appendix h - wiredspace.wits.ac.zawiredspace.wits.ac.za/jspui/bitstream/10539/21723/16/16 appendix...

Appendix H

Fragmentation and sequencing of evolution and evolution-related content in the Grade

10 to 12 Life Sciences textbooks on the Department of Education approved list

Fragmentation and sequencing of evolution and evolution-related content in the Grade 10 Life Sciences textbooks on the approved list

Evolution content Pre-requisite knowledge essential for understanding evolution

CAPS document Publisher 1

(Top class)

Publisher 2

(Focus)

Publisher 5

(Via Africa)

Publisher 6

(Study & Master)

Publisher 7

(Understand..)

Publisher 8

(Oxford)

Grade 10 (Term 1)

Orientation to Life Sciences: Subject Orientation

Orientation to Life Sciences: subject orientation (p. 22) …. : Science involves contested knowledge, and non-dogmatic inferences based on evidence and peer review (p. 22)

1.3 Nature of science

…

based on evidence

peer review

contested (p. vii)

…

The nature of science (p. IV)

…

Observation (p. IV)

…

How science works (p. 7)

Inquiry and reasoning skills (p.7)

inference (deduction) (p. 7)

…

How science works (p. 1-15)

…

Deductive reasoning (p. 3)

How science works (p. 3)

…

Hypothesis- Based science (p. 5)

(b) Scientists make observations (p. 6)

…

(d) Scientists interpret evidence

Part 1: How science works (p. 9)

Scientific observations (p. 9)

…

Scientific investigations (p. 10)

Strand 1: Life at the Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Level (Term 1)

Cells: The Basic Units of Life (p. 25)

Unit 2: Cells: The Basic Units of Life (p. 25)

Topic 2: Cells: The Basic Units of Life (p. 28)

Topic 2: Cells: The Basic Units of Life (p. 46)

Unit 2: Cells: The Basic Units of Life (p. 46)

Topic 1.2: Cells: The Basic Units of Life (p. 60)

Unit 2: Cells and cell division (p. 36)

Cell Structure and Function: The Roles of Organelles (p. 25)

…

The cell structure and function (p. 35).

Unit 2: The cell structure and function (p. 35)

Plant and animal cells (p. 53)

The cell (p. 51) Cell structure and function (p. 67)

Unit 3: Basic structure of cells (p. 42)

• nucleus, chromatin material, nuclear membrane, nucleopores, nucleolus: the control centre, heredity (p. 25)

Nucleus (p. 44)

2.1 Basic cell structure (p.35).

Nucleus (p.41).

2.4 Cell structure

A nucleus - the control centre of the cell with chromatin network of chromosomes (p. 56)

Cell Structure and Function: The Roles of Organelles (p. 56)

The nucleus (p. 64)

The structure of chromosomes (p. 65)

Structure of each cell component (p. 72)

Nucleus (p.45)

Mitochondrion (p.46)

Chromosomes (p.52)

Strand 2:Life processes in animals and plants (Term 2)

Support Systems in Animals (p. 30)

Unit 7: Support Systems in Animals (p. 131)


Topic 7: Support Systems in Animals (p. 148)


Topic 2.2: Support Systems in Animals (p. 163)

Topic 2: Support Systems in Animals (p. 90)

Human Skeleton

• the axial skeleton: mention of facial bones, cranium, foramen magnum, palate and jaws (to link with human

evolution in Grade 12); and

• the appendicular skeleton (p. 30)

…

The human skeleton (p. 135)

Axial skeleton (p. 136)

The appendicular skeleton (p. 139)

Unit 1: Types of skeletons (p. 135)

Skeletons (p. 148)

The human skeleton (p. 150)

2.1 Axial skeleton (p. 152)

2.2 Appendicular skeleton (p. 154)

Skeletons (p. 148)

Human Skeleton (p. 150)

The axial skeleton (p. 150)


Human Skeleton (p. 165)



Unit 1: Types and functions of skeleton (p. 90)

Human skeleton (p. 95)


The appendicular skeleton (p. 98)A

• Diseases that affect the skeleton: …. Rickets in children … (p. 31)

5.2 Rickets (p. 133) 9.1 Rickets in children (p. 162)

Strand 3: Environmental Studies (Term 3)

Biosphere to Ecosystems (p. 33)

Biomes (p. 33)

• Terrestrial and aquatic biomes of southern Africa and how climate, soils and vegetation influence the organisms found in each (p. 33)

Unit 9: Biosphere to ecosystem (p. 180)

Biomes (p. 181)

[deals with adaptations of plants and animals in some but not all biomes p.182]

Topic 8:

Biosphere to ecosystem (p. 172)

Unit 1: The biosphere and biomes (p. 174)

1.2 Biomes (p. 175)

[lists the common plants and animals, but not how they are adapted p. 175-181]

Topic 9: Biosphere to ecosystem (p. 196)

2 Biomes – (p. 200)


Unit 2: From biosphere to ecosystem (p. 210)

Biomes (p. 211)


Biomes (p. 220)

[deals with adaptations of plants and animals in some but not all biomes p. 220

Topic 1: Biospheres to ecosystems (p. 134)

Biomes (p. 136)

[deals with adaptations of plants and animals in some but not all biomes p. 136]

Strand 4: Diversity, Change and Continuity (Term 4)

Biodiversity and Classification (p. 35)

Unit 10: Biodiversity and Classification (p. 218)




Topic 4.1 Biodiversity and Classification (p. 261)

Topic 1: Biodiversity and Classification (p. 164)

Biodiversity (p. 35)

Enormous biodiversity on Earth (large variety of species, different ecosystems and genetic differences) … (p. 35)

Biological diversity (p. 218)

Unit 1: Biodiversity (p. 242)

Species diversity (p. 242)

1 Biodiversity (p. 246)

1.1 Species diversity (p. 246)

Biodiversity …

(p. 277)

Diversity of Life on Earth (p. 261)

Unit 1:Biodiversity on earth (p. 164)

History of Life on Earth (p. 36)

Life’s History: Change throughout the history of life on Earth (p. 36)

…

• The three eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Coenozoic periods are each divided into periods (Names of periods not to be memorised):

• Geological Timescale (p. 36)

The meaning and use of timescales …

.• Cambrian Explosion (p. 36)

The Cambrian Explosion, which gives us insights into the origins of the major forms of all animal groups.

In the last four million years, significant changes have occurred in species occurring in Africa (e.g., humans) (Link with Grade 12).

• Mass Extinctions (p. 36)

…

The rate of extinction on the Earth at present is higher than at any time in the past. The present time has been called the sixth extinction (Links to Grades 11 and 12) (p. 36)

Unit 11: History of Life on Earth (p. 232)

Life’s history (p. 232)

The three eras (p.232)

Precambrian (more than 543 mya) (p. 238)

Palaezoic era (from 543 to 248 mya) (p. 239)

Mesozoic Era (from 248 to 65 mya) (p. 241)

Cenozoic era (from 65 mya to present day) (p. 242).

Geological time scale (p. 244).

The cambrian explosion (p. 245).

Mass extinction (p. 246)

…

Unit 2: The history of life forms (p, 270)

2.1 Effects of climate change and geology on the history of life on Earth (p. 270)

Climate change, evolution and extinction (p. 271)

2.2 The Cambrian explosion (p. 273)

2.3 Life forms past and present (p. 274)

2.4 Mass extinctions (p. 277)

The sixth mass extinction (p. 279)

Topic 11: History of Life on Earth (p. 262)

1 Life history (p. 262) 2 The geological time scale (p. 263)

2.2 The Cambrian explosion (p. 267)

4 Mass extinctions (p. 277)

4.2 The sixth mass extinction (p. 271)

Unit 2: History of Life on Earth (p. 306).

The geological time scale (p. 309)

The Cambrian explosion – the big bang of animal evolution (p. . 310)

Mass extinctions (p. 315)

The End-Permian event – mother of all mass extinctions (p. 317)

The End—Cretaceous extinction – extraterrestrial impact, volcanic activity or both extinctions (p. 317)

The sixth mass extinctions is upon us – human influence on biodiversity (p. 318)

…

What are fossils? (p. 320)

Topic 4.2:History of Life on Earth (p. 293)

(What the term history of life mean (p. 293)

Cooling the Earth (The Ice Ages) (p. 294)

Evidence of biogeography (p. 295)

Fossil evidence (p. 295)

The Geological time scale (p. 298)

Life During Pre-Cambium Times (before 543 million years ago) (p. 302)

The ‘Cambrian Explosion’ (p. 303)

From the end of the Cambrian Period to modern Times (p. 304)

…

Mass Extinctions (p. 309)

opic 2: History of Life on Earth (p. 172)

Unit 2: Life’s history and the geological timescale (p. 172)

Introduction to biogeography (p. 176)

Geological timescale (p. 176) The Cambrian explosion (p. 178)

Evolution and “missing links” (p. 178)

Unit 2: Mass Extinctions (p. 180)

The sixth mass extinction (p. 181)

Fossil Formation and Methods of Dating Them (p. 37)

Fossil formation and methods of dating them, e.g., radiometric dating and relative dating (p. 37)

Fossil formation (p. 248)

Trace fossils (p. 249)

Body fossils (p. 250)

Cast fossils (p. 252)

Methods of dating fossils (p. 254)

Relative dating (p. 254)

Radiometric dating (p.

Fossils and missing links (p. 271)

5.1 How fossils form (p. 272)

5.1.1 Fossil preserved in original form (p. 273)

5.1.2 Fossils preserved in changed form (p. 273)

How are fossils formed? (p. 320)

How are fossils preserved? (p. 321)

Fossils and geological time (p. 324)


Radiometric dating (p. 325)

Key events in the Earth’s history – the

Fossils (p. 313)

How fossils are formed (p. 314)

Determining the age of fossils (p. 315)

Relative Dating (p. 315)


Unit 3: Fossil formation and methods of dating (p. 182)

Fossils (p. 182)

Types of fossils (p. 182)

Process of fossilisation (p. 183)

Methods of dating rocks and fossils (p. 184)

5.2 The incomplete fossil record (p. 275)

5.2.1 Missing links in the fossil record 5.2.1 (p. 275)

5.3 Methods of dating fossils (p. 279)

5.3.1 Relative dating (p. 279)

5.3.2 Radiometric dating (p. 280)

South African fossil record (p. 326)

Precambrian fossils – the oldest known fossil to date (p. 328)

Early plants near Grahamstown area (p. 329)

Mammal-like reptiles in the ancient Karoo (p. 334)

The Triassic terrestrial revolution (p. 336)

Dinosaurs in the ancient Karoo (p. 284)



Unit 4: Evidence of key events in southern Africa (p. 186)

• Key Events (p. 37)

There is evidence from South Africa of certain key events in life’s history:

• origins of the earliest forms of life: evidence of single- celled fossilised bacteria (stromatolites) from many parts of South Africa;

• soft-bodied animals in Namibia, Northern Cape;

• early land plants in the Grahamstown area;

• forests of primitive plants such as Glossopteris near Mooi River and Estcourt;

• location of coal deposits in South Africa (map only);

• the coelacanth as a ‘living fossil’ found on the Northern KwaZulu-Natal coast;

• mammal-like reptiles found in the Karoo (e.g. Lystrosaurus and Thrinaxodon);

• dinosaurs (in the foothills of Drakensberg and Maluti mountains), as well as cone-bearing plants;

• early mammals (Eastern Cape and Lesotho);

• humans and pre-humans (e.g. Gauteng, (Cradle of Humankind) Namibia, North West (Taung), Free State (Florisbad), KwaZulu-Natal (Border Cave) and, Limpopo (Makapansgat) (p. 37)

Key events in life’s history in Southern Africa (p. 255)

Evidence of life history in South Africa (p, 280)

2.6 The impact of humans on biodiversity and the environment (p. 283)

6.6 Soft bodied animals in Namibia (p. 281)

6.2 Early plants near Grahamstown (p. 282)

6.3 Forests of trees near Mooi and Escourt (p. 282)

6.4 Mammal-like reptiles in the karoo (p. 284)

6.4 The coelacanth in east London (p. 284)

6.7 Dinosaurs – South Africa, Lesotho and Zimbabwe (p. 284)

6.8 The first humans at various South

The earliest fossil mammals (p. 340)

Human evolution – key evidence from southern Africa (p. 341)

Evidence from southern Africa for key events in the History of life (p. 321)

The Impact of Humans on Biodiversity and Natural Environment (p. 324)

Fossil finds in southern Africa (p. 186)

Stromatolites (p. 186)

Soft bodied animals (p. 186)

Early land plants (p. 186)Forests of primitive plants (p. 187)

Coelacanth “living fossil” (p. 187)

Mammal-like reptile (p. 187)

Dinosaurs (p. 187)

First mammals (p. 188)

Humans and prehumans (p. 188)

Understanding Fossils (p. 37)

• Scientists use deductive reasoning (inference) to

understand fossils and the history of life on Earth (p. 37)

The impact of humans on biodiversity and the natural environment (p. 37)

African sites (p. 285)

6.9 Fossilised bacteria from Barberton (p. 286)

Fossil Tourism (p. 37)

Fossil tourism is a source of income and employment in some localities (p. 37)

Fossil tourism (p. 261) Unit 3: Fossil tourism (p. 284)

7 Fossil tourism and work opportunities (p. 288)

7.2 The Cradle of Humankind in Gauteng (p. 289)

Fossil sites, conservation and palaeotourism (p. 344)

Fossil Tourism (p. 325)

Fossil tourism in south Africa (p. 189)




Solutions)

Publisher 6

(Study M.)

Publisher 7

(Understanding)

Grade 11

Strand 1: Diversity, Change and Continuity (Term 1)

Life exists in a wide variety of forms which live in different niches. This section enables learners to be exposed to an array of life forms from microorganisms to macroscopic plants and animals. These are organised according to a man-made system of classification based on observable features (p. 39) …

…

The use of drugs, e.g., antibiotics; effect on microorganisms (p. 39)

…

Strand 1: Diversity, Change and Continuity

(p. 3)

Effect of malaria (p. 30)

Strand 1: Diversity, Change and Continuity (p. 17)

Strand 1: Diversity, Change and Continuity (p. 1)

Biodiversity of Plants (p. 40)

…

Decreasing dependence on water for reproduction from

Bryophytes to Angiosperms (p. 40)

…

Flowers as reproductive structures

Adaptations for pollination through (different

pollinators) wind, insects and birds (South African

examples only) differences and similarities... (p. 40)

Topic 2: Biodiversity of Plants (p. 54)

Unit 2: Biodiversity of Plants

(p. 88)

Topic 1.2: Biodiversity of Plants and reproduction (p. 54)

Biodiversity of Animals with focus on the six major phyla (Focus on the Developmental Lines and Phylogenetic Trees) (p. 41)

…

The relationship between the body plan and grouping of animals in phyla (p. 41)

The relationship between body plans and modes of living for each of the six phyla; similarities and differences. …

TOPIC 3: Biodiversity of animals (p. 86)

The relationship between body plan and major groups of animals (p. 88)

…

The relationship between body plans of phyla and modes of living (p. 97)

…

Unit 3: Biodiversity of animals (p. 115)

Topic 1.3: Biodiversity of animals (p. 83)

Strand 3: Environmental studies (Term 3)

Population ecology (p. 49)

…

• Interactions in the Environment (p. 49)

- predation: two South African examples of predator prey relationships: graphs;

- competition:

interspecific: for light, space, water, shelter and

food;

intraspecific: for food, access to mates, water,

space, and shelter; survival is determined by

access to the above, ecological niches;

- specialisation: competitive exclusion … resource … (p. 49)

Topic 9: Population ecology (p. 270)

Unit 1: Population ecology (p. 268)

Population ecology and human impact on the environment (p. 266)

Stand 3 Environmental Studies (Continued): Human Impact on the Environment (Term 3)

Human Impact on the Environment: …

…

• Food Security

- the loss of wild varieties: impact on gene pools; … (p. 52)

TOPIC 10: Human impact on the environment (p. 322)

Loss of biodiversity (p. 383)

Unit 2: Human impact on the environment (p. 312)

Unit 2: Human impact on the environment current crisis for human survival (p. 323)

Loss of biodiversity (p. 369)




(Top class Life Sciences)

Publisher 2

(Focus on Life Sciences)

Publisher 3

(Understanding Life Sciences)

Publisher 4

(Solutions for all Life Sciences)

Publisher 5

(Spot On Life Sciences)

Publisher 6

(Study & Master Life Sciences)

Publisher 7

(Via Africa Life Sciences)

Grade 12

Strand 1: Life at Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Level (Term 1)

Of these, DNA (or Deoxyribonucleic Acid) carries the genetic code for cell specialisation and cell functioning and DNA packages, as genes, determine what an organism will look like and how it will function …

…

DNA: The Code of Life (p. 54)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (p. 54).

…

‒ Structure of DNA;

‒ Role of DNA: genes and non-coding DNA ;

‒ Replication: cell cycle (link to Grade 10) (p. 54).

Unit 1: DNA – the code of life (p. 2)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) (p. 2)

Chromosomes (p. 2)

Genes (p. 3)

Topic 1: DNA- the code of life (p. 2)

Unit 1: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (p. 4)

DNA – the code of life (p. 1)

Functions of DNA (p. 4)

Topic 1: DNA – the code of life (p. 2)


Genes and non-coding DNA (p. 7)

1 DNA – the code of life (p. 5)

Unit 1: What is DNA? (p. 6)

Chromosomes (p. 7)

The role of DNA

(p. 12)

Unit 1: DNA – the code of life (p. 16)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (p. 18)

The role of DNA (p. 25)

DNA as genes (p.

25)

DNA – the code of life (p. 10)


Genes and non-coding DNA (p. 13)

The role of DNA (p. 23)

Meiosis (p.55)

• Meiosis: the process of reduction division

- purposes of reduction division (gametogenesis

and exceptions: mosses, ferns);

- importance of meiosis: diploid to haploid:

production of gametes;

- introduction of genetic variation (random

‒ segregation, crossing over); (p.55)

‒ ...

Unit 2: Meiosis (p. 20)

The process of reduction division (p. 22)

The swopping of genetic information is called cross-over (p.

23)

…

Topic 2: Meiosis (p. 20)

Meiosis – the process of reduction division (p. 22)

1.2 Purposes of reduction division – gametogenesis (p. 24)

Diploid and haploid cells (p. 24)

Production of gametes-gametogenesis (p. 25)

1.3 Importance of meiosis – diploid to haploid and production of gametes (p. 27)

1.4 Introduction of genetic variation – random segregation and crossing over (p. 27

Cell division -meiosis (p. 19)

Review of the structure of chromosomes (p. 20)

Meiosis (p. 21)

The process of crossing over (p. 28)


Unit 1: Chromosomes (p. 24)

Unit 2: Meiosis: The process of reduction division (p.

27)

The process of meiosis (p. 29)

How meiosis results in genetic variation of gametes (p. 36)

Crossing over

Random segregation … (p. 36)

2 Meiosis (p. 29)

Unit 1: Homologous chromosomes (p. 30)

Alleles (p. 30)

Unit 2: Meiosis: the process of reduction division (p. 34)

Gametogenesis in animals (p. 39)

Gametogenesis in plants (p. 39)

Unit 3: The importance of meiosis (p. 40)

Diploid to haploid (p. 40)

Introduction to genetic variation (p. 42)

Random segregation (p. 43)

Crossing over (p. 43)

Unit 2: Meiosis (p. 52)

Chromosomes – revision (p. 52) Meiosis – the process of reduction division (p. 56)

The purpose of reduction division (p. 56)

The process of meiosis (p. 58)

The importance of meiosis (p. 56)

Genetic variation

(p. 64)

Crossing over (p. 64)

Random segregation (p. 65)

Chromosomal mutations (p. 66)

…


Unit 1: Meiosis: reduction division (p. 39)

1.2.2 Homologous chromosomes (p. 39)

2 Purpose of reduction division (p. 41)

4 Introducing genetic variation (p. 46)

4.1 Random segregation (p. 46)

4.2 Chiasma formation/ crossing over (p. 47)

4.3 Gamete fertilisation (p. 47)

Strand 2: Life Processes in Plants and Animals (Term 1)

Human reproduction (p. 56)

…

- gametogenesis: relate briefly to meiosis …

- Fertilisation … (p. 56).

Unit 4: Human reproduction (p. 49)

Gametogenesis (p. 57)

Topic 4: Human reproduction (p. 48)

2.2 Gametogenesis and meiosis (p. 60)

Reproduction in vertebrates: diversity in reproductive strategies (p. 37)


Topic 3: Reproduction in vertebrates (p. 50)

External or internal fertilisation (p. 52)

3 Reproduction in vertebrates (p. 53)

Unit 1: External and Internal fertilisation (p. 54)

Unit 1: Reproduction in vertebrates (p. 74)

Topic 3: Reproduction in vertebrates (p. 66)

External or internal

Topic 4: Human reproduction (p. 62)

Unit 3: Gametogenesis (p. 70)

fertilisation (p. 67)

Unit 2: Human Reproduction (p. 75)


Strand 1: Life at molecular, cellular and tissue level (continued) and Strand 4: Diversity, change and continuity (Term 2)

Genetics and Inheritance (p. 57)

• Genes: Dominant and recessive genes and alleles (p. 57)

…

• Inheritance and variation (p. 57)

- Monohybrid crosses: phenotype and genotype,

homozygous and heterozygous (pure bred and

hybrid); examples of complete, incomplete/partial

dominance and codominance; (p. 57)

- Dihybrid crosses: phenotypes and genotypes (p. 57)

Unit 5: Genetics and Inheritance

(p. 78)

Genes: Dominant and recessive genes and alleles (p. 57)

…

Homozygous alleles are both the same, for example, either BB or bb, whereas heterozygous allele are two different alleles, for example , Bb (p. 79)

Inheritance and variation (p. 82)

Monohybrid crosses: phenotypes and genotypes, homozygous and heterozygous (p. 82)

Dihybrid crosses: phenotypes and genotypes (p. 91)

Topic 5: Genetics and Inheritance

(p. 78)

Unit 1: Genes and genetic concepts (p. 80)

Dominant and recessive alleles of a gene (p. 81)

Unit 2: Inheritance and variation (p. 83)

Homozygous and heterozygous individuals (p. 83)

Meiosis and the segregation of alleles (p. 84)

Genetics and Inheritance (p. 65)

Genes (p. 66)

Phenotype and genotype (p. 67)

Homozygous and heterozygous (p. 68)

Three types of Dominance (p. 75)

Monohybrid crosses (p. 70)

Dihybrid crosses (p. 81)

Topic 5: Genetics and Inheritance (p. 90)

Unit 1: Genetics and genes (p. 92)

Genetic traits in humans (p. 92)

Homozygous and heterozygous (p. 97)

Dominant and recessive alleles (p. 97)

Genotype and phenotype (p. 98)


Monohybrid crosses: complete dominance (p. 104)

Co-dominance (p. 113)

5 Genetics and Inheritance (p. 89)


Inherited traits (p. 89)

Unit 2: Genetics (p. 89)

Unit 3: Dominant and recessive genes and alleles (p. 93)


Unit 4: Monohybrid crosses

(p. 95)

Incomplete dominance (p. 97)

Co-dominance (p. 97)

Genetic lineage and selection

(p. 103)

Artificial and

Unit 3: Genetics

and Inheritance (p. 112)

Genes (p. 113)



Phenotype versus genotype (p. 118)

Dominant versus recessive traits (p. 118)

Homozygous versus heterozygous (p.

118)

Incomplete dominance (p. 120)

Co-dominance and multiple alleles (p. 120)

Dihybrid crosses

(p. 124)

Topic 4: Genetics and Inheritance(p. 118)

Unit 1: Genes (p. 119)

Genes, traits and alleles (p. 119)

Law of segregation (p. 122)

Law of dominance (p.

123)



Incomplete or partial dominance

(p. 130)

Codominance: ... (p. 132)

Polygenic inheritance (p. 138)

Dihybrid crosses (p. 140)

natural selection (p. 104)

…

• Mutations (p. 57)

- harmless and harmful mutations: examples

of diseases, disorders; gene mutations and

chromosomal aberrations; and

- useful mutations, link with natural selection

Mutations (p. 98)

Harmful and harmless mutations (p. 98)

Gene mutations (p. 99)

Chromosomal aberrations (p. 101)

Unit 4: Mutations (p. 98)

Harmless and harmful gene mutations (p. 98)


4.3 Useful mutations and natural selection (p. 100)

4.4 Genetic lineages (p. 101)

Mutations (p. 83)

Gene Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations (p. 84)

Unit 4 Mutations (p. 124)

Gene mutations (p. 124)

Chromosomal mutations (p.

125)

Harmless, harmful or useful mutations (p. 127)

Unit 8: Mutations

(p. 105)

What causes mutations (p. 105)


Gene mutation

(p. 106)

Mutations (p. 128)

Gene mutations – what happens when things go wrong during protein synthesis (p. 128)

Types of mutations (p.

129)


Unit 4: Mutations (p. 153)

Harmless and harmful mutations (p. 154)

Gene mutations

(p. 153)


Useful mutations and natural selection (p. 163)

Genetic engineering: …, genetically

modified organisms, biotechnology and cloning (p. 57)

Genetic engineering

(p. 101)

Unit 5 Genetic engineering (p. 104)

Genetic

engineering (p. 94)

Unit 5: Genetic engineering (p. 132)

Genetic engineering (p. 110)

Biotechnology and genetic engineering (p. 132

Genetic engineering (p. 165)

• …

• Mention mitochondrial DNA and the tracing of genetic links (p. 57)

Unit 6: Mitochondrial DNA and the tracing of genetic links (p. 110)

Mitochondrial DNA and the tracing of genetic links (p. 98).

Mitochondrial DNA analysis and the tracing of genetic links (p. 138)

Strand 2: Strand 2: Life Processes in Plants and Animals (Continued) (Term 3)

This continues investigating the ways in which animals and plants are able to respond to their environments in order to ensure their survival (p. 60)

Strand 4: Diversity (Term 3)

Evolution by Natural Selection (p. 61)

• Origin of ideas about origins

Unit 10: Evolution by Natural

Selection (p. 201)

Topic 10: Evolution by Natural

Evolution

by Natural

Selection (p.

Topic 10 Evolution by Natural

Selection (p.

10 Evolution

by Natural

Selection (p.

Unit 1: Evolution by natural selection (p. 218)

Topic 6: Evolution by Natural Selection

(p. 61)

Different kinds of evidence: fossil record (link to Grade 10), modification by descent, biogeography (link to Grade 10), genetics (Grade 12) and other forms of evidence:

- difference between hypothesis and theory; and

- brief overview of history of different theories

of development: Lamarckism, Darwinism, and Punctuated Equilibrium (p. 61

Origin of ideas about origins (p. 201)

Different kinds of evidence:

The fossil record (p. 203)

Modification by descent (p. 204)

Biogeography (p. 205)

Genetics (p. 206)

Other forms of evidence (p. 206)

Selection (p. 210)


Different kinds of evidence for evolution (p. 212)

The fossil record as evidence of ancient life(p. 212)

Modification by descent and structural similarities (p. 213)


187)

What is evolution? (p. 189)

Variation within a species (p. 189) Sources of variation (p. 189) Evidence for evolution (p. 192)

Evidence from Paleontology (p. 192)

Evidence from comparative anatomy/ modification by descent (p. 193)

Evidence from Biogeography (p. 194)

Evidence from Molecular Biology and Genetics (p. 195)

Evidence from comparative embryology (p. 195)

262)

Origin of ideas about origins of species (p. 265) Different kinds of evolution (p. 265) The fossil record (p. 265)

Descent with modification (p. 266)


Genetics (p. 269)

Development of embryo (p. 269)

207)

Unit 1: Origin of ideas about origins of species (p. 208)

Science and religion (p. 209)

Unit 2: Evidence for evolution (p. 210)

Fossil record (p. 210)



Genetics (p. 213)

Genetics and natural selection (p. 213)

Other forms of evidence (p. 213

Origin of ideas about origins: evidence for biological evolution (p. 219) The fossil record (palaeontolology) (p. 220)

Modification by descent (comparative anatomy) (p. 221)


Genetics (p. 223)

(p. 290)

Origin of ideas about origins (p. 291) Different kinds of evidence for evolution (p. 291)

Fossil record (p. 293)



Genetics (p. 295)

Other forms of evidence p. 295)

Embryology (p. 295)

Anatomy (p. 295)

• Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (p. 61)

• Evolution (change) through natural selection (link to

The difference between theory and hypothesis (p. 2107)

..

1.4 Overview of history of different theories of development (p. 218)


…

The historical development of the theory of evolution (p. 271) Punctuated

Unit 3: History of

evolutionary ideas (p. 214)

A brief overview of history of evolution (p. 226)

..

Historic overview of the different theories of development (p. 301)

Genetics): depends on variation/gene pool of inherited characteristics, and the production of more offspring than is required. Changes in the environment. Pressure leads to extinction or successful adaption (p. 61)

A brief overview of history of some different theories of development (p. 208)

Lamarckism (p. 208)

Darwinism (p. 209)

Punctuated Equilibrium (p. 210)

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (p.211)

Evolution through natural selection (p.211)

Variation in the gene pool of inherited characteristics (p. 211)

Lamarckism (p. 218)

Darwinism (p. 218)


Unit 3: Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (p. 222)

The role of variations of inherited characteristics on evolution by natural selection (p. 222)

Natural selection and adaptation (p. 223)

Lamarckism (p. 197)

Darwinism (p. 198)

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (p. 198)


An example of natural selection (p. 205)

equilibrium (p. 273)

Charles Darwin’s explanation of evolution by natural selection (p. 278)

The process of evolution through natural selection (p. 280)

Variation and selection (p. 283)

Lamarckism (p. 214)

Darwinism (p. 215)


Unit 4: Evolution by natural selection (p. 217)

Lamarckism (p. (p. 226)

Darwinism (p. 226)

and Punctuated Equilibrium (p. 227)

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (p.228)

Natural selection (229)

Lamarckism (p. 302)

Darwinism (p. 303)


The development of modern theories of development (p. 303)

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (p. 310

History (p. 310)

Charles Darwin and the voyage (p. 310)

Adaptations: the key to understanding the process of change (p. 310)

Darwin’s theory (p. 312)

Camouflage as an example of natural selection (p. 312)

Evolution by natural selection (p. 314)

Natural selection (p. 314)

Variation (gene pool) of inherited characteristics (p. 315)

Producing of more offspring (p. 315)

Extinction of unsuccessful adaptions; ‘ survival of the fittest’ (p. 315)

Natural selection and its influence on the genetic and molecular change within a population (p. 317)

• Artificial selection: ONE example of a domesticated

animal and ONE example of a crop species (p. 61)

Artificial selection (p. 220)



Unit 2 Artificial and natural selection (p, 275)




Formation/emergence of new species Speciation;

biological species concept. Interbreeding produces

viable offspring in a species (p. 62)

ONE example of speciation due to geographic

isolation (Galapagos finches, Galapagos tortoises,

mammals or plants on different landmasses, e.g.,

baobabs in Africa and Madagascar, proteas in South

Africa and Australia) (p. 62)

Formation or emergence of new species (p. 223)

The biological concept of a species (p. 223)

How speciation happens (p.225)

Unit 4: Formation/emergence of new species – speciation (p. 224)

4.1 The biological species concept (p. 224)

4.2 Speciation (p. 224)

4.3 causes of speciation- geographical isolation (p. 226)

Speciation (p. 205)

Unit 3: Formation of new species (p. 287)

The concept of biological species (p. 287)

4.2 Speciation; the formation of species (p. 287)

Unit 5: Formation of new species (p. 222)

Geographic isolation (p. 222)

Galapagos finches (p. 223)

Competitive exclusion (p. 223)

Unit 6: Artificial selection (p. 228)

Formation/emergence of new species (p. 238)

The biological species concept (p. 239)

The process of speciation (p. 224)

Examples of speciation due to geographic isolation (p. 241)

Formation/emergence of new species (p. 320)

Speciation (p. 320)

Biological species concept (p. 320)

How speciation occurs (p. 320)

• Mechanisms for reproductive isolation:

Introduction to some examples:

- breeding at different times of

Other mechanisms for reproductive isolation (p. 228)

Breeding at different times

4.4 Mechanisms of reproductive isolation (p. 228)

Mechanisms of reproductive isolation (p. 206)

Habitat isolation

Reproductive isolation (p. 290)

Breeding at different times of the year (p.

Mechanisms of reproductive isolation (p. 226)

Mechanisms for reproductive isolation (p. 244)

Breeding at different

Mechanisms for reproductive isolation (p. 326)

Breeding at

the year;

- species-specific courtship behaviour;

- adaptation to different pollinators (plants);

- prevention of fertilisation;

- infertile offspring in cross-species hybrids (p. 62)

of the year (p. 228)

Species-specific courtship behaviour (p. 228)

Adaptation to different pollinators (p. 229)

Prevention of fertilisation (p. 229)

Infertile offspring in cross-species hybrids (p. 229)

(p. 206)





Hybrid infertility (p. 207)

291)

Species-specific courtship behaviour (p.291)


Infertile offspring in cross-species hybrid (p. 292)

times of the year (p. 244)



Prevention of fertilisation (p .246)


different times of the year (p. 326)



Habitat isolation (p. 328)

Prevention of fertilisation (mechanical isolation) (p. 328)


• Evolution in present times Examples of natural selection and evolution, e.g., resistance to insecticides in insects, bill and body size of Galapagos finches, resistance to antibiotics in various bacteria (TB), HIV resistance to antiretrovirals (p. 62).

Evolution in present times (p. 230)

Resistance to insecticides in insects (p. 230)

Bill and body size of Galapagos finches (p. 231)

Resistance to antibiotics in various bacteria (p. 232)

HIV resistance to anti-retrovirals (p. 232)

Unit 5: evolution in present times (p. 230)

5.1 Natural selection and resistance of insects to DDT (p. 230)

5.2 Natural selection and resistance to antibiotics (p. 230)

5.3 Natural selection and HIV resistance to anti-retroviral drugs (p. 230)

5.4 Natural selection and bill and body size of Galapagos finches (p. 230)


The development of MDR and XDR Strains of Tuberculosis (p. 210)

HIV resistance to Anti-retrovirals (p. 210)

Unit 4: Evolution in present times (p. 293)

The evolution of resistance by insects (p. 293)

The resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides (p. 293)

Present –day evolution of Galapagos finches (p. 294)

(Evidence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics (p. 294)

The evolution of resistance of resistance of HIV to anti-retrovirals (p. 295)

Unit 7: Evolution

in present times (p. 230)

The medium ground finch – one of the Galapagos finches (p. 230)

Tuberculosis (TB) (p. 231)

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (p. 232)

Resistance to insecticides in insects (p. 230)


Resistance to insecticides (p. 247)

Bill and body size in Galapagos finches (p. 248)

The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria (p. 249)

Resistance to antiretroviral medication (p. 250)

Unit 6: Evolution in present times (p. 331)

Resistance to insecticides (p. 331)

The use DDT to combat malaria (p. 331)

Bill and body size in Galapagos finches (p. 333)

Resistance to antibiotics to bacteria (p. 333)

HIV resistance to antiretroviral compounds (p. 336)

Human Evolution (p. 63). • Evidence of common ancestors

for living hominids including humans: Anatomical differences and similarities between African apes and humans:

Unit 11: Human Evolution (p. 238)

Evidence of common ancestors for living hominids including humans (p. 240)

Topic 11: Human evolution (p. 240)

Unit 1: Evidence of

common ancestors for living including humans (p. 242)

1.1 Apes and humans have a common ancestor (p. 242)

1.2 Anatomical differences and similarities between African Apes and humans (p. 243

Human evolution (p. 213) Common Ancestors for living hominids including humans (p. 215) …

Similarities between African Apes and Humans (p. 216)

The Upper Limbs (p. 216)

The Brain (p. 216)

Vision (p. 217)

Number of offspring produced (p. 217)

Upright posture (p. 217)

Similarities between African Apes and Humans (p. 218)

Human

Evolution (p. 300)

Evidence of common ancestors for living hominids including humans (p. 302) …

What makes human different? (p. 304)

Advantages of bipedalism (p. 304)

11 Human

Evolution (p. 237)

Evidence of common ancestors for living hominids including hominins (p. 238)

Anatomical comparisons between Apes and humans (p. 240)

Key features in human evolution (p. 241)

Unit 3: Hominin evolution (p. 243)

Unit 4: Evidence for hominin evolution (p. 246)

Unit 2: Human Evolution (p. 254)

Great Apes and humans : a common ancestor (p. 255)

Similarities and differences between African Apes and Hominins (p. 256)

Topic 7: Human Evolution (p. 340)

Unit 1: Evidence of common ancestors for living including humans (p. 341

Similarities and differences between African Apes and Hominins (p. 341)

Differences in facial characteristics (p. 342)

Differences in general anatomy (p. 342)

Bipedalism (spine and pelvic girdle) (p. 345)

Brain size (p. 347)

Teeth (dentition) (p. 347)

Prognathism (p. 347)

Plate shape (p. 347)

Cranial and brow ridges (p. 347)

Genetic evidence: mitochondrial DNA (p. 348)

Cultural evidence and tool making

(p. 349)

Unit 2: Out of Africa hypothesis (p. 354)

Fossil evidence: key features: bipedalism (spine

and pelvic girdle), brain size, teeth (dentition),

prognathism and palate shape, cranial and brow

ridges. The number of fossils that have been

found (it is important to know that thousands of

fossil fragments have been found).

- Genetic evidence: mitochondrial DNA

- Cultural evidence tool-making (p. 63).

Fossil evidence (p. 241) Bipedalism

(p. 241) Brain size (p. 243)

Teeth (dentition) (p. 243)

Prognathism and palate shape (p. 243)

Cranial and brow ridges (p. 244)

Genetic evidence (p. 245)

Mitochondrial DNA (p. 245)

Cultural evidence (p. 246)

1.3 Fossil evidence for human evolution – key features (p.244)

Important fossil hominids from Africa (p. 249)

1.4 Genetic evidence – mitochondrial DNA (p. 252)

1.5 Cultural evidence of tool-making (p. 253)

Fossil evidence: Bipedalism (p. 218)

Fossil evidence: flat face (p. 219)

Fossil evidence: An enlarged brain (p. 220)



Fossil evidence (306)

Adaptations for walking upright or climbing trees (p. 308)

Adaptations to accommodate a larger brain (p. 309)

Adaptations to the jaws and teeth (p. 309)



Fossil evidence (p. 246)


Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (p. 248)


Fossil evidence for these key features (p. 258)

Bipedalism ((p. 259)

Other key differences between great apes and humans (p. 260)

Brain size (p. 261)

Teeth, jaws and face shape (p. 261)

The genetic evidence (p. 263)

Cultural evidence of tool-making (p. 264)

The Middle Stone age: tool use and early culture(p. 264)

Evidence of African origins for all modern humans (p. 354)

• Out of Africa hypothesis (p. 63).

Evidence African origins for all modern humans:

genetic links, mitochondrial DNA:

- Rift valley fossil sites in East Africa (Kenya

and Tanzania) and in Ethiopia. Scientists e.g.,

Johansen and White, the Leaky family

- Fossils discovered at these sites: Ardipithecus,

Out of Africa hypothesis (p. 249)

…

Rift valley fossil sites in East Africa (p. 250)

Fossils discovered at these sites in east Africa (p. 251)

Ardipithecus (Earliest Ape Man) (p. 251)

Fossils sites in South Africa (p. 254)

Unit 2: Out of Africa hypothesis (p. 254)

Genetic links and mitochondrial DNA (p. 255)

Rift valley fossil sites in East Africa and Ethiopia (p. 256)

Important fossil sites in South Africa and the fossil discovered there (p. 256)

Unit 2: Out of Arica hypothesis (p. 316)


Fossil evidence for the origin of humans in Africa east Africa: Ardi and Lucy (p. 319)

The Ardipithecus phase of human evolution (p. 321)

The Ausralopithecus phase of human evolution (p. 323)

Fossil evidence for the

Unit 5: The Out of Africa hypothesis (p. 250)

Fossil evidence to support the Out of Africa hypothesis (p. 251)

Fossil sites in Africa (p. 251)

Rift Valley fossil sites in East Africa (Tanzania and Kenya) and Ethiopia (p.251)

Out of Africa hypothesis (p.267)

Africa origins of all modern humans (p. 267)

Rift valley fossil sites (p. 269)

Fossils found in the Rift Valley (p. 228)

Ardipithecus (p. 270)

Australopithecus (p. 270)

Homo species (p.

Fossil sites in east Africa, Ethiopia and South Africa (p. 354)

Genetic links (p. 358)

Mitochondrial DNA (p. 358)

Australopithecus, Homo

- Fossils sites in South Africa: Fossils discovered at these sites: Australopithecus and Homo (p. 63).

origin of humans in Africa East Africa: the nutcracker and the handyman (p. 326)

Fossil evidence for the origin of humans in Africa: Upright Man and modern humans (p. 328)

271)

Importance of the Cradle of Humankind: (p. 65)

- Main fossil sites in South Africa, e.g., Taung,

Sterkfontein, Kromdraai, Swartkrans, Malapa,

Plovers Lake, Gladysvale, Makapansgat,

Florisbad, Border Cave, Blombos: Evidence and

evolutionary trends from these sites (refer to

dating of fossils Grade 10). At least two examples

should be studied to see evolutionary trends.

Mention scientists such as Dart, Broome, Tobias,

Brain, Ron Clark, Berger, Keyser and others

Importance of the cradle of humankind and other main fossil sites in South Africa (p. 259)

Main fossil sites in South Africa (p. 261)

Importance of the Cradle of Humankind: (p. 258

3.2 Main fossil sites in South Africa (p. 258)

3.3 Dating fossils (from Grade 10) (p. 259)

3.4 Evolutionary trends from two fossil sites in the Cradle of Humankind (p. 259)

Sterkfontein Caves (p. 260); Swartkrans Caves (p. 260)

Evolution of the genus homo (p. 261)

Main fossil sites in South Africa (p. 228)

The Cradle of Humankind (p. 228)

The Plover’s Lake Fossil site (p. 229)

The Taung Fossil site (p. 229)

Gladysvale Cave (p. 229)

Pakapangsgat Caves (p. 229)

Florisbad (p. 229)

Border Cave (p. 230)

Blombos Cave (p. 230)

The contributions of South African Scientists in Unearthing Fossil Evidence (p. 231)

Raymond Dart (p. 231)

Robert Broom (p. 231)

Philip Thobias (p.

Importance of the Cradle of Humankind: (p. 331)

Formation of fossils in caves and the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site) (p. 331)

Fossil evidence for the origin of humans in Africa –South Africa: Taung Child and Mrs Ples (p. 333)

Fossil evidence for the origin of humans in Africa – South Africa: Karabo and little foot (p. 338)

Fossil evidence for the origin of humans in Africa – South Africa: A. robustus and the genus Homo in the Cradle (p. 340)

Fossil evidence for the origin of humans in Africa – South Africa: advanced homo and culture (p. 342)

Evidence of Homo sapiens and early culture in South Africa (p. 342)

…

Fossil sites in South Africa (p. 252)

Genetic evidence for the Out of Africa hypothesis (p. 253)

Unit 6: The Cradle of Humankind (p. 254)

Contributions by South African scientists (p.255)

Fossil sites in south Africa (p. 273)

Florisbad (p. 273)


Makapansgat (p. 274)

Unit 2: Human Evolution: Continued (p. 276)

The Cradle of Humankind (p. 276) Important fossil finds at the Cradle of Humankind (p. 276)

“Little foot” (p. 281)

Australopithecus sediba (p. 281)

Important South African researchers (p. 282)

Robert boom (p. 282)

Raymond Dat (p. 282)

Philip Thobias (p. 282)

Andrew Keyser (p.

Importance of the Cradle of Humankind (p. 362)

Fossil discoveries in the Cradle of Humankind (p. 362)

Methods to find the ages of fossils (p. 362)

relative dating and radiometric dating …

(p. 363)

231)

Ron Clarke, Stephen Motsumi and Kwane (p.231)

Molefe (p. 231)

Mathew and Lee Berger (p. 232)

Andre Keyser (p. 232)

Charles Kimberlin Brain (p. 232)

Fossil sites in African countries, including the Great Rift Valley (p. 233)

The ‘Out of Africa ‘ hypothesis (p. 235)

Fossil evidence for the ‘out of Africa’ hypothesis’ (p. 235)

Genetic evidence for the ‘out of Africa’ hypothesis’ (p.237)

Blambos cave (p. 343)

…

Sibudu Cave (p. 343)

…


San hunter – gatherer art (p. 343)

Fossil evidence for the origin of humans in Africa (p. 344)

282)

Bob Brain (p. 283)

Ron Clarke (p. 283)

Lee Berger (p. 283)

• Alternatives to evolution (p. 65)

- different cultural and religious expalanations for

the origin and development of life on Earth:

- Creationism;

- Intelligent Design;

- Literalism (p. 65)

- Theistic evolution (p. 65)

Alternatives to evolution (p. 263) Creationism (p. 264)

Intelligent Design (p. 264)

Biblical literalism (p. 265)

Theistic evolution (p. 265)

Unit 4: Alternatives to human evolution (p. 263)

4.1 Cultural explanations for the origin and development of life on earth (p. 263)

4.2Religious explanations for the origin and development of life

Alternatives to evolution (p. 239)

Creationism (p. 240) Intelligent Design

(p. 241)

Literalism (p. 241) Theistic evolution (p. 241)

Human impact on the environment

Alternative

Explanations (p.347)

Ancient creation legends (p. 347)

Modern explanations for the origin of life (p.348)

Creationists (p.348)

Literalists (p. 349) Intelligent Design (p.

264)

Unit 7: Alternative Explanations (p.

257) Creationism (p. 257) Literalism (p. 257)



African creation

Alternatives to evolution (p. 283)

Creationism (p. 283)


Unit 4: Alternatives to evolution (p. 365)

Creationism (p. 365) Intelligent Design

(p. 365)

Literalism (p. 366)


… on Earth (p. 263)

Creationism (p. 264) Intelligent Design (p. 264)

Literalism (p. 264)


(p. 243) Theistic evolutionists (p. 349)

mythology (p. 258 Unit 3: Grade 11

Revision: Human impact on the environment (p. 267)

Unit 8: Human impact on the environment: revision (p. 374)

appendix h - wiredspace.wits.ac.zawiredspace.wits.ac.za/jspui/bitstream/10539/21723/16/16 appendix...

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