Appendix Principal Subsidiaries and AssociatedCompanies of Inchcape PLC, 31December 1984,Showing ProportionofNominal Value of Shares Held,Interest in Equity, Activities andWhen Joined the Group

Shares held are ordinary or unclassified Country of Proportion Effective YearShares held directly by Inchcape PLC, incorporation ofnominal interest joinedor its nomineesare marked" valueof of Inchcape Inchcape

sharesheld PLC in Group% % equity

AfricaKenyaMackenzie (Kenya) Limited Kenya 100 100 1958

Intermediate holding companyowners of Karirana Estates Limited(tea producers)

EthiopiaThe Motor & Engineering Company ofEthiopia Limited Ethiopia 94 94 1968

Motor vehicle distributors and general merchants

The AmericasUnited States of AmericaInchcape Inc. 100 100 1979

Intermediate holding companyCaleb Brett USA Inc. 100 100 1984

Cargo inspection and testing allMarshall Electronics Inc. incorporated 100 99 1979

Exporters and importers / in USAassemblers of medical equipmentand hospital supplies

Flight Accessory Services Inc. 100 100 1974Maintenance of aircrafthydraulics and landing gear

CanadaInchcape Canada Inc. Canada 100 100 1972Intermediate holding company, also

295

296 Appendix

Shares held are ordinary or unclassified Country of Proportion Effective YearShares held directly by Inchcape PLC. incorporation ofnominal interest joinedor its nominees are marked- value of of Inchcape Inchcape

shares held PLC in Group% % equity

trading in the name of Universal Fas-tening & Concrete Accessories as buil-ders merchants and distributors of fas-teners, concrete accessories and powertoolsIncan Ships Limited Canada 57 57 1973

Ship owners and operators

ChileWilliamson Agrocomercial SA 100 100 1982

Distributors of tractors andindustrial hardware all

Embotelladora (Williamson) Talca SA incorporated 100 100 1982Embotelladora (Williamson) SA in Chile 96 96 1982

Bottlers of soft drinks

ColombiaTracey y Compania SA Columbia 100 100 1981

General merchants and motorvehicle distributors

EcuadorCompania Ecuatoriana del Te CA 100 100 1984

Tea producers allQuito Motors SA incorporatedComercial e Industrial in Ecuador 68 68 1981

Motor vehicle distributorsSA Comercia l Anglo Ecuatoriana 100 100 1981

Insurance and shipping agents andhaving interests in motor vehicleassembly and distribution

PanamaGatun Investments SA Panama 70 70 1981

Intermediate holding companyhaving interests in warehousing,distribution and shipping agencies

PeruMilne y Compania SA Peru 100 100 1981

Shipping agents and distributors ofmotor vehicles, agriculturalequipment

Cipsa-Comercial Peruana SA Peru 100 100 1981Distributors of agricultural,forestry and industrial equipment

Appendix 297

Shares held are ordinary or unclassified Country of Proportion Effective YearShares held directly by lnchcape PLC, incorporation ofnominal interest joinedor its nominees are marked* value of of lnchcape lnchcape

shares held PLCin Group% % equity

BermudaInchcape (Bermuda) Limited Bennuda 100 100 1971

Finance company

AustralasiaAustraliaMacdonald Hamilton & Co . Pty. Limited 100 100 1962

Shipping agents, travel agents,import and export agents and marineand general engineers

Macdonald Hamilton Services Limited 100 100 1963General services to the miningindustry in Australia

Poon Brothers (WA) Pty. Limited 100 100 1976Industrial and mining project allcaterers and admin istrators incorporated

Caldbeck Macgregor (Australia) in Australia 100 100 1981LimitedIntermediate holding company

Taylor Ferguson & Co . Pty. Limited 100 100 1978Importers and distributors ofwines and spirits

Sandalford Wines Pty. Limited 68 68 1979Wine producers

Bain Dawes Pacific Limited 87 87 1980Insurance brokers and agents

New ZealandBain Dawes (NZ) Limited New Zealand 100 100 1976

Insurance brokers and agents

FijiMarine Pacific Limited Fiji 100 100 1970

Marine operators and salvors

Far EastHong KongInchcape (Hong Kong) Limited 100 100 1963Inchcape Enterprises Limited 65 65 1970Caldbeck International Limited 100 100 1967

Intermediate holding companiesGibb Livingston & Company Limited 100 100 1967

General merchants and insuranceagents

Gilman and Company Limited 100 100 1969General merchants, Lloyds agents ,insurance agents and shipping agents

298 Appendix

Shares held are ordinary or unclassified Country of Proportion Effective YearShares held directly by Inchcape PLC, incorporation ofnominal interest joinedor its nominees are marked" value of of lnchcape lnchcape

shares held PLC in Group% % equity

Dodwell Hong Kong Limited all 100 100 1972General merchants, shipping agents, incorporatedExporters and retailers in

Crown Motors Limited Hong Kong 100 100 1967Motor vehicle concessionaires anddistributors

Caldbeck Macgregor (Hong Kong) 100 100 1975Limited Importers and distributors ofwines and spirits

Hong Kong Reinsurance & GeneralInsurance Company Limited 100 100 1966Reinsurance and general insurance

Maiko General Agencies (Hong Kong)Limited 68 43 1977General merchants

ChinaInchcape (China) Limited Hong Kong 100 100 1983

Consultants

JapanDodwell and Company Limited Great

(Branch) Britain 100· 100 1972General merchants, shippingagents and insurance agents

Caldbeck Kabushiki Kaisha Japan 100 100 1975Importers and distributors ofwines and spirits

Eurobridge Limited Hong Kong 60 60 1972Shipping Agents

GuamAtkins, Kroll Inc . Guam 100 100 1974

Motor vehicle distributors andgeneral merchants

IndiaThe Assam Company (India) Limited India 74 74 1974

Tea Producers

Middle EastGray, Mackenzie & Company Great

Limited Britain 100 100 1958Intermediate holding companyand managing agents

Shares held are ordinary or unclassifiedShares held directly by Inchcape PLC,or its nominees are marked-

Gray Mackenzie Marine Services ECManagers and operators of marinecraft

Redmack Industrial Services ECIndustrial cleaning, maintenanceand waste disposal services

Appendix

Country of Proportionincorporation ofnominal

value ofshares held

%

Bahrain 100

Bahrain 100

Effectiveinterest

of InchcapePLC in

% equity

100

100

299

Yearjoined

InchcapeGroup

1980

1982

Motor vehicle distributors. engineersand repairers

Distr ibutors of consumerproducts. technical.engineering. industr ial andmarine products andequipment. photographic andoffice equipment and supplies.agricultural chemicals andfertilisers ; shipping agents.freight forwarders and traveland insurance agents

South East AsiaMalaysia. S ingapore and BruneiInchcape BerhadInchcape (Singapore) PrivateLimitedInchcape (Brunei) Sendirian

BerhadMalinch Associate Holdings

Sendirian BerhadKumpulan Inchcape Sendirian

BerhadIntermediate holding companieswith subsidiaries trading under thefollowing names:

The Borneo Company 1967

Anglo French Trading Company 1977

Equatron 1978

Moutrie 1980

Optorg 1978Borneo Motors (Singapore) 1967Orchard Motors 1967NBT (Brunei) 1977B-Trak 1977

Singapore 63

Singapore 100

Brunei 100

Malaysia 100

Malaysia 60

63 1967

63 1967

63 1967

63 1980

38 1983

Industrial Resources LimitedHire purchase finance

Kontrak Manufacturing ServicesSendirian Berhad

Contract Manufacturing ServicesPrivate Limited

Manufacturers of pharmaceuticalproducts, toiletries and cosmetics

Caldbeck Macgregor (Singapore)Private Limited

Brunei

Malaysia

100

100

100

100

44

38

63

100

1984

1977

1977

1976

300 Appendix

Shares held are ordinary or unclassified Country of Proportion Effective YearShares held directly by Inchcape PLC. incorporation ofnominal interest joinedor its nominees are marked" value of of Inchcape Inchcape

shares held PLein Group% % equity

Importers and distributors ofwines, spirits and tobacco

Heli Orient (Private) Limited all 100 100 1979Distributors and service agents for incorporatedhelicopters, fixed wing aircraft and in Singaporeallied equipment

Intrans Distribution ServicesPrivate Limited 100 63 1977Warehousemen and distributors

Bork Singapore Private Limited 100 63 1984Manufacturers of sliced veneers

ThailandInchcape Thailand Limited 100 100 1981

Management companyThe Borneo Company (Thailand)

Limited 100 100 1967General merchants, Lloyd's agents,insurance agents, shipping agents,travel agents, airport traffic handlingagents, photofinishers and proces-sors and packers of cosmetics

Borneotech Limited !OO !OO 1967Engineering merchants allJawa Manufacturing Limited incorporated 100 100 1967

Manufacturing of pharmaceutical in Thailandproducts and cosmetics

Anglo-Thai Motors Limited 100 100 1975Motor vehicle distributors

Anglo-Thai (Thailand) Limited 100 100 1975Specialists in engineeringproducts, security andtelecommunications equipment

Caldbeck Macgregor (Thailand)Limited 100 100 1975

Importers and distributors ofwines and spirits

United KIngdom and EuropeUnited KingdomInchcape Overseas Limited 100· 100 1978Inchcape UK Limited 100· 100 1980

Intermediate holding companiesBain Dawes PLC 100 100 1976

Lloyd's insurance brokers and

Appendix 301

Shares held are ordinary or unclassified Country of Proportion Effective YearShares held directly by Inchcape PLC, incorporation ofnominal interest joinedor its nominees are marked" value of of Inchcape Inchcape

shares held PLCin Group% % equity

underwriting agents and holdingcompany for the Bain Dawes group

Duncan Macneill & Company Limited 100· 100 1958Intermediate holding company forGroup investments in India,consultants on tea production andtea marketing agents

Gray Dawes Travel Limited 100 100 1967Travel agents

Gray Mackenzie Overseas Limited all 100 100 1981Port management consultants incorporatedwith subsidiaries providing intechnical engeneering services Greatfor oilfield supply bases Britain

Inchcape Export Limited 100 100 1967Export and import merchants

Agricultural & Chemical ProductsLimited 100 100 1968Export and import merchants anddistributors

Harcourt Shipping Agency Limited 100 100 1978Freight forwarders andwarehousemen

Rucker & Slann Limited 100 100 1968Dealers, agents and brokers incommodities and produce

Mann Egerton and Company Limited 100· 100 1973Motor vehicle distributors,contract hirers and manufacturers ofcontract furniture

Toyota (GB) Limited 100· 100 1978Motor vehicle concessionaires anddistributors

Specialist Services InternationalLimited 100 100 1984Holding company for theSpecialist Services Internationalgroup of companies providingcargo inspection, testing, lossadjusting and shipping services

Caleb Brett & Son Limited 100 100 1984Cargo inspection and testing

Gellatly Hankey & Co. Limited 100 100 1984Shipping services

Graham Miller & Co. Limited 100 100 1984Loss adjusters

302 Appendix

Shares held aTl: ordinary or unclassifiedShares held directly by Inchcape PLC.or its nominees are marked"

BelgiumInternational Motor Company SA

Motor vehicle concessionaires anddistributors

HollandCaleb Brett & Son (Continental) BV

Cargo inspection and testing

Country oj Proportionincorporation ojnominal

value ojshares held

%

Belgium 100

Holland 100

Effectiveinterest

oj InchcapePLCin

% equity

100

100

Yearjoined

InchcapeGroup

1979

1984

A number of subsidiaries have been omitted on the grounds that they do not materiallycontribute to the profit or assets of the Group.

Principal associated companies and activities,showing proportion of equity held by the Group,effective interest in equity and particulars ofcapital, with activities

Proportion Effectiveof equity interest ofheld by lnchcapeGroup PLC

% in equity%

Particulars ofissued

share and loancapital

AfricaKenyaMercantile Finance Co . Limited 45

Finance Company

Far EastChinaToyota Motor Services (China) Co . 50

LimitedMotor Vehicle Servicers

The Motor Transport Company of 19Guang Dong and Hong KongLimited

45 912631 OrdinaryShares of Kenyashillings 20 each

50 400 000 Shares ofHK$l each

12 18000 Shares ofHK$500each

Appendix 303

Shares held are ordinary or unclassified Country of Proportion Effective YearShares held directly by Inchcape PLC. incorporation ofnominal interest joinedor its nominees are marked" value of of Inchcape Inchcape

shares held PLCin Group% % equity

Motor bus owners and operatorsBoth incorporated in Hong Kong

Hong KongInch'Roy Credit Corporation Limited 30 30 2000000 Shares of

HK$lOeachHire purchase finance

JapanDodwell Pitney Bowes Kabushiki 50 50 200 000 Ordinary

Kaishi Shares ofYen 500each

Distributors of business machines

Middle EastAbu DhabiGray Mackenzie & Partners (Abu 49 49 40 000000 Shares

Dhabi) Limited ofHK$1 eachManaging agents for companyoperating as shipping agents andgeneral merchants

Incorporated in Hong KongRedmack Industrial Services (Abu 49 49 25 000 Ordinary

Dhabi) Limited Shares ofdirhamsIndustrial cleaning, maintenance 100eachand waste disposal services

BahrainBahrain Maritime & Mercantile 48 48 5 400 000 Shares of

International BSC (C) Bahraini dinarShipping and tanker agents, general 1eachmerchants, Lloyd's agents, insurancebrokers and agents, lightermen,travel agents and freight forwarders

DubaiGray Mackenzie & Partners (Central 49 49 25 000 Ordinary

Emirates) Private Limited shares ofdirhamsManaging agents for company 1000eachoperating as shipping agents andgeneral merchants in Dubai, Ajman,Sharjah and Umm-AI-Qwain

KuwaitKuwait Maritime & Mercantile Co. 49 49 200 000 Ordinary

304 Appendix

Shares held are ordinary or unclassified Country of Proportion Effective YearShares held directly by lnchcape PLC. incorporation ofnominal interest joinedor its nominees are marked" value of of lnchcape lnchcape

shares held PLC in Group% % equity

KSC shares ofKuwaitiShipping agents and general dinar I eachmerchants

OmanOman United Agencies LC 49 49 60 000 Ordinary

General merchants, lightermen and shares of Omanitravel agents rials toeach

Ras Al KhaimahRas AI Khaimah Port Services Private 49 49 20000 Ordinary

Limited shares ofdirhamsPort operators 100each

Saudi ArabiaMarine and Transportation Services 50 50 2000 Shares of

(Saudia) Limited Saudi ryalsPort and marine operators 1000each

South East AsiaMalaysiaSebor (Sabah) Sendirian Berhad 40 25 6 150000 Ordinary

General merchants shares ofM$1 eachSebor (Sarawak) Sendirian Berhad 40 25 6133333 Ordinary

General merchants shares of M$I eachKuching Hotels Sendirian Berhad 49 31 11500000

Hotel owners Ordinary shares ofM$I each

Timuran Holdings Berhad 49 49 30000000Holding company for Eastern Ordinary shares ofAgencies (Malaysia) Sendirian M$I eachBerhad, general merchants andCaldbeck Macgregor (Malaysia)Sendirian Berhad, importers anddistributors ofwines and spirits

SK Timber Corporation Sendirian 45 29 16000000Berhad Ordinary shares ofTimber extractors M$I each

SingaporeRolex Singapore Private Limited 49 31 5 000 000 Ordinary

Distributors and service agents for shares ofS$I eachwatches

Appendix 305

Companies listed above have been treated in the Accounts as 'associatedcompanies' for the purpose of the statement of standard accounting practiceno. I (revised) issued by the Accounting Standards Committee of The Instituteof Chartered Accountants in England and Wales - see Report and Accounts . Anumber of companies in which the Group has not less than 20 per cent of theequity have been omitted from the above list on the grounds that to include themwould produce particulars of excessive length in relation to their importance.

This appendix lists only the principal subsidiaries and associated companies.the complete list includes 823 businesses, operating in sixty-seven countries.Those countries not mentioned above are: Angola, Austria, the Bahamas,Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroun, Channel Islands, Caribbean, Denmark,Djibouti, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Iran, Italy, Ivory coast, Lebanon,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macau, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, NewCaledonia, New Hebrides, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Papua New Guinea,Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda,UAE and Zimbabwe.

SOURCE Inchcape PLe, Report and Accounts, 31 December 1984, pp.45-53.

Companies owned by the Group and subsequentlysoldThe Aquacultural Insurance Services LtdAffin Credit (Malaysia) Sdn BhdAmerican Hardwood Co. LtdAssembly Services Sdn BhdAssistance International LtdPT Austral BynaAutomotive Industries Sdn BhdAviation Finance LtdBAIl Leasing Service LtdBahrain Slipway Co. LtdBain Dawes (East Anglia) LtdBain Dawes Sagese SAJK Bayne LtdBinny (London) LtdBishopsgate Businesscare LtdBishopsgate Holidaycare LtdBishopsgate Insurance PLCBishopsgate Services LtdBishopsgate Travel LtdBishopsgate Travel Care LtdBorneo Motors (Malaysia) Sdn BhdBoyup Brook Sawmills Pty LtdCappers Finance Pty LtdCaribbean Investments LtdComprehensive International Freight Forwarders Ltd

1981197919811982198419791982198019841980198219791983198219841984198419841984198419821983197919831983

306 Appendix

Companies owned by the Group and subsequently sold-continued

Crown Motors Services China Co. LtdDolfra Services LtdEstate Care Property Management LtdFreudenberg Export GmbHGarsia Investments LtdPT Garsia Sumatra TimberGladesville Holdings Pty LtdGray Dawes Bank GpHarborn GroupHarborn (Rotterdam) BVHarvey Trinder (Victoria) Pty LtdHughes LtdInchcape Chemco LtdJoynson GroupJurong Alloys Pte LtdPT Kahajan TimberLeadenhall Insurance PLCManagement Computer Services Sdn BhdMann Egerton Electrical LtdManufacturing Associates Pte LtdD. J. Millars Pty LtdMillars (W.A.) Pty LtdMIse Agencies KKMotor Imports Co. LtdMoutrie & Co. (Hong Kong) LtdNBT (Malaysia) Sdn BhdNBT (Sarawak) Sdn BhdNeil Pryde USAPacific Hardwood Products LtdPhotoluxe Industries LtdPeschaud Compania del Paraguay SARas-al-Khaimah Port ServicesRecter en van der Veere BVRichmond Packaging Pte LtdSt Louis Car IncSarawak Properties Sdn BhdShaw & Co. (Life Pension) LtdTerritory Timber and Hardware Pty LtdTrinder Investment (NG) Pty LtdTung Tai Trading LtdVernat Eastern Agencies LtdYoung Nichol & Co. Ltd

198019811984198019811981198319831983198019791982198019831979198119841978198219801983198319831983197919821982197919841982197919811980198019781982198419831978198319811979

Appendix 307

1979198019801979198219821980198219821982198219831983198319831983198119791980198319811979197819781978198319831980197919821982198219801981198019801979197919811981197919781978198319811979

Companies owned by the Group and subsequentlyliquidatedAedon LtdThe African Mercantile Company (Overseas) LtdAmmo Power Tool & Drilling Co. (1975) LtdAronstead (Batley) LtdAUSN (Australia) Pty LtdA. W. Bain (Insurance Brokers) LtdBain Dawes & Gomez Castelazo SABain Dawes (Aviation Reinsurance Brokers) LtdBain Dawes (Construction Insurance Brokers) LtdBain Dawes (Energy Insurance Brokers) LtdBain Dawes Italia SRLBain Dawes Tasmania Pty LtdBain Dawes S.A. Pty LtdBain Dawes W.A. Pty LtdW. S. Bate LtdBEWAC (Mansfield) LtdBMR (Malaysia) Sdn BhdBorderline Navigation Co. LtdBorneo BerhadThe Borneo Company (Malaysia) Sdn BhdBorneo Motors (Brunei) LtdBotswoods LtdBristol-Saunders Sales LtdBristol Tractors LtdFrank Bull's Garage (Successors) LtdButler & Webster LtdChampion Motors (Malaysia) Sdn BhdChemco International LtdColumbia Wood Products Co. LtdCresswell Pomeroy LtdDaihatsu Belgium SADiploma International LtdDTC (Macau) LtdDuncan Roberts (Malaysia) Sdn BhdEastern Automobiles (Colchester) LtdEdie Alluvials LtdEkholm Wood Products (Sweden) LtdEngineering Supplies (Asia) LtdEquatron (Malaysia) Sdn BhdExport Traders LtdFartex LtdForcast Foundries LtdForest Management Consultant LtdForest Marketing Services (1976) LtdFranchet et Vasel SAGarsin Timber Industries (France) Ltd

308 Appendix

Companies owned by the Group and subsequently liquidated-continued

Greyfriars Vehicle Contracts LtdGoldsash Sales LtdHaadyai Bowling Co. LtdHamshaws of Lincolnshire LtdH. A. Hamshaw LtdHarbom Commodities SARLHarvey Trinder (NSW) Pty LtdHeli Orient BahreinI. B. Nominees LtdInchcape Malaysia Sdn BhdInchcape Management (Services) Pte LtdIndonesian Industrial Services LtdG. W. Joynson & Co. (Ireland) LtdKanga Timber (Australia) LtdKenya Livestock & Estates LtdKlaus Tropical Timber (Germany) LtdLabtest Taiwan LtdLachenal Timber Development (Switzerland) LtdLimoon Far East LtdJ. H. Little Engineering LtdLighting & Leisure Industries LtdMann Egerton (Finance) LtdMarianas Agencies Inc.Melinga Mining & Finance Co. Pty LtdMetal Castings Exp. Pty LtdMichigan Timber Co. LtdF. Mitchell (Nottingham) LtdMolson LtdMontor Pte. LtdMorkell & Camhill LtdF. H. Moss (Garages) LtdMotor Associates Pte LtdMotor Investments BhdMuang Rare Ruamtoon Co LtdThe North Borneo Trading Co. (Borneo) LtdH. E. Nunn & Co. LtdH. E. Nunn (Bury S1. Edmunds) LtdH. E. Nunn (Manchester) LtdH. E. Nunn (Norwich) LtdNunns Finance LtdG. Oberdan & Co. Pty LtdOkura Investments Co. LtdPacific and Atlantic Investment Co. LtdPacific Biomed Supplies Inc.Padstow Holdings Pty LtdPan United Agencies Pte LtdPedroni Hardwood Timber

19791979198219781980198119791980198019831981198119791978198019801981197819831982198219801982198119831979197919791978197919801980198319821983198019781978197819781983197819831981198019791978

Appendix

Philippine Lumber Products Co. LtdPlus Lighting LtdPoon Brothers Pty LtdPoon (Singapore) Pty LtdProperty Associates Pte LtdRejang Transport Co. Sdn BhdRMA LtdRoyal Motor Company SASamols Latimer (Sales) LtdSheerlite Engineering LtdSheerlite Trident LtdM. Singer Hardware LtdF. G. Smith (Motors) LtdSmithco Saipan Inc.Smiths Hotel & Restaurant Supply co. LtdSteel & Cripps LtdTrafalgar Wood Products LtdTriumph Wood Products LtdThe Warden Finance Co. LtdUniversal Concrete Accessories (1975) LtdWestbound Timber Co. LtdWroughton Carding Co. Ltd

309

1980197919781980198119801982198219791979197919791980198119811982197919791978198019791984

Select Bibliography

I PRIMARY SOURCES

The Inchcape Archives, at the time of writing located at the Group's LondonHead Officeat 40 St Mary Axe, London EC3A 8EU. were the principal primarysource for this study. The vast majority of these records have never previouslybeen consulted by historians. In addition to the corporate and financial materialusually preserved as a matter ofcourse by most companies, these archives, whichrelate to over 100 separate businesses, include a particularly rich collection ofnotebooks, correspondence, contemporary memoirs and photographs.

The inevitable gaps due to the inconsistent survival ofdocumentation and theimbalance between the different companies in this respect was partially.madegood from a variety of other sources. The BI- P & 0 Collection held by theNational Maritime Museum at Greenwich and Woolwich includes muchinformative correspondence relating to the firms who acted as agents for theselines. The Zanzibar National Archives, which were consulted with the kindpermission of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport, added significantlyto the story of Smith Mackenzie & Co. in Chapter 4.

Other primary material to which reference has been made includes commer­cial directories and almanacs, many ofwhich are preserved in the British Libraryand the Institute of Historical Research of the University of London. TheLloyd's Collection at the Gu ildhall Library , London, provided vital quan­titative detail about shipping entrances and clearances . Contemporary news­papers, such as the North China Herald and the China Mail, were consulted atthe British Library's Newspaper Library at Colindale. Reports on the economiesof many of the countries discussed here, together with correspondence relatingto the granting of mail contracts, were found among the Parl iamentary Papers.The Foreign and Commonwealth Offices' series at the Public Record Office atKew provided background material to aspects of British trading overseas,particularly relating to the Persian Gulf and East Africa. The India OfficeLibrary also yielded similar information. For the modern period , details ofcurrent businesses were investigated at the City Business Library in BasinghallStreet.

II SECONDARY SOURCES

These have been divided into two sections: books and mss relating directly toInchcape companies, and more general works on the subject of international

311

312 Select Bibliography

trading, pertaining to particular countries or the world as a whole. The lattersection is intended as a general guide only and does not attempt to list all thesecondary sources used in the writing of the present work. The notes to eachchapter contain ful1 references, including place and date of publication, at thefirst mention of each book or article to which reference is made in that chapter.

OnInchcape Companies

Antrobus, H. A., A History of the Assam Company , 1839-1953 (Edinburgh,1957)

Binny & Co. Ltd, The House of Binny (London, 1969).Blake, George, Gel/atly's 1862-1962 (London, 1962).Bolitho, Hector, James Lyle Mackay: First Earl of 1nchcape (London, 1936).Borneo Company Limited , The , Sixty Years Trade in Bangkok . 1856- 1926

(Bangkok, 1926).Brame, Alfred, The India GeneralSteam Navigation Company Limited (London,

1900).Dodwel1 & Co. Ltd , The House of Dodwel/: A Century of Achievement.

1858-1958 (London, 1958).Griffiths, P. J., A History of the 1nchcape Group (London, 1977).Griffiths, P. J., The Joint Steamer Companies (London, 1979)Hunt, Wal1is, Heirs ofGreat Adventure: The History ofBalfour Williamson & Co .

Ltd. vol.I, 1851- 190I and vol. II 190I - 51 (London, 1951).Jones , Stephanie, 'British India Steamers and the Trade of the Persian Gulf,

1862-1914' in The Great Circle, the Journal of the Australian AssociationforMaritime History , 7, I (1985) .

Jones, Stephanie, 'The Decline of British Maritime Enterprise in Australia: TheExample of the Australasian United Steam Navigation Company Limited,1887-1961' , Business History, XXVII, I (1985).

Jones, Stephanie, 'George Benjamin Dodwel1: A Shipping Agent in the Far East ,1872-1909', The Journal of Transport History , 6, 1 (1985).

Laxon , W. A., 'The Eastern Mails: The Story of the Eastern and AustralianSteamship Co. Ltd' , Sea Breezes (1963).

Longhurst, Henry ., The Borneo Story : the First Hundred Years of the BorneoCompany Limited (Londo, 1956).

McKel1ar, N. L., From Derby Round to Burketown: the AUSN Story (Queen­sland , 1977).

Smith Mackenzie & Co. Ltd, The History of Smith Mackenzie & Co. Ltd(London, 1937).

Mss. histories of Inchcape Companies include those by George Blake onMackinnon Mackenzie & Co. ; W. O. Elder and Anthony Goodinge on theAnglo-Thai Corporation, Edward Hopkins on Gray Mackenzie & Co ., C.Johnson on the India General and Charles Noble on Gray Mackenzie & Co.

General Works

Select Bibliography 313

Allen, G. C. and Donnithorne, Audrey ., Western Enterprise in Far EasternEconomic Development (London, 1954).

Bach, John, A Maritime History of Australia (Melbourne, 1976).Blake, George , The Ben Line: The History of a Merchant Fleet, 1825-1955

(London, 1956).Blake, George, BI Centenary: 1856-1956 (London, 1956).Broeze, Frank, 'Underdevelopment and Dependency: Maritime India During

the Raj ', Modern Asian Studies 18, 3 (1984).Bruce, C. A., 'Report on the Manufacture ofTea, and the Extent and Produce of

Tea Plantations in Assam', Asiatic Society of Bengal Journal, 8 (1839).Cain , P. J ., Economic Foundations of British Overseas Trade, 1815-1914

(London, 1980).Case, Margaret H., South Asian History, 1750-1950: A Guide to Periodicals,

Dissertations and Newspapers (Princeton, 1968).Checkland, S. G., The Gladstones: a Family Biography, 1764-1851 (Cambridge,

1971).Chirol, Valentine, The Middle Eastern Question, or Some Problems of Indian

Defence (London, 1903).Cowan, C. D., The Economic Development ofChina and Japan (London, 1964).Crisswell, Colin N ., The Taipans: Hong Kong's Merchant Princes (Hong Kong,

1981 ).Curzon, George, Persia and the Persia Question (London, 1892).Farnie, D. A., The English Cotton Industry and the World Market , 1815-1896

(Oxford, 1979)Foreman-Peck, James, A History of the World Economy (Brighton, 1983).Galbraith, J. S., Mackinnon and East Africa. 1878-1892: A Study in the 'New

Imperialism' (Cambridge, 1972).Gibson , J . F., Brocklebanks 1700-1950 (Liverpool, 1953)Griffiths, P. J ., The British Impact on India (London, 1952)Griffiths, P. J., A History of the Indian Tea Industry (London, 1967)Hannah, Leslie, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983) 2nd edn.Harcourt, Freda, 'The P & a Company: Flagships of Imperialism', in Sarah

Palmer and Glyndwr Williams (eds) Charted and Uncharted Waters: Proceed­ings of a Conference on the Study of Maritime History (London, 1982).

Hopkins, A. G., ' Imperial Business in Africa : Part I, Sources' and 'Part II,Interpretations', Journal of African History, XVII, I (1976) and XVII, 2(1976).

Jones , Geoffrey, The State and the Emergence of the British Oil Industry(London, 1981).

Kelly, J . B., Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 (Oxford, 1969).Kenwood, A. G. and Lougheed, A. I., The Growth ofthe Internat ional Economy ,

1820-1960 (London, 1971).Keswick, M. (ed.), The Thistle and the Jade: A Celebration ofJardine, Matheson

& Co. (London, 1982)Landen , Robert Goran, Oman Since 1856 (Princeton, 1967)Lorimer, J. G., Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia

(Calcutta, 1908-15).

314 Select Bibliography

MacGregor, D. R., The China Bird: The History of Captain Killick and OneHundred Years of Sail and Steam (London, 1961).

Marriner, Sheila. and Hyde, Francis. E., The Senior: John Samuel Swire,1825-1898 (Liverpool, 1967).

Mathias, Peter, The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain,1700-1914 (London, 1969).

Mitchell, B. R., International Historical Statistics: Africa and Asia (London,1982).

Munro, J. F., Africa and the International Economy, 1800-1960(London, 1976).Munro, J. Forbes, 'Scottish Business Imperialism: Sir William Mackinnon and

the Development of Trade and Shipping in the Indian Ocean' , ESRC ReportBOO/23/0049 (1984).

Munro, J. Forbes, 'Sir William Mackinnon', in Dictionary ofScottish BusinessBiography (Aberdeen, forthcoming) .

Musk, G., Canadian Pacific: The Story of the Famous Shipping Line (NewtonAbbot, 1984).

Nicholas, Stephen J., 'The Overseas Marketing Performance ofBritish Industry,1870-1914', Economic History Review, XXXVII (1984).

Thurston, Anne, 'Kenya and East Africa: Sources in British Official Records',unpublished ms. (1982).

Tuson, Penelope, A Brief Guide to Sources for Middle East Studies in the IndiaOffice Records (London, 1982).

Wright, A. (ed.) Southern India: its History, Peoples. Commerce and Resources(London, 1914-15).

Wright, A. (ed.) Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong. Shanghai andOther Treaty Ports (London, 1908).

IndexNOTE: where relevant, sub-entries are inchronological order

l\badan 46,223,230Abu Dhabi 78, 303Adamson, W.R . 18,31Adamson (W.R.)& Co . 18,19,31,160Adamson, William (Borneo Company)

32,206Adamson Bell&Co. 19,160-8,173 ,

174,183 -4Adelaide 138,140,146Adelaide Steamship Co . 142, 146Adelaide Stevedoring Co . 154l\den 42,43 , III , 123African Ma rine and General Engineering

Co . 133African Wharfage Co . 132, 133African Lakes Corporation 128Ahwaz 223Akyab 42,84Alaska 175-6Albion Life Insurance Co . IIAlexander, W.P. 45Alexander Stephen & Sons 147Alstons Ltd 272,276 ,28 2Ammo Power Tools Co . Ltd 191 ,307l\moy 18, 158, 168Anchor Line 59Anderson, Sir Donald 246Anglo-Iranian Oil Co . 105Anglo-Persian Co . 103Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co . 116Anglo-Siam Co. 214-17Anglo-Thai Corporation 9,10 ,25 ,51,

195,206 -7,213in Second World War 229, 231-3, 2351958-84 273,278 -80,283 ,300

Anglo- Thai Motor Corporation 265,300animals, trade in 46,56,85,97,100,123 ,

129

antimony trade 5, 21, 199, 205Aquarius Mineral Water Co. 187Arbuthnot, George C . 11,29Arbuthnot (company) 51Arbuthnot Ewart & Co . 214arms, trade in 89- 90, 92, 128, 168Ashton & Co. 19,186Asiatic Petroleum Co . Ltd 131,205Assam 11,16,30,36Assam Co, 14-15,16,24 ,26 ,29-30,34,

36,266,290,298Assam Railways and Trading Co . 52Assam Tea properties 48Atkins, David and Ernest 191Atkins, G .H. 191Atkins KrolI & Co . Ltd 191-2,266 ,298l\USN Co . see Australasian United etcAustralasian United Steam Navigation

Co . 140-52,155,252in Second World War 229,231,2351958-84 266,268,307

Australia 43, 52, 56American firms in 191early trade with 141887-1939 138-57in Second World War 222,225,230-11945-58 246,2491958-84 264,268 -70,281,297trade with Britain 225, 230-1seealso individualports

Australian Sandalwood Co . 186

Bach, John 155Bagamoyo 117Baghdad 83,101-2,105Baghdad Railway Co . 101Bahrain 22,46,78 ,83,86-8,91 -2,

95-7,303

315

316 Index

Bahrain Oil Company 104Bahrain SlipwayCo. Ltd 248, 253Bailey, Captain Nigel 289Bain (A.W.) Holdings Ltd 266,307Bain Dawes (company) 251,297,300-1,

305,307Balfour, Alexander 35Balfour Williamson &Co. 33, 34, 191 ,

192-3Bali 32BalticExchange 180Bandar Abbas 22,78,83,86-8,92-5Bandar Shapour 223,228, 230Bangalore Steam Woollen Mills 51Bangalore Woollen,Cotton and Silk Mills

Ltd 51,253Bangkok 194,208,211,213,216

early trade with 5,20, 32in Second World War 233,234

Bank of London and South America 192banking 10,51,186,206,266,282Bannerman, Henry C. 289Barber Steamship Lines 180Baring, Peter 289Barings (company) 242,245,246,273,

280Baring's bank 51Barry, Dr J.B. 16,30,63Barry (J.B.) & Co. 30,222,226,245,252Barry (J.B.) & Son 226,246,252Basra 46,78,83 ,86-7,91,97-9,101,

105,113,263early trade with 6, 22, 32

Batavia 19,43,194,215,233Begg,Dunlop&Co. 16Beira 125Belgium 55,263,302Bell,Sir John W. 134Bell,William 47Bell(MessrsWm)& Co. 47,169Ben Line 185Bencraft, William 35BengalRailway 52Bennett, J. 234BEWAC Motor Corporation Ltd 266,

275,277,282,307BI see British India SN Co.Binny,John, Jr 10,29Binny,John, Sr 9, 10,29BinnyThomas 9Binny& Co. (earlier Binny's) 24,25,29,

48-51,58,59,293in Second World War 222,226,228 -9,

235-71945-58 247,249,252-3

1958-84 267,290,305Binny& Co. (Madras) Ltd 247,248,

252-3Binny's EngineeringWorks Private Ltd

253Blake,George 56,82Blaker, Cedric 186BlueFunnel Line 167,178,216Bombay 36,41-3,46-7,84

early trade with 2,10-11,14,17,24-6,29

plague epidemic(1896-9) 85tradewithEastAfrica 113,121,123,

126,129trade with Persian Gulf 45, 79,81-3,

93,112trade withSouth China Seas 216

Bombay Burmah Trading Co. 208,211Bombay and Persian Steam Navigation

Co. 59,82,84,89, 116Bond, Frank W. 34Borneo 5,194

see also SarawakBorneo Co. Ltd 195-206passim,211-17

passim, 291,293early trade 19-20,21 ,24-6,32,34inSecondWorldWar 231,233-5,2371958-84 266,269-74,277,299,300,

307Borneo Motors Ltd 214,299,305,307Boustead & Co. 20Boustead, Ridley& Co. 128-9,134Bowman, Abram 18,31Bowring,Sir John 5Brett, Caleb 54-5Brisbane 138,143,150,153,154British East Africa Association (later

Imperial) 128British India Associated Steamers Ltd

140,141,146British India Steam Navigation Co. 14,

24,39-41 ,44,64,216-171854-1908 42-3,45-6,51and Australia 140-1,146,149-50,

152-3 ,155andEastAfrica 111,113-17,119-20,

122-6,132,134and India 54, 56, 59andPersianGulf 22,79 -85,89,91-2,

97,99,104-5and SecondWorld War 222,2351945-58 242,246-7

British India and Queensland AgencyCo.Ltd 141

British Leyland 275,278,282

Index 317

British Metal Corporation 275British Protectorate of East Africa (later

Kenya and Uganda) 230BritishWest Africa Corporation 274Brooke family(Rajahs ofSarawak) 5,

20,1'95,198 -9,201 -6,238Brooke, Charles Vyner 20,199,201 -2,

202,203-4Brooke, Sir James 5,201Brooks, Oliver 289Brown, Archibald 113Brown, Robert 29Brown & Co. 20Bruce,Charles A. 14-15,30Brunei 264,270,299Buchanan,J.W. 130-1,133Buchanan, W.A. 102,104Buchanan, W.M. 133Buckingham Mill Co. 48-9,236Buckinghamand Camatic Co. Ltd 253BucknallSteamship Lines 59,85,116BuenosAires 182Bunder Abbas 43Burma 41-2,84,187

early trade with 5,14,15,25in Second World War 223, 226,231

Bums,James 141Bums, Philp & Co. 142Bushire 43,46,78,83 -91,94,97,100-2,

113,230,263early trade with 6,22 ,32 -3

Busreh 43BusrehSlipwayCo. Ltd 248,253Butterfield& Swire 165,167,184,216Byrne, Robert II

Cable & Wireless 230Cadell, W.A. 215Cairns 138; 149Calcutta 36,41-3,46,48,54-5,63-4,

245early trade with 2,10-12,14-17,

24-6,29 -31in Second World War 222,223trade with Australia 14,139trade with East Africa 123,125trade with Far East 84trade with Persian Gulf 79, 81,83

Caldbeck,Jack 18,31,187,188Caldbeck Macgregor & Co. 18,19,26,

31,159,187-8,232,279,297,298,299,300

Caleb Brett & Co. 55,263,295 ,301,302Cameron, John and Co. 20Campbell, Sir George 242

Campbell, Malcolm & Colin & Hector104

Campbell, Neil A. 289Canada 249,252

Inchcape companies in 190-3trade with Far East 169,173,174,

179-80,1831958-84 263,264,270,295-6

Canadian Corporate Management Co.Ltd 249,252

Canadian PacificRailway 169,174,183,191

Canadian PacificSteamship Co. 174Canton 158,159,185

early trade with 3,18,31Cardiff 178Caribbean/West Indies 3,10,264,270,

276,297Caribbean Investments Ltd 272, 306Carlill,A.J.H. 32,171,173 ,177 -8,

182-4Camatic Mill Co. 48-9,253Carter, George G.D . 289Castell, Robert E. 289Castie Line (Skinner) 161,163,167-8Caswell, Donald 248cattle trade 85, 123, 129Cawasji Dinshaw 134cereals/grain, trade in

East Africa 116,117Persian Gulf 22,85,97,100

Ceylon 43,178-80,184,186,237,245early trade with 4, 16,25, 31in Second World War 222,224,228

Chambers(James)&Co. 170,180Chartered Bank 206chartering 161,163Checkland, S.G. 7Cheney, Arnold 24, 134Chesney, Captain 6Chiengmai 194, 204, 206,233Chilcoot Railway and Transport Co.

175China 52,84,158-69,172-87 passim

early trade with 3-4,17-19,24,26,31-2

in Second World War 222,232after 1945 237,298,302-3trade with Australia 150

China Properties Ltd 249,252China Shippers Mutual Co. 216Chinese Insurance Co. Ltd 21Chittagong 36, 41- 2Christie, Dr 23Churchill, Winston 131

318

cinnabartrade 21,199,205City Line 59City of Glasgow bank 14,46Clan Line 116Clarke, Frederic S. 214Clarke&Co 213-14cloves, trade in 6,23, 113,116-17coal trade 5

East Africa 116, 127Far East 177,185India 36,41, 63South China Seas 5, 214

cocoa trade 178coffeetrade

early 3,5 ,16,21,24East Africa 131India 3,51,58Persian Gulf 92, 100South China Seas 5,21

Colombo 25,43,178-80,222Comoro Islands 113Congo Association 128Connaught, Duke and Duchess of 131Cook, Thomas 54Cooktown 138, 150copper trade 89,93,129,199copra trade 55, 116,191Corkhill, Hyslop Ltd 266cotton trade

early 2,11,16,17 ,22EastAfrica 116-17Far East 17,163,166,185India 2,11 ,16,41,48-51 ,55,81 ,

226-8,235 -7,267,293Persian Gulf 22,85,89,93 , 100

CPR see Canadian PacificCraigmy1e, Lords 242-3,288Crookshank, Mr and Mrs 204Crosby(Wm)&Co. 154Crown Motors Ltd 273, 298, 306Cunard 169,174Cunningham, J.A. 100Currie, Sir WilIiamC. 242,289Curwen (editor) 47Curzon, George 82,100

Dalgety (company) 193DaresSalaam 110,117,133dates, trade in 6,89,93,97-8,100Davies, D. Roy 289Dawes, Edwin S. 22,23,24, 34, 53,

100-1 ,113,128-32,141Deas, Arnold T. Orr 288DelagoaBay 43,117,121 ,123,126Delmege, A.A. 16,31

Index

Delmege,E.T. 16-17,31DelmegeForsyth & Co. Ltd 17,31, 222,

228,253Delmege, Reid and Co. 25Denmark 115Dennis, C.H. 208Dennis, G.H 208Dennison, Robert 10,29Denny, Peter 141Dents (company) 18Derby (Australia) 138Dermer, Thomas 173Deutsche-Ost Afrika Line 54, 122Dewje, Lellanie and Peera 121diamond trade 21,199D'Iffanger, Frederick 173, 177Dodwell, Fred 173, 176,177Dodwell, George B. 32,160,164-78,

182,187,192Dodwell&Co. 26,32 ,159-61 ,170 -91

passim, 293in Second World war 229,231,232,

2351958-84 266,272,277,282,298

Dodwell Car1i11 & Co. 32, 174, 175, 176Dodwell Motors Ltd 266, 272Donald, James A. 289Dowling, J.P. 175Drake , Edward M. 118drugs/pharmaceuticals trade 85, 92, 168

see alsoopiumDubai 78,303Ducal Line 140Dunbar, Duncan 25,34Duncan Dunbar and Co. 34Duncan Macneill& Co. 16,24,30-1,

223,245-7,249-50,252-3,301Dutch East Indies 215

earlypioneers(1796-1874) 1-35East Africa 42- 3, 56

early trade with 6, 8, 23- 4, 26, 331877-1939 110-37in Second World War 222,2301945-58 253,2591958-84 259,264,274 ,284see also individualports and countries

East Africa Protectorate 120, 129East Africa Mail Contract 23East African Mission 128East India Co. (EIC) 2,10, IS, 112Eastern and Australian Steamship Co.

Ltd 150ebony trade 117Edmonton Concrete BlockCo. Ltd 191

Index 319

Egerton, Hubert W. 35,69, 72Egypt 89Elder, W.O. 208Elder (company) 209,213Elder, Smith & Co. 154Elgin, Lord 55Ellerman, Sir John Reeves 142Ellerman Shipping Lines 54,59 ,85 , 116,

142Ellis,H.D. Stacey 290Emin Pasha 128Empress Line 174,175Equatorial African Mission 128Equitable Coal Co. 48Estates House Investment Trust Ltd 279Ethiopia 110,284,295Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation

Co. 32,83, 104Ewart, Peter 29Ewart, WilliamK. 29Ewart & Co. 29Ewart Latham & Co. 214Ewart Ryrie&Co. 214EWO seeJardine Matheson

FairfieldShipbuilding Co. 169, 173, 174,176

Fairhurst and Reeves 165Fairlie PlaceSecuritiesLtd 248,249,266Fanning, Dr Burton 69Far East 42-3,291

early trade with 3-6,8 ,17-191870-1939 158-93in Second World War 222-3,225,232,

234-51958-84 264,271-4,277 -8,281,284,

297-8,302-3see also individualports and countries

Federal Steamship Co. 230Fiji 146,297Filinado(ofitaly) 134firearms trade 89-90,92,128,168Foochow 25,158,164 -5,168,172,

178-80,184-5,232Forman, Captain H. 18Foxon, H. Peter 289France 263

early trade 6, 20tradewithEastAfrica 114-15,123trade with Far East 168trade with Persian Gulf 82, 90trade with South China Seas 205

Fraser, Captain H.A. 23,33,126Fremantle 138,154Frere, Sir Henry Bartle 80

fruit trade 6,22,85 ,89 ,93 ,97-8, 100Fyfe, John Herbert 104,134

Galle 2,16-17,31Ganges Transport and Trading Co. Ltd,

The 245,248,253GD & Co. see Gray DawesGellatly, Edward 35Gellatly, Hankey & Sewell 25, 34, 39, 52,

54,167,180,301George Street SecuritiesPly Ltd 249Geraldton 146German East Africa see TanganyikaGermany

early trade 3,6,20navy 113,127tradewithEastAfrica 114-15,123,

125-7, 134,230trade with India 41,54,55,58-9trade with Persian Gulf 90, 101trade with South China Seas 205

Ghana 120Gibb, H.B. 18Gibb, John Darby 184Gibb, Thomas Augustus 17, 18,31Gibb Livingston& Co. Ltd 17-18,26,

31,159,184-6,2321945-58 249,2531958-84 271,273,297

Gibbs Bright& Co. 154Giles, Archibald William 289Gilfillan, Samuel 20,32Gilfillan,Wood & Co. 20GilIanders,F.M. 7,10-11 ,29Gillanders, Ewart & Co. 11,24,26Gilman, Ellis 19Gilman, Richard James 18,31,184Gilman&Co. 159,184-6,232,293,297Gilman (Holdings) Ltd 266,272 -4Gladstone, John 10-11Gladstone, Robert IIGlasgow 14,20 ,52,55,139Glen Line (McGregor Gow) 167,216Goa 125gold trade 5,21,196,198-200,207Goodman, John C. 289Gould, Kenneth 285,289Gray, Archibald 22,23,24,34,41 ,53,

100,113,130 -2Gray Dawes & Co. 23, 24,40, 53- 6, 222,

242and Australia 141,152-3and East Africa 113, 125,127and Far East 186in Persian Gulf 83,90,97-8, 103-4

320 Index

Gray Dawes & Co.-(cont.)1945-58 246-9,252-31958-84 266,273,281,301

Gray Dawes Bank 266,282, 306Gray Dawes Westray (Holdings) Ltd

266,281Gray Mackenzie& Co. 21-3,33,46,263

and East Africa 113in Persian Gulf 78,83,97-100,102-6in Second World War 222,228-30,

2351945-58 246-8,252-31958-84 266,281,282,293,298-9,

301,303Gray Paul & Co. 21-3,33,46, 113

in Persian Gulf(1870-1939) 79,83,90-6, 100, 102-4

Greenshields, Ledward & Co. 20Greer, Bernard R.T. 285,289Guam 298,191-2guano 192Guardafui, Cape 126Guion Line 176Guthe (J.E.) & Co. 85Gwadur 46

Hain (Edward) & Son 250HainLine 63Hall, James McAlister 12,30Hall,John 133Hall, Peter 41Halliday,John 41Hamburg-Amerika line 96Hamilton, David 153,154Hamilton Gray & Co 20Hamm, JeffreyH. 277,289Hancock, E.H. 18Hankey, Jameson A. 34Hankow 18,158,161-2,168,180,184-6Hannaford, J.M. 175Hansa Lines 102,105Hansing (company) 24, 134Harborns (company) 259,281,282,306,

308Harrison Line 59,116,230Harvey, John 19,32,206Harvey, Robert 21,32Hawaii 175Heath, Peter 277, 285,289Helms, Ludwig Verner 20,21,32,196,

198,199,203-4Henderson, Robert A. 20,34,289Henderson (R. & J.) company 20,59Henleys (company) 160Herbertsons 233

hides, trade in 16,89, 117early 5,16,21in Far East 163,166in South China seas 5, 202, 214

Hill Samuels (company) 279,280Holdsworth , Gilbert 289Holland i4, 215,259,263,302

early trade 20trade with East Africa 114-15trade with India 54, 55, 59

Holst (ofWonckhaus) 96Holt (John) & Co. 275

see a/so BlueFunnel .HongKong 158,168,173,177-80,

183-8Association 277early trade with 3, 18,25,31in Second World War 222,232,233trade with Australia 150trade with Persian Gulf 89,941945-58 245,2491958-84 264,270-4,281,284,297-8,

303Hong Kong ElectricCo. 186Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking

Corporation 167,186Hopkins, Edward 96-9, 102horses, trade in 46, 56,97, 100Hotblack, George F. 104,134,242Huddart Parker & Co. 143,146Hudson, J.T. 18Hughes, Tom 285,289Hulbert, J.S. 57Hull 55Hunter River Steam Navigation Co. 140Hutz&Co. 98

IBEA see Imperial British East AfricaIbo 117IGDLtd 250Imperial British East Africa Co. 25, 127,

134,259Imperial Fire Insurance Co. 18, 185Incan Marine Ltd 191Incan Ships Ltd 191,296Inchcape, First Lord (1852- 1932) 13,26,

30,242,243,246,250and growth of companies in India

37-68,217,226and Australia 142,147,149,152 -4,

231and Persian Gulf 101-2servicesand honours 66-8

Inchcape, Second Lord (died 1939) 64,142,238,242

Index 321

Inchcape, Third Lord 64,237in Second World War 221,2371945-58 94,241-91958-84 271,276,280,283,285-6

Inchcape Berhad 282Inchcape Group of Companies

acquisitions and consolidations:1958-84 255-90

formation of 1945-58 241-53history of constituent and associated

companies 1870-1939 seeAustralia; East Africa; Far East;Persian Gulf; South China Seasandalsoindividual countries andcompanies

Inchcape Canada Ltd 191India 55,290

early trade with 2-4,8,9-17,24-6,29-31 ,34

and First Lord Inchcape (1870-1939)36-66

trade with Australia 139,141trade with Britain 186,224-5tradewithEastAfrica 113,121,123,

125-6, 129,134trade with Far East 178, 184trade with Persian Gulf 80-4,89 ,

92-3,95trade with South China Seas 211,

215-17inSecondWorldWar 221-8,231-2,

233,236-71945-58 243,245,248 -9,2531958-84 264,267-8,271 ,283-4,290,

298India General Stearn Navigation and

Railway Co. 15, 16,24,25,26, 30,52,222

India Jute Co. 48Indian Munitions Board 58indigo trade 16,21,41 ,93Indo-Chinese Sugar Co. Ltd 21Indonesia 194-5insurance companies 185,205Intercotra Ltd 275Ipoh 215Iran 78,81 ,84-91,100,103,284

early trade with 22in Second World War 224,228,230trade with Britain 224, 228

Iraq 78,97,102-3early trade with 22- 3in Second World War 223,224,228,

230trade with Britain 224,228

iron trade 41ironstone trade 151Irrawadi Flotilla Co. 15Isfahan 78,100Istanbul 82Italy

early trade 6trade with East Africa 115, 117trade with India 54, 59

ivory trade 6, 116,117

Jackson,John 25,29Japan 52,158,168-9, 173-86passim

early trade with 3-5,17,19trade with Australia 150trade with Britain 225trade with East Africa 114-15,230in Second World War 222,223,225,

232,234trade with India 59after1945 298,303

Jardine Matheson & Swires 8,159,161 ,165,184,188

Java 14,150,194,215Jeddah 45Jenkins (D.J.) & Co. 163,167Jessels(company) 275,276Jinja 110Johnston (A.L.) & Co. 20Joint Steamer Companies 52,63,268,

284in Second World War 222 -3,228,235

seealsoIndia General StearnNavigation and Railway Co.

joss sticks, trade in 293Joynson (G.W.) & Co. Ltd 1958-84 266,

282,306,308jute and hemp trade 16,36,41 ,54,63

KallineTeaCo. 16Kampala 110,133Karachi 41-3,46,84

early trade with 10trade with Persian Gulf 79,81,105,

112Karirana Estates Ltd 253Karon 78, 100Keelung 177Kenya 110,120,132,133,237

in Second World War 2241958-84 253,259,274,295,302

Keswick, Maggie 8Khediva 120Khedivia1 Mail Steamship Co. 151Khorramshahr seeMohommerah

322 Index

Kibwezi 129Kikuyu 129,131Kilburn, Edward D. 16,30Kilburn & Co. 30,253Kilinado (company) 24Ki1lick Martin & Co. 163,168,185Kilwa 117Kirton, James 160Kismayu 117Kisumu 110,133Kleinwort Benson 273,278Kobe 158,168,173,177-9,182Kondoti CoffeeEstates 48Krakatoa 215Kroll, Clifton H. 191KualaLumpur 187,194,215Kuching 5,21,194,204,205Kukiang 18Kuranda Hotels Ltd 150Kuwait 46,78 ,101-2,223,303-4Kylsant, Lord 279

Laister, Peter 290Laithwaite, Sir Gilbert 289Lakon, Chief of 206,208, 209Lamu 110, 117Lang, A.O. 242Larpent, Albert de Hochpied 15,25,30Larpent, George de Hochpied 15, 25, 34Latham , Arthur George 29Laurie (Robert), Co. 154Lees,Charles 141Leonowens, Anna 206, 210Leonowens, Louis T. 32,200,210Leonowens & Co. 32Lester, H.W. 232Lighting & Leisure Ltd 263,266Lim Pong Poo 177Lindi 110,117,133Lingah 22,46,83 ,86-8,91-2Little (J.H.) Group 266,308Liverpool 20-1,24,55,192Livingston, WilliamPotter 17, 31Livingstone, David 128Lloyd Trestino 105Lloyd's Agency 20,113,126-7,133,134,

216London 19-20,24,34-5,39-40,43,53 ,

55,82,222trade with Far East 168,173,179,

184-5Stock Exchange 20,241 ,244,247,

250-1 ,257-9,265,271,275,277Lonrho (company) 193,275Lorimer, J.G . 82

Lorrain, W. 215Lowson, Sir Denys 279Luce,Sir William 289Lumsden, PeterJ.S. 289Lusolanda Cos. 266Lynch, Henry 23,32, 101Lynch,John 23,32,101 ,104Lynch Brothers (company) 83,97,98,

100,102-4Lyon, Edward 11Lyon & Co. 29

Macaskill, Alistair A. 290Macau 3, 158, 185Macdonald, Benjamin W. 153,154Macdonald, Rodney 155Macdonald Hamilton & Co 152-5,222,

231after 1945 246,248 -9,266-9,297

McEnearney (Charles) & Co. Ltd 272,276,282

MacEwan, Robert 19,32MacEwan & Co. 32MacEwen, Ian C. 289Macgregor, Ian 188Macgregor, Jack 188Macgregor,John 18,31 ,187-8Macgregor, Robin 188Macgregor Caldbeck & Co. 187

see alsoCaldbeck MacgregorMcGregor Gow 167Macham Holdings Ply Ltd 269machinery trade 2,3 ,58,173,228McIlwraith, Sir Thomas 140McIlwraith McEacharn & Co. 143McIntyre & Co. 11McKaig, Sir J. Rae 289Mackay, Alan 243,244.288Mackay, James Lyle see Inchcape, First

LordMackay, Simon 243Mackay, WilliamAberdein 154McKellar, E. 16McKellar, N.L. 152Mackenzie, Captain A.G. 30Mackenzie, Edmund N. 23, 33, 113,128,

130-2Mackenzie, George S. 22,33,51,83,

100-1,128,130 -1Mackenzie, Robert 12,14,30Mackenzie Dalgety Ltd 266Mackenzie (Kenya) Ltd 295Mackinnon, Angus 289Mackinnon ,Duncan 41,51,56,141-2Mackinnon,John 31

Index 323

Mackinnon, Peter 41,55Mackinnon, Sir William 217,276, 291

and Australia 140,141,152-3and Britain 16,22,41,52-3,55and East Africa 23,56, Ill, 113, 128,

131and India 12,29,47,48,53,55,64and Persian Gulf 79- 81his will 142

Mackinnon (Wm.) & Co. 14,16,55MacKinnon Mackenzie & Co. 13,26,52

and Australia 139, 152andEastAfrica 123,125and Far East 222and India 12,14,22,24,29-30,40-1,

44-5,53,222and Persian Gulf 81,83,91,99and First World War 56,58and Second World War 2221945-58 242-6,252

Macneill, Duncan 30, 63Macneill, Barry & Co. 246Macneill and Barry Ltd 222, 226Macneill & Co. 16,61,245,252

1945-58 244-6,2481958-84 267-8,190

Macneill & Kilburn Ltd 253Macneill & Magor Ltd 290Macpherson (ofGray Paul) 96Madagascar 113Madras 42,43,48-51 ,54

early trade with 2- 3, 10,29Madras Port Trust 51Madura Co . Private Ltd 253mail distribution 279

Australia 140,143 ,149-50EastAfrica 23,112,113,121-3Persian Gulf 80, 83

Maitland&Co. lOSMalacca Rubber Plantation Co. Ltd 178malacca 21,42,215Malay Rubber Co . Ltd 214Malaya/Malaysia 8, 194-5, 214-IS,

217,225in Second World War 225,2331958-84 263,264,270,284,299,304

Malcolm(A.&T.S.) 90Malindi 117Mallet & Co. 96Manchester 2,14,52,55Manila 19,32,150,176

in Second World War 232,235Manjunhalla Coffee Co. Ltd 10Mann, Gerard N.e. 35,69,70-1Mann Egerton & Co. Ltd 35,234-5,278

description of 69-771958-84 263,266,272,301,306,308

Mansfield (W.) &Co. 20Marine Insurance Co. Ltd 131Maritime Board, US 230Marseilles 82, 168Marshall International Trading Co. Inc.

282Martin, Dyce & Co . 20Martine, T.e. 234Masters ,J.W. 15,30Matheson, Alexander 8Matheson, James 8Matthews, General Sir Lloyd 128Mauritius 43Mazda Motor 281Melbourne 14,138,139-40,146,153 ,

154Melbourne Steamship Co. 143Melhuish, G.S . 177Mesopotamia Persia Corporation Ltd

79,102-3Messageries Maritimes 54,82,122-3metals and minerals, trade in 5, 21

EastAfrica 127,129Far East 168, 185Persian Gulf 85,89,93South China Seas 5,21,196,198-200,

205,207Metro Cars Ltd 272, 273Middle East seePersian GulfMikindani 117Millington-Drake, James M.H. 289Milne, Alexander 192Milne & Co. 192minerals seemetalsMitchell, B.R. 4,225Mitsui&Co. 214MM and Co. seeMackinnon,

MackenzieMOENCO Ltd 266Mohammed bin Salem 122Mohommerah (later Khorramshahr) 78,

88,91,99-102,105,230Molison , J .K. 16Mombasa 43,110,117,119,122-3,125,

129Mongkut, King 5,205-6Monopolies Commission 278Monteath, Alexander 141-2Mookerjie, Tacoordoss 48Morford, Howard F. 289Morgan, William 34Mosie & Co . 178motorvehic1etrade 69-75,191-2,

324 Index

motor vehicle trade-(cont.)214-15,234,274-5,293

Moulmein 25,42- 3,84Mozambique 42,43, 123Muka 21,194Muscat 6,46,78 ,83,89,92,112Mwanza 110

Nagasaki 3,158,168Nagoya 158,177Nairobi 110,133,259Nakorn Chaisri 6Nanking 158Natal 23, 113National Bank ofIndia 205Netherlands seeHollandNetherlands India Steam Navigation Co.

14,141New Caledonia 146New York 168,180,184-5New Zealand 191,297New Zealand Shipping Co . Ltd 230, 249New Zealand Steamship Co . 63Newcastle (Australia) 138Newcastle Stevedoring, Tug and

Lighterage Co . 154Newchwang 158,168Nichol & Co. 46Nicol, W.G.D. 133Nicol , W.J.W . 130-1,133,134Nigeria 120,274-5,280Nippon Yusen Kaisha 175nitrates 192Noble, Charles S. 289Nobel (company) 205Norddeutscher{L1oyd 180Norris, Anthony 141Norris, Sir Eric G. 289North American Steamship Co. 176North British and Mercantile Insurance

Co. 185Northern Bank ofScotland 206Northern Pacific Railroad 175Northern Pacific Steamship Co. 175--6Norway 6,54,59,114-15Norway and East Africa Trading Co . 24,

134Norwegian Shipping Board 230Norwich 69-71Nourse Line 59,63nuts, trade in

early 6,21 ,22East Africa 6, 116Far East 178Persian Gulf 6,22,89,93

South China Seas 21, 202Nyasaland 128

Ocean Inchcape Ltd 266, 282Ocean Marine Insurance Co. 205Odessa 82, 178Ogilvy, Thomas 11,24,29oiltrade 104,192,202-4Oman 78,112,304Oman and Ottoman (company) 82opium trade 3,22,89,93-4, 163Orient Line 230Oriental Banking Corporation 206Oriental Insurance Society IIOrr, Sir David 265,283,286,289O'swald 24,134Ottoman River Navigation Co .

(ORNCO) 101-2

P&O seePeninsular & OrientalPacific Ocean trade 169,173-83Pakistan 36,245,253,267,284Parry, F.W. 102Parsons, Sir Michael 285, 289Paterson, Duncan 186Paterson, W.R. 34Paterson (James) & Co. 143Paterson, Simons & Co . 20Paterson, (W.R.) &Co. 19,20,32,34Pates, EJ. 43Paul, Robert 22,32,83, 100-1Peacock, Sir Edward 242Pearce, Sir William 169pearls and mother-of-pearl, trade in 6,

22,92,95-6Penang 5,42,187,215Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation

Co . Ltd 17,56, 58, 64and Australasia 141,149, ISO, 152, 167and East Africa 123and India 54,56,59and Persian Gulf 81,83, 104and South China Seas 216after 1945 242,244-6,216,281

Persia see IranPersian Gulf 41- 3, 45

early trade with 6,8,14,21-4,26,32-3

1870-1939 78-109in Second World War 222,223 -4,228,

2301958- 84 263-4,280-1 ,284,298-9,

303-4seealsoindividualports andcountries

Persian GulfSteam Navigation Co . 82,84,89,98

Index 325

Persian Mail 82Perth 138, 186Peschaud &Cie (company) 266,281Philippines See Manilapioneers, early (1796-1874) 1-35Poons Brothers 281, 297, 309Pordage and Martin 129Port Florence 129Port Line 230Port Moody 169Port Said 43,125Portland 179Portugal 115,121Pride and Clarke Ltd 266, 282Prideaux 113Prince Line 230Pryde (Neil) Ltd 281,306Puddha Mail Service 62

Queensland AgencyCo. 153'Queensland Royal Mail Line' 140Queensland Steam Shipping Co. 140-1 ,

143Quit India Movement 223

Raddon, F.G. 231-2Radley Cotton MillsCo. Ltd 263Raffies, Sir Stamford 5Ramchandra, Shivram 47Ranfurly, Lord of 289Rangoon 42-3,84,231Ras AI Khaimah 78, 304RedSea 80Redland and Bombay Co. 134Reid, Alexander 16,31Reid&Co. 16,31Reuters 129,131Rhodesia 128Rhodesia Cold Storage and Trading Co.

Ltd 125rice trade

early 5, IIEastAfrica 116,129Far East 168India IIPersian Gulf 89,92,93, 100South China Seas 5,202,205,214

Richardson, Francis 32Ritchie, Sir Adam 234Ritchie, James W. 285,289river steamers 15,52,58-9,61-3, lOlRobertson, Robert Henderson 211Robinson, H.H. 133Robinson, N. 133Rockhampton 138,153

Rodway, Major 204Roosevelt,Theodore 131Rothschild 274Rothwell, R.R. 18Royal Bank of Canada 263Royal Commission on Shipping Rings

(1909) 180, 183Royal Dutch Oil Co. 204Royal Navy 132,230Royal Mail Group 279rubber trade 24,117 ,131,182,214Rucker & Bencraft (company) 24,35Rucker, John Arthur &Jonathan 24,34Rucker Brothers (company) 24,34Runcimans (company) 59Russel (company) 165Russell,T.M. 45Russia 177

'dangerous' 80, 112trade with Far East 173,178trade with Persian Gulf 82, 92

Ryrie, Robert 25, 29

sago trade 5,21 ,202 -3,205St John, Oliver 204St Mary Axe Securities Ltd 247,249-50,

253,266Saldanha,J.A. 87-8Sams, W.F.B. 18San Francisco 191Sanitas Mineral Water factory 183Sarawak 194-6,198 -206,216-17,

291-2early trade with 5,19-21 ,26in Second World War 233

Sarawak Rubber Estates Ltd 204Sarawak Steamship Co. 216Sarawak Trading Co. 205Saudi Arabia 304Sayer, S.H. 133ScindiaCo. 59,63Scots, predominance of 5-8, 11,38,45,

48Scott, A. & B. 16,25Scott, Witham & Co. 20Scottish Oriental Steamship Co. 169,175Seattle 177,179-80Second World War (1939-45) 221-39

see alsounderindividualports andcountries

Sedenak Rubber Estates Ltd 233Sewell,Frederic 34Seychelles 43Shanghai 150,158-66,168,173,

177-80,183-7

326 Index

Shanghai-(cont.)early trade with 3, 18,25, 31-2in Second World War 232

Shanghai Gas Co. 186Shanghai Land Investment Co . 186Shanghai Tug & Lighter Co. Ltd 186Shanks, Alexander 249Shanks, Jenny (later Lady Inchcape) 249Shanks (Alexander) & Son Ltd 252Shanks Ironfounders 249, 253Shaughnessy (ofCPR) 174Shaw, Schofield & Co. 20Shedden, Hamilton 289Shell 131SlUraz 78,90,110Shire Line (Jenkins) 163, 167Shoene, C.E. 15,30Shoene, Kilburn & Co. 15Siam seeThailandSiam Forest Co. 197,206,213-14Siam Steam Touring and Navigation Co.

Ltd 216Sibu 194silk trade 293

early 3,6, 17,22Far East 17,163,168-9Persian Gulf 6,22, 100

Silver Line 105silver trade I7, 199Sim, David Charles Mackay 154Sim, John M. 285,289Simon, Viscount 289Singapore 42,43,187,194,214-17

American firms in 191-2early trade with 4,5,14,18-21 ,25,26in Second World War 222,233-41958-84 263-4,270,299-300,304trade with Australia ISOtrade with Persian Gulf 89

Skinner (T.) Co. 161,163,167-8Slaughter & May 250Smith (George) & Co. 18Smith (Howard) & Co. 143Smith Mackenzie & Co. 23,33,46,259

in East Africa 110-37in Second World War 222,229,230,

2351945-58 246-7,252-31958-84 266,274

Smith, Archibald 23,33,113,120Sorabaya 194South Africa 185,275South America 33,52,180,182,192,193

1958-84266,282,296South China Seas 42- 3, 291

early trade with 5-6,14,15,18-21,25,32

1870-1939 194-219in Second World War 225,232-41958-84 264,270 ,279,284,299-300,

304seealsoindividualports andcountries

South-east Asia seeSouth China SeasSoviet Union see RussiaSpain 176Special African Mission 132Specialist ServicesInternational Ltd 54,

263,282 ,301Spencer Yates & Curry Ltd 248,253spice trade

early 5,6,16,21-4EastAfrica 6,23 ,113,116-17Far East 178Persian Gulf 6, 22South China Seas 21,202,214

Sri Lanka seeCeylonSSI seeSpecialist ServicesStandard LifeAssurance Co. 21Stephen (Alexander) & Sons 147,163Sterling Tea Companies 226Stock Exchange see LondonStokes, Lord 278Storm , John 25Straits Steamship Co. 216straw goods 163,166,177Strick Line 85, 105Strick, Scott & Co. 99Studd, Sir Edward F. 289Suez Canal 23,39-40,42,80, 112sugar trade

Australia 146, lSIearly 3,5-6, II, 16,21East Africa 6, 116Far East 163, 166, 185India 11,58Persian Gulf 89,100South China Seas 5-6,21,205

Sulman bin Hamad al Khalifa , Sheik 94Sumatra 194Sutherland, Sir Thomas 56, 141- 2Sutton (Stephen) & Co. 230Swatow 158,168Sweden 6Swire, John Samuel 165,167,174Sydney 14,138-40,143,146,154,185Syme&Co. 20

Tacoma 176,177,179-80Tallack , Sir Hugh Mackay 285,289Tan Chin Piah 211

Index 327

Tanga 110,117,1 33Tanganyika (formerly German East

Africa) 110,117,120 ,132,237in Second World War 224,230

Tanlaw, Lord 289Tanzania 274Tasmanian Steamship Co . 143Tatas 245tea trade 93,293

early 3, 14-15, 16, 17Far East 17,163-6,168 -9,171 ,173,

176,182,184,186India 14-16,41 ,48 ,52,58,60,63,

226-7South China Seas 202

teak trade 206-1 3,217Teheran 78,90Templer, Field Marshall Sir Gerald 289Templer , John Charles 20,32textiles seecotton; woolThailand/Siam 194-7,205-14,217

early trade with 5-6,19,20,26, 32kings of 5,20,205-6,208in Second World War 225,232-31958-84 264,270,284,300

Thawur, Essa 125Thomas Cook 54Thompson (Geo . Jr) & Co. 163Thomson, G.S. 177Thomson, Peter Duguid 198- 9Tientsin 18,158 ,187Tigris and Euphrates Nav igation Co. 230

see alsoEuphratestimber trade

Australia lSIearly 21East Africa 116Far East 180, 185Persian Gulf 85, 100South China Seas 202,206-14,217

tin trade 127Tiong Bee Anne & Co . 205tobacco trade 85,116,117,163, 214Tokyo 158,182Tong Chung Lane 177Townsville 138,141 ,149, ISO, 154Toyota Ltd 192,281 ,301 ,302tramways 51Trans-Pacific Service 232Transcontinental Services NV (later

Specialist Services) 282Trucial Coast 78,91Turkey 101Turnbull, George Henry 283,290Twining, Richard IS

Uganda 110,120,128-9,132,237,274Union Castle Line 54, 116, 126, 133, 134Union Insurance Society 185Union Steam Na vigation Co . (later Union

Castle) 23, 126Union Steamship Co . 63,141,143,146United States

civil war 81early trade 3, '6, 20Inchcape companies in 190-3tradewithEastAfrica 114-15,134trade with Far East 166, 168-9, 173,

175-80,183-5trade with Ind ia 51, 54,59trade with Persian Gulf 89trade with South China Seas 2051958-84 263,295

United Stevedoring Co . Ltd 154Universal Concrete Accessories 191Upper Assam Tea Co. 57,226,227

Van Home, Sir William 174Vancouver 173, 179-80vegetables trade 85, 116, 117, 163Victoria 179,180Victoria Insurance Co . IIVivian, James E. 34Vivian, Younger & Bond Ltd 34,274,

275VYB and Intercotra Ltd 266

Wadia Group of Ind ia 263Walajah, Nawab 9Wales,Princeof 131Walters (Messrs), Crocker & Co . 205Waltons & Co. 242War Department, US 176War, First World 56,58,63,182War, Second World 221-39,244,292,

293seealsounder individual countries

Warrack (James) & Co . 180Washington- Alaska Steamship Co . 175Waters, Hugh C. 249,268 ,285,289Watts & Co . 230Weihaiwei Land & Building Co . Ltd 186Weirs (company) 59, 116West Hartlepool Steam Navigation Co .

85West Indies seeCaribbeanWestall Galton & Co . 165Westray (J.B.) & Co. Ltd 249Westry, George R. 70Whampoa Dock Co . Ltd 274Whealler , E.A. 177

328

Whyte, James 24, 134Widmer 24, 134Williamson, Archibald 192Williamson, Captain J. 15, 30Williamson, Stephen 33, 192Williamson Magor Ltd 290Williamson Tea Investments Ltd 290Wilsons (company) 59winesand spirits, trade in 17, 116,185,

187-8,192Wonckhaus, Robert 96wool trade

early 2,6,11 ,17 ,22India 11 ,51 ,58Persian Gulf 6,22,85,89,97,100

Index

South America 192Woosung 18, 158,168Wylie, E.D. 45

Yokkaichi 177Yokohama 19,150,158,168,173,

177-80,182York, Duke and Duchess of 131Younger, Edward 34

Zanzibar 42-3,110-31 passimearly trade with 6,23 - 6, 33in Second World War 2301958-84 259,274