (BMC 13895, by George Cruikshank, 1820, rep. 1821).Real Reformers canvassing for Sir F——s B——tt (JJC Political Cartoons 3 [179], by

BH [May 1837]).Reformers’ Attack on the Old Rotten Tree (BMC 16650, by Sharpshooter, Apr. 1831?).Reformers’ Dinner (BMC 11335, by Samuel De Wilde, 1 June 1809).Representation of the Election of Members of Parliament for Westminster (BMC 13006,

by George Scharf and Robert Havell, Nov. 1818).Republican-Attack (BMC 8681, by James Gillray, Nov. 1795).Re-organizing the Legion (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, 298. c. 16, by John Doyle,

24 July 1837).Returning from Brooks’s (BMC 6528, by James Gillray, 18 Apr. 1784).Revolution Association (BMC 14194, by Robert Cruikshank, 1821).Ride for Ride or Secret Influence Rewarded (BMC 6596, anon., 25 May 1784).Right Honble Alias a Sans Culotte (BMC 8332, by Isaac Cruikshank, 20 Dec. 1792).Right Honble Democrat Dissected (BMC 8291, by William Dent, 15 Jan. 1793).Sailors Poled (BMC 7367, anon., 4 Aug. 1788).Sally from Sam’s or F-x Canvassing (BMC 6479, anon., 31 Mar. 1784).School for Scandal (BMC 10606, by Charles Williams, Nov. 1806).Second Sight. View of the Blessings of Radical Reform (BMC 11328, by Samuel De

Wilde, 1 May 1809).

Select Bibliography 329

Sir Francis’s Hob-by, Nothing but the Rump! (Place Coll., set 13, f. 53, anon.,c.1819).

[Sir Samuel Romilly being Chaired] (BM, Prints & Drawings, Binyon 14/8, byGeorge Scharf [1818]).

Specimen of British Elections (GL, Satirical Print Coll., Satires 1830, anon.,c.1830).

Spirit of Democracy, or the Rights of Man maintained (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings,BM Sat undescribed, by William Dent, 23 Jan. 1792).

Successful Candidate (JJC Political Cartoons 3 [116], anon., 21 Nov. 1868).Symptoms of an Election (LWL 825.0.51, anon., 1825).Tipling Dutchess Returning from Canvassing (BMC 6588, by Samuel Collings, 29

Apr. 1784).To Commemorate the Restoration of Sir Francis Burdett to Liberty (DLC, PC3—1810,

anon., June 1810).Tom and Bob taking a lesson on the Constitution, by Henry Alken, in Anon., Real

Life in London (1821).Tory Candidate (JJC, Political Cartoons 3 [194], anon., May 1837).Tory Triumph, by Robert Seymour, Figaro in London, 20 May 1837.Tree of Corruption (BMC 11323, by Isaac Cruikshank, Apr. 1809).Tree of Liberty—with The Devil tempting John Bull (BMC 9214, by James Gillray, 23

May 1798).Tree of Liberty must be planted immediately!—(BMC 8986, by James Gillray, 16 Feb.

1797).Trial Between Might and Right (BM, Dept of Prints & Drawings, Broadsides British

1841 Imp, by Henry Paul, 1841).Triumph of Independence Over Majesterial Influence and Corruption (BMC 10372, by

Charles Williams, 8 Mar. 1805).True Reform of Parliament, —I.E.—Patriots Lighting a Revolutionary-Bonfire in New

Palace Yard (BMC 11338, by James Gillray, 14 June 1809).Two Pair of Portraits (BMC 9270, by James Gillray, 1 Dec. 1798).Two Patriotic Duchess’s on their Canvass (BMC 6494, by Thomas Rowlandson, 3

Apr. 1784).Uncorking Old-Sherry (BMC 10375, by James Gillray, 10 Mar. 1805).Undecided Geese (DLC, PC3 1784, anon., [c.Feb. 1784]).Universal Suffrage, or — the Scum Uppermost!!!!! (BMC 13248, by George

Cruikshank, 17 Jul. 1819).View of the Hustings in Covent Garden (BMC 10619, by James Gillray, 15 Dec. 1806).Voters Going to the Poll, by William Ralston, The Graphic, 3 Apr. 1880.Vox Populi in Private. Vox Populi in Publick (BMC 6207A, anon., 9 April 1783).Western Patriots (BMC 13654, by Robert? Cruikshank, Feb. 1820).Westminster, by Carlo Pellegrini, Vanity Fair, 2 Feb. 1878.Westminster Canvass (BMC 6478, by William Dent, 31 Mar. 1784).Westminster Election (Picture Library, Museum of London 152, by Robert Dighton,

1788).Westminster Election. 1780 (BMC 5699, anon., 25 Sep. 1780).[Westminster Election, 1796] (BMC 8815, by M. N. Bate and Robert Dighton,

1796).Westminster Electors Chairing Their Favorite Candidate (BMC 6211, anon., 16 Apr.

1783).

330 Select Bibliography

Westminster Mountebank or Palace Yard Pranks (BMC 8690, by James Gillray, 20Nov. 1795).

Westminster Return (LWL 785.3.10.1, by William Dent, 10 Mar. 1785).Westminster Steeple-Chase, anon., Will-o-the Wisp, 3 Oct. 1868.Wit’s Last Stake (BMC 6548, by Thomas Rowlandson, 22 Apr. 1784).Wonderful Word Eater (BMC 7390, by William Dent, 29 Dec. 1788).

Other worksAccount of the Proceeding of a Meeting of the Inhabitants of Westminster, in Palace-

Yard, November 26 [sic], 1795 (1795).Address to Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 2nd edn. (1807).Alford, E., and W. Thornberry, Old and New London (1897).[Allen, J.], ‘Annual Parliaments and Universal Suffrage’, ER 28 (1817), 125–50.——, ‘Constitution of Parliament’, ER 26 (1816), 338–83.Archenholz, J. W., von, Picture of England (Dublin, 1790).Ashton, J., Modern Street Ballads (1888).Authentic Narrative of the Westminster Election of 1819 (1819).Bagehot, W., The English Constitution (1867; 1963).Barbauld, A. L., Works of Anna Laetitia Barbauld, ed. L. Aikin (1825).[Beal, J.], Mr. J. S. Mill and Westminster: The Story of the Westminster Election, 1865

(1865).Beesley, E. S., ‘Positivists and Workmen’, Fortnightly Review 24 (1875), 64–74.Beggs, T., Duties of an Elector at the Present Time (1852).Bentham, J., Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, gen. ed. J. H. Burns, 21 vols.

(Oxford, 1968– ).——, Plan of Parliamentary Reform (1817).Bowles, J. Thoughts on the Late General Election, as Demonstrative of the Progress of

Jacobinism (1802).[Brougham, H.], ‘Parliamentary Reform,’ ER 20 (1812), 127–43.[Buller, A.], ‘Bribery and Intimidation at Elections’, WR 25 (1836), 485–513.Bulwer, E. L., England and the English (1833).Burdett, F., Speeches and letters of Sir Francis Burdett, Bart., M.P. or on his Behalf, dur-

ing the Late Contest for the Representation of the City of Westminster in Parliament(1837).

Burdett for Ever! Dreadful Shipwreck Near Covent-Garden Market, On Monday June 29,1818 [1818].

Burke, E., Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime andBeautiful, ed. J. T. Boulton (Oxford, 1987).

——, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. L. G. Mitchell (Oxford, 1993).The Case is alter’d [1784].Cartwright, J., Address to Electors of Westminster (1819).Christie, W. D., ‘Mr. John Stuart Mill for Westminster’, MacMillan’s Magazine 12

(1865), 92–6.Cleary, T., Letter to Major Cartwright in Justification of the Writer’s Conduct at the

Late Elections for Westminster (1819).——, Reply to the Falsehoods of Mr. Hunt (1819).Cobbett, W., Political Proteus: A View of the Public Character and Conduct of

R. B. Sheridan (1804).

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[Cochrane, C.], Address to the Business-like Men of Westminster (1847).Coleridge, S. T., Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. J. C. C. Mays, 16

vols. (Princeton, 2001).Colman, G., Election of the Managers (1784).——, Random Records, 2 vols. (1830).Colquhoun, P., Treatise on the Functions and Duties of a Constable (1803).Conservative Agents and Associations in the Counties and Boroughs of England and

Wales (1874).Conway, M. D., ‘Great Westminster Canvass’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 31

(1865), 732–45.Corry, J., Satirical View of London at the Commencement of the Nineteenth Century

(1801).Country Gentleman, Letter to Sir Francis Burdett (1810).Davidson, J. M., Eminent English Liberals in and Out of Parliament (1880).Diprose, J., Some Account of the Parish of St. Clement Danes, 2 vols. (1868).Disraeli, B., ‘What Is He?’, Whigs and Whiggism, ed. W. Hutcheon (1913).Ditchfield, P. H., Old English Customs (1896).E (pseud.), ‘Philosophy of Punch’, Westminster Review 38 (1842), 265–318.Elements of Bacchus; or Toasts and Sentiments (1792).[Elliot, J. L.], Letter to the Electors of Westminster. From a Conservative (1847).——, Letter to the Electors of Westminster. From a Protectionist (1848).Epicure’s Almanack (1815).Escott, B. S., Would Reform in Parliament be a Benefit to the Country?, 2nd edn.

(1831).Evans, G. D., To the Constituency of the City of Westminster (1861).Exposition of the Circumstances Which Gave Rise to the Election of Sir Francis Burdett

(1807).Faction Detected and Despised (1810).Fellowes, R., Address to the people . . . with reflections on the genius of democracy, and

on parliamentary reform (1799).——, Rights of Property Vindicated Against the Claims of Universal Suffrage (1818).Fletcher, J., ‘Statistical Account of the Police of the Metropolis’, Journal of the

Statistical Society of London 13 (1850), 221–67.Fox, C. J., Letter from the Right Honourable Charles James Fox to the Worthy

and Independent Electors of the City and Liberty of Westminster, 13th edn.(1793).

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Index

agent, 6, 23, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 47, 53,60, 64, 71, 80, 103, 132, 143, 147,173, 181, 191, 195, 196, 199, 211,212, 214, 250, 307 n. 98

Almon, John, 7, 83Annual Register, 19anti-Catholic, 36, 94Anti-Corn Law League, 201, 317Arber, Thomas, 213Arendt, Hannah, 205, 209, 252Armstrong, Captain George, 195Artisans and Labourers’ Dwellings Act

(1875), 95Ashley, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Lord,

later seventh earl of Shaftesbury,117

Association for Preserving Liberty andProperty against Republicans andLevellers, 324

associational politics, 31, 33–4, 36–7,121–2, 133, 151–2, 155, 161, 181,190–1, 194–5, 196–203, 251–2,253

Attack on le Livre Rogue, 227

Bagehot, Walter, 34, 55; EnglishConstitution, 196

Bamford, Samuel, 82, 118Bates, John (or James), 106, 122, 281

n. 34Battle of Bow Street, 103Beal, James, 31–2, 36, 95, 99, 118–19,

201, 210–11, 212Bedford, Elizabeth Russell, duchess,

14, 138Bedford, Francis Russell, fifth duke, 6,

21, 26, 73, 129, 130, 147Beesly, E. S., 39, 256Beggs, Thomas, 34, 56Bennet the Brave, 235Bennett, William, 191, 196

Bentham, Jeremy, 52, 78, 144, 146,149, 154, 251, 302 n. 8

Bernard, Sir Robert, 7, 83betrayal, 48, 53, 56, 149, 150, 171Bickersteth, Henry, 52, 149, 151blacks, 154, 155Booth, Frederick, 6Borough Secur’d, A, 239Bosville, ‘Colonel’ William, 184Bouverie, Edward, 56, 272 n. 100Bowles, John, 80, 81, 88, 89, 91Bradlaugh, Charles, 34, 56, 57, 242,

272 n. 97breakfasts, 295 n. 12, 299 n. 69Brewer, Emma, 145, 214‘Britannia’, 14, 147, 175, 183, 227,

229, 236, 237, 312 n. 38, 315n. 72

Britishness; see under national identityBrooks, Samuel, 73, 147, 148, 149,

151, 152, 297 n. 44Brougham, Henry, 8, 30, 51, 154Bruce, Michael, 180Bryceson, Nathaniel, 111, 222buildings, 119, 128, 183, 215, 241, 244

Crown and Anchor tavern, 47, 48,75, 136, 151, 152, 153, 155,176, 181, 183, 184, 185, 189,190, 193, 237

Devonshire House, 77, 136, 141,166

taverns, public houses, hotels,coffeehouses, 14, 18, 76, 77,101, 103, 106–7, 112, 118, 129,145, 148, 151, 156, 164, 166,171, 179, 180, 189, 190, 223

Westminster Hall, 13, 18, 44, 128,129, 133, 134, 135, 235

Burdett-Coutts, Angela, Baroness, 40,136, 208, 214, 302 n. 1, 309n. 121

348

Index 349

Burdett-Coutts, William LehmanAshmead Bartlett, 39, 40, 136

Burdett, Sir Francis, 1, 7–8, 9, 21–30,32, 36, 39, 48, 49, 50–6, 60, 62,63–7, 71, 73, 75, 80–4, 87, 91–4,106, 108, 113, 122, 123, 124, 133,135, 136, 143, 144, 147, 148,151–4, 156, 158, 159, 161, 168,169, 171–9, 181–8, 190, 191, 193,201, 205–6, 226, 227–9, 235, 236,241, 246, 250, 251–2, 270 n. 49,271 n. 62, 274 n. 146, 275 notes156, 160, 292 n. 80, 294 n. 116,299 n. 79, 300 n. 85, 302 n. 1, 310n. 9, 312 n. 38, 313 n. 39

Burgess, Sir James Bland, 166Burke, Edmund, 45, 57, 64, 153, 155,

174, 182, 231–2; Reflections on theRevolution in France, 231

butchers, 101, 109, 116, 117, 165, 166,177, 178, 186, 198, 200, 209, 227,239 n. 117, 314 n. 55

Butchers of Freedom, The, 103Butterfield, Herbert, 46Buxton, Sir Thomas, 79, 95Byron, George Gordon, sixth Baron,

151, 241

campaign, Westminster narrative, 72,82, 84–6, 89, 112–13, 176–7,201–2, 237

candidates, see also individual names,tribunes

and crowd, 9, 28, 32, 76–81, 82, 88,102, 103, 132, 133, 180

and election violence, 197and illegal practices, 79, 201and images, 14, 37, 44, 49, 58–9, 67,

73, 84, 87, 98–9, 103, 117, 132,133, 134–5, 140–1, 148, 155,159, 166, 171, 173, 175, 184,213, 216, 226–31, 236, 241, 306n. 82

and performance, 130, 132and speech-making, 69, 75, 78, 111,

119, 144, 165, 168, 181, 183,184, 248

Canning, George, 72, 146Canvassing, 136

Canvassing Macaroni, 174caricatures, 49, 53, 81, 84–5, 86–7, 93,

98, 103, 105, 140, 141, 166, 170,174, 210, 217–21, 227; see alsoindividual titles

Caricature Shop, 222Caricaturist’s Scrap Book, The, 224Carlile, Richard, 53carnivalesque, 121, 163, 170, 174, 176Carter, Thomas, 110cartoons, 217–18, 220, 221, 224, 229,

246; see also individual titlesCasson, Nicholas, 98, 101, 107, 126,

127Casting Up the Poll, 234Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, marquess

of Londonderry and firstViscount, 102, 122

Catholic, 115, 155, 232Catholic Relief Act, 52, 122, 232,

253Cavendish, Lord John, 289Celebrated Sam House, The, 210Chadwick, Edwin, 56, 66, 76Champion of Westminster, The, 67charivari, 109, 110, 111, 186Charley, William, 95Chartist, Chartism, 29, 30, 31, 93, 137,

198, 206, 212, 255, 308 n. 109Church of England, Established

Church, 8, 61, 93, 94, 95, 195,253

Churchill, John, 46, 212Churchill, Lord Randolph, 61Churchill, Winston, 40, 41, 62, 128churchwarden, 176, 213, 308 n. 109civil society, 8, 188, 193, 202–7, 210,

215Cleary, Thomas, 80clubs, 39, 46, 52, 66, 72, 76, 89, 90,

118, 137, 146, 147, 148, 151, 155,190, 198

Cochrane, Charles, 31, 71, 144, 225Cochrane, Sir Thomas, 35Cochrane, Thomas, Lord, later tenth

earl of Dundonald, 22, 24, 27, 84,109, 148, 151, 175, 184, 227, 236

Coke, Lady Mary, 137Cold Bath Fields prison, 48, 270 n. 40

350 Index

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 138,247

Collings, Samuel, 219committee, campaign, 20, 34, 59, 92,

143, 152, 178, 190, 214, 271 n. 62Comte, Auguste, 57, 96Coningham, William, 31–2, 170,

256Conservative party, Conservatism,

Tory(ism), right-wing, 11, 18, 26,29–30, 32–3, 34, 36–41, 42, 53,58–62, 64, 70, 75, 77, 84, 89, 90,92, 93–6, 120, 131, 144, 149, 153,154, 161, 166, 173, 189–93, 195,199–200, 201, 202, 206, 210, 213,228, 229, 231, 236, 237, 238–9,241, 249–50, 251, 252, 254, 296n. 26

associations in Westminster, 50,205: Constitutional Club, 10,189, 213; London andWestminster Working Men’sConstitutional Association(LWWMCA), 36, 58, 61, 62,190, 191, 192, 195–6, 305 n. 59;Metropolitan Working Men’sConservative Association, 94,192; St. George, Hanover SquareConservative Association, 189;Strand ConservativeAssociation, 189; Tory Club,189; Westminster ConservativeAssociation, 16, 33, 36, 58, 189,195, 319; WestminsterConservative RegistrationAssociation, 189; WestminsterConservative Society, 29, 189,195, 199

and democracy, 8–9, 53, 54, 70, 88,99, 154, 190, 199–200, 229

and female activists, 144, 300 n. 86languages, ideology of, 40, 70, 71,

76–7, 78, 86, 88–96, 190–3, 249and manliness, 58, 96, 155, 166,

190popular, working-class

Conservatism, 30, 34–6, 58,90, 93, 94–5, 190–3, 199–200,202, 250

right-wing fear of demotic politics,89–90, 128–31, 133, 161–3, 173,190, 192, 199, 201, 208, 210,237, 238, 239

constables, police, 29, 98, 100, 101,102, 106–7, 108, 111, 112, 119,120–1, 124, 126, 127, 128, 138,156, 172, 177, 234

constitution, 13, 24, 45, 49, 51–2, 66,67, 71, 73, 79, 83–4, 88, 90, 91,92, 93, 95, 96, 128, 133, 158, 162,169, 175, 181, 183, 192, 196, 202,206, 207, 231, 260 n. 34

Constitutional Association, 90, 144Constitutional Club, 213Corn Act (1815), 30, 41, 181, 252Corrupt Practices Act (1854), 124, 200,

201Corrupt Practices Act (1883), 37, 103,

190Courier, The, 100, 106Coutts, Thomas, 22, 136Cowper, Emily Lamb, Countess, 105crowds, riots, election violence, 13,

28, 76–81, 98–127, 137, 141,142–3, 158–9, 160, 161, 165, 169,170–1, 174, 175, 178, 180, 184,194, 209, 231–4; see also heckling(election rituals)

assault, pelting, 29, 80, 101, 102,103, 106, 107, 108, 111–12,114, 116, 122, 138, 159, 180,185, 197, 200, 213, 232, 314n. 58

bludgeon men, 102–3, 106, 107,108, 112, 174

connivance in, 101, 103, 112–13destruction of hustings, other

property, 106, 107–8, 111,142–3, 171–2, 209

and drink, 103, 112, 115, 118, 119,124, 184, 185–6

images of, 14, 37, 49, 98–9, 105,132, 133–5, 140, 158–9, 222–3,231–4, 241

intimidation, 16, 21, 91, 100, 102,110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 168,170–2, 210, 228

Index 351

language of, about, tropes, 112–16,133

and women, 102–3, 107, 108, 112,133, 137–8, 141, 142–3, 232

Crown and Anchor Association,89

Cruikshank, George, 84, 218, 237,239, 243–5

Cruikshank, Isaac, 87, 227, 234culture of elections, 1–2, 80, 118–19,

131–2, 138, 160, 163, 178, 188,196, 200–2, 214, 225–6, 248–9,252, 253; see also elections,political language, violence

electorate, 3–4, 7, 13, 35, 36, 41,72, 75, 156, 162, 173, 178,254

independence, theory of, 7, 14, 28,31–2, 53, 66, 67, 71–6, 191–2,206

Daily News, 63Daily Telegraph, 33, 273 n. 114Davies, Scrope Bernal, 180debating society, 47, 133, 134, 139Democrat, A, or, Reason & Philosophy,

216, 218, 221democracy, democrats,

democratization, 1–3, 6, 8, 9, 10,14, 18, 19, 28, 33, 39, 45, 47, 50,51, 53, 54, 57, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73,75, 76, 78, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91,93–7, 113, 132, 134, 144, 153,155, 156, 157, 160, 161–2, 165,169, 176, 188, 192–3, 194, 196,202–4, 205, 207, 209, 210, 215,216, 217, 221, 226, 227, 229, 231,237, 238, 242, 246, 252–4

Dempsey, 115, 122Dent, William, 73, 87, 155, 213, 234,

237deputy high bailiff, 5, 108, 114Derby, Edward Smith-Stanley,

fourteenth earl, 273 n. 123Derry, John, 45De Tocqueville, Alexis, 57, 249,

317De Vear, Thomas, 152

Devonshire, Georgiana Cavendish,duchess, 44, 84, 135, 138,139, 140–3, 150, 214, 232,238, 243

Devonshire, William Cavendish, fifthduke, 73, 149

Dickens, Charles, 187–8, 243, 244;Nicholas Nickleby, 187–8

Dighton, Robert, 136, 219, 232Diprose, John, 153, 198,

304 n. 51disputed election cases, 144Disraeli, Benjamin, 30, 60, 61, 66, 70,

94, 95, 130Dolby, Thomas, 19, 244Doublûres of Characters, 226, 229Doyle, John (HB), 102, 110, 218, 219,

229, 244, 245Doyle, Richard, 219Duncannon, Henrietta Ponsonby,

Countess of Bessborough, 232Dyott, William, 135

East India Company, 55, 63Edgeworth, Maria, 143Edinburgh Review, 89efficiency, idea of, 82–3, 203Election Candidates, 227, 231election districts, parishes, 228, 229

Abbey, 40, 42, 136St. Anne, Soho, 5, 16, 19, 39, 90,

174, 185St. Clement Danes, 5, 123, 136, 176,

214St. George, Hanover Square, 5, 30,

39, 40, 96, 117, 185, 213, 308n. 109

St. James, 5, 30, 39, 67, 90, 91, 117,185, 211, 212

St. John, 5, 6, 14, 97, 127, 213St. Margaret, 5, 6, 14, 97,

212, 213St. Martin, 3, 5, 6, 16, 183St. Mary le Strand, 5St. Paul, Covent Garden, 5, 6, 185Strand, 39, 40, 289Westminster, 39, 40

Election Tate-á-Tate, 239

352 Index

elections, see also culture of elections,election rituals, individualcandidates, symbols (electionrituals)

general elections: 1774, 6, 7, 210;1780, 3, 6, 13–15, 16, 23, 29,43, 45, 46, 55, 73, 109, 113,123, 125, 138, 141, 170, 173,176, 190, 210, 234, 238, 254,262 n. 38; 1784, 3, 6, 12, 16–17,45, 46–7, 72, 73, 86, 98–9, 101,103, 108, 113, 115, 116, 119,126–7, 138–41, 144, 149, 150,153, 166, 176, 178, 179, 182,210, 234, 236, 238, 262 n. 38,292 n. 75; scrutiny, 16, 45, 107,238; 1790, 18, 47, 72, 78, 88,103, 108, 127, 141, 151, 170,262 n. 38; 1796, 18, 69, 72, 78,85, 111, 114, 123, 151, 166,182, 241; 1802, 19, 21, 46, 47,80–1, 88, 106, 107, 109, 142–3,162, 163, 171, 179; 1806, 6,20–2, 23, 26, 41, 82, 102, 103,105, 108, 109, 114, 120, 122,143, 165, 168, 170, 171–2, 173,177, 178–9, 183, 211, 213, 239;1807, 22–3, 24, 25, 34, 41, 50,51, 55, 108, 109, 116, 121, 133,162–3, 172, 174, 175, 176–8,179, 181, 197, 213, 214, 227,236, 239, 249, 292 n. 80, 295n. 12, 297 n. 44, 299 n. 79, 306n. 82; 1812, 24, 83, 87, 108,110, 148, 172; 1818, 8, 24–5,26, 29, 41, 52, 62, 63, 73, 77,78, 80, 102, 106, 108, 110, 122,127, 143, 158, 166, 167, 169,170, 178–9, 180, 185–6, 300n. 85; 1820, 6, 26, 27, 63, 97,105, 108, 109, 122, 124, 143,166, 170, 179, 180, 201; 1826,52, 65, 72, 108, 120, 124; 1830,52, 122, 124, 153, 158–9, 180;1831, 122; 1832, 29, 52, 105,170, 184, 194; 1835, 29, 53,91–2, 114, 166, 199; 1837, 30,41, 144, 171, 194, 313 n. 45;1841, 30, 41, 93, 116, 144, 153,

167, 169, 190, 199; 1847, 30,31, 56, 64, 71, 144, 213, 225;1852, 30, 31–2, 94, 116, 124,167, 199; 1857, 30, 199; 1859,30, 199; 1865, 3, 12–13, 30–1,32–3, 34–5, 37, 41, 54, 55, 56,58–60, 66, 72, 76, 79, 94, 111,145, 152, 153, 156, 189, 198,200, 201, 214, 308 n. 109; 1868,33–6, 37, 41, 54, 56, 57–8, 60,61, 70, 79, 94, 116, 119, 122,123, 145, 156, 196, 199, 201,214, 229, 230, 231, 246, 248,250–1, 252, 253, 268 n. 144,318 n. 12; 1874, 37, 79, 95, 119,199, 250; 1880, 37, 64, 95, 146,198, 201, 251; 1885, 39, 40,79–80, 96, 136, 146, 249; 1886,120

by elections: 1770, 7, 83, 249; 1782,15–16, 44, 69, 138; 1788, 3, 17,44, 47, 102–3, 107, 114, 120,127, 141, 147, 154, 166, 168,173, 174, 183, 193, 212, 231–2;1806 (February), 17; 1806(October), 14–20, 50; 1814, 24;1819, 6, 24–6, 63, 106, 108,111, 122, 143, 144, 147–8, 153,164, 169, 170, 173, 240, 299n. 69; 1833, 29, 64, 70, 86, 106,114, 116, 152, 188; 1837, 29,34, 36, 54, 66, 93, 135, 228, 298n. 56; 1846, 30, 111, 120, 199,200, 253; 1882, 39; 1887, 39,95; 1891, 39; 1924 (Abbey), 40,42, 62

corrupt practices at, 16, 21, 24, 27,201, 207, 234–5, 238

cost of, financing, 15, 17, 18, 23, 27,30, 33, 34, 79, 83, 173, 190,205, 213–14, 267 n. 120, 295n. 12, 299 n. 79, 306 n. 70

primary ballot, 31subscription, 15, 22, 24, 27, 31, 83,

107, 195, 197, 205; see also cost(elections)

turnout, 3, 34, 36, 41, 155, 201voting, 19–20, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31,

33, 34–6, 37, 39, 40, 41

Index 353

election meetings, 141, 143; see alsoculture of elections

campaign meetings, 92, 143, 148,300 n. 85

disruption of, 95, 203; see alsoheckling (election riots)

public meetings, 12–13, 20, 22, 28,29, 31, 32, 46, 47, 53, 89, 91,92, 95, 97, 128–30, 133, 152,153, 180, 189, 193–5, 199, 201,205–7: women at, 12, 143, 144,156

venues: indoor, 12, 48, 145, 151,154, 156, 191; outdoor, 48,128–30, 133–4, 155–6, 167, 194

election rituals, 117, 122, 132, 158–86,188–201, 205, 251; see alsodestruction of hustings (crowds)

address, 29, 51, 53, 55, 60, 64, 87, 96ballads, songs, 14, 15, 87, 109, 141,

164–6, 183, 210, 299 n. 72, 306n. 82

canvass, 3, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17–25, 26,27, 28, 32, 34, 36, 41, 66, 78,109, 135, 139, 140, 141, 143,145, 164, 166, 169, 173–4, 180,189, 190, 191, 201, 210, 214,216, 219, 253, 289 n. 36, 292n. 75

chairing, 15, 50, 106, 108, 116,140–1, 158, 166, 170, 174–8,179–80, 185–6, 197, 200, 209,227, 232, 299 n. 79

declaration, 13, 32, 70, 72, 107, 114,158, 163, 171

dinners, 22, 66, 75, 122, 136, 144,151, 153, 162, 166, 176, 181–6,188–93, 195, 199, 200, 209,210, 235

drawing carriage, 149, 161, 162,165, 166, 175, 179, 235

entrée, 161, 169features of: politics as theatre, 75,

105, 110, 135, 168, 174, 175–6,184, 251, 298 n. 56; politicalterritoriality, 102, 108, 109,168–72; see also hustings; (andidentity, 168–70; andpartisanship, 41, 123, 168, 170,

261 n. 21); politics of thefamiliar place, 173–4; see alsocanvass; politics of the street,102, 108, 109, 164, 174–81;see also chairings, processions

heckling, disruption, rough music,28, 32, 46, 47, 52, 76, 77, 79,101, 102, 106, 108, 109–10,112, 114, 117, 156, 159, 165,166, 169–71, 175, 179, 180,184–6, 193, 196, 198, 201

hustings, 9, 12, 14, 23, 28, 29, 52,61, 69, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83,101, 102, 105, 106, 107–8, 109,110, 111, 112, 116, 120, 122,127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138,142–3, 144, 145, 147, 154, 155,156, 158, 159, 164, 165, 166,168–72, 178, 179, 180, 186,201, 204, 297 n. 44

illumination, 91, 166, 167, 175music, bands, 23, 106, 108, 109,

114, 116, 160, 164–5, 166, 169,177, 178, 179, 180, 185–6, 200,300 n. 85; see also ballads

nomination, 13, 15, 66, 70, 108,111, 119, 122, 135, 144, 147,153, 156, 169, 170, 200, 201,215

procession, parade, 23, 46, 73, 85,91, 106, 108, 109, 114, 116–17,119, 121, 136, 140, 143, 158,161, 166, 169, 170, 172, 175,178–9, 180, 185, 197, 198, 200,215, 225, 231, 300 n. 85

requisition, 65, 92symbols, objects associated with

election rituals, 80, 81, 106,107, 169, 171, 175, 234: bonnetrouge, 133, 234–5, 240, 241,314 n. 68; cap of liberty, 67,166, 175, 229, 234–5, 237, 238,241; cockades, 18, 106, 166,175, 178, 179, 216, 234, 237;colours, 23, 103, 106, 165, 175,178, 180, 200, 300 n. 85;costume, 129, 133, 166, 170,177, 179, 183, 210, 234, 240,305 n. 86; effigies, 109, 166,

354 Index

election rituals – continued171; flags, banners, standards,46, 50, 71, 106, 107, 114, 116,117, 135, 143, 160, 164, 165,166, 169, 170, 175, 178, 300n. 85; flying cats, 234, 314n. 58; foxtails, 141, 166; laurelleaves, 140, 166, 175; loaf ofbread, 161, 167, 169, 186, 198;placards, 56, 107, 170, 172;ribbons, 103, 169, 180, 234, 300n. 85; white stave, wand, 164,177, 186, 296 n. 18

toasting, 47, 75, 181, 183–6, 191,192

Ellenborough, Edward Law, firstBaron, 83

Elliot, John, 79, 213, 255Elliot, John Lettsom, 93, 213Employers and Workmen Act

(1875), 95engravers, caricaturists, 86–7, 218,

221, 227–8, 237, 240; see alsoindividual names

Escott, Bickham, 35, 256Evans, Sir George DeLacy, 28–32, 56,

63, 65, 66, 86, 152, 170, 171, 188,189, 194, 229, 256

Exact Representation, 175excursions, 36, 199, 200Eyre, Edward John, 57, 229, 253

fairs, 110, 130, 133, 163, 215, 287Farington, Joseph, 109, 129, 130, 131,

133, 149, 182Farrell, 115Fellowes, Robert, 71, 88, 110Female Influence, 239Figaro in London, 228, 246Finnerty, Peter, 147, 184Fitzpatrick, Richard, 15Ford, William, 274 n. 126Fores, Samuel, 310 n. 12Fox, Charles James, 6, 13–20, 24, 27,

32, 43–8, 49, 50–1, 53, 55, 58, 62,63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, 75,81, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 101, 103,107, 114, 117, 127, 128–30, 131,132, 135, 138, 139, 140–1, 147,

148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 165, 166,167, 170, 173, 174, 175–8, 179,182, 183, 190, 193, 203, 210, 212,213, 216, 217, 218, 221, 226–7,231, 232, 234–6, 237, 238, 239,250, 252, 253, 269 n. 11, 289n. 36, 292 n. 75, 297 n. 32, 312n. 39, 314 notes 55, 68, 315 n. 72

funeral procession of, 47–8, 175–6,299 n. 79

secession from parliament, 46, 471798 toast of, 47, 75

Fox–Grenville coalition, Talentsministry, 20, 21

Foxite-ministerialist compromise of1790, 18, 19, 20, 21, 141

Fox–North coalition, 16, 46, 48, 147,148, 212

France, French, Francophobia, 86–7,114, 116, 169, 207, 221, 234;see also French Revolution

franchise, types of, suffrage, voter, 2,17, 60, 89, 93, 138; see alsoReform Acts

disfranchised, non-elector, 5, 32, 45,72, 73, 77, 110, 134, 161, 164,165, 167, 182, 200, 201, 241

expansion of, 207female, 229household, 46, 49, 51lodger, 36scot and lot, 3, 28, 110£10 householder, 3, 60universal manhood, 49, 52, 57, 88,

91, 97, 202, 206, 207, 225wider suffrage, parliamentary

reform, 47, 48, 51, 55, 70, 73,74, 78, 83–5, 107–8, 148, 181,183, 184

Fraser’s Magazine, 246Freedom of Election, 77French Revolution, 113, 221, 216,

226, 236; see also JacobinFrend, William, 75friendship, 45, 147–52, 155, 173, 185,

191, 198, 292 n. 74; see alsonetworks

Fun, 233, 239, 246

Index 355

Gardner, Sir Alan, first Baron Gardner,18, 19, 21, 79, 123, 171, 182, 255

Gash, Norman, 110Gatrell, Vic, 247Gazetteer, 66Genial Rays, 236George III, 45, 216George IV (as prince of Wales), 6, 141,

155George, Dorothy, 232, 247Germain, Lord George, 14Gillray, James, 18, 84, 103, 132, 216,

218, 219, 220, 221, 226, 227, 229,231, 232, 234, 236, 239, 240, 243,244, 245, 246, 247, 296 n. 26, 311n. 26, 316 n. 97

Gladstone, William, 60, 80, 95, 250Glorious Return, 159Glossop, Francis, 23Going to the Country, 229Goschen, George, 39, 64, 95Gould, F. C., 219Graham, John, 19, 21, 88, 89, 147,

162, 179Grant, C. J., 245Graphic, The, 233Grenvilles, 91Grenville, William Wyndham, first

Baron, 20, 46, 263 n. 45Grey, Charles, second Earl, 28, 52, 81,

82, 130, 241Grey, Henry, third Earl, 7, 204,

207Grimston, Robert, 59, 60Grojan, Francis, 5Grosvenor, Henrietta, Baroness,

139Grosvenor, Hugh Lupus, third

marquess of Westminster, 12, 32,252

Grosvenor, Richard, first Earl, 6Grosvenor, Robert, first Baron Ebury,

32, 252Grosvenor, Robert, second Earl, 30Grosvenor, Captain Robert Wellesley,

later second Baron Ebury, 12, 13,32, 33–4, 198, 229, 252, 273n. 125

Grote, George, 146

Halévy, Elie, 99Hall, Edward, 227, 239Ham, Elizabeth, 86Hanet, George, 109Hanger, Colonel George, fourth Baron

Coleraine, 1, 108, 115, 117, 122,155, 174, 232, 314 n. 55

Hanham, Harold, 41, 250Hardman, Sir William, 60Hardy, Thomas, novelist, 12, 111Hardy, Thomas, shoemaker, 162Head of the Poll, 49, 231Heath, William (Paul Pry), 219,

245high bailiff, 5, 12, 13, 16, 24, 26, 83,

108, 114, 194, 259 n.10Hill, Draper, 247Hobart, Albinia, 140Hobhouse, John Cam, 25–9, 56, 63–5,

75, 78, 81, 83, 87, 91, 106, 143,144, 146–52, 154, 158, 159, 160,163, 164, 170, 179–86, 188, 193,194, 198, 201, 212, 228–9, 240,241, 251, 252, 255, 274 n. 146,275 n. 156, 291–2 n. 73,300 n. 93

Hogarth, William, 116Holland, Henry Richard Vassall-Fox,

third Baron, 53, 87, 105, 152, 269n. 11

Holland, Lionel, 212, 309 n. 113Holland, William, 310 n. 12honour, 22, 26, 78, 81–2, 110, 149,

150, 171, 172, 239Hood, Samuel, Admiral, first Viscount

Hood, 15, 16, 17, 34, 47, 72, 101,102–3, 107, 130, 147, 166, 168,170, 183, 212, 287 n. 13

Hood, Sir Samuel, 6, 21, 22, 108, 170,173

Horner, Francis, 160House, Sam, 147, 166, 210, 227,

238–9, 315 n. 82Howell, George, 66Howison, John, 174Huggett, George, 212Hume, Joseph, 150Humours of Covent Garden, The, 105,

232

356 Index

Illustrated London News, 233, 246influence, 2, 5–7, 13, 14, 27, 73, 141,

171, 183, 189, 201Irish, 115, 116, 117, 123, 154–5issues, 28, 29, 52, 65–6, 73, 78, 93, 95,

122–3, 138, 166, 170, 178, 181,184, 195, 204, 252, 253–4; see alsopartisanship (election rituals)

annual elections, shorterparliaments, 13, 46, 51, 70,93, 97

corruption, 18, 24, 82, 119equal election districts, 46, 51, 70free trade, Corn Law(s), 30, 41, 80,

181, 199, 252London government, 56, 57manhood suffrage, 13, 202redistribution of seats, 46secret ballot, 57, 119, 120, 124, 145,

202, 205–7, 253single-day election, 51

Jacobin, 51, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91,221, 226, 234, 237, 240, 241, 270n. 49; see also French Revolution

Jebb, John, 13, 46, 135Jennyns (or Jennings), Joseph

Clayton, 148, 292‘Jim Crow’, 171, 298 n. 56‘John Bull’, 116, 227, 234Johnson, Samuel, 69Judy, 229, 246

Kean, 115, 122Kenyon, Lloyd, first Baron Kenyon, 82King’s Bench, 24, 126Kinnaird, Douglas, 25, 63, 151, 185–6,

255Knox, William, 88, 89, 110

Lamb, George, 26, 27, 105, 108, 109,143, 168, 170, 255

Lamb, Lady Caroline, 143, 214Lansdowne, William

Petty-FitzMaurice, earl ofShelburne and first marquess of,234

Lawrence, Jon, 110Lawson, Edward, 273 n. 114

Layard, Austen Henry, 32Leader, John Temple, 29, 30, 31, 171,

252, 256Lechmere, Sir E. A., 95Leech, John, 236, 243, 244LeMaitre, Paul, 147Life in London (Pierce Egan), 148, 163Liberal(s), Liberalism, 13, 30, 31–4, 36,

37, 39, 41, 53, 56, 57, 79, 95–6,146, 170, 189, 191, 197, 198–200,209–10, 304 n. 51

advanced Liberals, 56, 57, 95–6, 198ideology, language, 84New Reformers, New Liberals, 32,

198, 209Old Reformers, Old Liberals, 32, 56,

198organizations in Westminster, 36,

152: St. George’s LiberalAssociation, 189; Strand Liberaland Radical Association, 189;Westminster LiberalAssociation, 189, 199;Westminster Liberal ElectorsCommittee, 32; WestminsterLiberal Registration Society, 31,189, 198, 199; WestminsterLiberal Union, 189, 199;Westminster Reform Society,28, 152, 189, 194, 195, 198,212, 249; Westminster Women’sLiberal Association, 146;Westminster Working Men’sLiberal Association, 37, 189,199, 304

and problem of labour, 36–7, 40,95–6, 198–9, 200, 212, 250, 251

Lieven, Dorothea von, Princess,143

Lincoln, Thomas Pelham-Clinton, earlof Lincoln, later third duke ofNewcastle, 6, 14–15, 255

London Corresponding Society, 22,151, 162

London County Council, 309n. 113

London Courant, 138London Evening Post, 83

Index 357

London Municipal Society, 309n. 113

London School Board, 145Loughborough, Alexander

Wedderburn, first Baron, 128Lowenthal, David, 219loyalism, loyalist, 47, 78, 86–7, 89–90,

91, 93, 131, 162, 164, 202, 203,227, 234, 237, 238, 311 n. 22;see also monarchy, Conservatism

Lushington, Charles, 56, 64, 256

Mackintosh, James, 205–9Macklin, Charles, 113, 115Maclise, Daniel, 241Macnamara, John, 102, 103, 212–14,

281 n. 26magistrates, 6, 8, 90, 101, 102, 103,

106, 107, 112, 116, 120, 214Magna Carta, 67, 234Mahon, Charles Stanhope, Lord, later

third Earl Stanhope, 7, 138maidservants, 138Maidstone, George James

Finch-Hatton, Viscount, latereleventh earl of Winchilsea, 35,94, 170, 256, 273 n. 123

Malleson, Elizabeth, 214Mandeville, William Montagu,

Viscount, later seventh duke ofManchester, 35, 213, 256

manliness, 14, 146–53, 155, 166,206

Marks, J. Lewis, 245Matthew, Colin, 94Mayhew, Henry, 110, 156Maxwell, Herbert, 58–9, 60, 61, 273

notes 114, 119Maxwell, Sir Murray, 26, 102, 106–7,

111, 170Mecham, William (T. Merry), 219Mechanics’ Institutes, 118, 199Melbourne, William Lamb, second

Viscount, 26melodrama, 77, 78, 98, 101, 103, 114,

159memory, 2, 9, 23, 73, 75, 117, 119,

124, 126, 138, 141, 154–5, 171,202, 205, 208, 219–21, 238, 250

merchant, businessman, 12, 16, 32,40, 58, 63–4, 73, 79, 92, 147,210–11, 212–13

Metropolitan Board of Works, 8, 32,308 n. 109

Metropolitan Municipal Association,308 n. 109

Metropolitan Parliamentary ReformAssociation, 212

Metropolitan Police Act (1829), 120,124

Metropolitan Working-Men’sConservative Association, 192

mid-political sphere, 147, 151, 203,212

Middlesex, 8, 22, 48, 50, 101, 133,142, 173, 213

Middlesex Justices Act (1792), 124middling, middle classes, 5, 23, 36, 37,

41, 56, 57, 58, 62, 70, 72, 76, 78,84–7, 94, 95, 123, 134, 141,147–8, 152, 156–7, 163, 182,192–3, 195, 199, 202, 224, 228,232, 237–8, 250, 258 n. 6

Mill, John Stuart, 12–13, 30–4, 42,54–8, 60, 62–6, 68, 69, 72–3, 76,79, 86, 88, 111, 145, 152, 154,156, 189, 191, 198, 207, 208, 211,212, 214, 229–31, 241–2, 248,250, 251, 252, 253, 275 n. 163,302 n. 8; Autobiography, 56, 57,68, 272 n. 98

Mill’s Logic, 229ministerialists, Pittites, 6, 14, 16, 17,

18, 19–20, 22, 26, 41, 50, 72, 73,75, 79, 82, 87, 99, 102, 108, 113,114, 123, 126–7, 130, 133, 138,139, 140, 166, 170, 182, 183, 212,213, 227, 231, 232, 300 n. 86

Miss Mill Joins the Ladies, 229Mitchell, L. G., 45, 47Modern Colossus, The, 44Modern Reformers in Council, 237monarchy, court, the Crown, 6, 15,

16, 18, 21, 27, 46, 49, 50–1, 53,66, 70, 75, 88, 92, 93, 95, 128,183, 192, 234, 251

Moore, Peter, 169Moore, Thomas, 51

358 Index

More, Hannah, 98, 292 n. 75Morgan, Matt, 219, 241Morley, John, 95, 146, 212, 229, 251,

256, 268 n.144Morning Chronicle, 3, 44, 46, 72, 87,

97, 106, 110, 147, 162, 166Morning Herald, 179Morning Post, 27, 77, 86, 123,

241Morris, Arthur, 259 n. 10Mountmorres, Hervey Raymond

Morres, second Viscount, 7Mrs. Bull at the Poll, 204Mundy, R., 173Murray, Sir George, 35, 256

Namier, Lewis, 6Nash, John, 244nationalism, national identity, 13, 36,

44, 58, 62, 80, 81, 86–7, 88, 98,114, 144, 169, 209, 236

National Political Union, 52, 122, 151National Union of Conservative and

Constitutional Associations, 191Nelson, Horatio, first Viscount, 156,

176networks, 115, 116, 117, 145, 148–9,

151, 152, 166; see also friendshipNew Way to Secure a Majority, A, 173Newcastle, Henry Pelham-Clinton,

second duke of Duke, 6, 7, 14, 73newspapers, periodicals, 113, 114,

124, 174, 200, 203, 210, 221, 223,and see under individual titles

Nicholson, Patrick, 98Nonconformist, 71, 210North, Frederick, Lord North and

second earl of Guilford, 14, 16,148, 155, 212

Northumberland, Hugh Percy, secondduke, 6, 7, 14, 20, 21, 73

Northumberland, Hugh Percy, EarlPercy, later third duke, 20, 21, 64

Not for Jo, 241

Oastler, Richard, 192O’Bryen, Denis, 147Odger, George, 242Old Bailey, 107, 126, 162, 319

‘Old Corruption’, 9, 13, 23, 66, 75, 76,82, 97, 144

Oldfield, Thomas, 14, 18Ossulston, Charles Augustus Bennet,

Lord, later fifth earl of Tankerville,147

oligarchy, oligarchs, aristocrats,aristocracy, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10,14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 27, 28, 33,40, 45, 48, 49, 50, 61, 68, 70, 73,75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83–9, 92, 93,97, 113, 143, 147, 154, 162, 163,178, 181, 183, 184, 186, 188, 192,193, 202, 203, 204, 210, 214, 237,239, 241, 248, 249, 251, 254

neo-, popular oligarchy, 3, 4, 63, 67,188, 193, 209, 243, 246, 252,254

Pall Mall Gazette, 120Palmerston, Henry Temple, second

Viscount, 151, 173parliament, 10, 32, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50,

51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 66, 73, 128,129, 131, 133, 145, 191, 204, 210,226, 231, 239, 242

House of Commons, 12, 16–18, 26,28, 49, 52, 54, 56, 61, 62, 66,70, 81, 88, 101, 133, 134, 144,148, 154, 166, 177, 178, 181,184, 191, 208, 225, 234, 239,246

House of Lords, 52, 93Parliamentary Candidates

Society, 52Parliamentary and Municipal

Elections (Ballot) Act (1872), 119Parton, James, 243, 244paternalism, 57, 76, 178, 191, 199Patriotic Regeneration, 234Patten, Robert, 247Paull, James, 20, 21, 22, 82, 102, 105,

109, 162, 168, 169, 171, 178, 183,211, 239–40, 241

Peel, Sir Robert, 30, 159, 199, 222Pellegrini, Carlo (Ape), 219, 245Perceval, Spencer, 22, 90Percy, Lord Algernon, 39, 256Percy, Robert, 185

Index 359

performance, 105, 117, 161–3, 168,171, 176, 182, 193

Perry, James, 66, 147petitions, 8, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22–3, 65,

129–30, 131, 133, 134, 194, 212Philp, Mark, 231Pitt, William, the younger, 6, 15, 16,

17, 18, 45, 46, 47, 65, 79, 84, 133,176, 234, 237

Place, Francis, 6, 14, 16, 20, 21–3,25–8, 72, 78, 82, 83, 107, 110,117, 118, 136, 146–52, 155, 173,184, 185, 187, 190, 194, 197, 198,205, 210, 211, 212, 241, 249, 252,254, 265 n. 85, 307 n. 98

pledges, 28, 32, 52, 152, 187, 194Plumpers of Sr Judas, 98police, see under constablesPolitical Fair, A, 163political language, 9, 14, 16, 62,

66, 70, 75, 76, 168, 169,250, 251

ancient constitution, 13, 24, 49, 52,83, 84, 96, 175, 181, 183, 202;see also constitution, MagnaCarta

character, language of , 81independence, language of, 2, 9, 14,

28, 60, 66, 67, 71–6, 79, 81, 94,96, 169, 170, 177, 178, 181,207, 227, 240, 297 n. 44

natural rights, 51, 83, 84Paineite, 51, 88populism, 14, 15, 84, 94, 178, 191republican, republicanism, 7, 29, 53,

93, 94, 96, 224, 231, 234slavery, 14, 78, 84, 87, 164, 170Westminster, 47, 60, 66, 71, 72, 75,

81, 85, 86, 92, 94Political Register, 83Political Sketches, 245polling-booth, 145Poor Blacks, 155Poor Law Guardian, 191, 211, 309

n. 121popular politics, 45, 161, 162, 202,

226, 238; see also populism(political language)

Portland, William HenryCavendish-Bentinck, third duke,6, 129, 130, 177

printsellers, printshops, 136, 218, 219,221, 222, 225, 244, 245, 310 n. 12

Pro Bono Publico, 227professionals, 19, 31, 86, 88, 147, 162,

173, 210–11, 212, 249, 251prostitutes, 138, 141Proteus Ye 2D, 226Prout, Thomas, 28, 194, 211public citizen, 203, 208, 209–14, 252,

254; see also public opinionmen, 146–53, 210–14women, 137–46, 153, 214

public men, 8, 62–3, 65, 87, 148, 150,153, 182, 194

public opinion, 2, 9, 10, 72, 76, 97,113, 131, 134, 159, 182, 187, 191,194, 206, 209, 221, 225, 236

public political sphere, 10, 76, 82–3,89–90, 128–57, 131, 141, 154,161, 182, 202–14

political, civic space, 131–57, 147,203, 250

as used by disfranchised, 32, 72, 77,134, 161, 164, 165, 182

as used by men, 146–53; see alsomanliness

as used by minorities, 98, 101, 107,109, 113, 115, 116, 117–18,154–5, 204

as used by women, 102–3, 107, 112,133, 134, 137–46, 153, 156,181, 204, 306 n. 82; see alsowomen

publicity, party propaganda, 83, 190,200–1, 205

advertisements, 8, 16, 71, 175, 179,194

broadside, broadsheet, 15, 70, 73,86, 106, 110, 169, 174, 180,194, 217, 245

handbills, 107, 121, 139, 175, 179pamphlets, 9, 48, 70, 76, 89squibs, 10, 210

Pugh, Martin, 192Punch, 145, 204, 218, 224–5, 229, 236,

239, 245, 246

360 Index

Quarter Sessions, 102, 112

radical(s), radicalism, radical party,radical reformers, anti-oligarchic,24, 25, 26, 28–9, 31–4, 64, 67, 73,100, 105, 109, 114, 117, 118, 122,199, 224, 227, 230, 232, 233, 235,238, 241, 243, 246, 248, 264, 265,269, 275, 279, 281, 282, 286–7,287–8, 317, 349, 351

Benthamites, 24, 51, 52Burdettites, 24, 50, 51, 55, 91, 133,

153, 161, 190, 209Cartwright, Major John, 24, 25, 26,

83, 152, 154, 184, 255Cobbett, William, 8, 22, 24, 69, 83,

92, 165, 168, 184, 193, 203, 254Hunt, Henry, 24, 26, 80, 92, 112,

161, 169, 170, 180, 184, 254–5Paine, Thomas, Paineites, 51, 69, 88,

183, 251radical organizations in

Westminster; see alsoWestminster Reform Society(Liberal): WestminsterCommittee, 22–5, 27, 28, 34,50, 52–3, 55, 63, 82, 83, 133,136, 148–50, 152, 172, 173,175–8, 181, 185, 190, 193–4,198, 200, 203, 205, 210,211,254, 263 n. 54, 270 n. 40,292 n. 80, 297 n. 44

rump, the, 32, 92, 203Wilkites, 7, 13, 137, 210, 212

Raikes, Thomas, 93Redistribution of Seats Act (1885), 250Reeves, John, 89Reform Act (1832), 3, 5, 8, 41, 52, 53,

96, 100, 123, 188, 201, 204, 253,254

Reform Act (1867), 2, 33, 36, 41, 57,156, 191, 200, 204, 229, 241, 250

Reform Act (1884), 204, 242Reform League, 94, 317 n. 8Reformers’ Dinner, The, 184regimes of ritual or knowledge, 161–2,

168, 174, 176, 178, 186, 197, 198,201, 215

religion, 34, 36, 55–6, 57, 58, 61, 79,96, 101, 118, 123, 159, 192, 211,234, 236, 253, 275 n. 160

Representation of the People Act(1918), 40

Right Hon alias a Sans Culotte, 87Robinson, Henry Crabb, 111Robinson, John, 14, 113Rodney, Sir George Brydges, first

Baron, 14, 15, 64, 254–5Roebuck, J. A., 56Rogers, Henry, 71Rogers, Nicholas, 250Romilly, Sir Samuel, 7, 24–6, 63, 111,

134, 135, 143, 146, 150, 156, 168,169, 179, 184, 255

Rose, George, 18Rous, Captain Henry, 30, 35, 36, 93,

111, 199, 251, 252, 253, 256Rowlandson, Thomas, 84, 219, 244,

246Russell, Sir Charles, 37, 246, 256Russell, Lord John, later first Earl, 7,

147, 168Russell, Lord William, 7Rutland, Charles Manners, fourth

duke, 173, 182

sailors, 106–8, 116–17, 141, 166Salisbury, Emily, Countess of

Salisbury, 140Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot

Gascoyne-Cecil, third marquis,191

Sancho, Ignatius, 109Sandwich, John Montagu, fourth

earl, 14Sayers, James, 219Sayre, James, 6Scharf, George, 156, 219secret ballot, 119, 120, 124, 145, 202,

205, 207–8, 234; see also votingSeditious Meetings Act (1795), 89, 90,

194Seditious Meetings Act (1817), 90, 133Seditious Meetings Prevention Act

(1819), 194Select Vestries Act (1831), 28

Index 361

separate spheres ideology,public-private, 120, 136–8, 146,148–53, 155–7, 202–3, 204, 214,221–2, 245, 253

Seymour, Robert, 93, 219, 228–9, 245Shelly, Sir John Villiers, 31, 66, 229,

252Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 20, 21, 22,

23, 26, 75, 76, 77, 82, 102, 103,105, 108, 109, 113, 117, 123, 127,130, 132, 141, 147, 150, 155, 165,168, 169, 177, 183, 226, 231, 255,306 n. 82

Shipman, Charles, 174shopkeepers, 6, 7, 22, 40; see also

printsellersbookseller, 31, 86, 304 n. 51, 308

n. 109grocer, 109, 118publican, 30, 90, 147, 165, 199, 210,

227, 238, 239, 248Sidmouth, Henry Addington, first

Viscount, 133Simcox, Edith, 145Sinclair, Sir George, 54, 92, 93Six Acts (1819), 26, 90Smith, Joshua Toulmin, 206–7, 209Smith, Sidney, 250, 317 n. 8Smith, William Henry, 8, 9, 12, 13,

32–4, 36–7, 39, 41, 42, 57–62, 63,64, 65, 66, 79–80, 94, 95, 96, 136,152, 190–1, 195–6, 199, 214, 218,229–31, 241, 248, 249, 250, 251,253, 266 n. 110, 267 n. 120, 273n. 114, 274 notes 126, 133, 135,317 n. 8; W. H. Smith and Son,32, 136, 229

Smith, William Frederick, 39, 61Society for Constitutional

Information, 13, 16, 212Society of Supporters of the Bill of

Rights, 7Society of the Friends of the People, 18soldiers, 14, 86, 101, 103, 107, 122,

128sovereignty, 46, 75, 81, 202, 225, 231Spectator, The, 116, 196spectatorship, 130, 143, 163, 167, 171,

175, 215

Spence, Thomas, 183Spencer, Margaret, Countess Spencer,

66, 139Stanhope, Colonel H. F. B., 174Stephen, Leslie, 94Stephenson, Simon, 6St. James’s Chronicle, 144streets, squares, neighbourhoods

Bedford Street, 6Belgravia, 12Berkeley Square, 180Bloomsbury, 67Bond Street, 180Bow Street, 103, 112, 120Cannon Street, 136Chandos Street, 180Charing Cross, 6, 117, 120, 136,

151, 156, 223Chancery Lane, 162Charles Street, 109Clerkenwell Green, 138Covent Garden, 12, 23, 45, 70, 77,

106, 108, 110–14, 117, 118–20,126, 134, 135, 142, 143, 146,151, 153–6, 158, 164, 168–70,178, 200, 241, 248

Cranbourn Street, 211Devil’s Acre, 117Grosvenor Place, 61Haymarket, 47Holborn, 117, 118, 223Hyde Park, 114, 130, 156, 185, 203,

317 n. 8Kennington Common, 203King Street, 136, 183, 281 n. 34Knightsbridge, 86, 308 n. 109Long Acre, 102Ludgate Hill, 223Mayfair, 30, 66Newport Market, 177Oxford Street, 106, 117Palace Yard, New Palace Yard, 18,

48, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134,135, 149, 153, 155, 156, 167,194, 203

Pall Mall, 39, 179Panton Street, 133Petty France, 17

362 Index

streets, squares,neighbourhoods – continued

Piccadilly, 14, 39, 86, 137, 162, 173Pimlico, 12, 22, 114, 213Poland Street, 106Queen Square, 55Regent Street, 117Rochester Row, 136Sanctuary, The 136St. Giles, 91, 110, 113, 117St. James Street, 9, 224Savoy, 103Seven Dials, 117Soho, 23, 88, 111, 117, 210, 241South Street, 46Spitalfields, 72, 314 n. 68Strand, 12, 17, 28, 32, 39, 40, 58, 61,

117, 118, 151, 189, 211, 214,222, 223, 244, 249, 257, 304n. 51

Stratton Street, 136Swallow Street, 165Sweeting’s Alley, 219, 244Trafalgar Square, 117, 119, 146, 156,

168, 203, 233, 244Victoria Street, 58, 117Villiers Street, 183Vine Street, 16Wardour Street, 19, 66West Street, 118Whitcomb Street, 102

Sturch, William, 63, 83, 97, 135, 174,181, 205, 210

Successful Candidate, The, 37, 231, 251Sun, The, 81, 91

Taine, Hippolyte, 209Tarleton, Colonel Banastre, 115, 122Tavistock, Francis Russell, Lord, later

seventh duke of Bedford, 146, 152Taylor, Colonel Thomas, 273 n. 114Taylor, Harriet (later Harriet Taylor

Mill), 55, 208Taylor, Helen, 57, 145–6Temple, George

Nugent-Temple-Grenville, earl,later first marquess ofBuckingham, 108

Thackeray, William, 111, 219, 247

theatres, 77, 79, 99, 101, 105, 110,134, 135, 168, 175, 184, 205,254

Thelwall, John, 18, 88‘the people’, 23, 28, 45, 47, 49, 50–1,

52, 53, 65, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78–81,83, 84, 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97,110, 129, 133, 134, 148, 153, 158,172, 179, 181, 183, 184, 192, 206,209, 227, 233, 234, 236, 242

Thompson, Edward, 83, 146, 214Thompson, T. P., 62, 63Times, The, 66, 80, 92, 100, 110, 119,

153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 179, 200Tomahawk, The, 230Tooke, John Horne, 18, 19, 21, 22, 47,

48, 49, 61, 72, 73, 78, 79, 82, 88,111, 151, 169, 183, 210, 211, 227,240, 255; Two Pairs of Portraits, 18

Tory Triumph, The, 228, 229Town Police Clauses Act (1847),

156Townshend, Lord John, 17, 18, 44, 87,

103, 107, 108, 141, 147, 168, 174,193, 212, 232, 255

Treason Trials, 89Treasonable Practices and Seditious

Act (1795), 89Tree of Corruption, 227Tree of Liberty, 234, 236tribunes, 20, 32, 37, 42–68, 75–6,

215, 226–31, 234, 241, 252,268 n. 2

‘man of the people’, 7, 14, 18, 44,48, 73, 75, 139, 165, 166, 176,177, 227, 253

Trollope, Anthony (The Way We LiveNow), 248, 253

True Reform of Parliament, 133Twining, Louisa, 118Twining, Richard III, 214Two Pairs of Portraits, 18

Vanity Fair, 229, 245, 246Vernon, James, 202, 209vestry, vestrymen, 6, 16, 34, 90, 195,

211visuality, visual culture, 10, 77, 170,

178, 216–47

Index 363

voting, votes, see also ballotduration, 124, 155indirect, 206, 207polling, 14, 16, 22, 23, 70, 72, 77,

106, 109, 119, 120, 124, 126,127, 155, 156, 165, 169, 179,200, 208, 233, 285 n. 104

registration, revision, 3, 30, 31, 36,37, 199, 200, 201, 254, 267n. 120, 304 n. 51

secret voting, 37, 119, 120, 124,145, 200, 202, 205–8, 253

sociological explanation of, 40–1Vox Populi, 148

Waddy, Frederick, 219Wakely, Thomas, 32Wandering Minstrel for Westminster,

The, 225Ward, Leslie (Spy), 219, 229Webb, Charles, 211, 212Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, first

duke, 159, 222West End, the, 12, 40, 70, 115, 117,

118, 146, 154, 155, 211, 222West, John, 115Westerton, Charles, 31, 32, 211, 308

n. 109Westminster Canvass, 166, 238Westminster Election, 1780, 14,

232Westminster Mountebank or Palace Yard

Pranks, 132, 133Westminster Review, 55Westminster Returning Officer, 12,

199, 253, 306 n. 70Westminster Steeple-Chase, The, 230Whig(s), Foxites, 6, 7, 8, 13–22, 24, 26,

27, 29, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51, 53, 60,63, 65, 66, 72, 73, 75, 78, 81, 86,87, 89, 91, 92, 97, 103, 106, 108,109, 114, 122, 126–7, 129, 134,138, 139, 141, 143–4, 147–52,154, 160, 164, 166, 169, 170, 173,174, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 184,190, 193, 203, 205, 227, 234,235, 239, 248, 250, 263 n. 54,300 n. 86

Westminster Committee ofAssociation, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18,44, 46, 51, 73, 129, 133, 194,212, 249, 263 n. 54

Whitbread, Samuel, 50White, Hayden, 12, 94Wilkes, John, 7, 14, 18, 24, 45, 84,

128, 137, 179, 232William IV, 30, 183Williams, Charles, 219, 231, 236, 245Wilson, George, 118Wilson, Sir Robert, 151Wishart, Thomas, 147Wit’s Last Stake, 84Wonderful Word Eater, The, 73Woodward, G. M., 219Wooler, Thomas, 72women

and electioneering, 137–46, 153,300 n. 86

at meetings, 141, 143, 145and public politics, 84, 153, 154in public sphere, 113, 153, 181, 306

n. 82and violence, 102–3, 141, 142–3,

232working classes, artisans, tradesmen,

6, 16–17, 21, 22, 23, 41, 50, 71,72, 92, 98, 102–3, 112, 113, 114,115, 130, 139, 141, 143, 147, 148,150, 151, 191, 211, 219, 249–50

blacksmith, 102breeches maker, 173carpenter, 212, 281 n. 34chairmen, 101, 116, 117, 122, 123,

153porters, 116, 178shoemaker, boot maker, 39, 102,

162tailor, 6, 39, 109, 110, 114, 151, 239,

240–1, 249weavers, 72, 314 n. 68

Wray, Sir Cecil, 16, 44, 46, 72, 99, 127,138, 150, 166, 255

Wright, Sir Sampson, 103, 116

Young, Admiral George, 15Young, Sir William, 88, 154