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Appendix

The materia medica of the 1789 Pharmacopoeia:

Botanical Materials

1789 Listing 1931 or later Listing

Artemisia Abrotanum Artemisia abrotanum

Artemisia maritima Artemesia maritima

Artemisia Absinthium Artemisia absinthium

Rumex Acetosa Rumex acetosa

Aconitum Napellus Aconitum napellus

Allium sativum Allium sativum

Aloe perfoliata Aloe vera etc.

Althaea officinalis Althaea officinalis

(Amygdala amara) Amygdalus communis

var. amara

Modern country name Representative synonyms

Southern wood Old Man, Lad's Love, Boy's Love

Sea Wormwood Old Woman

Common Wormwood Green Ginger

Garden Sorrel Green Sauce, Sour Sauce, Cuckoo Sorrow

Aconite Monkshood, Blue Rocket, Friar's Cap

Garlic Poor Man's Treacle

Aloes (The chief varieties of Aloes are Curacao or Barbados, Socotrine (including Zanzibar) and Cape)

Marsh Mallow Mallards, Mauls, Schloss Tea, Cheeses, Mortification Root

Bitter Almond

717

Part used

leaf

top

herb

leaf

herb

root

root and leaf

nut

MODERN DRUG USE

1789 Listing Modern country name 1931 or later Listing Representative synonyms Part used

(Amygdala dulcis) Sweet Almond nut Amygdalus communis

var. dulcis

Ammoniacum Ammoniacum gum-resin Dorema ammoniacum Gum Ammoniac

Anethum graveolens Dill seed Peucedanum graveolens Anethum graveolus. Fructus

anethi

Angelica Archangelic Angelica root, stem, leaf, Angelica Archangelica Garden Angelica, Archangelica seed

officinal is

Pimpinella Anisum Anise seed Pimpinella ani sum

Mimosa nilotica Acacia Acacia senegal Gum Arabic, Gummi Mimosae

Arnica montana Arnica herb, flower, Arnica montana Mountain Tobacco, Leopard's root

Bane

Arum maculatum Cuckoo-Pint fresh root Arum maculatum Lords and Ladies, Arum,

Starchwort, Adder's Root, Bobbins, Friar's Cowl, Kings and Queens, Parson and Clerk, Quaker, Wake Robin

Ferula Assafoetida Asafetida gum resin Ferula foetida Food of the Gods, Devil's Dung

Asarum Europaeum Asarabacca leaf Asarum Europaeum Hazelwort, Wild Nard

Avena sativa Oats Avena sativa Groats, Oatmeal

Citrus Aurantium Sweet Orange (hispalense)

Citrus Aurantium Citrus vulgaris, Citrus leaf, flower, juice var. dulcis bigaradia, Citrus and rind of the

Aurantium amara, Bigaradier, fruit Bigarade Orange, Bitter Orange, Seville Orange, Citrus du1cis

Pinus Balsamea Canada Balsam

718

APPENDIX


Pinus balsamea Abies canadensis, Abies balsamea, Balsam Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir, Perusse, Hemlock Spruce

Copaifera officinalis Copaiba Copaifera Langsdorffi Copaiva, Balsam Copaiba,

Copaiba officinalis

Myroxylon peruiferum Balsam of Peru Myroxylon Pereirae Toluifera Pereira, Myrosperum

Pereira

Toluifera Balsamum Balsam of Tolu Myrospermum Toluiferum Balsamum Tolutanum,

Tolutanischer Balsam

Arctium Lappa Burdock root Arctium lappa Lappa, Fox's Clote, Thorny

Burr, Beggar's Buttons, Cockle Buttons, Love Leaves, Philanthropium

Veronica Beccabunga Brooklime herb Veronica beccabunga Water Pimpernel, Beckly

Leaves, Cow Cress, Housewell Grass, Limewort, Limpwort, Wall-ink

Styrax Benzoe Benzoin resin Styrax benzoin Gum Benzoin, Gum Benjamin,

Siam Benzoin, Sumatra Benzoin

Polygonum Bistorta Bistort root Polygonum bistorta Osterick, Oderwort, Snakeweed,

Easter Mangiant, Adderwort, Twice Writhen

Acorus Calamus Sweet Sedge root Acorus calamus Calamus, Sweet Flag, Sweet root

Root, Sweet Rush, Sweet Cane, Gladdon, Sweet Myrtle, Myrtle Grass, Myrtle Sedge, Cinnamon Sedge

Laurus Camphora Camphor Cinnamonum camphora Laurel Camphor, Gum

Camphor

Canella alba White Cinnamon bark Canella alba Canella, White Wood, Wild

Cinnamon, Canellae Cortex

719

MODERN DRUG USE


Cardamine pratensis Meadow Cress flower Cardamine pratensis Lady-smock, Cuckoo-flower

Amomum repens Cardamoms seed Elettaria Cardamomum Amomum Cardamomum,

Cardamom urn minus, Amomum repens, Ebil, Capalaga, Iiachi, Ailum

Centaurea benedicta Holy Thistle herb Carbenia benedicta Blessed Thistle, Cnicus

benedictus, Carduus benedictus

Ficus Carica Common Fig Ficus carica

Carum Carui Caraway seed Carum Carvi Caraway Seed

Caryophyllus aromaticus Cloves Cloves and their Eugenia caryophyllata Eugenia aromatica essential oil

Dianthus Caryophyllus Caryophyllum rubrum flower Caryophyllus aromaticus Clove-pink, Carnation

Cascarilla Cascarilla bark Croton Eleuteria Sweetwood Bark, Bahama

Cascarilla, Elutheria, Cascarillae Cortex, Aromatic Quinquina, False Quinquina

Cassia Fistula Purging Senna fruit Cassia fistula Purging Cassia, Cassia Stick,

Pudding Pipe-Tree, Alexandrian Purging Cassia

Mimosa Catechu Catechu Uncaria Gambier Pale Catechu, Gambir

Gentiana Centaurium Centaury top Erythraea centaurium Centaury Gentian, Century, Red

Centaury, Filwort, Centory, Christ's Ladder, Feverwort

Anthemis nobilis Common Chamomile flower Anthemis nobilis Manzanilla, May then

Conium maculatum Hemlock herb, flower, Conium maculatum Herb Bennet, Spotted Corobane, seed

Musquash Root, Beaver Poison, Poison Hemlock, Poison Parsley, Spotted Hemlock, Kex, Kecksies

Cynara Scolymus Globe Artkhoke leaf Cynara Scolymus

720

APPENDIX


Laurus Cinnamomum Cinnamon bark and its Cinnamomum zeylanicum Laurus Cinnamomum essential oil

Cochlearia officinalis Scurvy Grass herb Cochlearia officinalis Spoonwort

Colchicum autumnale Meadow Saffron fresh root Colchicum autumnale Naked Ladies

Cucumis Colocynthis Colocynth pith of fruit Cucumis colocynthis Citrullus colocynthis, Bitter

Apple, Colocynth Pulp, Bitter Cucumber

Colomb a Calumba root Jateorhiza columba Columba, Cocculus palmatus

Dorstenia Contrajerva Contrayerva root Dorstenia contrayerva Dorstenia Houstoni

Coriandrum sativum Coriander seed Coriandrum sativum

Crocus sativus Saffron stigma of flower Crocus sativus Crocus, Karcom, Krokos

Piper Cubeba Cubebs Piper cubeba Tailed Pepper

Momordica Elaterium Squirting Cucumber fresh fruit Echallium elaterium Momordica Elaterium, Wild

Cucumber

Cuminum Cyminum Cumin seed Cuminum cyminum Cumino aigro

Curcuma longa Turmeric root Curcuma longa Curcuma, Curcuma rotunda,

Amomum curcuma

Pyrus Cydonia Quince apple and its Pyrus Cydonia Cydonia vulgaris seed

Rosa canina Dog Rose hip, the fruit Rosa canina

Daucus Carota Wild Carrot seed Daucus carota Birds' Nest and Bees' Nest

Digitalis purpurea Foxglove herb Digitalis purpurea Witches' Gloves, Dead Men's

Bells, Fairy's Glove, Gloves of Our Lady, Virgin's Glove, Fairy Caps, Folk's Glove, Fairy Thimbles

Amyris Elemifera Elemi resin Canarium luzonicum Manila Elemi

721

MODERN DRUG USE


Enula Helenium Elecampane root Inula helenium Scabwort, Elf Dock, Wild

Sunflower, Horseheal

Eryngium maritimum Sea Holly root Eryngium maritimum Eryngium campestre, Sea

Hulver, Sea Holme

Polyp odium Filix mas Male Fern root Dryopteris felix-mas Aspidium Filix-mas, Male Shield

Fern

Anethum Foeniculum Fennel seed Foeniculum vulgare Fenkel, Sweet Fennel, Wild

Fennel

Trigonella Foenum Fenugreek seed Graecum

Trigonella foenum- Bird's Foot, Greek Hay-seed graecum.

Bubon Galbanum Galbanum gum-resin Ferula Galbaniflua

Galla Gall Gall Excrescences on the twigs of

Quercus infectoria, resulting from the local effects of the gall-wasp, Adleria gallae-tinctoriae

Gambogia Gamboge gum-resin Garcinia Hanburyii Gutta gamba, Gummigutta,

Tom Rong, Gambodia, Garcinia Morella

Spartium scoparium Broom top, the seed Cytisus scoparius Broom tops, Irish Tops, Basam,

Bisom, Green Broom

Gentiana lutea Yellow Gentian root Gentiana lutea

Panax quinquefolium Ginseng root Panax quinquefolium Aralia quinquefolia, Five

fingers, Tartar Root, Red Berry, Man's Health

Glycyrrhiza glabra Liquorice root Glycyrrhiza glabra

Punica Granatum Pomegranate flower and rind Punica granatum Grenadier, Cortex granati of fruit

Gratiola officinalis Hedge Hyssop herb Gratiola officinalis

722

APPENDIX


Guaiacum officinale Guaiacum wood, bark and Guaiacum officinale Lignum Vitae gum-resin

Helleborus foetidus Bearsfoot leaf Helleborus foetidus

Veratrum album White Hellebore root Varatrum album Veratrum Lobelianium,

Veratrum Californicum

Helleborus niger Black Hellebore root Helleborus niger Christe Herbe, Melampode,

Christmas Rose

Hordeum distichon Barley Hordeum distichon Pearl Barley, Perlatum

Hypericum perforatum St. John's Wort flower Hypericum perforatum

Jalapium Jalap Bindweed root Convolvulus jalapa Ipomea purga, Ipomea Jalapa

Ipecacuanha Ipecacuanha root Psychortia ipecacuanha Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, Uragoga

ipecacuanha, Matto Grosso

Iris florentina Iris root Iris florentina Orris Root - derived from

I. Germanica, I. pallida and I. Florentina

J uglans regia Walnut unripe fruit J uglans nigra Carya, Jupiter's Nuts

Juniperus communis Juniper Berries berry and top Juniperus communis Genevrier, Ginepro, Enebro

Gummi Gambiense Kino resin Pterocarpus marsupium East Indian, Malabar, Madras,

or Cochin Kino

Cistus creticus Ladanum resin Cistus Creticus Ladanum or Labdanum - the

resin of Cistus Creticus, the European Rock Rose

Lavandula Spica Spike Lavender flower Lavandula spica Latifolia

Laurus nobilis Laurel leaf and berry Laurus nobilis Sweet Bay, True Laurel, Bay,

Roman Laurel, Noble Laurel, Laurier Sauce

Haematoxylum Campechianum Logwood

723

MODERN DRUG USE


Haematoxylon Campeachianum Haematoxylon Lignum, Lignum

Campechianum, Peachwood, Bloodwood

Citrus Medica Lemon juice, rind and Citrus limonum Citrus medica, Citronnier, essential oil

Limoun, Limone

Linum usitatissimum Flax seed Linum usitatissimum Linseed

Oxalis Acetocella Wood Sorrel leaf Oxalis acetosella Wood Sour, Sour Trefoil,

Stickwort, Fairy Bells, Hallelujah, Three-leaved Grass, Stubwort

Origanum Majorano Sweet Marjoram herb Origanum marjorana Knotted Marjoram, Marjorana

hortensis

Malva sylvestris Blue Mallow leaf and flower Malva sylvestris Common Mallow

Manna Manna Manna The juice from the stems of the

European flowering ash, Fraxinus ornus

Marrubium vulgare White Horehound herb Marrubium vulgare Hoarhound

Teucrium Marum Cat Thyme herb Teucrium Marum Marum

Pi stacia Lentifous Mastic resin Pistacia Lentiscus Mastich, Lentisk

Melissa officinalis Balm herb Melissa officinalis Sweet Balm, Lemon Balm

Mentha piperita Peppermint Mentha piperita Brandy Mint

Mentha spicata Spearmint herb Mentha viridis Garden Mint, Mentha Spicata,

Our Lady's Mint, Green Mint, Spire Mint, Sage of Bethlehem

Daphne Mezereum Mezereon bark of the root Daphne mezereum Mezerei Cortex, Mezerei

officinarum, Dwarf Bay, Flowering Spurge, Spurge Olive, Spurge Laurel

724

APPENDIX

1789 Listing Modern country name J 93 J or later Listing Representative synonyms Part used

Morus nigra Common Mulberry fruit Morus nigra

Myrrha Myrrh gum-resin Myrrh Oleo-gum-resin from the stem of

Commiphora molmol

Sisymbrium Nafturtium aquaticum Watercress fresh herb

Nasturtium officinale

Nicotiana Tabacum Tobacco leaf Nicotiana tabacum Tabaci Folia

Myristica Mofchata Mace the essential oil, Myristica fragrans Myristica officinalis the expressed

Myristica moschata (The fruits oil 'commonly of Myristica fragrans resemble a called oil of pear and contain a single erect mace', and seed, the nucleus being the mace - 1789 wrinkled 'nutmeg', and the version fleshy, irregular covering, which is scarlet when fresh but dries yellow, is the 'mace'.)

Juniperus lycia Frankincense gum-resin Boswellia thurifera Olibanum

Olea europoea Olive oil Olea Europaea Olea Oleaster, Olea gallica, Olea

lancifolia

Pastinaca Opopanax Opoponax gum-resin Opopanax chironium Pastinaca Opoponax

Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram herb Origanum vulgare

Papaver somniferum White Poppy head Papaver somniferum Opium Poppy, Mawseed

Papaver Rhaeas Red Poppy flower Papaver rhaeas Corn Rose, Corn Poppy

Cis sam pel os pareira Pareira root Chondodendron tomentosum Pereira Brava, Cissampelos

Pareira, Velvet Leaf, Ice Vine (The chloride of ( + )-tubocurarine is obtained from extracts of the stems of Chondodendron tomentosum.)

Parietaria officinalis Pellitory-Of-The-Wall herb Parietaria officinalis Lichwort

725

MODERN DRUG USE


Potentilla reptans Five-Leaf Grass root Potentilla reptans Cinquefoil, Five Fingers,

Sunkfield

Cinchona officinalis Peruvian Bark bark Cinchona succirubra Red Bark, Jesuits' Powder,

Cinchona Bark

Apium Petrofelinum Parsley root and seed Carum petroselinum Apium petroselinum,

Petroselinum lativum, Persely, Persele

Myrtus Pimenta Allspice berry Pimento officinalis Pimento, Jamaica Pepper

Capsicum annuum Capsicum fruit capsule Capsicum annuum Chillies, Capsici Fructus,

var. minimum Paprika

Piper longum Long Pepper fruit Piper longum

Piper nigrum Pepper berry Piper nigrum Black Pepper, Piper

Pix Burgundica Burgundy Pitch Burgundy Pitch Pix Burgundica, White Pitch -

a resinous extract from the Norway spruce, Picea abies

Tar Tar Tar Pix Liquida, Pine Tar, Pix Pini

- from the destructive distillation of the wood of the Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris

Prunus domestica Prunes Prunus domestica Plum Tree

Prunus spinosa Blackthorn Prunus spinosa Sloe

Mentha Pulegium Pennyroyal herb and flower Mentha pulegium Pulegium, Run-by-the-Ground,

Pudding Grass, Lurk-in-the-Ditch

Quassia amara Quassia wood, bark, Picraena excelsa Bitter Wood, Jamaica Quassia, root

Bitter Ash, Quassia Amara, Quassia Lignum

Quercus Robur Common Oak bark Quercus robur Tanner's Bark

726

1789 Listing 1931 or later Listing

Cochlearia Armoracia Cochlearia armoracia

Rheum palmatum Rheum palmatum

Ribes nigrum Ribes nigrum

Ribes rubrum Ribes rubrum

Ricinus communis Ricinus communis

Rosa centifolia Rosa centifolia

Rosa Gallica Rosa gallica

Rosmarinus officinalis Rosmarinus officinalis

Rubia tinctorum Rubia tinctorum

Rubus idaeus Rubus idaeus

Ruta graveolens Ruta graveolens

Juniperus Sabina Sabina cacumina

Saccharum non purificatum

Saccharum bis coctum

APPENDIX

Modern country name Representative synonyms Part used

Horseradish root Mountain Radish, Great Raifort, Red Cole

Turkey Rhubarb root East Indian Rhubarb, China Rhubarb

Black Currant fruit Quinsy Berries, Squinancy Berries

Red Currant fruit Ribs, Risp, Reps

Castor Oil Plant seed Palma Christi, Castor Oil Bush

Cabbage Rose flower leaf Hundred-leaved Rose

Red Rose flower leaf Provins Rose

Rosemary top and flower Polar Plant, Compass-weed, Compass Plant, Rosmarinus coronarium

Madder Krapp, Robbia, Dyer's Madder

Raspberry Hindberry, Bramble of Mount Ida

Rue Herb-of-Grace, Herbygrass, Garden Rue

Savine Savine Tops - fresh dried tops of Juniperus Sabina

Sugar, Double-refined sugar, Sucrose, Cane-sugar, Refined Sugar, Saccharose, Saccharum, Sucrosum - obtained from the juice of the sugar-cane (a woody grass, Saccharum officinarum) or the white-rooted varieties of the Sugar-beet, especially variety Rapa

727

root

fruit

herb

leaf

MODERN DRUG USE


Sagapenum Sagapenum gum-resin A foetid resin from Ferula persica

Salvia officinalis Common Sage leaf Salvia officinalis Sawge, Garden Sage, Red Sage,

Broad-leaved White Sage, Narrow-leaved White Sage, Salvia salvatrix

Sambucus nigra Elder interior bark, Sambucus nigra Black Elder, Common Elder, flower and

Pipe Tree, Bore Tree, Bour Tree, berry HyIder, Hylantree, Bldrum

Sanguis draconis Dragon's Blood - the red resin exudate from the Dragon-tree, Dracaena draco

Pterocarpus Santolinus Red Saunders wood Pterocarpus santalinus Pterocarpi Lignum, Santalum

rubrum, Lignum rubrum, Red Sandalwood, Rubywood, Rasura Santalum Ligni, Sappan

Artemisia Santoni cum Santonin/Levant Wormseed seed Artemisia cina Sea Wormwood, Santonica,

Semen Sanctum, Semen Cinae, Semen Contra, Semen Santonici, Artemisia Lercheana, Artemisia maritima, var: Stechmanniana, Artemisia maritima, var: paucifiora, Artemisia Chamaemelifolia, Santonin -obtained from the dried unexpanded flowerheads of Artemisia dna and other species of Artemisia

Sarcocolla Sarcocolla - a Persian gum from gum-resin Astragalus or other plants

Smilax Sarsaparilla Wild Sarsaparilla root Aralia nudicaulis Bamboo Brier, Smilax

sarsaparilla

Laurus Sassafras Sassafras wood, root and Sassafras officinale Sassafras varifolium, Laurus bark of root

Sassafras, Sassafrax, Sassafras radix

Convolvolus Scammonia Syrian Bindweed gum-resin Convolvulus Scammonia Scammony

728

APPENDIX


Scilla maritima Squill root Urginea scilla Maritime Squill, Scilla maritima,

Urginea maritima, Urginea Indica, White Squill, Red Squill

Teucrium Scordium Sage-leaved Germander herb Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sage, Large-leaved

Germander, Hind Heal, Ambroise, Garlic Sage

Cassia Senna Senna leaf Cassia acutifolia Alexandrian Senna, Nubian

Senna, Cassia Senna, Cassia lentiva, Cassia Lanceolata, Cassia officinalis, Cassia angustifolia, Egyptian Senna, Tinnevelly Senna, East Indian Senna

Polygala Senega Senega root Polygala Senega Snake Root, Senegae Radix,

Seneca, Seneka, Polygala Virginiana, Senega officinalis, Milkwort, Mountain Flax, Rattlesnake Root

Aristolochia Serpentaria Snakeroot root Aristolochia serpentaria Aristolochia reticulata,

Serpentary Rhizome, Serpentary Radix, Virginian Snakeroot, Aristolochia officinalis, Aristolochia sagittata, Snake-weed, Red River or Texas Snakeroot, Pelican Flower, Virginia Serpentaria, Radix Viperina, Snagrel, Sangre!, Sangree

Quassia Simarouba Simaruba bark Simaruba amara Simaruea officinalis, Dysentery

Bark, Mountain Damson, Bitter Damson, Slave Wood, Stave Wood, Quassia Simaruba

Sinapis nigra Black Mustard seed Brassica nigra Sinapis nigra, Brassica

sinapioides

Sium nodiflorum Water Parsnip herb Sium latifolium Water Hemlock

Spigelia marilandica Pink Root root

729

MODERN DRUG USE


Spigelia Marylandica Indian Pink, Maryland Pink, root Wormgrass, Carolina-, Maryland-, American-Wormroot, Starbloom

Rhamnus catharticus Common Buckthorn berry Rhamnus cathartica Rhamnus, Bacca Spinae,

Cervinae, Nerprun, Way thorn, Highway thorn, Hartsthorn, Ramsthorn

Delphinium Staphisagria Staves acre seed Delphinium staphisagria Lousewort

Styrax officinalis Storax resin Liquidambar orientalis Liquidambar imberbe, Styrax

Praeparatus, Prepared Storax, Styrax liquidus, Balsam Styracis

Tamarindus Indica Tamarinds fruit Tamarindus Indica Tamarindus officinalis, Imlee

Tanacetum vulgare Tansy flower and herb Tanacetum vulgare Buttons

Leontodon Taraxacum Dandelion root and herb Taraxacum officinale Priest's Crown, Swine's Snout

Terebinthina vulgaris Turpentine Turpentine Turpentine - the oleoresin

obtained as an exudate from various species of Pinus

Frankincense (already listed)

Tormentilla erecta Tormentil root Potentilla Tormentilla Septfoil, Thormantle, Biscuits,

Bloodroot, Earthbank, Ewe Daisy, Shepherd's Knot, English Sarsaparilla

Astragalus Tragacantha Tragacanth gum Astragalus gummifer Gum Tragacanth, Syrian

Tragacanth, Gum Dragon

Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean herb Menyanthes trifoliata Buckbean, Marsh Trefoil, Water

Trefoil, Marsh Clover

Tricticum hybernum Wheat flower and Tricticum spp. starch

Tussilago Farfara Coltsfoot herb Tussilago farfara Coughwort, HaIIfoot,

Horsehoof, Ass's Foot, Foalswort, Fieldhove, BuIIsfoot, Donnhove

730

APPENDIX


Valeriana officinalis Valerian root Valeriana officinalis Phu (Galen), All-heal, Great

Wild Valerian, Amantilla, Setwall

Viola odorata Sweet Violet fresh flower Viola odorata Sweet-Scented Violet

Vitis vinifera Vine Vitis vinifera Grape Vine

Raisins Raisin (Dried Grape)

Wine Wine (Fermented juice of grapes)

Ulmus campestris Common Elm interior bark Ulmus campestris Ulmi cortex, Broad-leaved Elm,

Ulmus suberosa

Urtica dioica Greater Nettle herb Urtica dioica Common Nettie, Stinging Nettle

Arbutus Uva ursi Bearberry leaf Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi Arbutus Uva-Ursi

Kaempferia rotunda Zedoary root Curcuma Zedoaria Turmeric, Zitterwurzel

Amomum Zingiber Ginger root Zingiber officinale

1789 Listing - animal materials

Adeps suilla Castoreum Russicum

Cera flava

Cera alba Cornu cervi Isinglass

Mel Oniscus Moschus

Sevum ovillum

Spermaceti

Hog's lard Russian Castor. Castor is the dried preputial follicles and their secretion from the Beaver, Castor spp. Yellow Beeswax - the secretion of the hive bee, Aspis melli/era White Beeswax - bleached beeswax Hartshorn - the antler of the red deer, Cervidae spp. Isinglass - the dried swimming bladder of the sturgeon, Acipenser huso and other species of Acipenser Honey - elaborated by bees from the nectar of flowers Millepede - myriapods of the class, Chi/ognatha Musk - the strong-smelling substance obtained from the male musk-deer, Moschus moschiferus Mutton suet, fat of the sheep - the beardless woolly animal (Ovis) of the goat family Spermaceti - a waxy matter obtained mixed with oil from the head of the sperm whale of the Odontoceti

731

Spongia officinalis

Ostrea edulis Meloe vesicatorius

Cancer Pagurus

Coccinella

Ovum gallinaceum

MODERN DRUG USE

Sponge - a member of the phylum Porifera, sessile aquatic animals with a single cavity in the body, with numerous pores Oyster-shells - from the bivalve shellfish, Ostrea Cantharides, Spanish Fly - the dried beetle Cantharis vesicatoria or other spp. Crabs claws - from any of the Brachyura or short-tailed decapod crustaceans Cochineal - scarlet dye-stuff consisting of the dried bodies of a Coccus insect gathered from a cactus in Mexico (Sp. cochinilla) Egg

1789 Listing - chemical materials

Acidum vitriolicum Argilla vitriolata

Antimonium Sulphuratum

Argentum Natron impurum

Natron boracitatum Lapis calcareus purus Kali impurum

Creta Cuprum Aerugo

Vitriolic acid - oil of vitriol, concentrated sulphuric acid Alum - double sulphate of aluminium and potassium, with 24 molecules of water

Antimony sulphate Silver Barilla - impure sodium carbonate got by burning certain seaside plants Borax - mineral hydrated sodium tetraborate Quicklime - unslaked lime, calcium oxide Pearl ashes - the prickly saltwort, Sal sola kali, or glasswort, its ash Chalk Copper Verdigris - basic cupric acetate; popularly, the green coating of basic cupric carbonate that forms in the atmosphere on copper, brass, or bronze

Cuprum vitriolatum Blue Vitriol - crude copper sulphate Ferrum Iron Ferrum vitriolatum Green Vitriol - crude ferrous sulphate Hydrargyrus Quicksilver, mercury Hydrargyrus sulphuratus Cinnabar - sulphide of mercury, called vermilion when used

Kali nitratum Bitumen Petroleum Plumbum Cerussa Lithargytus Magnesia vitriolata

Isis nobilis

Ammonia muriata Natron muriatum

as a pigment Nitrum - crude sodium carbonate Petroleum Lead Cerusse - ceruse, white lead; cerusite, native lead carbonate Litharge - lead monoxide, as obtained in refining silver Sal amarus, Bitter or Epsom salt - epsomite, a mineral, hydrated magnesium sulphate. Epsom salt, originally from springs at Epsom, Surrey Red Coral - the calcareous internal skeleton of Corallium rubrum; it consists mainly of carbonate of lime principally coloured with oxide of iron Sal ammoniac - ammonium chloride Common salt - sodium chloride

732

Sapo ex oleo olivae and natro confectus

Stannum Succinum Sulphuris flores Tartarum

Crystals of tartar Acetum Zincum Lapis calaminaris ustus Thtty Zincum vitriolatum

APPENDIX

Soap - an alkaline salt of a higher fatty acid: especially, such a compound of sodium (hard soap), or potassium (soft soap) Tin Amber - a yellowish fossil resin Flowers of sulphur (Sulphur, brimstone), Sublimed sulphur Tartar, crude. Argol, chiefly acid potassium tartrate (with calcium tartrate etc.) Purified tartar Vinegar - dilute impure acetic acid Zinc Calamine - zinc carbonate Tutty - crude zinc oxide White Vitriol - crude zinc sulphate

1789 Listing - a partly identified material

Opium The Apothecary who prepared the 1789 translation provided the following footnote on opium:

There has been no true botanical description of the species of poppy from which opium is made in Arabia. The most judicious of those who have observed the cultivation of opium of my acquaintance differ very much in opinion from Linne, who probably never saw the plant. It is singular however that the College should not have followed the common opinion of authors. It is a mark of their care not to mislead. There has no writer given any t<1lerable account of the preparation of opium from the poppy.

733

Name Index Abano, Petrus de 171 Abbott, J. 466 Abernethy, John 325,333 Abraham, 20,31,32 Abraham, Sir Edward 561,564 Abren, Alexo de 264 Abren, Manoel de 547 Abu, Mansur 164 Acosta, Cristobal 204 Adams, Francis 76, 77, 83, 84, 121, 153,

160, 162, 222 Adams, Robert 405 Addison, Thomas 409,410 Addison, William 422 Aerobindus 115 Aesculapius 85, 102 Agote, Luis 523 Ahlquist, R. P. 572 Ainsworth, G. C. 563 Alaric 150 Albertus Magnus 170 A1binus, Bernhard 334, 336 Albucasius 157, 167 Albutator see Rhases Alderdice, Joan 709,710 Alexander, B. 313 Alexander the Great 62, 64, 74, 88, 92, 97,

98 Alexander of Tralles 151 Allbutt, Clifford 100, 128, 130, 167, 169,

529 Allen and Hanbury 288 Almohades 159 Alston 49, 50 Amelot, M. 681 Amenhotep IV 32 Ana de Osorio, Countess of Chinchou 268 Anastasius 115 Anderson, Sir Hugh Kerr 436

Anderson, Linda 683 Angier, Robert Crane 521 Anglicus, Bartholomew 173 Anicia, Juliana 115-18 Anitschlov, Nikolai 539 Anne of Denmark 286 Anne, Queen of England 295 Anu 24 Aphrodite 69 Apollo 65,68, 85 Apuleius 172 Arber, Agnes 204 Arcadius 150, 151 Archimedes 87, 97 Aretaeus the Cappadocian 121 Arey, James 165 Aristotle 62, 64, 72, 74, 86-92, 98, 112, 128,

130, 155, 184,226,240 Arius, Bishop 151 Arrhenius, Svante 515 Arrilaga, Francisco 539 Artaxerxes 65 Arthus, Nicolas 511,517 Aschoff, Karl 522, 535 Asclepiades 101, 102, 104, 105 Ash, John 348

735

Ashurbanipal 23 Asklepios 64,65,68-71,73, 129 Asulanus, Andreas 124 Aterman, Kurt 513 Atkins 364 Atlas, E. 551 Auenbrugger, Leopald 338, 379, 393, 405 Auer, John 511 Augustine, St. 123 Aurelianus, Caelius 74, 123 Aurelius, Marcus 124 Avenzoar 157, 159 Averroes 157, 159

MODERN DRUG USE

Avery, Oswald 546 Avicenna (Ibn Sinna) 155-60, 167, 188,221,

222, 224, 474 Axelrod, J. 571,572 Ayersa, Abel 539

Bach, Johann Sebastian 420 Bacon, Roger 174,237,239,257 Badham, Charles 319 Bado, Sebastiano 273 von Baer, Carl Ernst 319 Baglivi, Giorgio 298 Baillie, Matthew 316-18,322,333,399 Baillou, Guillaume de 218 Baker, John 508 Balard, Antoine 476 Bald 172 Balfour, Francis Maitland 420 Baltimore, David 527 Banckes, Richard xix, 195 Bang, O. 524 Banks, Sir Joseph 272, 342, 466 Banks,N.P. 466 Banti, Guido 520 Banting, Sir Frederick 570, 690 Banyi, Andrew 549 Barcroft, Sir Joseph 437 Bard, Samuel 370 Barger, George 568, 569, 690 Barlow, H.M. 198 Barnard, Christiaan 538 Barnard, Harold 532 Barnard, Joseph 526 Barnard, William 546 Barr, Y.M. 527 Barratt-Boyes, Sir Brian 538 Barrington, Lady Anne 260 Barthoim, Caspar 262 Barton, William Paul 441 Bartram, John 298 von Basch, Samuel, S. 532 Bateson, William 507, 508 Baumann, Eugen 479 Baxby, Derrick 345 Bayer, Frederick 481 Bayle, M. 399-403 Bayon, Henry 526 Beaconsfield, Peter 692 Beaumont, William 429 Bechold, Heinrich 528 Bech, Claude 537 Bede, the Venerable 180, 181 Beevor, Charles Edward 460 von Behring, Emile Adolf 454 Bell, Benjamin 326 Bell, Charles 322, 413 Bell, John 437,440 Bell, John and Croyden 288

736

Belsey, Ronald 547 Benacerraf, Baruj 511 Bennett, John Hughes 420, 476 von Bergmann, Ernst 169,457 BergstrOm, Sune 542, 543 Bernard, Claude 267,410,432-5,446,476,

686 Bernstein, Julius 430 Berson, Solomon 509 Bertin, Rene 326 Best, Charles Herbert 570, 690 Biochat, Marie Fran~ois 334, 393, 394 Bidloo, Govert 264 Biermer, Anton 410 Bigelow, Jacob 375,412,413,443 Biggs, Peter Martin 527 Biggs, Rosemary 519 Billroth, Christian A. 457 Birckman, Arnold 198 Bittner, John J. 527 Bizzozero, Giulio 517 Black, Sir James Whyte 543, 573, 690 Black, Joseph 296, 368 Blackall, John 407 Blalock, Alfred 538 Bland, Edward 538 Blanton, Wyndham 362 Bloch, Hubert 649 Boccacio 169 Bock, Jerome 192 Bodington, George 548 Boerhaave, Hermann 216,297-9,304,307,

310, 346 Boghurst, William 283 Boleyn, Anne 205,220 Bond, W. 355 Bonet, Theophile 266, 267, 310 Bonnet, Charles 319 Bonser, Georgiana 526 Bonser, Wilfred 172 Bontius, Jacobus 262 Bordet, Jules Jean 454, 509 Borel, Pierre 250 Borelli, Giovanni 252, 264, 268 Borgia, Cesare 186 Botallo, Leonardo 218, 261 Bourgeois, Louise 218 Bouveret, Leon 535 Bovet, D. 556,557,571 Bowditch, Henry Pickering 430 Bowman, Sir William 428 Boyle, Robert 238,241,242,254,275 Bradford, William 521 Brady, L. R. 681 Bramley, Amanda 676 Brauer, Ludolph 548 Braun-Menendes, Eduardo 537 Breasted, James Henry 3, 4, 15, 32

NAME INDEX

Breda, C. F. 355 Brehmer, H. 548 Brenner, Sydney 516 Brian, Thomas 514 Bridgwater, Duke of 295 Bright, Richard 406-9,411,484 Bright, Timothy 218 Brindley, James 295 Broca, Paul Pierre 440 Brock, A. J. 124, 125 Brock, Baron Russell 538 Brockbank, William 376 Brocklesby, Richard 306 Brodie, Sir Benjamin 439,440,681,682 Brooks, Barney 539 Brotzu, G. 564 Broussais, Fran.;ois J. V. 392, 393 Brown, Alexander Crum 478 Brown, Annie 563 Brown, E. G. 157 Brown, Sir George Lindor 571 Brown, Gustavus R. 363 Brown, Rachel F. 564 Brown, Robert 298, 413 Browne 364 Brownlee, George 563 Brown-Sequard, Charles Edouard 431 Bruce, Sir David 453 Brunfels, Otto 192 Brunn, Harold 546 Brunner, Johann 262 Brunschwig, Hieronoymus 216,307,308 Brunton, Sir Thomas L. 483, 539 Brutelle, L 'Heritier de 348 Buchheim, Rudolf 476,483,484 Buchner, Hans 454, 514 Budd, William 465 Buerger, Leo 539 Bugie, Elizabeth 550 Bulloch, William 519 von Bunge, Gustav 520 Burger, Alfred 684 Burke 413 Burkitt, Denis 527 Burley, Denis 604,606 Burnet, Sir Francis MacFarlane 510, 511 Burrows, Montrose 525 Burton, H. S. 564 Burton, John 324 Burton, J. L. 682 Bush, Ronnie Beth 514 Bushby, S. R. M. 559 Butcher, Reginald 516 Butler 364 Byrom, Frank 537

Cadogan, William 346 Caesar, Julius 101

Caesar, Tiberius 78, 103 Cagniard-Latour, Baron Charles 445 Cahn, Arnold 481 Cahours, A. A. 669 Caius, John 218 y Cajal, Ramon 513 Calmette, Leon Charles 550 Calvus, Favius 76 Caminopetros, J. 521 Campbell, Donald 155, 156 Campbell, G. D. 600, 601 Campbell, John 546 Campbell, P.G. 657 Camps, Percy 547 Canano, Giovanni 206 Candolle, Alphonse de 298 Candolle, Augustin Pyrame de 297 Candolle, Casimir de 298 Caiiizares, Corregidor 268 Capella, Manuel de 156 Caranasos, George J. 641,642 Carpi, Berengario de 205 Carr, F. H. 568 Carrel, Alexis 513,525,537 Carswell, Sir Robert 411 Cartwright, F. F. 72, 180, 340,467 Casserius (Giulio Casserio) 264 Castle, William B. 520 Catherine of Aragon 219 Catherine de Medici 218 Caton, Richard 69 Cave, Alexander James 12 Cavendish, Henry 296 Caventou,J.B. 471,472 Caxton, William 183 Cayley, William 548 Cedd, Bishop 181 Celler, Herbert 535 Celsus 78, 98, 103-12, 119, 130-4, 136,

138-40, 160, 162 Cervello, Vincenzo 479 Cesalpino, Andrea 204,219,242 von Cesenatico, Clemens P. 512 Chadwick, Sir Edwin 464, 466 Chadwick, John 60,77,83 Chain, Sir Ernst 561, 562, 689 Chakrabarti, R. 525 Chalatov, S. S. 539 Chamberland, Charles 447 Chamberlen, Hugh 320 Chamberlen, Peter (elder and younger) 320 Chamberlen, William 320 Chance, Frank 421,422 Charcot, Jean Martin 458, 459 Charles V (Spain) 207, 213 Charlotte, Queen (England) 322 Charnock, Robert 547 Chase, Merrill 509

737

MODERN DRUG USE

Chassagne, Roziere de la 338 Chaucer, G. 174 Chauliac, Guy de 170, 171, 173, 182,216,

301 Cheselden, William 301,322,325,330-6,

368 Cheyne, Charles 368 Cheyne, John 405 Choo-Kang, Y.F.J. 572 Chopra, Ram Nath 540 Chouet, L. 266 Christensen, Lauritz 542 Christiansen, Johanne 437 Christie, Ronald 536 Chueh, Chang M. 690 Church, Arthur Herbert 50 Churchill, Edward Delos 547 Cicero 101,257 Clark, A. J. 66,571 Clarke, Edward H. 443 Clarke, Jacob A. 459 Clarke, Robert 460 Claudianus, Claudian 150 Clay, Rotha Mary 176 Clement of Alexandria 4 Clement XI, Pope 213, 298 Cleopatra 99 Clerc, Daniel Ie 371 Clift, William 317 Clinch, Gulielmus 122 Cline, Henry 343 Cloetta, Max 540 Clowes, William 220 Cockayne, Thomas 171, 172 Cohen, Lord 617 Cohn, Edwin 518 Cohn, Ferdinand Julius 416,448,449 Cohnheim, Julius 424 Cole, Sydney 436 Colles, Abraham 438 Columbus, Christopher 183,202 Combe, James Scarth 410 Comrie, John Dixon 4, 11,20, 172 Constantine the Great 149, 167 Constantinus Africanus 156, 168 Cook, Helena 347 Cook, Capt. James 295, 306, 342 Cook, Sir James 526 Cooley, Thomas 520 Coombs, Robin R. 519 Coons, Albert 509 Cooper, Anthony Ashley 237 Cooper, Astley 325,336,407,437,438 Copeman, William 287 Copernicus, Nicolaus 216, 227 Cordell, G.A. 686 Cordus, Euricius 218 Cordus, Valerius 192, 195, 196,213,218

Coronis 68 Corrigan, Sir Dominic John 406,410 Corvisart, Jean Nicolas 338, 393 Cotungo, Domenico 304 Cournand, Andre 533 Courvoisier, S. 690 Coutard, Henri 547 Coxe, John Redman 345 Crafoord, Clarence 538 Craik, James 362, 363 Cranmer, Thomas 219 Crawford, J.M. 645 Crawford, Mrs 440 Crecte, Carl Siegmund 320, 458 Creighton, Charles 181,278-81,284,285,

343,462 Crick, Frances H. 515 Crito 373, 374 de la Croix, Francois Boissier de S. 296 Crompton, Samuel 295 Croone, William 261 Cruikshank, William 297, 333 Cullen, William 299,302-4,322,326,347,

365, 366, 368 Culpeper, Mrs 277,278 Culpeper, Nicolas 34, 46, 275, 277-9, 287 Curie, Marie 483 Curie, Pierre 483 Currie, James 407 Cushney, A. R. 354, 535, 540, 570 Cuthbert, M. F. 644, 661 Cutler, Elliot 537 Cyrus 23

DaCosta, Mendes 534 Daedalus 474 Dalby, J. 322 Dale, Sir Henry H. 536,568-71,690 Dalvi, R. R. 681 D'Arcy, Patrick F. 638,653 Daremberg, G. 169 Darnley, Lord 220 Darwin, Charles 298, 389 Darwin, Dr 351,352 Darwin, Erasmus 298 Dausset, Jean 511 Davidson, Maurice 470 Davy, Sir Humphry 441 Dawson, Warren Royal 12-14,21,26 Deacon, A. C. 477 Dealces 78 Defoe, Daniel 281 Deitch, Rodney 691 Delbriick, M. 528 Delorme, Edmond 545 Demosthenes 61 Denis, Jean Baptiste 256 Derosne, Charles L. 470

738

NAME INDEX

Descartes, Rene 237-9 van Deventer, Hendrik 320 Diagoras 50 Diamond, Louis 519 Diane de Poitiers 218 Dick, Elisha C. 362, 363 Dickens, Charles 389 Dickinson, William Lee 436 Dienes, Louis 546 Diggle,G.E. 651 Diocles 98 Diogenes, Laertius 92 Dioscorides xix, 34, 42, 103, 112-23, 128,

130, 132, 134, 160, 169, 192,474, 673 Dixon, Walter 568 Dodd, Matthew 557 Doll, Sir Richard 548,647 Dollery, C. T. 645 Domagk, Gerhard 551,555-7,559,689 Douglas, Claude Gordon 437 Douglas, Jane 322 Douglas, Stewart 455 Dover, Thomas 261 Doyen, Eugene 537 Dragstedt, Carl 512 Drake, Francis 220 Drechsfeld, Julius 522 Dreser, Heinrich 481, 482 Drewitt, F. 342 Dryander, Johannes 205, 206 Dubos, Rene 561 Ducrey, Augusto 453 Dudley, H. W. 570,571 Duisberg, Carl 481 Dukes, M. N. G. 650,657 Dulbecco, Renato 527-9 Duncan, Professor 51 Dunlop, Derrick 600,617,620 Dupuytren, Guillaume 440 DUrer, Albrecht 180, 226 Dutrochet, Rene 515

Eaton, Munroe 547 Ebbell, Bendix 8, 17-19, 52 Ebers, Georg 5-7, 15-19,52 Eberth, Carl Joseph 453 Eble, Thomas 564 Ebstein, Wilhelm 522 Echecrates 374 Edelman, Gerald 511 Edelstein, Emma J. 64,71 Edelstein, Ludwig 64,71 Edmunds, Charles 535 Edsall, Geoffrey 546 Edwards, M. Lowell 538 Edwardes, David 205 Ehrenberg, Werner 512 Ehrlich, John 563

Ehrlich, Paul xxi, 166,512,513,517,518, 520, 553-6, 597, 689

Einthoven, Willem 533 Eistels, O. 690 Elford, William 528 Elizabeth I (England) 220 Ellerman, Vilhelm 524 Elliot, Thomas 568 Elliotson, John 463 Elvin-Lewis, Memory P.F. 681,684 Emerson, Charles 546 Emmerich, Rudolf 558 Empedocles 61,62,71,73, 122 Epicrates 75 Epione 69 Eppinger, Hans 535 Epstein, M. A. 527 Erasistratus 62, 98-100, 105 Erasmus, Desiderius 216 Eric, King of Norway 173, 174 Erspamer, Vittorio 571 Esherich, Theodor 453 Euclid 87, 97 von Euler, U.S. 516,543,571,572 Euryphon 73 Eustachius (Bartolommeo Eustachi) 213, 298 Evans, Sir Arthur J. 59 Evans, Gladys 547,556 Evans, W. C. 683 Ewald, Ernst 431 Ewart, William 535 Ewins, Arthur James 569 Ezekiel 30, 669

Fabbrioni, Giovanni 371 Faber, Knud 520 Fabricius (Girolamo Fabrizzi) 242, 243, 246 Fabricius (Wilhelm Fabry) 217 al-Fadil, Grand Vizier 159 Fagge, Charles H. 534 Fairweather, F. A. 685 Fallopius (Gabriele Fallopio) 212,213 Fallot, E. L. 534 Fanconi, Guido 520 Fantus, Bernard 523 Faraday, Michael 441 Farber, Sidney 528 Farr, William 466 Fasciolo, Juan 536, 537 Fearnley, George R. 525 Fechner, Gustav 427 Fehleisen, Friedrich 453 Feldberg, Wilhelm 571 Feldman, William H. 550 Felix, R. H. 658 Fell, Dame Honor 513 Fenner, Frank 510 Fergusson, Sir William 439

739

MODERN DRUG USE

Fernel, Jean F. 218,219,226 Ferry, Ervin 427 Fildes, Sir Paul 519 Filehne, Wilhelm 479 Finland, M. 551,556 Finlay, Alexander 551,564 Fischer, Emil 429,479,480, 515 Fisher, R. A. 507 Fisk, Dorothy 341 Fitzgerald, Edward 157 Fitzherbert, Judge 179 Flack, Martin 532 Fleming, Sir Alexander 558-62, 689 Flemming, Walther 417 Fletcher, Sir Walter Morley 515 Florence, A. Leslie 603-5 Florey, Lord 561,562,689 Flourens, Marie Jean 426 Floyer, Sir John 240 Flute, Peter T. 525 Fontius, Bartholamaeus 103 Forbes, John 398 Ford, Brian J. 250 van Foreest, Peter 264 Forestier, Jacques 546 Forlanini, Carlo 548 Forssmann, Werner T. 533 Foster, Sir Michael 435 Fothergill, John 303 Fowler, George 545 Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro) 214,

215, 364, 365 Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz L. 528 Frampton, J. 204 Frank, Jonann 304, 336, 337 Franklin, K. J. 245 Frappoli, Francesco 370 Fraser, David 547 Fraser, Sir Thomas 478,479 Frazer, Sir James George 32, 34 Freda, Vincent 519 Freedlander, Samuel 549 Frenkel, H. 604 Freund, Ernst 526 Freund, Leopold 483 Frey, Walter 535 Frieben, Ernst 525 Friedenwald, Harry 39, 159 Friedrich, Nicolaus 304, 518 Friend, John 371 Fritsch, Gustav 459 Frosch, Paul 528 Fry, Henry 253 Fry, Peter 691 Fuchs, Leonhart 192-4 Fullerton, Pamela 605 Fulton,J.F. 219 Fulton, Robert 390

Gaddum, Sir John Henry 542, 571 Gaisford, Wilfred 547, 550, 556 Gale, Thomas 216,217 Galen 64,72,92, 101, 103, 123-9, 132, 149,

150, 155, 157, 159, 160, 167, 168, 170, 184, 186, 188,205,210,211,219,221,240,245, 256, 423, 673

Galilei, Galileo 239, 240 Galton, Sir Francis 507 Galvani, Aloysio Luigi 296 Gama, Vasco da 202, 264 Gardiner, Sir Alan 51 Gardner, William 520 Garner, Raymond 541,542 Garrett-Anderson, Elizabeth 469 Garrison, Fielding H. 72,73,78,82, 151,

169, 188,218,270,273,286,335,337,340, 346,367,368,392,405,410,431,448,481

Gaskell, Walter Holbrook 435, 565, 690 Gassendi, Pierre 261 Gaucher, Philippe 522 Gay-Lussac, Joseph 471 Gaza, Theodore 92 Geber 160 Gemmill, Chalmers L. 95 Genga, Bernardino 264 Gengou, Octave 454, 509 Gentius 136 Geoffroy 270 George I (England) 295 George II (England) 302, 337 George III (England) 317,368,371 Gerard of Cremona 157, 167,221,222 Gerarde, John xx, 84, 198,202,203,287,

673 Gerhardt, Charles 481,669 von Gerlach, Joseph 46 Gerland, H. 473 Gersdorff, Hans von 216 Gesner, Conrad 192, 226 Ghalioungui, Paul 19 Ghon, Anton 548 Giacosa 168 Gaisford, Wilfred 547 Gibbon, John 538 Gibson, Thomas 364, 510 Gierer, Alfred 510 Gilbert, William 242 Gilbertus Anglicus 179 Gilham, Peter T. 516 Gilman, Alfred 524, 552 Girdwood, R. H. 642 Glauber, Johann 268 von G1eichen, Wilhelm 371 Glenn, Jacob B. 42,45,46 Glisson, Francis 255, 315 Godfrey, Walter H. 177 Goetzius 317

740

NAME INDEX

Gold, W. 564 Goldberg, Sir Abraham 710 Goldberg, S. W. 526 Goldblatt, Harry 536 Golding, Benjamin 467 Goltz, Friedrich Leopold 431 Gomes, Bernadino 471 Goodman, Louis S. 524,527,552 Goodpasture, Ernest 528 Goodyer, John 115,118, 121, 134 Gorer, Peter 510 Gorman, J.G. 519 Gotch, Francis 460 Goulding, Roy 676 Gowans, James 511 Gowers, Sir William R. 437,459,460 Grabar, Pierre 509 von Graefe, Carl Ferdinand 440 von Graefe, Friedrich 458 Graff, Regner de 261,262 Graham, Evarts 546, 548 Grahame-Smith, Professor 707 Grant, Ronald Thomson 512 Grapow, Herman 16 Gratton, John 172 Graunt, John 240,241,278,279, 336, 466 Graves, Robert 66 Graves, Robert James 405 Green, R. M. 101 Greenfield, William 522 Gregg, N. M. 610 Gregory VII, Pope 168 Grieve, Mrs M. 41,43,365,373,673,680 Griffin, E. 195 Griffin, J.P. 635,644,651,653,710,711 Griffith, Francis Llewellyn 5 Griffith, Frederick 528 Griffith, Harold 268 Griffiths, Margaret 550 Griggs, Barbara 676 GrOnwall, Anders 523 Gross, F. H. 645 Gross, Robert 538 Grunberg-Manago, Marianne 516 Grundmann, E. 691 Gruner, O. Cameron 221 Griinpeck, Joseph 213 Gsell, Otto 556 van der Gucht 331 Gueguen, Jean 524 Guerin, C. 550 Gulliver, G. 310 Gumpert, C.G. 101 de Gundeville, Agnes 177 Gunn, James 571 Gunther, Robert T. 118-21 Gupta, J. C. 540 Gutenberg, Johann 183

Guthrie, Charles 537 Guthrie, Douglas 204 Guthrie, Samuel 428, 473 Guttman, Paul 553 Gye, William Ewart 526 Gyselen, A. 551

von Hacker, Victor 457 Haddow, Sir Alexander 526 de Haen, Anton 299,346 Haendel, Ludwig 546 Haggis, A. W. 270 Hahnemann, Christian F. S. 412 Halbey 42 Haldane, John Scott 436,437,517 Hales, Stephen 309, 310, 427 Hale-White, Sir William 355 Hall, Iris H. 686 Hall, Marshall 428 von Haller, Albrecht 255,296,299-301,309,

336, 379, 430 Halley, Edmund 241 Hatlopeau, Paul 537 Halsbury, Earl of 691 Haly, Abbas 155, 156, 168 Hamberg, U. 543 Hamdy, R. C. 710 Hamill, Phillip 568 Hamilton, James 377 Hamilton-Miller, J. M. T. 562 Hammarsten,Olof 517 Hammer, Adam 534 Hammon 364 Hammurabi 20-2, 65 Hansen, Gerhard H. 453 Hanson, Frederick 564 Hanzlik, Paul John 570 Hare, William 413 Hargreaves, James 295 Harper, Robert 21 Harris, Walter 285 Harrison, Ross G. 513 Hart, Alfred 519 Hart, Philip D' Arcy 551 Hartley, Sir Frank 617 Harvey, A. McGehee 689 Harvey, William 86,99, 125,211,212,218,

219, 242-9, 273, 274, 309 Harvie, John 321,458 Hasselbalch, Karl 515 Hata, Sahachiro 553, 555 Hauer, Ernst 457 Hazen, Elizabeth 564 Heaf, Frederick Roland 550 Hearst 15, 16 Heberden, William 306-9,336,379,391,

484, 518, 713 Hedenius, Per Johannes 523

741

MODERN DRUG USE

Heidelberger, Michael 546 Heinstedt,Oskar 512 Heister 317 Helmer, O. M. 537 von Helmholtz, Hermann 300,416,430,431 van Helmont, Jean 255, 299 Helvetius, Hadrianus 270, 272, 682 Heule, Jacob 414,415,451,452 Henoch, Eduard 458, 518 Henri II (France) 218 Henry I (England) 176 Henry VII (England) 184 Henry VIII (England) 184, 185,204,219,

220,286 Henry, D.A. 645 Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 364 Henry Plantagenet 173 Henry, Thomas 569 Hepp, Paul 481 Herbert, Lord Sidney 465 Herbort, J. 221,222 d'Herelle, Felix 510 Heroditus 21 Herophilus 98-100, 105 Herrell, Wallace E. 563 Herrick, James B. 520, 536 Hershey 528 Hewson, William 310,333 Hill, Sir Austin B. 548 Hill, Sir Leonard 532 Himmelweit, F. 513, 553 Hinsberg, Oscar 480 Hinshaw,H.C. 550 Hippocrates 30,38,50,61,62,65,66,

71-86,92,94,96-8, 101, 103, 104, 121-3, 128-30, 149, 150, 155, 157, 159, 183, 188, 224,257,267,270,303,311

Hirono, Iwao 685 Hirsch, August 462 Hirsch, Samson 547 His, William 416-20, 532 Hitchings, G. H. 558 Hitzig, Eduard 459 Hobby, Gladys 564 Hobday, William 378 Hodges, Nathaniel 283 Hodgkin, Thomas 410, 522, 523 Hodgson, Joseph 411 Hoffman, Friedrich 299,311,370 von Hohenheim, Aureolus see Paracelsus Holley, Robert William 516 Holme, Christopher 52 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 412,443,456 Holmstedt, Bo 195,270, 347 Holt, Luther 517 Holtfreder, Johannes 512 Homberg 165 Home, Everard 325,327,328

Home, Francis 370 Homer 61,441 Homolle, Augustin 473 Honain ben Isaac (Johannitius Onan) 155 Honorius 150 Hooke, Robert 254, 255, 274, 413 Hoole, Samuel 251,253 Hooper, Dr 365 Hope, James 411 Hopkins, Sir Frederick G. 436,514,551 Horace 101 Horder, Baron T. J. 535 Horner, Johann 432 Horsfield, Thomas 178 Horsley, Sir Victor 459,460 Hort, Sir Arthur J. 93 Horus 18 Hosie, J. 710 Houssay, Bernardo 536 Howard, John 337,367 Howell, William 517,568 Hubbard, J. 538 Hugh, Abbot 181 Hunt, Reid 568, 569 Hunter, John 296,317,319-31,333-6,342,

379, 437 Hunter, William 186,303,317,319-31,336,

379 Hussey, Henry 177,178 Hustin, Albert 523 Hutchinson, R. W. 60 Huxham, John 307 Hygieia 69

Iago 169 Ibn Baitar 160, 164 Ibn Sina see A vicenna Ideler, J.L. 74,123 Ignatovski, Alexander 539 Imhotep 65 Ingen-Housz, Jan 298 Ingleman, Bj6rn 523 Inman, William H. W. 626,643-5,648 Ippen, H. 676 Irving, Dr 270 Isaac b. Solomon Israeli 152 Isaacs, Alick 510 Isaacs, Raphael 521 Isabella of Parma 346 Isidore 64,65, 150 Isis II de Isla, Rodrigo Diaz 215 Islip, Adam 202

Jabourlay, Matthieu 537 Jackson, Charles T. 442,443 Jackson, Elizabeth 563 Jackson, John Hughlings 459

742

NAME INDEX

Jacob 33, 34 Jacobaeus, flans 549 Jacobs, Walter 555 Jaffe, Max 514 Jakobovits, Immanuel 37 James VI (Scotland), James I (England) 220,

239, 286, 301 Janbon, M. 557 Jansky, Jan 518 Jastrow, Morris 23,25-7 Jenner, Edward 296, 325, 335, 338-46, 350,

378, 379, 426, 484, 683, 713 Jenner, Revd. Stephen 341 Jennings, Elizabeth 186 Jensen, Carl Oluf 525 Jeremiah 19, 32 Jesty, Benjamin 343 Jex-Blake, Sophia 469 Jick, flershel 641, 642, 648 Job 669 Jocobi, Johannes 182 Johannsen, Wilhelm 508 John of Arderne 173-6,205 John the Baptist 120, 121 John of Gaddesden (Johannus Anglicus) 173 John of Gaunt 173 John, St. 124 John of Trevisa 173 Johnson, Balbina A. 562 Johnson, G. Enid 268 Johnson, Samuel 317 Johnson, Thomas xx, 202, 203, 217, 287 Johnson, William 515 Johnstone, James F. W. 50 Jolly, William 535 Jonas, Richard 217 Jonckheere, Frans 51 Jones, Frederick Wood 15 Jones, J. L. 558 Jones, W. fl. S. 75, 76, 86, 100, 103, 123,

130 Joseph II (Austria) 346 Joubert, Jules Fran90is 447, 558 Judaeus, Isaac 156, 167, 168 Julian 149 Jung, Joachim 297 Jurand, A. 609

Kaempfer 49 Kamal, A. 710 Kaplan, Melvin 509 de Karabacek, Josepho 116, 117 Kasanen, A. 558 Kast, Alfred 479, 480 Katz, Sir Bernard 571, 572 Kay, John 295 Kayne, George 549 Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James P. 463

Keele, K. D. 186 Keith, Sir Arthur 532 Keith, Norman 518, 536 Kekule, F. A. 475, 553 Kekwick, Alan 523 Keller, fl. 598 Kennaway, Sir Ernest 526 Kent, Albert F. 532 Kenyon, Sir Frederick 123 Kepler, Johann 240 Kerenyi, C. 71 Kerr, Mr 49 de Ketham, Johannes 205-8 Keys, Thomas 522 Khorana, flar 516 Killian, Gustav 546 King, Sir Edmund 257 King, flarold 268 King, 1. E. 180 Kirchner, Athanasius 250 Kirschner, Martin 539 Kitasato, Baron S. 454 Klarer 557 Klebs, Theodor Albrecht 453 Klemperer, Paul 398 Knightley, P. 607 Knoll, Max 512 Knox, Robert 413 Kobert, R. 164 Koch, I. M. 710 Koch, Robert 376,446-54,485, 510, 688 Kohler, F. 609 von Kollicker, Rudolph Albert 415 de Korab, M. 680, 681 Kornberg, Arthur 516 Korotkov, Nikolai 532, 533 Korte, Werner 545 Kossel, Albrecht 515 Kowalewski, Z. 681 Krebs, Sir flans 515 Kremer, Michael 605 Krukoff, B. A. 268 Kruse, Walther 546 Kubik, Mirko 524 Kuhn, C. G. 124 Kundrat, flans 522 Kunin, C. M. 551 Kunz, W. 598 Kussmaul, Adolf 539 KUster, Ernst 545

Laban 33 Ladenburg, Albert 479 LaDue, John S. 534 Laennec, Rene T. fl. 391-405,484,688 Laguna, Andres 205 Laidlaw, Sir Patrick 569 Lancaster, Duke of 173

743

MODERN DRUG USE

Lancefield, Rebecca 528 Lancisi, Giovanni 213, 298 Landois, Leonard 522 Landre-Beauvais, A. J. 346 Lands, A. M. 572 Landsteiner, Karl 509, 518 Lange, Johann 370 Langhans, Theodor 522 Langley, John Newport 436, 565, 568, 690 LaPlace, Pierre 296 Largus, Scribonius 19,50,85, 102, 130, 131,

140,667 Lasagna, Louis 648 Latham, R.G. 257,258 Lathrop, A. E. 526 de Laune, Gideon 286 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 296,297, 370 Lawson, D. H. 645 Lawton, Lord Justice 659, 660 Leah,33,34 Leake, Chauncey D. 15, 16, 19,441,481 Leake, John 324 Lechevalier, Hubert 551 van Leeuwen, Willem Storm 512 van Leeuwenhoek, Antonij 249-55 Legallois, Julien 426 Lehmann, Jorgen 550, 551 Leichenstern, Otto 520 Leishman, Sir William 455 Lemaire, Francois 476 Lenz, W. 606,607 Leo Africanus 156 Leoffler, Friedrick 528 Leonicenus (Niccolo Leoniceno) 183, 184,

214 Lettsom, John 370 Leuchtenberger, Cecile 527 Levene, Phoebus 515 Levine, Lawrence 509 Levine, Philip 518, 519 Levine, Samuel 537 Levy, B. 572 Levy, R. 159 Lewis, Paul 511 Lewis, Sir Thomas 512,533-6 Lewis, W.H. 681,684,686 Lewisohn, Richard 523 Leydig, Franz 416 Libman, Emanuel 535 von Liebig, Justus 428, 429 Liley, Albert 519 Lilienthal, Howard 546 Lilith 68 Liljestrand, Goran 195,270, 347 Lillehei, Clarence 538 van Lilyveld, B. P. 355, 359-61 Linacre, Thomas 184, 185,220, 531 Lind, James 304-7

Lindenmann, Jean 510 Lindner,H.R. 682 Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) 92, 115, 269, 288,

289,295,297,298, 335, 348, 368, 379 Lister, Lord Joseph 110, 169,439,455-7,

688 Liston, Robert 438, 439 Little, Clarence 510 Littre, E. 76, 82 Locke, John 237-9, 257 Loeb, Leo 525, 526 Loeffler, Friedrich 453 Loevenhart, Arthur 555 Loewi, Otto 570 London, Efrim 536 Long, Crawford Williamson 442 Lorian, V. 551 Lorke, Dietrich 692 Loubatieres, A. 557 Louis XIV (France) 269, 270, 272 Louis, Pierre C. A. 392 Loutit, John 523 Low, Oscar 558 Lowe, Peter 217 Lower, Richard 255-7 Lower, Richard R. 538 Lowson, David 438 Lucas-Championniere, Just Marie 2 Ludlow, Daniel 341 Ludwig, Carl 435 Lugol, Jean 472 Luigini, Luigi 216 Lund, I. 650 Lundsgaard, Christen 515 Luria, Salvador 528, 529 Luther, Martin 204, 227

Macalister, R. A. Stewart 32, 33, 102 Macartney, Donald 556 McBride, W. G. 606-9 McBurney, Charles 444 Macclesfield, George, Earl of 669 McCredie, Janet 608 McDade, Joseph 547 McDevitt, Hugh 511 McDowell, Ephraim 440 Macewen, Sir William 548 McGowan, C. 681 McGuire, James 564 Machlinia, William de 274 Macht, David I. 547 McIntyre, Archibald 267 Mackenzie, Sir James 533, 535, 539 MacKinney, Loren 176 McKusick, Victor A. 689 McLean, Jay 517 McMichael, Sir John 533 McPherson, Alexander 686

744

NAME INDEX

MacSween, R.N. 710,711 MacWiIliam, John 534 Magellan, Ferdinand 202 de Magellan, Jean Hyacinthe 355, 359-61 Magendie, Francois 272,413,425,426,433,

471,472 Maggi, Bartolomeo 217 Maier, Rudolf 539 Maimonides, Moses (Moses ben

Maimon) 152, 157, 159, 160 Major, Johann 265 Malassez, Louis 460 Malgaigne,1.F. 217 Malpighi, Marcello 252, 254 Maluf, Noble 523 Mangold, Hilde 512 Mann, R. D. 558 Mann, W. N. 83 Mantoux, Charles 549 Manutius, Aldous 115, 150 des Marest, Baron Jean N. C. 393 Maria Joseph of Bavaria 346 Maria Theresa (Austria) 346 Marie, Pierre 440 Markham, Sir Clements 204, 268, 269 Marlow 169 Marriott, Hugh 523 Marriott, 1. 195 Marteu, Benjamin 370 Martindale 66,85, 121, 136,479,541 Martine, Geirge 240 Marx, Karl 389 Mary, mother of Christ 151 Mary (Queen of Scots) 220 Mary I (England) 219 Mary II (England) 284, 285 Mason, Verne 520 Masser, Niccolo 214 Matthaei, J. Heinrich 516 Matthew, St. 168 Matthiae, Paolo 52 Mattioli, Pietro 214 Mauchart 315 Mauriceau, Francois 320 Mayer, Manfred 509 de Mayerne, Thrquet 364 Mayow, John 264 Maytum, Charles 546 Mead, Richard 304, 305, 371 Meade, Richard 547 Medawar, Sir Peter 510,511 Meissner, K. F. W. 471 Meister, Joseph 447 Malmon, Kenneth 642 Mendel, Gregor Johann 507 Menghini, Vincenzo 310 Mercier, Charles 177, 178 Merck, Georg 476

Mercurio, Geronimo 217 von Mering, Joseph 479, 480 Mesue the Elder (Janus Damascenus) 155 Mesue the Younger 156 Metchnikotf, Elie 454, 509 Michael, Abbot 181 Michaelangelo 186 Miescher, Johann 515 Mietsch 557 Miller, Elizabeth C. 684, 685 Miller, Jacques 511 Miller, James A. 684,685 Miller, Philip 368 Miltiades 61 Minot, George 520 Mithridates 99 Mitzutani, Satoshi 527 Mohammet 153, 167 von Mohl, Hugo 414 Mollison, Patrick 523 Monardes, Nicolas 202 M6ncheberg, Johann 539 de Mondeville, Henri 169, 171 Montagnana, Petrus de 205,206 Montagu, Lady Mary 340 Moodie, Roy Lee 14 Moran, Henri 525 Morgagni, Giovanni Battista 311-15,317,

327, 335, 379, 393 Morgan, John 325, 326, 409 Morgan, Thomas 508 Morris, John 172 Morton, L. T. 188,297 Morton, Richard 265 Morton, William T. G. 442,443,485,688 Moses 31,40,53 Moses, H. E. 550 Moss, William 518 Moureau, Paul 518 Muckherjee, B. 540 Miickter, H. 598 Miiller, Franz 547 Miiller, Heinrich 415 Miiller, Johannes 92 Miiller, J. M. 541 Miiller, Otto 371 Muller, Hermann 508 Mundinus of Bologna (Mondino de

Luzzi) 170, 171,205 Munro, Alexander primus, secondus and

tertius 301-3, 326, 347 Munro, Colin R. 601,603 Munroe, John 301 Munter, Sussman 31 Murdoch, J. McC. 600,601 Murphy, William 520 Murray, Donald 539 Murray, Gordon 538

745

MODERN DRUG USE

Murray, Margaret 66 Murrell, William 539 Myers, Arthur B. 534 Myrepsus, Nicolaus 170

Napoleon 169, 393 Napoleon III 433 Navratil, E. 570 Nebuchadnezzar 11, 23 Needham, Marchmont 250 Neisser, Albert L. 453 Nelmes, Sarah 342 Nemayer, Arthur 196 Nero 115 Nestor, J.O. 657 Nestorius 151 Neufeld, Fred 546 Neumann, Caspar 241 Newton, G. G. F. 564 Newton, Isaac 239, 240, 275 Nicholls, Frank 337, 338 Nicholls, J. T. 645, 658 Nicolaier 453 Nicolaus 103 Nicolaus Salernitanus 168 Nicomachus 87 Nicon 123 Niemann, Albert 476 Nilsson, R. 601,602 Nirenberg, Marshall 516 Nissen, Rudolph 546 Nitti, N. 556, 557 Noguchi, Hideyo 553 Nuck, Antonj 262 Nutall, George 453, 509 Nylin, Carl 538

Obraztsov, VasiJii 536 Occo, Adolphe 226 Ochoa, Severo de Albornoz 516 Olybrius, Anicius 115 O'Malley, C. D. 186, 213, 219 Opizo,J.B. 124 Oporinus of Basel 213 Oribasius 123, 149, 150, 155,167 d'Orta, Garcia 204 Ortoloff, von Bayrlant 189 O'Shaughnessy, Laurence 537, 549 Osiris 11, 18 Osler, Sir William 4, 13, 19,22,23, 88, 153,

154, 170, 171, 184, 185, 188,244,268,343, 344,354,356,517,520,529-32,534,535, 689

Othello 169 Ould, Sir Fielding 324 Overton, Charles 416 Owen, Sir Richard 458 Oxford, Albert 561

Packard, Francis 362 Page, Irving 537 Pagel, Walter 549 Paget, Sir James 458 Palicki, Bogislaus 415 Palmer, J.F. 328 Panacea 69 Paracelsus (Aureolius Bombastus von

Hohenheim) xix, 34, 169, 186, 188-91, 204, 215, 336

Pardee, Harold Ensign 533 Pare, Ambroise 110,216-18,226,319,441 Parkes, Edmund A. 465 Parkinson, John xx, 34, 202, 287 Parmenides 122 Parrot, Joseph 448, 548 Parry, John S. 444 Pasteur, Louis 433,445-8,468,485, 558,

688 Pasteur, William 546 Patek, Arthur 519 Paton, Sir William 571 Paul of Aegina 152, 153, 155, 157, 160,222 Pauling, Linus C. 521 Payne, Joseph 172 Payne, J. F. 283 Payne, Rose M. 511 Peabody, Frances Weld 520 Pearlman, M. 152 Pearson, George 343 Pedretti, C. 186 Pel, Pieter 522 Pelletier, P. J. 272,471,472 Penn, R. G. 616 Penso, Guiseppe 683 Pepys, Samuel 281 Pereira, Jonathan 373,473,676,681,683 Pericles 61,62,71,73,86, 129 Perkin, William 480 Perthes, Georg 526 Peter, Bishop of Winchester 176 Peterson, Osler 556 Petri, Richard Julius 453 Petrus 168 Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph 15,254, 302 Pettinato, Giovanni 51,52 Petty, Sir William 241 Peuckert, W. E. 188 Peyer, Johann Conrad 262 Pfeiffer, Richard F. 453 von Pfolspeundt, Heinrich 216 Phaer, Thomas 218 Pharmacion 102 Pheidippides 61 Philinus 75 Philip of Macedon 61,64,88,92 Philips, Frederick 524 Philiscus 78

746

Phillipson, J. David 683 Phipps, James 342, 343 Physick, Philip Syng 440 Pick, Friedel 535 Pincus, Gregory 690 Piria, Raffaele 473,669 Piso, Willem 270,272,273,681 Pitcairn, David 342 Pitres, Jean Albert 459 Platearius, Matthaeus 169 Plato 64, 73, 86, 87, 92 Pliny 41, 1I2, 134, 183, 192 Plutarch 309 Poiseuille, Jean Leonard 427,435 Poland, E. B. 180 Pollack, W. 159 Porphyry 102 Porter, Jane 642 Portier, Paul 51I Poseidon 61,63 Poswillo, David 609 Pott, Percival 330, 331, 333 Power, Sir D'Arcy 173,174,176 Praxagoras 98 Preger, Leslie 691 Preuss, Julius (Yitzhak) 31,37,45,46,

152 Price-Jones, Cecil 517,518 Priestley, John Gillies 436, 437 Priestley, Joseph 296 Pringle, John 299, 304 Prinzmetal, Myron 536 Prout, William 429 Ptolemy (astronomer) 216 Ptolemy III 95,98 Purchas 270 Purkinje, Johann Evangeliste 415,416 Putnam, G. P. 124 Pylarini, Giacomo 339, 340 Pythagoras of Sam os 61,62,71,73

Quantock, D. C. 628, 629 Quick, Armand J. 519 Quincey, John 283

Rachel 33, 34 Racz, G. 477 Racz-Kotilla, Elizabeth 477 von Raffauf, Hans 604 Rahere 176 Raistrick, Harold 561 Raleigh, Sir Walter 267 Ramazzini, Bernardino 336 Ranges, Hilmert 533 Rawlins, M. D. 645, 706 Raynalle, Thomas 217 Razzell, Peter E. 340 Reddy, E. Premkumar 516

NAME INDEX

Redi, Francesco 265 Reed, Dorothy 522 Rehn, Ludwig 537 Reil, Johann Christian 297 Reimann, Hobart 547 Reinis, Z 524 Reisner, George 15, 16 Remak, Robert 414,417 Rembrandt van Rijn 262, 263 Reuben 33 Reuter, Karl 535 Rhazes 155, 156, 164, 167, 474, 532 Richard I (England) 159 Richardson, Sir Benjamin W. 464 Richet, Charles 511 Richter, Gisela M.A. 58 Riesman, David 176 Ringer, Sydney 435 Rist, Noel 551 Ritchie, William 535 Riva-Rocci, Scipione 532 Rivinus, Augustus 273 Robb, George 533 Robbers, J.E. 681 Robertson, Oswald H. 523 Robinson, Kenneth 616 Robison, Robert 513 Robitzek, Edward 551 Robriquet, Pierre Jean 472 Robscheit-Robbins, Frieda 520 Robson, George 516 Rollants, Joachim 213 Roger, Henri 534 Roger of Palermo 169 Roget, Peter Mark 322 Rokitansky, Carl 41I,412 Roland of Parma 169 Ronsseus Balduinus 264 Rontgen, Wilhelm 481,485,688 van Rood, J.J. 51I van Roonhuyze, Hendrik 319,320 Rose, William 289 Ross, Donald 538 Ross, W. D. 88,91 Rosskin Eucharius 217 Rouelle, Hilaire 371 Rous, Frances Peyton 525 Roux, Pierre Emile 447, 454 Roux, Wilhelm 420 Rowe, Wallace 528 Rubens, Peter Paul 264 Rumer, Sir Marc Armand 13, 14 Rufus of Ephesus 121, 122 Rumsey, Henry Wyldbore 466 Runge, Friedlieb 473, 480 Rush, Benjamin 306, 307, 343 Ruska, Ernst 512 Rutherford, Daniel 296

747

MODERN DRUG USE

Rutherford, P. P. 477 Ruysch, Frederick 264

Sabbionetta, Gerard 157 St. Martin, Alexis 429 Saladin 159 Samuel 35 Sanctorius (Santorius Santorio) 246 Sandifort, Edward 317 Sanfort, Katherine 513 Sl;luerbruch, Ernst 549 Saul 34, 35, 52 Saunders,J.B.deC.M. 16,17,186 Saunders, William 469 Savory and Moore 288 Scarpa, Antonio 336 Schaedein, J.L. 610-12 de Schaepdryver, A. F. 644 Schatz, Albert 550 Schaumann, O. 690 Scheele, Carl 371 von Scheid, W. 604 Scheil, Jean Vincent 21 Schenck, Johann 267,311,472 Schick, Bela 512 Schleiden, Matthias Jacob 414 Schmiedeberg, Johann O. 479,483,484 Schoeffer, Peter 190 Schoepff, Johann 365 Schottmuller, Hugo 535 Schramm, Gerhard 510 Schultz, Werner 518 Schultze, Maximilian 416,417 Schupbach, William 262 Schuster, Edgar 536 Schwann, Theodor 414,423,430,445,484,

529, 688 Schyller, Joachim 218 Scot, Reginald 218 Scott, Robert 254 Scowen, E. F. 619 Seguin, Armand 296 Seligman, R. 164 Sellors, Sir Thomas H. 538 Semb, Carl Boye 549 Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp 412, 456 Senensis, Petri Andreae Matthioli 115 Sennert, Daniel 264 Serapion, Junior 160 Serturner, Friedrich Wilhelm 470,471 Serulas, Georges 472 Servetus, Machael 219 Set 18 Severino, Marcus Aurelius 267, 311 Shakespeare, William 169, 189, 273 Shapiro, Samuel 647, 648 Sharpey, William 428,435 Sharpey-Schafer, Edward 533

Shattock, Samuel George 13 Shattuck, Lemuel 465,466 Shaw, Bernard 431 Sheba, Queen of 42 Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott 432 Sherry, Sol 525 Shiga, Kiyoshi 454 Shippen, William 326 Shirey, Earl K. 539 Shope, Richard E. 527 Shope, Thomas 527 Shumway, Norman E. 538 Sibbald, Robert 301 Sicard, Jean 546 von Siebold 415 Sigerist, Henry Ernest 16, 19,362 Sijthoff, A. W. 115 Silva, Mauricio Rocha E. 571 Silvius, Jacobus 246 Simon, Sir John 465 Simonart, Paul 561 Simpson, Sir James Young 426,443,468,

485,688 Sims, James Marion 441 Singer, Charles J. 18,86,89,91,92,96,97,

122, 123, 126, 159, 172,452 Singer, Jacob 546, 552 Singh, M. P. 682 Sjogren, Tage 525 Sjostrom, H. 601,602 Skegg, D. C. G. 646,647 Skoda, Josef 411 Skre, Havard 608 Sloane, Sir Hans 261, 339, 340, 368, 369 Slone, Dennis 647, 648 Slye, Maud 526 Smadel, Joseph 563 Smellie, William 321,322,368 Smith, Audrey Ursula 523 Smith, Barbara 164 Smith, Edwin 3, 5 Smith, Sir Grafton Elliot 12-15 Smith,J.A. 88,91 Smith, P. R. 686 Smith, Sydney 540 Smith, Theobald 452 Smith, Thomas S. 463 Snell, Eric S. 649 Snell, George Davis 511 Snow, John 464, 465 Snowman, J. 152 Socrates 41, 64, 73, 86, 87, 373, 374 Soemmering, Samuel 322, 323 Solomon 42 Solomon, Ana 477 Somers, G.F. 607,610 Somerset, Duke of 198 Sones, Frank 539

748

NAME INDEX

Soranus of Ephesus 74,122,123,160,217 Soubeirau, Eugene 428 Soulier, Jean 524 Southwarke, P. 197 Souttar, Sir Henry 537 Spallanzani, Lazaro 298 Spear, VV.E. 512 Spemann, Hans 512 Spencer, VV. G. 104, 106, 131, 134, 138 Spens, Thomas 405 Spies, Tom D. 521 Spinoza, Benedict 237, 239 Spiro, Karl 570 Stahl, Georg Ernst 299 Stahmann, Mark 523 Stampf, Jean-Luc 681 Starck 399 Starling, Ernest H. 532 Starr, Albert 538 Starr, Isaac 533 Staub, Anne Marie 571 Steele, Graham 534 Steinberg, Israel 533 Steiner,R.E. 691 Steinh6wel, Heinrich 182 Stelluti, Francesco 249 Stenson, Niels 261 Stephen of Antioch 156 Stephenson, J. S. 543 Sternberg, Carl 522 Sternberg, George Miller 448, 509 Stetson, Rufus 518 Steuer, R.O. 16,17 Stevenson, I. H. 710 Stewart, Sarah Elizabeth 527 Stillman, VVilliam 557 Stirling-Maxwell, Sir VVilliam 208 Stoerck, Anton 347 Stoerk, Oscar 535 Stokes, VVilliam 405, 406 Stoll, Arthur 570 Stone, Revd. Edward 669,673 Stratman-Thomas, VV. K. 555 Straub, VValter 540 Strauss, Elias 556 Strazhesko, Nikolai 536 Stricker, Solomon 481 Sturgis, Cyrus 521 Sturtevant, Alfred 508 Sudhoff, Karl 38 Siissmilch, Johann Peter 336 Sutherland, Earl 516 Sutton, VValter 508 Swammerdam 254 Swann, Cheryl A. 685 Sweet, Richard 538 van Swieten, Gerhard 299, 346 Sydenham, Thomas 50,238,255-61,270,275

Sylvius (Franciscus de Ie Boe) 265,267 Sylvius (Jaques Dubois) 206, 207 Syme, James 439,455 Szilagyi, D. Emerich 538

Tabin, Clifford J. 516 Taggart, Hugh McA. 709,710 Tait, Robert Lawson 444 Talbot, Robert 269 Taranta, Valescus de 182 Tate, Nahum 214 Taussig, Helen 538 Taveau, Rene de M. 568,569 Tawara, Sunao 532 Taylor, Francis 519 Teff, Harvey 601,603 Temin, Howard M. 527 Temkin,Owsei 122 Tennent, John 304, 305 Tenon, Jacques Rene 337,367 Terah 20 Tertullian 98 Tetrapharmacos, Johannes L. 159 Tetzel, John 204 Teubner, B. G. 124 Thales of Miletus 61,62,71, 149 Theodoric, Bishop of Cervia 169 Theodosius the Great 150 Theodosius II 151 Theophrastes 62,92-7, 115, 130, 192,474 Theorell, Axel 516 Thiersch, Carl 424, 457 Thomas, Sir Clement Price 549 Thomas, J.P. 551 Thomas, Kenneth 267 Thompson, D'Arcy VVentworth 88,91 Thompson, Reginald Campbell 23,24,

26-30 Thomson, John 303 Thomson, VVilliam A. R. 680, 681 Tiglathpileser I 22 Tillett, VVilliam 541, 542 Timofeeff-Ressovsky, Nikolai 508 Timoni, Emmanuel 339, 340 Ting, Giu-Ching 547 Titus 31 Torssell, Kurt 684 Torti, Francesco 270 de Tournes, Samuelis 191 Tragus, Hieronymus 192 Travers, Benjamin 438 Trease, G.E. 683 Trefouel, J. 556, 557 Trevan, J. VV. 570 Treveris, Peter xix, 195, 197 Tude 181 Tuffier, Theodore 537, 548 Thke, VVilliam 367

749

MODERN DRUG USE

Thllar, B. F. 543 Thlp, Nicolaas 262, 263 Turck, Ludwig 431 Thrck, M. 551 Turk, Wilhelm 518 Thrner, Paul 712 Thrner, William xix, 198-201 Twitchell, Amos 438 Twomey, C. E. J. 653 Twort, Frederick 510 Tyler, V. E. 681 Tyndall, John 558 Tyzzer, Ernest 510

Uhlenhuth, Paul 510 Ullmann, Manfred 160 Ulysses 61 Underwood, E. Ashworth 452, 552 Ungley, Charles 521 Urdang, G. 272

Vajda, Ludwig 549 Valdes, Oviedo y 202 Valdes-Dapena, Maria 165 Valsalva 315 Vane, John 517 Vaques, Louis H. 530 Vaughan, Victor 517 Vedder, Edward Bright 425 de Vega, Dr Don Juan 268,269 Vellard, J. 267 Venning, Geoffrey R. 656, 692 Verbist, L. 551 du Verney, Guichard Joseph 430 Vesalius, Andrea 123, 125, 129,205-13,

216-18,226,227,243,256,264,267,423 Vialli, Maffo 571 Vicary, Thomas 219, 220 Victoria (Queen of England) 389 de Vigo, Giovanni 216 de Villalobos, Francisco Lopes 214 Villee, Claude 692 da Vinci, Leonardo 185-7,223-7 da Vinci, Ser Piero 223 Virchow, Rudolf 31,392,411,413,416,

417,420-4,468,485,688 Virgil 101, 134 Virgilio, Marcello 113-15 De Vita, Vincent 528 Vogt, K. 569 Vogt, Marguerite 527 Volta, Allesandro 296 de Vries, Hugo Marie 507

Waddell, Helen 150 Wagener, Henry 536 Wagner, Rudolph 414 Wakley, Thomas 463,468

Waksman, Selman A. 550,551 Waldeyer-Hartz, Heinrich 424 Waller, Augustus Volney 430,431,533 Wallis, T.E. 41 Walpole, Horace 448 Warburton, Lord 413 Wardell, William M. 629, 648, 649 Warren, John Collins 442,443 Warren, J. Low 282 Washington, George 362, 363 von Wassermann, A. 553 Waterhouse, Benjamin 344 Waters, Charles 546 Wateson, George 262 Watson, Gilbert 308 Watson, James Dewey 515 Watson, Sir Thomas 411 Watson, Sir William 370 Watt, James 295 Weber, Eduard Friedrich 427 Weber, Ernst Heinrich 427 Weber,1.C.P. 660,694,706 Weichselbaum, Anton 453 Weiditz, Hans 192 Weigert, Carl 424, 425, 534 Weil-Halle, B. 550 Weinstein, Marvin 564 Welch, William H. 453 Wellcome, Henry 173 Wells, Horace 442 Wells, Sir Thomas Spencer 443,444,448 Wells, William Charles 342,407,411 Wenchebach, Karel 535 Wepfer, Johann 262 Werner 348 West, Randolph 521 Westcott, 1. and D. 362 Westergren, Alf Vilhelm 519 Weyer, Johann 218 Whipple, George 520, 521 Whitby, Sir Lionel 556 White, Charles 324 Whitney, Eli 390 Whytt, Robert 304, 337 Widal, Georges 509 Wiener, Alexander 518 Wild, R. B. 165 Wilde, Sir William 463 Wilkenfield, B. E. 572 Wilkie, James 322 Wilkins, Maurice H. 515 Wilks, Sir Samuel 410, 522 Willan, Robert 370 Willcock, Edith Gertrude 436, 515 von Willebrand, Erik 519 William III (England) 284, 285 Williams, C. A. 509 Williams, Robley 528

750

NAME INDEX

Williams, R. T. 609 Willins, Frederick 522 Willis, Robert 245, 247 Willis, Thomas 255, 256 Wills, Lucy 521 Wilson, A. B. 645 Wilson, Clifford 537 Windaus, Adolf 569 von Winiwarter, Felix 539 Winkler, L. 195, 196 Winslow, Charles-Edward 129 Wintrobe, M.M. 519,521,522 Wiseman, Richard 256 Witch of Endor 34, 35, 68 Withering, Edmund 347 Withering, William 41,95,346-58,362,365,

379,391,392,407,473,475,484,512,532, 667,683

Withington, Edward Theodore 16, 18, 76, 130

Wogan, G. N. 685 Wohler, Friedrich 429, 515 Wolff, Caspar Friedrich 319 Wood, Paul Hamilton 536 Wood, Percival 31 Woodall, John 264 Woodruff, Alice 528 Woodruff, H. B. 550 Woodville, William 42,44-8, 50, 67, 68, 84,

85, 109, 134, 135, 137, 161, 163,270-2, 343, 345, 365, 475, 673

Woodward, John 339,340

Woolley, C. Leonard 20 Wotton, Edward 226 Wren, Christopher 241,242,255,295 Wreszinski, Walter 8 Wright, Sir Almroth 454, 455 Wright, James Homer 517 Wright, Peter 658 Wright, S. 682 Wright, Wilmer C. 214 Wroblewski, Felix 534 Wycliffe, John 182 Wynder, Ernest 548 Wynne-Finch, H. 214

Yalow, Rosalyn 509 Yersin, Alexandre Emile 454 Yolton, John W. 238 Young, Sir George 638 Young, Hugh Hampton 442 Young, John 37 Young, John Richardson 429 Yudin, Serga S. 523

Zacherias (Zacherias Janssen) 250 Zaimis, Eleanor 571 Zernicke, Frits 512 Zenus 69 Zivanovic, Srboljub 51 Zoel, Paul Maurice 536 Zondek, Hermann 536 Zoser 4

751

Subject Index Note: plants are indexed by their English names but by Latin names in the Appendix. Diseases, organs, and conditions bearing a surname will also be found through the name index.

Abraham's covenant 32, 33 absinthium (Artemisia absinthium) 45

features and uses 107 acetylcholine

parasympathetic transmitter 568, 569 synthesis 569 tissue responses and physostigmine 569 transmitter role 570, 571

acetyl salicylic acid see also aspirin, willow synethsis 481, 482 uses 481

aconite (Aconitum napellus) 67, 477 flying ointment 66 poison action 66, 68

actinomycin 550 Addison, Thomas

and anaemia 409,410 and poisons 409

Addison's disease 409,410 adrenaline

nerve transmission 568 related compounds 571

adverse drug reactions see also post-marketing surveillance

acceptability 706, 707 agranulocytosis 518 antipyrine 479 avoidable 642, 643 benoxaprofen (Opren) 658,659,709-12 cloquinol 657 corticosteroids 621 co-trimoxazole 627 deaths 642,643,695-705,708-12

early warnings 653-6 epidemiology 660 genetic 690, 691 herbal drugs 679, 680, 683 incidence in hospitals 638-42 indoprofen 711,712 information sources 692, 693 most frequently reported 643 neuroleptics 657, 695 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs 660,661,667,694,704 deaths 708,712 reports 705 withdrawals 709-13

oral contraceptives 618, 619, 653 Osmosin 659,709,711,712 oxyphenbutazone 626,627,653, 705

deaths 708 phenacetin 481,620 phenylbutazone 626,627,653,705-8

deaths 708 practolol 645,653,658 pregnancy 612 and prescription number 660 Register 619,693,694,704 reporting 646-8, 652 reports and deaths 694-704 stilboestrol 657, 658 tetracyclines 637 thalidomide 601-12 withdrawal for safety 709

and death 659 yellow card 635, 642, 646, 647

output 652, 653 report numbers 705

zomperiac (Zomax) 711,712 advertising 625 aetiological theory, ancient Egypt 17, 18 Age of Attainment 295

753

MODERN DRUG USE

Age of Enlightenment 286 agranulocytosis, drug-associated 694, 698,

699 alchemy, origins 160 Alexander of Tralles and parasitology 151,

152 Alexandria, Greek medicine 97-100

anatomists and vivisection 98, 99 decline 99, 100 teachers 97

alkaloids British Pharmacopoeia (1864) 477,478 preparation 472 term 471 uses 475

allergy 512 aminopterin 527, 528 para-aminosalicylic acid 550, 551 amphotericin 564 amputation

flap 438 mortality and Lister 456 Syme's 439

amyl nitrate 483 anaemia 409, 410

abnormal haemoglobin 521,522 aplastic, drug-associated 696, 697 deficiencies 521 folic acid 521 pernicious 410, 520

intrinsic factor 520, 521 sickle-cell 520

anaesthetic 485; see also ether, chloroform first use in surgery 439 local 483 origins 441-3 origin of term 443

anaphylaxis 344, 511 experimental 425, 426

anatomy see also dissection Carswell's atlas 411 English vernacular 220 Eustachius' discoveries 213 French 392, 393 Galen 125-7 Henle 415 His 417-20 de Ketham 205-8 Thlp 264

by Rembrandt 262, 263 Versalius'role 204-13

animal experimentation 691 alternatives 691, 692 repeated 691, 692

aniseed types 131 ankylosing spondylitis 439 anthrax 'persian fire' 156

discovery 446, 448, 449

antibiosis 558 antibiotics 546, 550-65; see also individual

drugs antagonism 558 botanical sources 686, 687 and mortality 565, 566 synergy 558

antibody formation 509 anticoagulants 525 antidote, Paul of Aegina 222 antigen-antibody reaction 508, 509 antipyrine 479 antiseptic surgery 411,412,456,457; see

also Lister modern ritual 458

antitoxins 454 aorta, dissecting aneurysm 337, 338 apothecaries see also Worshipful Society of

latter-day need 636 medical practitioners 370, 466 monopoly loss and druggists 368, 379

arabian apothecaries 72 Aristotle 86-92

biology 87, 88, 92 bust 88 dates 86 embryology 90-2

chick 90, 91 dogfish 91,92

life 87, 88 philosophy and science 87,89,90 procreation 90, 91 sciences founded 88 arsenic 131, 132 arsphenamine 597, 598 arteriosclerosis 336 artificial limbs 217

and thalidomide 599 asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida) 95 Asklepios 68-91

children 69 priests 70 Rome 70 temples 69, 73

aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid) 669 activities 669 introduction 480, 481

Association of British Pharmaceutical Industry 617,649

Assyria 20; see also Mesopotamia growth 22, 23 incantations 23, 24 library 23 medical practices 23, 24

The Assyrian Herbal 27, 28 plants mentioned 29

Assyro-Babylonian amulet 25 asthma, sea voyage 355-8

754

SUBJECT INDEX

astronomy 216 attenuation

organisms 448,454 toxins 454

auscultation 394, 395 instruments 394, 396 Laennec's publication 395, 397

autoantibodies 510 autonomic nervous system,

nomenclature 436 drugs 483

autopsy George II 337, 338 John Hunter 329, 330 stabbed tailor 313-15,317

Avicenna's Canon 156-8,221,222

Babylon 20, 21; see also Mesopotamia destruction 22

bacteriology 446-8, 528 cardiovascular 535 culture methods 451,453 discoveries after Koch 453, 454

ballistocardiogram 533 balsam (Commiphora opobalsamum) 42,44

species and products 42, 45 barbiturates

origin 479, 480 Veronal 480

Bedlam 221 benoxaprofen (Opren)

adverse reactions 709, 710 age 709 disaster 658, 659 half-life and age 710, 711 hepatorenal syndrome 710

Berlin papyrus 16, 17 Bernard, Claude

dates 432, 433 dispute with Pasteur 433 pancreas 434 portrait 433 works 432-4

Bichat, Marie dates 393, 394 portrait 394 tissues in diseases 393

Bilharzia haematobia 13 Black Death see plague blood

banks 523 biochemistry and Boyle 241 coagulation 310, 317, 326-8, 517 disorders 518 groups 518 preservatives 523 pressure measurement 310, 532, 533 respiratory function 437

transfusion 256, 257, 522, 523 volume measurement 518

blood vessels, injection and demonstration 264

Boerhaave, Hermann background 298, 299 bed-side teaching 299 dates 298 professor at Leiden 299

Bologna, anatomy study 170 bones, anatomy and Cheselden 330-2 Bonet, Theophile

autopsy work 267 portrait 265 Sepulchretum 266, 267

boric acid toxicity 165 uses 164-6

Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program 648

Bowman's capsule 428 Boyle, Robert; contributions 241,242 Boyle's Law 241 bradykinin 571 brain diseases 460 brain regions and functions 426 Bright, Richard 484

clinical unit 409 coagulable urine 407-9 dates 406, 407 portrait 406

Bright's disease 407 bronchitis 319 Byzantium 149-53

emperors 149 end 183 Judaic influence 152

Caesarian section contracted pelvis 217 origin 101

calamus (Acorus calamus), features 39, 40 calender introduction 3 camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) 162

uses 162, 164 cancer

chemotherapy 523,524,527,528 diagnosis 526 epithelial origin 424 genetic change 516 lung 546-8 mortality 565 oestrogens 526 plant treatments 686, 687 remission 687 vaginal 657 X-ray 525, 526

Canon of Avicenna 156-8,221,222

755

MODERN DRUG USE

carcinogens 526 drug use 691 naturally-occurring 685 plant-derived 684, 685

cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) 132 cardiac catheterization 534 cardiac failure 338, 339

ventricular fibrillation 534, 535 cardiac ischaemia, surgical relief 537 cardiac murmurs 534 cardiology 533-9 carotid ligation 438 cassia (Cinnamomum cassia), features 40 castor oil (Ricinus communis) 132 cauterization 216, 217 cell theory 413

definition of cell 417 and division 414,417 embryology 415, 416 pathology 420-2 types, Virchow 422

Celsus aphorisms 104, 105 conditions described 105 dates 103 herbal uses 105-12, 132-9 life and works 103, 104 medicament list 106-12 metals used 131, 132, 138 surgery 110, 112 trauma 110

central nervous system, function localization 460

centrosome 417 cephalosporin 564 chamomile (Anthemis nobilis), uses and origin

of name 139 Chelsea Physic Garden 368, 369, 466 Chemie Grunewald and thalidomide 598,

600 chemists, synthetic 429, 473, 479, 480 chemotherapy

Nobel Prizes 556 origin of term 553

Cheselden, William dates 330, 331 Osteographia 330, 332-5 portrait 331

Cheyne-Stokes respiration 405 chicken pox 308 children, diseases 218 chimney sweeps, cancer 331,333 chinchona (Chinchona calisaya) see also

quinine Countess of 268, 269 discovery 268,269 illustration 279 naming 269,270

chloramphenicol 563 chloroform 426

discovery 428 and Simpson 443 synthesis 473

chlorpromazine 690 chlortetracycline 563, 564 cholera

epidemics 463-5 John Snow and the Broad St. pump 464,

465 Sunderland outbreak 461,462

cilia 428 cimetidine 573 cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylandicum) 39,

40 cinquefoil (Potentilla reptans) 120, 121 circulation of the blood 211

capillary 251-3 Cesalpino 219 Harvey 245-9 heart role 245 motion in a circle 246

circulatory system, innervation 435, 436 Cissampelos pareira see pareira citric acid cycle 515 clinical descriptions, seventeenth

century 255-67 clinical trials certificate exemption

(CTX) 649 success 631

cloquinol 657 Cnidian school 73 Coan school 73; see alsoHippocrates cocaine 483 Code of Hammurabi 21,22

surgery 22 cod-liver oil 476 Committee on Safety of Drugs (Dunlop

Committee) 617-20 applications not approved 622, 623 assessment 623 establishment 617 oral contraceptives 618,619 reports 618,619 responsibility 632 submissions and actions 621,622

Committee on Safety of Medicines licensing 632 origin 620 yellow card 646, 647; see also adverse

drug reactions common cold 546 community health 336, 337; see also public

health complement 509 congenital abnormalities

rubella 605-7

756

SUBJECT INDEX

thalidomide 610 congenital heart defects 534 congenital heart disease 535 contraceptives, Soranus and 122, 123, 160;

see also oral Cordus, Valerius

Dispensatorium 195, 196 pharmacopoeia 195 phytography 192

coronary thrombosis 534, 536 cor pulmonare l39 co-trimoxazole 558 cough wort (Thssilago farfara)

use 374, 376 cowpox

and smallpox 341,342 storage 343

Cullen, William bed-side instruction 303 dates 302 portrait 302 works 303, 365

Culpeper, Nicholas 287 dates 275 London Dispensary translation 275 Mr Culpeper's ghost 275,277,278 portrait 278

curare see also pareira anaesthesia 268 introduction and origin 267 motor nerve endings 432 receptor studies 565, 567, 568 sources 267, 268

cytotoxic drugs 523,524,527,528,686

Dark Ages, dates 149 Data Sheets 625 decerebration effects 431 deficiency diseases 264, 370 dermatology and Willan 370 Devonshire colic 307 diascordium 364, 365 digestion 429,434 digitalis 347, 348, 540

adverse effects 351, 353 assessment 354 auricular fibrillation 535 components 473 dose and pulse 392,475 and Withering 347, 348, 350-4

digitoxin 473,479, 540 digoxin 540 Dioscorides 112-21

Cordus' commentary 192 dates 112 ferrugo 134 followers 121 herbalism 112

De Medica Materia 112-21 Juliana Anicia manuscript 115-18 significance 115, 118

plant families 115 diphtheria

description 370 soft palate 307

dislocation of the shoulder, Hippocrates' reduction methods 78-80

dissection, human Alexandria 98,99 Bologna 170 Burke and Hare 413 England 205 Galen 127, 128, 170 Louis 392, 393 de Montagnana 205,207 Mundinius 170, 171 Thlp by Rembrandt 262, 263 Vesalius 208-10

Dittany of Crete (Origanum dictamnus) description and uses 134, 135, 365

divination, Mesopotamia 26, 30 DNA 508,515

structure 515,516 synthesis 516

Domesday Book 389 leprosy 172, 173

domestic animals, numbers in London 281, 282

dose-titration 353, 354, 475 drug-associated deaths 642, 643; see also

adverse drug reactions drug regulatory controls 598,612-51; see

also Committees, post-marketing advisory committees 623 and biotechnology 632 controversial 628, 629 cost-benefit 629, 630 fraudulent claims 614 graded-release 633,635,636,649,713

and marketing 649 litter test 610 medical need 649,650 monitoring methods 635 patients and profits 629, 630 prescribing effectiveness 630, 631 proposed legislation 614 Select Committee (1914) 613-16

timing 616 toxic ingredients 613 UK approach 644

drugs

757

antagonism 542 cardiovascular 483 classes 612 Current Problems 656 definition 619

MODERN DRUG USE

drugs (cont.) design and receptor studies 543 development costs 629

confidentiality 635 disasters 657-9; see also thalidomide innovation lack 652 licence renewal 650 limited monitored release 645 'me-too' 632-4

making unprofitable 634 nineteenth century 470-84 prescription monitoring 646 production of new 621 promotion costs 630,631 promotion risks 634,637 recent introductions 651 recorded release 644-6 registered release 645 restricted release 645 synergy 558

Drug Surveillance and Research Unit 648 dyes in chemotherapy 553, 555

Ebers papyrus 5,6, 18, 19 asthma 9 bowel opening 8, 18 drugs used 7, 8 eye diseases 10 fever control 9 hair 10 prescriptions 7, 16, 52 roundworm killing 8, 9 urinary tract 9 skin care 10

Ebla 51,52, 66 ectopic pregnancy, surgery of ruptured 444 Edinburgh

College of Physicians 301 students of 302, 303

Munro family 301, 302 qualifications and England 302 Royal Infirmary 302

Egypt bone diseases 13-15 Book of the Dead 4 bowel cleansing 8, 17 degenerative disease 13, 14 diseases in mummies 12-14 funeral procession 13 Greek debt 18, 19 medical papyri 4-12; see also Ebers medicine in ancient 3-20 monotheism 32 mummification 12 pyramids 4 religion 3, 4, 52 splints 13

Ehrlich, Paul

chemotherapy 553 dates 554 portrait 554 stains 513

elecampane (Inula helenium) liver enzymes 681 tuberculosis 680 uses 680

electricity 296 electrocardiography 533

coronary heart disease 535 features and signs 533

elements and humours 71-3 elf-shot doctrine 172 embryology

Aristotle 90-2 cell theory 415, 416 experimental 420 fetal growth 319 Harvey 249 His 417-20 Malpighi 254 organizers 512

emetine 425 isolation 471

endocarditis 535 England

first surgeon 173 leper treatment 176-80 mediaeval hospitals 176 medical writings, Middle Ages 171-82 plague 180-2 population, Middle Ages 180

enzymes 514-16 epidemiology 466 epilepsy

comitialis morbus 102 Hippocrates 82, 83 Jacksonian 409,459

ergot 690 ergotamine 570 ergotine 568 ethambutol 551 ether 439

effects of inhaling 441, 442 first use 442, 443 frolics 442

ethics 437 cost to 634 human research 632

eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globosus) illustration 677 mortality 676 uses 676

European Economic Community, specialities marketed 650

extrapyramidal disorders, drug-associated 694, 695

758

SUBJECT INDEX

Fabricius, valves in veins 252, 243 facial neuralgia 303 famine in 1257-9 180 fennel types and silphium 95 fermentation 433, 446 ferrugo and treatment 134, 136 fibrinogen after myocardial infarction 525 fibrinolysis 541, 542

and streptokinase 541 fibrinolytic system 524 fig (Ficus carica), uses and description 136,

137 Fleming, Sir Alexander 558-62 folic acid synthesis 521

and anaemia 521 Food and Drugs Acts (US 1906) 613

OPE study 708 foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) see also digitalis,

Withering doses 353, 354 overdose 353 parts and activity 351-3 use 351

fractures and Hippocrates 81-3 frankincense (Boswellia thurifera)

features and extraction 41, 43 Frascatorius

confection 365 germ theory of infection 214

French disease see syphilis

galbanum (Ferula galbani/iua), features 40, 41

Galen attitudes 125 circulatory system 125, 126 Codices 124 dates 123 death 128 dissection 127 gladiator surgeon 124 life 123, 124 pharmacy 128 tissue nutrition 125 travels 128 ureter role 127 vivisection 127, 128

gastric juice 429 control 439 damaged stomach 429,430

Gaucher's disease, inheritance 522 General Medical Council

orIgm 439, 440 roles 468

genetics cancer 526 disorders 521 and Mendel 507

mutagenesis 508 gentian (Gentiana spp.) 136 Gerarde, John

dates 198 works 198,202,203

germ theory 250; see also Pasteur, Koch beginnings 414 micro-organism role 448 Schwann 445 yeasts 445

glyceryl trinitrate 539 glycogen 432 glycosides

cardiac 539, 540 first isolations 472, 473

Graves' disease 405 Greece, ancient 59-97 see also individual

Greek persons biology 87 city states 61 complaints 77 first civilizations 59-61 Golden Age 61,63,71, 129 Ionian philosophers 71 Italian philosophers 71 map 58 medical thinkers 61,62 Philip of Macedon 61,64 religion 68, 69

Greek medicine see also Alexandria, Rome roots 64-8 sources 65 themes 64, 65 witchcraft 66

Green Pharmacy, assessment of 676, 679 griseofulvin 561 grocer-apothecaries 185 guaiacum (Guaiacum spp.) resin 215 gunshot wounds 216,217,256

Pare 217 Guy's hospital and modern medicine 406

haematemesis, drug associated 703, 704 haemodynamics 309

origin 426, 427 haemoglobin determination 436 haemoglobinometer 436,437,517 haemophilia 519 von Haller, Albrecht

bibliography 301 historian 301 muscle contractility 300 portrait 300 Prince of Physiologists 299

Harvey, William dates 242

759

embryology studies 249 forearm veins 246, 247

MODERN DRUG USE

Harvey, William (cont.) Frankfurt publication 244, 245 life 242, 243 study 242 valves 246-9

hearing and Helmholz 430 Hearst papyrus 15

drug amounts 16 heart see also cardiac

drugs 539 malformations 534, 535, 538 mechanical 536, 538 open heart surgery 538 surgery 537 transplantation 538, 539

Heberden, William contributions 308, 309, 484 dates 306, 307 drug safety 308 essay 307, 308, 379, 391 portrait 306 simple prescribing 391, 392

Heberden's nodes 309 Hebrews 30-45

ancient movements 20,21,31 in Canaan 31,32

race preceeding 33 dispersion 31 divination 34-6 in Egypt 31 holy anointing oil 39 hygiene 38, 53 inorganic substances 45 medical code features 37, 38 plants used 39-50 prophylaxis 38 witchcraft 34, 35, 68 written record 30

hellebore, black (Helleborus niger), features 84, 85

hellebore, green (Veratrum viride) 85 hellebore, white (Veratrum album) 85 hemlock (Conium maculatum)

alkaloid 374 illustration 375 and Socrates 373, 374

heparin 517,539 herbal medicine 676-9

current uses 680-3 disappointing data 679 drug assessment 679 role 687

herbals 189-204 Assyrian remedies 28 Banckes xix, 195 Culpeper 34,275,277,278 Dioscorides 112 first English xix

Gerarde xx, 198,202, 203 title page 203

Grete Herball 195, 197 Herbarius Moguntie impressus 190 De Historia Stirpium Commentaris 192-4 A New Herball, TUrner 198-201 oldest 190 Ortus Sanitalis 190 Parkinson xx, 34 Turner xix, 198-201

Hippocrates 73-86 biographers 74 birth 73 bust 74 clinical descriptions 75-7, 130 conditions described 78 dislocation of the shoulder 78-80 dying man description 78 editions of works 75-7 epilepsy 82, 83 fractures 81-3, 129 plant remedies 84, 96, 130 surgical writings 78-83 symptom study 73

Hippocratic Collection 74-7, 129 components 76, 77 start of medicine 84

Hippocratic Oath 85, 86 Hippocratic succession 78 histamine see also receptors

synthesis 569 tissue distribution 570, 571

histocompatability 511 histology, origins 416,417 histories of medicine 371, 529; see also Osler Hodgkin's disease 410, 522

pathological changes 522 homeopathy 412 horehound (Marrubium vulgare)

description 118, 119 uses 118

hormones in plants 682 hospitals

building 367 clinical units 689 founding and degrees 467, 468 women, New York 441

Hunter, John angina 328 background 325, 326 blood in sudden death 326-8 dates 325 death and autopsy 329, 330 effects 334, 335 portrait 325 works 326-8

Hunter, William Anatomia Uteri 322-4

760

SUBJECT INDEX

dates 319, 321 family 321 life 321, 322 obstetrics 321 portrait 321

5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 571 hygiene 366; see also public health

manual 465 and Semmelweis 412

hyoscyamus (Hyoscyamus niger) and atropine 107 effects 107, 108 hypnotic use 136, 137 illustration 109

hypertension 536, 537 chemotherapy 540,541,557

hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) uses 45

iatrogenic disease 639,651-61; see also adverse drug reactions

epidemics 638, 705 incidence in hospital 638-41 legal aspects 659, 660 unacceptable levels 692, 693

immunoglobulIns 511 immunology

basis 508-12 Jenner 342-4 methods 509 Pasteur 447,454 self and non-self 510, 511

Index plantarum medicinalium 683 indoprofen (Flosint) withdrawal 711 Industrial Revolution

changes 390 and medicine 295,296

city hygiene 366, 367 Germany 390

inflammation 454, 456 injection, drugs 265 insulin discovery 570, 690 insurance, drug industry xxi, xxii interferon 510 inulin

glomerular filtration rate 680 sources 136

ipecacuanha (Cephai!lis ipecacuanha) amoebic dysentery 272 description 270 emetic 272 first use 270, 272 illustration 271

Irish medicine 405, 406 iron, internal use 134 Islamic period see also A vicenna,

Maimonides, Rhases drug use 160-6

empire growth 153, 154 herbs used 160-6 medical teachers 155-7 metals 166, 167 Nestorian role 151, 153 sources of knowledge 154, 155 western caliphate centres 157, 159, 160

isoniazid 551

jaundice, drug-associated 700, 701, 704 Jenner, Edward

761

background 341, 342 Chantry Garden 344, 345 cuckoo study 342 dates 341 immunology 344 portrait 378 tomb 341 vaccinations 342, 343

Jews see also Hebrews growth of medicine 152 history 30

John of Arderne anal fistula 174 deafness prescription 174 manuscript 174-6 royal service 173, 174 surgeon 173

Kahun 4,5 kidney physiology 428 kidney disease, Bright's description 407-9 Knossos

discovery and features 59, 60 Hall of Collonades 60 Minoan script 60

Koch, Robert 448-53 anthrax 446, 448, 449 dates 448, 449 guinea pig use 451 histological methods 449 Nobel Prize 452, 453 portrait 449 studies 452

Koch's postulates 451,452 kymograph 435

laboratory tests bile 514 pH 515 urine 513, 514

lactucarium (Lactuca sp.) uses and source 50, 51

Laennec, Rene auscultation 394-7 chest disease 398 modern medicine 404 statue 405

MODERN DRUG USE

Laennec, Rene (cont.) stethoscope 404 tuberculosis of the lungs 398-404

language and disorders 459 laudanum 46 lavender (Lavendula spp.) types and

uses 138 van Leeuwenhoek

capillary circulation 251-3 dates 250 equipment 250 original microscope 250, 251

Legionnaire's disease 547 legislation see also individual Acts

animal experimentation 691 drug use 612,613,616,617

lepers' window 176-8 leprosy

civil death 178, 179 decline, famine and plague 180,285 Domesday Book 172 fear 179 hospitals (lazar-houses) 177, 179 incidence 179 management by Hebrews 38 rites 178, 179

leukaemia 518 monocytic 519 postmortem, Virchow 420

Linacre, Thos. 184, 185 dates and works 185 portrait 184

Linnaeus 335 dates 297 plant classification 297, 298

Lister, Joseph antiseptic surgery 456, 457

effects 457 dates 455 portrait 455

liver divination 26, 27 experiments 432 glycogenesis 432, 434

Locke and Laws of Nature 237, 238 lysozyme

Fleming's description 558-60 sources 559

McBurney's point in appendicitis 444 machinery, invention 295 Magendie

alkaloid use 472 anaphylaxis 426 drugs introduced 425 experimental physiology 425,426

Magna Graecia 130

Maimonides dates and works 159 decline of science 159, 160

malaria ancient Greece 77, 130 mosquito 305 quinine use 258,268-70 swollen spleen 134

male fern (Dryopteris felix-mas) antihelmintic 95,96, 130 description 95, 96 illustration 668

Malpighi contributions 252, 254 embryology 254 portrait 254

malpighian bodies 252, 254 mandrake

Atropa mandragora, features 46, 47 Mandragora ojJicinalis

alkaloids 108 Assyria 29 biblical uses 33-6, 46 female 36 male 36

manometer 310 materia medica, America 365,366 measles

Sydenham's description 258, 259 bleeding 260 treatment 259, 260

timing 261 meconium 50 Medical Act, Henry VIII 185 Medical Act (1858) xx medical care, seventeenth century 286 Medical and Chirurgical Society of London

first president 469 objectives 470

medical practitioners and qualification 466-8 medical schools, establishment 368, 467, 468 Medical Society of London 469 medicine, French and Medicina 218,219 Medicines Act (1968) 623

exceptions 624 herbal remedies 624, 625 licensing 625,626 powers 627, 628

Medicines Commission 627, 628 melaena, drug associated 702, 704 Mendelian laws of inheritance 507, 508

rediscovery 507 mental illness 218 mercury see also syphilis

Cullen on 366 injection 378

762

Pereira's notes 474, 475 pink disease 166

SUBJECT INDEX

toxicity 167,215,377 types and effects 166, 167

Mesopotamia 20-30 kingdoms 20-2 liver model 26, 27 location 20 medical texts 26-9 trade routes 23

microscope, invention 250 microscopy 249-55

early microscopists 254, 255, 413, 415, 485 van Leeuwenhoek's 250,251 Lister 455 and medicine 250 plague blood 250 preparation 416

microtome, introduction 417 Middle Ages, western 167-82

medicine lack 167 migraine 303 military medicine 304-7

John Pringle 304 milk, mother of male child 11 mint (Mentha spp.) types and uses 138 mithridatium 307, 308

ineffectiveness 308 monkshood 66-8; see also aconite morbid anatomy

atlas 317,318 Baillie 316-18

Morgagni De Sedibus 312, 313 pathology 311-15,317 portrait 311

morphine 477 isolation 470, 471 modern medicine 688

mortality antibiotics 565, 566 causes, seventeenth century 286 Creighton's data, London 278-80 documentation 240, 241 drug-associated 642, 643; see also adverse

drug reactions enteric fever 689 infant 324, 367 Parish Clerks of London data 283 smallpox 280

and vaccination 343, 344 mummy

diseases 12-14 medicinal uses 14, 15

muscarine action 568 muscle contraction and von Haller 300 mycoplasma 547 myocardial infarction 425 myrrh (Commiphora molmot), features 39

National Health Scheme, drug reimbursement 626

naval hygiene 304-6 Cook 306

necromancy, Saul 34-6 nepenthe 441 nervous conduction 431, 432 nerve fibres, cholinergic and adrenergic 571 nervous impulse, chemistry 570 nervous system see also central, autonomic

degeneration and regeneration 513, 567 diseases 460 functional levels 459,460

nestorians 151 and Mohammedan medicine 151, 153

neurological disease and Charcot 459 neuron theory 430,431

experimental 431 neurotransmitters 565-72 Newton, Sir Isaac, inventions and

discoveries 239, 240 nicotine, receptor studies 565, 567, 568 night-blindness 10, 11

and liver 11, 26 nitrous oxide 441

dental use 442 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs see also

adverse drug reaction adverse reaction comparison 660,661,667

nucleus discovery and role 413, 414

763

nux vomica (Strychnos nux-vomica), uses 164

nystatin 564

obstetrics anatomical atlases 322-4 eighteenth century 319 examination 441 forceps 320 instruments 321, 441 nineteenth century 458 oldest text 217 scientific basis 320 teaching 321

occupational disease 331,333,336 olibanum, composition 41,42 onychia 40 ophthalmology 458 ophthalmoscope 430, 459 opium (Papaver somniferum) 733

action 50 active principle 470,471; see also

morphine first use 19, 50 history 46, 49, 50 illustration 48 poppy culture 49 source 19,49, 50

MODERN DRUG USE

opium (cont.) taste 50 tincture see laudanum

oral contraceptives 618, 619 adverse reactions 618-20 discovery 690 drugs interfering 637 oestrogen 620

Osler, Sir William 529 bequests 532

letters 355-61 to Royal Society of Medicine 354, 532

dates 530 essays 531 Incunabula medica 531, 532 medical practice 689 portrait 530 works 530-2

osmosis 425 osmotic pump

indomethacin (Osmosin) disaster 659, 711 osteoarthritis in ancient Egypt 13 ovary 262 oxamniquone 651 oxytetracycline 564

paediatrics 458 pancreas 434 Papavar sativum 192, 193 papavarine 476 Paracelsus

dates 188 Galens works 188 influence 188, 189 origin of name 188 portrait 190 title page 189, 191

parasitology, start of systematic 265 Pare, Ambroise

dates 216 innovations 217 life 216-18 weapon salve 217

pareira (Chondrodendron tomentosum) 372, 373

alkaloids 681 physiological effects 681 uses 680, 681

Pasteur, Louis antibiosis 447 attenuated organisms 448, 454 dates 445 fermentation 446 organisms studied 446-8 portrait 445 serial dilutions, anthrax 446, 447

pasteurisation 446 patent medicines 613

patents and drugs 479 pathology 310,420-5

Matthew Baillie 316-19 Morgagni 311-15, 317

Paul of Aegina and surgery 152, 153 penicillin 558

antibacterial 560 high yielding 562 importance 689 isolation 689 name 559 procaine 563 production 561,562 source 559 and Staphylococcus spp. 560 structure 562, 563 uses 637

penicillinase 561, 637 pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)

illustration 163 uses 162

percussion invention 338 sound classification 411

peruvian bark see chinchona phagocytosis 454 pharmaceutical industry

and apothecaries 288 Bayer 481 growth xxi Merck 476 new drugs 621,622

Pharmaceutical Society 287, 370, 467 Pharmacognosy

current role 687 herbal remedies 683

pharmacokinetics 483,636; see also benoxaprofen

pharmacology definition 474 modern 475, 476 science 476, 484

pharmacopoeia

764

animal materials 731, 732 British,1864 476,477,485

animal substances 478 composition 477, 478 useful drugs 688

British, 1914 divisions of empire 544, 545 useful substances 545

British, 1934, contents 688 chemical materials 667, 732 Cordus 195 first German 189 first US 472 and Heberden's essay 308,379 London 273-6

SUBJECT INDEX

animal substances 273 mithridatium formula 275, 276 remedies and simples 273 title page 274

modern 552 new translation 371, 372

animal materials 731, 732 changes 377 chemical materials 732 contents 376 plant materials 717-31

and Patent Act 633 plant materials J17-31

phenacetin 481 side-effects 620

phenylhydrazine 523 philosophers

ancient Greek 71; see also individuals seventeenth century 237-41

physics advances, eighteenth century 296 Galileo 239 Newton 239, 240

physiological medicine 370 Boerhaave 298-301 von Haller 299-301

physiology 425-37 first laboratory 430 history 435 respiratory 436, 437 Sanctorius 240

physostigmine 479 pine (Pinus spp.) 673

P. sylvestris 675 uses 676

The Pisse-Prophet 514 pituitary tumours, amenorrhoea 346 placenta, expression 321 plague, bubonic (Black Death)

books produced 182 Chichester, 1665 description 282, 283 forms and causes 180 London 1629-66 280

descriptions 281 London 1665, onset and spread 283,284 mortality, Creighton 278-81 numbers killed 181 spread 181 Suffolk 1906-18 284 victim, de Ketham 208 virulence change 284

plant classification, binomial and Linnaeus 297

plant materials 717-31 plastic surgery, origins 439, 440 platelets 517

and clotting 524, 525; see also blood pneumoconiosis 336

pneumonia 546, 547 pneumothorax 546

artificial 548 Poiseuille's law 427 poisoning, Laburnum sp. 676, 678 poisons 409 poke root (Phytolacca spp.) 685

toxicity 687 uses 686

polymixin 563 polypharmacy

Heberden and 307, 308, 391 origin 99

pomegranate (Punica granatum) illustration 161 root bark 160, 162 uses 160

population growth 389 post-marketing drug surveillance 629, 635,

636, 644, 646, 647 difficulties 647 facility, UK 712 need for 648, 649 numbers 706 prescribing 647

post-marketing study 626, 627 Pott's disease 333

ancient Egypt 13, 14 Pott's fracture 331 practolol syndrome 645-7, 658 prescription symbol, source 18 preventative medicine, recognition 397 printing

discovery 183 English 183

prisons reform 337 Prontosil 555

sulphanilamide conversion 556 and sulphonamides 556, 557

propranolol 543 prostaglandins 516,517

structures 542, 543 protozoans, chemotherapy 553, 555 protein

fractionation 518 structure and composition 515

public health beginnings 463 Chadwick 464, 466 Industrial Revolution 367, 368 Richard Mead 304 reports, Simon 465 United States 465,466

puerperal sepsis organism 447 Semmelweis 412

pulse wave 427 pus, role in healing 169

765

MODERN DRUG USE

Pythagoras 71 philosopher-physician 73

quinidine 535 quinine 477,535; see also chinchona

introduction 268-70 isolation 471

rabies 447 radioactivity and Curies 483 Rauwolfia serpentina and reserpine 540, 541 receptor studies

adrenoreceptors 572 agonists and antagonists 572

drug design 543 histamine 573,651 nicotine and curare 565, 567, 568

reflex action 428 reflex arc 432 Reformation 2, 19,220 Renaissance 182-221

anatomy 204-13 effects 226 herbalists 189-204 medicine 218-21 mortality rates 226, 227 New World drugs 204 printing 183 religion and protestantism 204 surgery 216-18 travellers 202

renin-angiotensin system 537 reproductive organs, Leonardo da Vinci's

drawings 223, 224 reserpine 540; see also Rauwolfia sp.

effects 540, 541 respiratory control 426 respiratory system

disease descriptions 546 surgery 545, 546

rhesus factor 518 sensitization 519

rheumatoid arthritis 346 rifampicin 551 RNA-dependent DNA polymerase 527 Rome

animal organs 102 Code of Law 102 fall 150 hygiene and sanitation 100, 101 medical practitioners 100 pharmacopoeia use 140 teachers 103

Rome, Greek medicine 100-29; see also Celsus, Galen and Dioscorides

Aesclepiades and physical laws 101, 102 original medicine 100

rosemary (Rosmarinus ojficinalis) properties 673

Royal College of Physicians 467 Royal College of Surgeons 467 Royal Society of Medicine 470 rubella, congenital defects 610 Rufus of Ephesus and haemostasis 121, 122

saffron (Crocus sp. and Colchicum spp.); ancient uses 132, 133

St. Ignatius' bean 164 St. John's plant (Artemisia vulgaris),

description and habitat 119, 120 St. Mary's hospital, Chichester

care since 1290 176, 177 Salerno

medical school 167, 168 medical textbooks 168 successors 169 writers 168, 169

salicin identity 669 sources 138, 139, 473

salicylic acid sources 46 synthesis 473

Salpetiere and Charcot 458, 459 Salvarsan xxi, 555

and chemotherapy 689 santonica (Artemisia cina) 107

antihelmintic 107 sarsaparilla (Smilax spp.) and syphilis 215 scientific medicine, duration of ancient 149 scurvy

citrus fruit 264, 307 prevention 306, 307 treatise, Lind 305

secret remedies 613 self-limiting diseases 413 Seneca-rattle-snake-root 304

illustration 305 senna (Cassia sp.), uses 164 serum sickness 512 silphium

description and use 94, 95 identity 107 loss 95

skin graft 457 smallpox see also Jenner, cowpox, vaccination

and variolation

766

cowpox protection and vaccination 342, 343

elimination 346 epidemics 284, 339 history and virulence 338, 339 Hospital 340 measles differentiation 155 mortality data 280

SUBJECT INDEX

Queen Mary II symptoms 284, 285 severity 285 vaccination and mortality 343-5

Edwin Smith papyrus 5, 15 smoking and cancer 547 Socrates, death 373, 374 Solomon's seal (Polygonatum multiflorum)

illustration 674 properties 673

Soranus of Ephesus contraceptives 122, 123, 160 works 123

southernwood (Artemisia abrotanium), features 120

specificity, drugs in 1910 xxi Spencer-Wells forceps 444 sphygomanometer 532 spinal cord tumour 460 spongia somnifera 168, 169 squill (Urginea maritima) 108, 111

types 108, 139 uses 108

staining 425, 449 Ehrlich 513 Koch 449,450

stearn sterilization 452 stereotactic surgery 460 stethoscope

discovery 404 use 405

Stokes-Adams syndrome 405 storax (Liquidamber orientalis) 45 streptomycin 550 stroke, lesion side and paralysis 313 structure-activity relationships 478, 479, 569 strychnine 478

isolation 471, 472 uses and effects 164

sulphapyridine (M & B 693) 556 sulphonamides 556, 557

hypoglycaemia and insulin 557 sulphonylurease 557 sulphur

Assyrian use 28 mustard 523, 524

surgeon and barbers 220 fleet and Armada 220 punishments for failure 22

surgery 437-60; see also heart American 440 anaesthesia role 443 antiseptic 456, 457; see also Lister Cooper's operations 437,438 Guy de Chauliac 170, 171 Guy's hospital 325,437 John Hunter and after 325-33 Renaissance 216-18

sweating sickness identity 218, 221, 284 Sydenham, Thomas

background 257 dates 257 descriptions 257 measles features 258, 259 portrait 261

Sydenham's chorea 257 Synagogue of Oribasius 150, 151 syphilis

ancient Egypt 15 drugs 215, 553, 554, 598 gonorrhoea differentiation 326 hemiplegia 214 mercury 166,214-16,438 newborn 214, 215 organism 535 origin of name 214 origin and spread 213 spread 422

tannin 121 tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptics 657, 695 telescope 239

reflecting 240 Temple of Poseidon 61, 63 teratogens see also thalidomide

in man 611 plant -derived 684

thalassaemia 521 thalidomide

antimetabolite 608 antithyroid effects 600, 601 charities 598 deformities caused 598 early warning 604 effectiveness 604 equipment for victims 598, 599 fetal abnormalities 605-7

animals 610, 611 chicks 609 mechanism 607-10 rabbits 607, 610, 611 radiological analysis 608, 609

Florence letter 603, 604 hydrolysis and pH 609 liquid preparation toxicity 607 marketing 600, 601 neurotoxicity 605,608 polyneuritis 601,603,604,612 properties 598, 599 safety 599,600 side-effects 601-12

causes 602 withdrawal 605

Theophrastes contributions 96 dates 92

767

MODERN DRUG USE

Theophrastes (cont.) drug use 96 life and works 92, 93 plant description 96 plant reproduction 93

theophylline 547 Therapeutic Substances Act (1925) 616 theriac preparation 307, 308 thermometer 239, 240 thyme (Thymus vulgaris) 110

types 139 tissues

cell theory 413 culture 512,513 in disease 334, 393 maintenance of isolated 435

toothache, fig maggot 24 toxicity

acetylation 480 LDso 692 testing, ethics 692

toxicology techniques 632 tragacanth 139 tranquillizers 690 travellers and drugs 267 - 70 trepanned skull

abscess draining 440 Jericho 1 neolithic and survival 1, 2 reasons for 2, 3

trimethoprim 557, 558 tropical diseases, first study 262 tubercules of the lungs

colour 403 encysted 400 immature 401 Laennec's description 398-404 membranes 399, 400 miliary granulations 403 spread 402 types 398

tuberculosis chemotherapy 550-2, 690 control in cattle 549 description 265 Koch's isolation 450, 451 lung description 396 mortality 549 phthisis 404 pneumoperitoneum 549 pulmonary resection 549 treatment 548

tubocurarine chloride 368 source 373

tumour transplantation 525 turpentine sources 140 typhoid 285

Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales 364, 365

spots 393 typhus 285

description 304 Irish disaster 368

urea discovery 371, 514 estimation 429 synthesis 429

vaccination America 345 BCG 550 constancy 345 discovery 342 effectiveness 344 first 342, 343 rabies 447 typhoid 454

vagus nerve division 426 importance 427, 435

varicose veins, insufficiency 439 variolation 342, 343

Chinese 339 definition 340 first records 339, 340 hazard 340 illegal 340, 344

venereal disease 326 ventilator invention 309 Vesalius

anatomy basis 206, 207, 212 background 206 dates 205 dissection 208-10 drug standardization 213 Epitome 211 Fabrica 206, 207

musculature 211, 212 production 210, 211 title page 208, 209

Madrid 207 opposition 213 portrait 210 pupils 212

vesico-vaginal fistula operation 441 vinblastine source 686 da Vinci, Leonardo

birds 185 coition 223 dates 185 fetus 186, 225 and Galen 186 parents 223 reproductive organs 224 travels 225

vincristine source 686

768

SUBJECT INDEX

viomycin 551 Virchow, Rudolf

and cancer 424 pathological anatomy 420-2, 485

virology 528 virus

Epstein-Barr 527 isolation 510, 524, 528 malignancy 526 Shope papilloma 526 tobacco mosaic 510

vitamin deficiency diseases 436, 521 symptoms 608

Washington, George dates 362 medical treatment and death 362, 363

waterborne infections 465; see also cholera weather and disease pattern 303 Weber-Fechner Law 427 Weber's law 427 weights and measures 372 whdw and Egyptian aetiology 17-19 Whytt's reflex 304, 337 willow (Salix spp.) 669

S. alba 669, 670, 672 willow bark (Salix sp.) 46

agues 669,671-3 powders 672

witchcraft, James I and IV 239

Withering, William asthma 355-8 British Plants 348, 349 dates 347, 355 education 347 foxglove 348, 350

dosing 353, 354 dropsy 350, 352

letters, Osler bequest 355-61 medical plants 347-58, 362 portrait 355 tuberculosis 348

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 536 World Health Organization, Model List of

Essential Drugs xxii, 543, 544, 651 Worshipful Company of Apothecaries

charter 287 and College of Physicians 289 establishment 286, 287 Hall, sites 287, 288 history 287 medical advice 289 qualification 466, 467 roles 288, 289

X-rays 481,483 cancer therapy 525, 526

zomperic (Zomax) allergy 712 withdrawal 711,712

769

appendix - rd.springer.com978-94-009-5586-8/1.pdf · fructus anethi angelica archangelic root,...

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