Appendix A: Further reading and reference material

Cutrera, A. 1991) European Environmental Yearbook. 2nd edn. DocTer Inter­national UK, London.

de Groot, R.S. (in press) Functions of Nature. Description and evaluation of the functions of nature as a tool in environmental planning, management and decision making. Wolters-Nourdhoff, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Helliwell, D.R. (1985) Planning for Nature Conservation. Packard Publishing, Chichester.

McNeely, J.A. (1988) Economics and Biological Diversity. IUCN, Gland, Switzer­land.

McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Reid, W.V., Mittermeier, R.A. and Werner, T.B. (1990) Conserving the World's Biological Diversity. IUCN, World Resources Institute, Conservation International, WWF and the World Bank, Gland.

Myers, N. (1983) A priority-ranking strategy for threatened species. The Environ­mentalist, 3, 97-120.

Norton, B.G. (ed.) (1986) The Preservation of Species: The value of biological diversity. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

Norton, B.G. (1987) Why Preserve Natural Variety? Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

O'Connor, K.F., Overmars, F.B. and Ralston, M.M. (1990) Land Evaluation for Nature Conservation. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Shaw, W.W. and Zube, E.H. (1980) Wildlife values. Centre for Assessment of Noncommodity Natural Resource Values, Institutional Series Report No. 1.

Spellerberg, LF. (1981) Ecological Evaluation for Conservation. Edward Arnold, London.

Spellerberg, LF. (1991) Monitoring Ecological Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Usher, M.B. (1986) Wildlife Conservation Evaluation, Chapman and Hall, London. Van DeVeer, D. and Pierce, C. (1986) People, Penguins and Plastic Trees. Wad­

sworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA. Worster, D. (1977) Nature's Economy. A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.

Appendix B: Organizations mentioned in the text

Australian Conservation Foundation 340 Gore Street, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia 3065

Australian Heritage Commission, GPO Box 1567, Canberra ACT, Australia, 2601

Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, GPO Box 636, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2601

Berne Convention Secretariat, Conseil de l'Europe, F67000, Strasbourg, France

Botanical Society of the British Isles (BSBI), Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Rd, London SW7 6BD, UK

British Ecological Society (BES), 26 Blades Court, Deodar Road, Putney, London, SW152NU

British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), The Nunnery, Nunnery Place, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2BR, UK

246 Appendix B: Organizations mentioned in the text

Centre for Marine Conservation, 1725 DeSales St NW, Washington DC, USA

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, (CITES) Secretariat, 6 Rue Maupas, Case Postale 78, CH-l,OOO, Lausane 9, Switzerland

Council of Europe, BP 431/R6, 67006 Strasbourg Cedex, France

Council on Environmental Quality, 722 Jackson Place, NW, Washington, DC 20503, USA

Countryside Commission, John Dower House, Crescent Place, Cheltenham, Glos. GL50 3RA, UK

Ecological Society of America, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20184, USA

English Nature (Nature Conservancy Council for England), Northminster House, Peterborough PEl lUA, UK

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy

Freshwater Biological Association (FBA), The Ferry House, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 OLP, UK

Institute of Freshwater Eeology, Windemere Laboratory, The Ferry House, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 OLP, UK

The Institute of Terrestrial Eeology (lTE), Bush Estate, Penieuik, Midlothian EH26 OQB, UK

International Board for Plant Genetie Resourees (IBPGR), Via delle Sette Chiese 142, 00145 Rome, Italy

International Centre for Protected Landscapes, Breeon Beaeons National Park, 7 Glamorgan St, GB Brecon, Powys LD3 7DP, UK

International Couneil for Bird Preservation (ICBP), 32 Cambridge Rd, Girton, Cambridge CB3 OPJ, UK

Appendix B 247

International Institute for Environment and Development (lIED), 3 Endsleigh St, London WCIH ODD, UK

International Soeiety for Eeologieal Eeonomies, C/O Professor R. Costanza, Coastal and Environmental Poliey Program, Centre for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland, Box 38, Solomons MD 20688-0038, USA

IUCN, see World Conservation Union

IUCN-CESP Working Group on Environmental Assessment and Resouree Eeonomies, C/O Dr Rudolf de Groot, Coordinator Climate Change Research Centre, Nature Conservation Department, Agrieultural University, Ritzema Bosweg 32a, 6703 AZ Wageningen, The Netherlands

248 Appendix B: Organizations mentioned in the text

International Waterfowl & Wetlands Research Bureau (IWRB), Slimbridge, Glos. G12 7BX, UK

Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Monkstone House, City Rd, Peterborough PE1 ljY, UK

National Science Foundation (NSF), Washingron DC, USA 20550

The National Wildlife Federation, 1400 16th St, NW, Washington DC, USA

Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 lEU, UK

Nature Conservancy Council see English Nature or Joint Nature Conservation Committee

NOAAINational Marine Fisheries Service, Marine Entanglement Research Program, 7600 Sand Point Way, NE, BIN C15700, Seattle, Washington, 98115, USA

Ramsar Convention Bureau, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH-l196, Gland, Switzerland

Research Institute for Nature Management (Netherlands), Postbus 46, 3956 2R Heersum, The Netherlands

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), The Lodge, Sandy, Beds SG19 2DL, UK

Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Jefferson Drive, SW, Washington, DC, 20520, USA

Tree Council, 35 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8QN. UK

UNESCO, UNESCO House, 7 Place de Fontenoy 75700, Paris, France

Appendix B 249

United Nations Convention on Environment and Development (UNCED), Secretariat, 160 Route de Florissant, Case Postal 80, CH 1231, Conches, Switzerland

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), PO Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya

US Environment Protection Agency, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460, USA

US Fish and Wildlife Service, (Dept. of the Interior), Washington DC, USA

The World Bank, (Office of Environmental and Scientific Affairs), 1818 H St, NW, Washington DC 20433, USA

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Palais Wilson, 52 Rue des Pagnis, Ch-lOOl, Geneva, Switzerland

250 Appendix B: Organizations mentioned in the text

World Conservation Union (IUCN) 1. Secretariat, Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH-l196 Gland, Switzerland

World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK

World Heritage Convention, The Secretariat of the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO, 7 Place de Fontency, 75700 Paris, France

World Resources Institute (WRI), 1709 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA

Worldwatch Institute (WWI), 1776 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 1. UK World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House, Ockford Rd, Godalming, Surrey GU7 1QU, UK

2. USA WWF 1250 24th St, NW Washington, DC 20037, USA

3. International WWF, Avenue du Mont Blanc, Ch 1196, Gland, Switzerland

Appendix C: Glo~sary

Adaptation The way in which an organism has evolved to become fitted for its way of life in terms of its behaviour, morphology, physiology etc.

Adaptive radiation Evolutionary diversification of a taxonomic group into different forms.

Agricultural ecosystem (agro-ecosystem) A human-made ecosystem developed and controlled by humans for production of agricultural crops.

Allele Different forms of a gene occupying the same locus on homologous chromoso­mes which undergo meiotic pairing.

Arthropod An animal with an external skeleton and jointed legs: insects, crus­taceans, millipedes, centipedes etc ..

Autotroph (autotrophic) An organism capable of synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic molecules using energy derived from chemical energy of inorganic compounds (green plants, sulphur bacteria).

Biodatabase An organized store of biological information in a form suitable for storing and analysing in a computer.

Biodiversity (Biological diversity) Denotes the number of different species of plants, animals and micro-organisms, as weil as the variation within species.

Biogeography The study of the geographical distribution of organisms and their habitats.

Biological conservation Biological conservation is an activity wh ich aims to conserve living material including genetic material, populations and communities. This aim is achieved with the application of various sciences including conservation biology.

Biomass The weight of living material usually expressed as weight of dry matter per unit area (for example, glm2).

Biome A major region of the world defined by the climax vegetation and climate, for example, Taiga biome is the area of northern coniferous forests; temperate biome is the area with temperate climate and where there are or were mixed deciduous forests.

Biosphere That part of the earth and the atmosphere which is able to support life; the global ecosystem.

Biota A general term for all living organisms.

Biotope A term used by some landscape ecologists, meaning the smallest unit of a landscape that can be identified by the nature of the biota, especially the floristic characteristics (see ecotope).

252 Appendix C: Glossary

Buffer zone In ecology a buffer zone is an area or zone which protects a habitat from damage, disturbance or pollution. It is an area (human-made or natural) which is managed so as to protect the ecological 'integrity' of an area.

Calcicolous (of plants) Tolerant of high levels of chalk or lime (cf. Calcifuge, acid­tolerant plants).

Carrying capacity The maximum number of organisms or biomass which can be supported in a given area under defined circumstances.

Chaparral Evergreen sclerophyllous vegetation found in southern California, which has adapted to dry conditions.

Cladistics, cladistic method This is an evolutionary classification method which is based on phylogenetic hypotheses and re cent common ancestries rather than on phenetic similarity (phenetic - similarity based on characters selected without regard to evolutionary history and including characters arising from common ancestry).

Climax community The final stable community that is the termination of ecological succession.

Community Populations of different species inhabiting the same area or habitat, bound together by their biotic interrelationships.

Conservation biology Applied aspects of biology (taxonomy, genetics, ecology, biogeography) dealing with the conservation and management of living organisms, habitats, communities and ecosystems.

Conservation gain Return of a developed area to wildlife, change of land use to conservation, or creation of an artificial habitat.

Coppicing An ancient craft and form of management in which certain kinds of tree species such as sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), horn be am (Carpinus betulus), and hazel (Corylus avellana) are cut at ground level on a cyde of about 7-10 years. Growth from the cut base (stool) is harvested as a crop.

Creative conservation The construction of new habitats and the introduction of plants and animals to the new habitat.

Cultivar A plant variety maintained by cultivation.

Debt swaps The me ans by which the extern al debts of a country are purchased in return for the profits being used for conservation purposes such as acquisition of land for a nature reserve.

Demography The study of populations by way of statistical analysis of birth rates, death rates, age structure and population movement (immigration, emigration).

Diversity See Biodiversity.

DNA fingerprinting DNA (deoxyribonudeic acid) is the main constituent of chro­mosomes of all organisms which contain genetic codes unique to each individual organism. A unique 'fingerprint' can be obtained by extracting DNA from an individual, cutting the DNA using restrietion enzymes, separating the fragments according to size by electrophoresis and detecting the pattern of sequence lengths.

Appendix C 253

The individual-specific sequence of DNA fragments of varying size is known as a 'DNA fingerprint'.

Ecological evaluation This is undertaken to identify the conservation needs of a species or the conservation importance of an area.

Ecological assessment For a species, this is undertaken to provide ecological data which can be used in the management and conservation of that species. For a community, this is undertaken to provide data which may help to identify the likely effects of pollution and other impacts.

Ecosystem Communities of organisms interacting with the abiotic environment as an ecological unit.

Ecology The scientific study of the distribution of organisms in time and in space and the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Ecotope A habitat type within a larger geographical area. The ecotope-system is one in which small-scale ecosystems or ecotopes are classified using biotic and abiotic factors that determine the species composition of the ecosystem.

Eigenvalue This is the proportion of the total variance which is accounted for by the corresponding principal component (in principal component analysis).

Endemic An organism which is found only in the area being considered (see Indigenous).

Environment All the components of an ecosystem that interact with living organ­isms: it includes the biotic (living) component and the abiotic (physical and chemical components).

Ethnobotany The study of man's cultural awareness of the values and uses of plants.

Extinction A species becomes extinct when there are no longer any living representa­tives.

Exotic species A species introduced from another region.

Eutrophication The nutrient enrichment of bodies of water caused by organic enrichment. Although a natural process, rapid eutrophication can drain oxygen levels and thus result in mortality of aquatic organisms.

Fauna A collective term for animals.

Faunal collapse Animal species extinctions or species loss in a particular area such as in a nature reserve.

Fen A mire (ecosystem with vegetation in wet peat) which is eutrophic.

Flozra A collective term for plants.

Gene This is the basic unit of inheritance composed of specific sequences of material on a DNA chain, that has a specific locus on a chromosome.

Gene pool The total of all the genetic material in a breeding population.

Genetics The science of variation and heredity.

254 Appendix C: Glossary

Genetic drift The occurrence of random changes in the genetic frrequencies of small isolated populations which are not due to selection and mutation.

Genetic engineering The technology of altering genetic material by artificial means.

Genetic fingerprinting See DNA fingerprinting.

Guild A group of species with similar ecological requirements and similar foraging strategies.

Habitat The locality or area used by a population of organisms and the place where they live.

Houb A damp area (usually freshwater) which is contained or enclosed behind a gravel spit.

Hydrology Science of the properties of water especially with regard to movement of water on land.

Indigenous Native to a particular region.

Management Management in the sense of management for conservation refers to activities undertaken to change or alter populations and communities of plants and animals. For example, mowing or grazing a grass sward could be a form of management adopted to change the species composition and increase the plant species richness. Another example could be the culling of certain age-classes of a mammal to ensure that populations are supported by the available resources such as food, water and breeding sites.

Metabolie pathway The sequential series of reactions by which one organic com­pound is converted into another in cells. Pathways may result in the formation of complex moleeules and consume energy (anabolie pathways) or may involve the breakdown of molecules with release of energy (catabolic pathways).

Mire Collective term for bogs and fens; ecosystems where plants are rooted in wet peat.

Monotypie A taxonomie group with a single component such as a family or genus composed of a single genus or species respectively.

Native (plant or animal) A species which is characteristically found in that area and was not introduced.

Natural resource Naturally occurring resources include biological resources (living organisms) and non-biological resources such as water and minerals.

Natural area (naturalness) This refers to those areas not changed or affected by humankind. In effect, there are few such areas but there are many areas which could be called semi-natural, that is 'slightly' modified or affected by humankind.

Nature conservation The conservation of nature (wild organisms).

Niche The 'space' occupied by and the resources used by a species. Conceptually the niehe has many dimensions and eaeh resouree used by the species ean be eonsidered as a dimension.

Pathogenic Capable of produeing a disease.

Appendix C 255

Pesticide A chemical used to kill pests.

Phytosociology (plant sociology) The study of plant communities based on their classification, interdependence and association.

Plagioclimax A vegetation community which has formed as a result of certain landuse practices or traditional management. For example some grasslands are managed (mown, grazed or burnt) in such a way that further succession is prevented.

Population A collection of individuals (plants or animals) of all the same species living in a prescribed area.

Primary productivity The rate at which energy from the sun is absorbed by plants in the production of organic matter.

Race A specific subset of organisms within a species.

Radionuclide (radioactive isotopes) Isotopes are nuclides of an element having the same atomic number (or number of protons and hence chemical properties), but different mass numbers (total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus). They are specified by chemical symbols and mass numbers, hence lH, 2H, are isotopes or radionuclides of hydrogen. Radionuclides emit radioactivity.

Reproductive potential The number of offspring produced by one female.

Seral stage The developmental stage of ecological succession.

Species A group of organisms of the same kind that can reproduce sexually among themselves but are reproductively isolated from other organisms. The basic unit in a classification. For example the scientific name for the African violet is Saintpaulia ioantha: ioantha is one species in the genus Saintpaulia.

Species composition The list species or assemblage of species present.

Species diversity The variety and number of species in an area (c/f species richness).

Species richness The number of species present in an area.

Structure (woodland or vegetation structure) Distribution of vegetation biomass in the community. Often in distinct layers or strata. The complexity of the structure may influence the number of animal species in the vegetation.

Subspecies These are populations of the same species but with different gene pools and which may be geographically isolated. Subspecies can potentially interbreed and may do so where the population range overlaps.

Succession (ecological succfssion) The process or sequence whereby one type of community replaces anothe'r and eventually leads to the climax community (e.g. grassland leading to scrubland, open woodland and then closed forest).

Sustainable development One of many definitions is: development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generations to meet their own needs.

SymbiosisTwo interacting organisms (symbionts) which live together and which benefit from each other are said to be living in astate of symbiosis.

256 Appendix C: Glossary

Systematics The classification of organisms based on variation.

T axonomy The scientific study of the description and variation of both living and extinct organisms.

Tetrad A square 2 km by 2 km used in mapping the distribution of a species.

Tombolos A sand or gravel spit which is similar to the shore and which may include a small island.

Watershed The catchment area for rivers and streams below the source streams.

Wetland An ecosystem where the substratum is permanently waterlogged. The Ramsar definition is as folIows: areas of marsh, fen, peatlands or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.

Woodland structure See structure.

Index

Abundance and distribution maps 40 A Nature Conservation Review 186 Acid rain 4, 230 Aeonium nobile 94 Alpha Diversity Index 48, 124 Amenity evaluation 70 Analytical Hierarchy Process 129, 137,

163 Antarctica 182, 185 Arboricultural Association 71 Archey's frog (Leiopelma archeyi) 95 Architect 213 Assessment criteria for rare plants (US)

102 Australian nature reserves 190, 191 Australian wilderness assessment 182

Babyion 84 Beans 16 Berne Convention 24, 85, 107, 190 Biodiversity

benefits of 14 conservation of 21, 88, 176, 196 definition 1 evaluation of 26, 70 exploitation of 4, 21 losses in 3

Biological control 17 Biological indicators 38, 52 Biological scores of vulnerability 104 Biotic index 113 Birds 132, 134, 157, 226, 227 Black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra)

199 Botanical gardens 21 Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) 40, 197 British Conservation legislation 88

British nature reserves 186 Buffer zones 197, 200

California tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum californiense) 95

Carson, Rachael, see Silent Spring Central Australian cabbage palm

(Livistona mariae) 95 Checklists 218, 229 Cheetah (Acinonyx ;ubatus) 85 Cladistic classification 82 Cluster analysis 51 Commonwealth Scientific and

Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) 191

Community 50 Comparative ranking 114 Connecting biotope 150 Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) 74 Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species (CITES) 24, 84, 106

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) 24

Cretan date palm (Phoenix theophrasti) 94

Criteria for ranking (NZ forests) 116 Critical Faunal Analysis 129

Dartford warbier (Sylvia undata) 85 DDT

effects on birds of prey 3 Domino effect 107 Dorset Trust for Nature Conservation

(DTNC) 207, 209, 233

258 Index

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalis horridus) 105

Ecological evaluation 31, 37, 58, 155, 208, 212, 239

Ecological zones 205 Ecology

definition 37 Ecological indices 119, 122 Economic value of nature reserves 196 Eight-spotted skipper (Palla

octomaculata) 95 Endangered Species Acts (US) 87, 101 Endemic bird areas 142 Endemism 82, 130 Energy based evaluation 75 Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) 217, 230 Environmental indices 122 Estuary biology 229 European Community Habitats and

Species Directive 86

Florida's species ranking system 105 Floristic index (FI) 123 Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO) 97 Fragmentation 48, 127, 190 Function graphs 128

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 2~ 59, 142, 153, 183, 220

Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii) 95

Granulated Tasmanian snail (Anoglypta launcestonensis) 93

'Greenhouse' effect gases 12

Green lists 101 Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus

townsendii) 94 Guidelines for Selection of Biological

SSSIs 189

Habitat Evaluation Procedure (HEP) 120, 122

Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) 120 Hampshire (UK) 205 Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys

imbricata) 93 Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) 85

Hedgerows 127 Heathlands 127, 160, 188, 207 Heiligenhafen Conference 142, 143 Helliwell's Table of relative va lues 132

Indian python (Python molurus) 94 Index of Ecological Value (lEV) 122 Indicator species 107, 131, 134, 145,

156 Indices 113 Inland waters evaluation 155 Institute of T errestrial Ecology 173 Insularization 13, 200, 212 International Centre for Protected

Landscape 198 International Council for Bird

Preservation (lCBP) 142 International Species Information

System (ISIS) 21, 92 International Union for the

Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 20, 23,24, 79, 90, 141, 154, 172, 198

International Waterfowl Research Bureau (IWRB) 141

Interval scale 113 Intrinsic value of a community 113 Invertebrates 133 Iris lortetii 93 Isle of Purbeck 207, 208 Isolation of biotic communities 127 Iterative approach to site selection 191

Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) 22

Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance 116

Keystone species definition 14, 50, 81, 107

Lancelin Island skink (Ctenotus lancelini) 95

Landform landscapes 180 Land Evaluation and Site Assessment

System (LESA) 26 Land use landscape 180 Land use mapping 205 Landscape evaluation 178 Landscape quality and diversity 179 Leopold Matrix 218

Limestone pavements (Britain) 123 Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC)

183

Magpie (Pica pica) 132 Man and the Biosphere Programme

(MAB) 172, 185 Mapping 53, 149,205 Marten (Martes americana) 120 Matrices 218, 229 Milkweed butterflies (Danainae) 129 Minimum Critical Size Ecosystem

Project 13 Mulga Region (Queensland) 191 Musk turtle (Sternotherus depressus)

13

National Bison Range 86 National Parks 171, 177, 191 National Vegetation Classification 54,

190,220 'Natura 2000' 176 Naturalness 50, 113, 183, 187 Nature conservation evaluation in New

Zealand 116 Nature reserves 177,185,186,200 Netherlands, ecological evaluation 212 Networks 218, 229 Nominal scale 113 Notional monetry value 66 No-eyed big-eyed wolf spider

(Adelocosa anops) 93 Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) 93

Oak (Quercus robur) 66, 67 Oil

pollution 4 impact of spill 220, 222

Ordinal scale 113

1 % principle 142 Papaver laestadianum 94 Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) 85 Pheasant (Phaisanus colchicus) 68 Pickering's index 122 Pickering's Principle 214, 232 Pollution 195, 212

indicator species 53 losses in biodiversity 1

Poole Harbour 222, 226

Population definition 37

Primates 96

Index 259

Priority ranking 114, 118, 131, 135, 161

Ramsar Convention 24, 84, 134, 154, 190, 229

Rarity indicies 44 Ratio scales 113 Red Data Books 40, 89, 90, 97, 101,

106 Red List Categories 91, 101 Red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) 85 Remote sensing

forest loss 8 Replacement valuation 76 Representativeness 51, 137 Rhododendrons 197 River Conservation System (RCS)

157 River corridors 154, 159 RIVPACS Programme 133 Robber crab (Birgus latro) 95

Saaty scale of relative importance 123 Sah marshes 156, 222 Sah tolerant tomatoes 16 Sampling 59 Santa Cruz long-toed salamander

(Ambystoma matrodactylum croceum) 93

Shannon-Weiner Index 48, 136, 156, 180

Silent Spring 3 Simpson's Index of diversity 48, 136 Site assessment value (AV) 119 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

188, 195, 201, 210 Smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) 85 Soil Conservation Service (SCS) 26 Songbirds 84 South Africa giant earthworms

(Microchaetus spp and Tritogenia spp), 94

Spartina spp 157, 226 Spearman's Rank Correlation

Coefficient 119 Special Areas of Conservation (SACs)

86 Species composition 45

260 Index

Species diversity 38, 113, 133, 212 food plants, 15

Species richness 38, 114, 119, 130, 144, 155, 160, 212

Species rarity 40, 113, 159, 185, 190

Sullum Voe 222

Taxonomy 82, 108 Tetrataxis salicifolia 92 The Council of Europe 85, 86 'The Great Extermination' 190 The Nature Conservancy Council 173,

188 The World Wide Fund for Nature

(WWF) 22, 23, 173 Threat numbers 89, 97, 101, 107, 233 Trade in wildlife 84 Trent Biotic Index 53 Tropical rainforests 4, 173, 195 Typicalness

definition 50, 133, 151, 185, 187

United Nations Rio de ]aneiro Conference 2 Stockholm Conference 2

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 22, 51,172

Urban habitats, 149 US Fish and Wildlife Service 23, 31 US conservation laws 86, 87

Valuing species 69, 70 Venezuela 177 Virginia big-eared bat (Plecotus

townsendii virginianus) 93

Warwickshire Biological Records Centre 58

Wetlands 133, 141, 154 definition 12 valuation 70, 76

White-browed gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) 96

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) 69 Wilderness Act (USA) 86, 182 Wilderness area 182 Wildlife

definition 1 law 84,105

Wildlife corridors 127, 128, 150, 197, 200,211

Willingness to pay 76, 78 Wisconsin (US), priority ranking 114 Wittig and Schreiber's evaluation of

urban habitat 150, 153 Wolf (Canis lupus) 94 Wood Ant (Formica spp.) 94 Woodlands

amenity value 71 Australian 190 conservation priorities 144 plant rarity factor 119 temperate 144

World Commission Environment and Development (WCED) 70, 108, 195

World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) 23, 86, 101, 176

World Conservation Strategy 23, 51, 108

World Heritage Convention 24, 190 Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) 132 Wyoming toad (Bufo hemiophrus

baxteri) 103

Zoos 21