appendix 4 type frequencies of phonaesthemes in polish

Appendix 4

Type Frequencies of Phonaesthemes in Polish

/sl/ (pejoration)

Type Frequency = 3/12 (25%)

slajd slide, transparencyslalom slalomslang slangslapstick slapstickslawista Slavonic scholarslawistka Slavistslawistyka Slavonic studiessleeping - sliping sleeping car; sleeperslipy~ki briefsslogan (i) platitude (ii) slogan; catchword; catchphraseslow-fox slow foxtrotslums slum

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/sw/ (fast/strong movement)


słabiutki (i) frail (ii) weak; very poorsłabnąć (i) to weaken (ii) to die down; to diminishsłabość (i) weakness (from illness) (ii) weakness (human nature)

(iii) flimsiness(iv) failing (v) weak spot (vi) weakness (government)słaby ¹ (i) weak; fragile (ii) weak (no resolve) (iii) faint; slight

(iv) flimsy (v) weak (senses) (vi) poor (results) słaby ² underdogsłać ¹ to send słać ² (i) to make the bed (for the night) (ii) to make a bed (on the sofa or floor)

(iii) to litter downsłać się to stretch; to floatsłaniać się to stagger; to reelsława fame; renownsławetny glorioussławny famous; renownedsławojka outside privysłodkawo (i) sweetish (ii) mawkishsłodko (i) sweet; cute (ii) sweetlysłodkości confectionerysłodkowodny freshwatersłodowy maltsłodzić to sweetensłodzik sweetenersłodziutki (i) very sweet (ii)saccharinesłoiczek small jar; potsłoik (i) jar (ii) jarfulsłoma strawsłomianka straw doormat słomka (i) straw (ii) straw (drinking) (iii) straw (hat)

(iv) very weak teasłonawo saltysłoneczko (i) the sun (ii) sunshine (iii) sweetheart (iv) electric heatersłonecznik (i) sunflower (ii) sunflower seedssłoneczny (i) solar (ii) sunnysłoniątko elephant calfsłonica cow elephantsłonik (i) baby elephant (ii) weevilsłonina (i) pork fat (ii) thick rubbersłoninka pork fatsłoniowacizna elephantiasissłoniowaty elephantinesłoniowy elephantsłonko (i) the sun (ii) sunshine, sweetheart (iii) sunshinesłonowodny saltwatersłony (i) salty (ii) somewhat salty (iii) steep (expensive) (iv) spicysłoń ¹ clumsy oaf

słoń ² elephantsłońce (i) sun (ii) sunlight; sunshineSłońce The Sun (planet)słota rainy weathersłowacki Slovak (language)Słowak SlovakSłoweniec Slovenian (language)słoweński SlovenianSłowianin Slavsłowiański Slav; Slavicsłowiańszczyzna ¹ Slavism Słowiańszczyzna ² SlavlandsSłowiańszczyzna ³ SlavdomSłowiczek/ słowik nightingalesłownictwo vocabulary; lexis słowniczek (i) mini dictionary (ii) glossarysłownie express something in wordssłownik (i) dictionary (ii) lexiconsłownikarstwo lexicographysłownikowy dictionarysłowny ¹ dependable; reliable słowny ² verbalsłowo (i) word (ii) have a word (iii) spoken or written word

(iv) to give or break one’s wordsłowa (i) remark (ii) lyricssłowolejstwo wordiness; verbosity; prolixity; wafflesłowotwórczo in derivational termssłowotwórstwo word formationsłód maltsłój (i) large jar (ii) jarfulsłuch (i) hearing (ii) an ear for musicsłuchy rumourssłuchacz (i) listener (ii) studentsłuchać ¹ to listensłuchać ² to obeysłuchawka (i) receiver; headset (ii) stethoscopesłuchawky earphonessłuchowiec audilesłuchowisko radio dramasłuchowo-wzrokowy audio-visualsłuchowy aural; auditorysłucki beltsługa ¹ (man) servant sługa ² (maid) servant; housemaidsługus minion; flunkeysłup (i) pole; pylon; post; (ii) columnsłupek (i) pillar; post (ii)column (iii) matchstick (iv) bars (v) Cuban heel (vi) pistilsłupek startowy starting postsłuszny ¹ (i) correct; right (ii) just; justified; legitimatesłuszny ² impressive; well builtsłużalczy obsequious; servilesłużalec menialsłużący ¹ to serve służący ² (man) servantsłużąca (house) maid; domesticsłużba service (institution)służbista stickler (for the rules)służbisty (i) martinettish (ii) formalsłużbowy officialsłużbówka servant’s roomsłużebnie (i) poet (ii) servilelysłużebność ancillary naturesłużebny (i) ancillary (ii) servants’służka (i) respond (ii) servantsłużyć (i) to serve (ii) to be good (iii) to oblige (iv) to beg (v) to serve as

(vi) to do good słychać (i) to be heard (ii) to be heard ofsłynąć to be famoussłyszalny audiblesłyszeć to hear

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/sm/ (pejoration)


smaczek (i) taste; flavour (ii) spicesmacznego bon appétitsmagać - smagnąć to whip; to lashsmagly swarthysmak (i) taste (ii) flavour (iii) relish (iv) taste (likes/dislikes)smakołyk titbit; treatsmakosz gourmet; epicure; connoisseursmakować (i) to taste (ii) to savour (iii) to delight insmakowity ¹ tasty; savoury smakowity ² delectablesmakowy (i) gustatory (ii) tastesmalec lardsmalić to sootsmar grease; lubricant; lubricatorsmardz morelsmark - smarkacz brat; whipper-snappersmark snotsmarkać - smarknąć to blow one’s nosesmarkateria punkssmarkaty callow; greensmarkata chit; teenyboppersmarować (i) to grease; to lubricate (ii) to smear (iii) to rushsmarować się to put on creamsmarowidło grease; lotion; balmsmażalnia fish and chip shopsmażony to fry smażyć się (i) to fry (ii) to roastsmecz smash smętek gloomsmętny (i) wistful (ii) pitiful; bleaksmoczek teat; nipplesmoczy dragon’ssmog smogsmok (i) dragon (ii) dummy/pacifier (iii) strainer (iv) plungersmoking dinner jacket; tuxedosmolarz tar makersmolić ¹ to become sooty smolić ² to emit sootsmolisty (i) tarry (ii) pitch-black (iii) resinoussmoliście pitch-blacksmolny resinoussmoluch slob; (dirty) pigsmoła tar; pitchsmrek sprucesmrodek ¹ brat smrodek ² smell; stenchsmrodliwie smelly areasmrodliwy foul-smellingsmrodzić (i) to emit a stink (ii) to fartsmród ¹ snotnose; punk smucić się to be sadsmuga streak; trailsmuklo to look slimsmukły slendersmutas misery gutssmutek-smutny (i) sadness (ii) sorrowsmutnieć to become sadsmycz lead; leashsmyczek bow smyczki stringssmyczkowy stringed smyk ¹ nipper smyk ² bowsmykać - smyknąć to skittersmykałka flairsmyrgać to chuck

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/sn/ (pejoration)


snack-bar snack-barSnadź evidentlysnajper sniper; marksmansnąć to diesnob snobsnobowaćsię to act in a snobbish waysnooker snookersnop sheafsnopowiązałka bindersnowboard snowboardsnuć ¹ (i) to spin (ii) to spin (a tale) (iii) to drawsnuć się ² (i) to spin (a thread) (ii) to trail (mist or scent) (iii) to remember the old days (iv) to float aboutsnycerka woodcarving

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/ɡɹ/ (gripping)


gra (i) game (ii) play (a board game) (iii) playing a game (iv) sports game(v) playing (an instrument) (vi) acting (vii) a political or parliamentary game (viii) feigning surprise (ix) dancing of light or water (x) mating call

grab hornbeamgraba mittgrabarz ¹ gravedigger grabarz ² burying; sexton beetlegrabić (i) to rake (up) (ii) to rake (iii) to pillage; to plunder (iv) to robgrabie (i) rake (ii) meat hooksgrabieć to go or grow numbgrabież pillage; plunder; invasiongrabki (toy) rakegrace (i) garden hoe (ii) moron (iii) rabblegraciarnia (i) junk; lumber (ii) glory hole; lumber roomgracja (i) grace (ii) graceful womangracki pluckygracko translation unknowngracz ¹ (i) player; gambler (ii) strategist (iii) schemer gracz ² cunning animalgrać ¹ (i) to play (a game) (ii) to act (iii) to play the fool

(iv) to serve as (something) (v) to host (vi) to play an instrument or piece of music (vii) to play over the airwaves

grać ² (i) to play sports in a particular position (attacker, defender, server)(ii) to play a specific musical instrument (iii) for music to be playing(vi) to play a video or DVD (v) to play the stockmarket (vi) to play fair(vii) to play on one’s emotions (viii) to play with paint artistically(ix) mating call

grad (i) hailstones (ii) hail of bulletsgradacja (i) gradation (ii) an outbreak (iii) contrast (iv) climaxgradowy hailgraf ¹ countgraf ² (i) diagram (graph) (ii) graphgraffiti graffitigraficzny (i) graphically (ii) graphicgrafik ¹ graphic designer; graphic artistgrafik ² schedule; rota; rostergrafika (i) graphic arts (ii) engraving; print (iii) drawing (vi) design (v) graphicsgrafion ruling pengrafit (i) graphite (ii) leadgrafologia graphologygrafoman talentless hack; literary wannabegrafomański worthlessgraham graham breadgrajdoł (i) pit (ii) hole (iii) gossip shopgrajek playergram (i) gramme (ii) ouncegramatura basis weightgramatyka (i) grammar (ii) grammar textbook (iii) grammar (lesson)gramofon record player; gramophonegramolić się to clamber; to drag or haul oneselfgramowy one gram

granat (i) pomegranate tree (ii) pomegranate (iii) dark or deep blue(iv) dark or deep blue fabric (v) garnet (vi) grenade

granatnik grenade launchergranatowo ¹ dark blue; navy bluegranatowo ² navy blue and white; blue-blackgranatowy (i) garnet (ii) garnet-coloured granda (i) rip-off (ii) stink (iii) bunch of hooligans (iv) gang; crewgrandilokwentny grandiloquentgraniasto with sharp edgesgraniastosłup prismgraniasty (i) angular (ii) spotted; piebaldgranica (i) border; boundary (ii) borderline boundary (iii) limitgranit granitegrant grantgranulat pelletsgranulka granulegrań (i) ridge (ii) edgegrapefruit - grejpfrut (i) grapefruit tree (ii) grapefruitgrasować (i) to prowl; to operate (ii) to be rife; to be rampantgrat (decrepit old) wreck; piece of junk; heap; rustheapgratis freegratka real bargain; treatgratulować to congratulategratyfikacja bonusgrawerować to engravegrawitacja gravitation; gravitygrażdanka Cyrillic alphabetgrąd (i) broadleaved forest (ii) high mountain pasturegrążel water lilygrdyka Adam’s applegrecki (i) Greek (ii) Greciangreckokatolicki Greek Catholic; Greek Uniat(e)greczynka Female Greek person gregoriański Gregorain Grek Greekgreka ancient or classical Greekgremialnie en massegremialny massgremium membersgrenadier(ski) grenadiergreps (i) gag; one liner (ii) joke; (wise) crackgres milled rock tilesgręplarnia carding millgręplować to cardgrill (i) (barbecue) grill (ii) grillgrizzly grizzly (bear)grobla weir; causewaygrobowiec tomb; vaultgrobowo to be dead silent; to be as silent as the gravegrobowy (i) sepulchral; tomb (ii) gloomy; deadgroch (i) pea; bed of peas (ii) pea; to shell peas (iii) two peasgrochy (i) polka dot (ii) polka dot cloth or fabricgrochodrzew black locust; false acaciagrochówka pea soupgrodowy fortified medieval settlementgrodzić (i) to fence off (ii) to enclosegrodzki (i) castle; town (ii) town; citygrog groggrom thunderboltgromada (i) bunch (ii) flock (iii) cluster (iv) classgromadnie in large numbersgromadny (i) crowded (ii) gregariousgromadzić (i) to stock up on (ii) to concentrategromadzić się (i) to gather; to congregate (ii) to accumulategromić (i) to reprimand (ii) to routgromki thunderousgromko loudlygromnica blessed candlegromowładny (i) thunder-wielding (ii) a gloom and doom preachergronko (i) core group; inner circle (ii) cluster; bunchgronkowiec staphylococcusgrono (i) circle (ii) bunch (iii) clustergronostaj erminegronowy grapegros (i) gross (ii) majority

grosiwo pelf; moneygrosz grosz (Polish monetary unit)groszak pennygroszek (i) peas (ii) sweet pea (iii) pea coalgroszki (i) polka dots (spots) (ii) dotted or spotted materialgroszoróbstwo money-grubbinggroszowy ¹ (i) a one-grosz coin (ii) petty; negligible; paltry; pitifulgroszówka darning needlegrot ¹ (i) arrow head; spear tip (ii) antler point (iii) point chisel grot ² (i) mainsail (ii) maingrota cave; cavern; grottogroteskowy (i) grotesque (ii) ludicrousgrotmaszt mainmastgrotołaz caver; potholergroza danger; terror; dreadgrozić (i) to threaten (ii) to warn threateninglygroźny (i) dangerous; hazardous (ii) ominous; menacinggrób grave; tomb; crypt gród (i) castle; town (ii) town; citygrubachny chubby; plump; thick; heavygrubasek (little) dumplinggrubianin churl; boorgrubieć (i) to thicken (ii) to put on weight (iii) to coarsen; (iv) to deepengrubo ² completelygrubokościsty big-boned; heavy-bonedgruboskórny thick-skinned; tough; callous; insensitivegruboziarnisty coarse-grained; rudaceousgruby ¹ (i) fat; overweight (ii) thick (iii) heavy (iv) deep (v) coarsegruby ² crude; coarsegruchać (i) to coo (ii) to bill and coogruchnąć (i) to burst out; to ring out (ii) to get out; to get or go around; to spread

like wildfire (iii) to slam or banggruchot ¹ decrepit old fossil gruchot ² (i) clatter (ii) broken down piece of junkgruchotać ¹ to smash; to crush gruchotać ² to rattlegruczoł glandgruda (i) frozen ground (ii) lump (iii) pastern dermatitisgrudka (i) small lump (ii) papulegrudzień Decembergrunt (i) soil (ii) arable land (iii) bottom (iv) primer (v) basis (vi) the main thinggruntować ¹ (i) to sound the depth of (ii) to prime (iii)to consolidategruntować ² to (be able to) touch the bottomgruntowny thoroughgruntowy (i) soil grown; land (ii) primergrupa (i) group (ii) ganggrupować (i) to group; to classify (ii) to gather; to bring or draw togethergrupować się to gather round; to congregategrupowy group leader grusza pear treegruszka (i) pear; pear tree (ii) bulb (iii) cement mixer (iv) punchbag gruz(y) rubble; debris; ruinsgruzeł(ek) (i) clod; lump (ii) bulge; protuberanceGruzin Georgiangruzowisko rubble heapgruźlica tuberculosisgryczany-gryka buckwheatgryf (i) griffin; gryphon (ii) fingerboardgrylaż, grelaż pralinegrymas grimacegrymasy faces; moans; complaintsgrymasić (i) to whine; to sulk (ii)to be fussy; to be pickygrypa influenza; flugrypka (i) flu (ii) coldgryps kite (a note smuggled in or out of prison)grypsera ~erka prison slanggrys (i) grits (ii) coal gritgrysowy gritgrywać (i) to play (a role) (ii) to play (music)(iii) to play (cards/chess/tennis)gryzak teething ringgryzący ¹ (i) to chew; to gnaw (ii) to bite (iii) to sting (iv) to naggryzący ² (i) acrid (ii) biting (iii) bittergryzipiórek (i) pen pusher (ii) scribblergryzmolić ¹ (i) to scrawl (ii) to scribblegryzmolić ² terrible handwriting

gryzmoły scrawl; scribblesgryzoń rodentgryźć (i) to chew; to gnaw (ii) to bite (iii) to sting (iv) to naggryźć się (i) to bite each other (ii) to bicker (iii) to clash (iv) to fretgrzać ¹ (i) to heat up; (ii) to keep warm (iii) to warm up (iv) to thrashgrzać ² (i) to heat (ii) to blast (away) (iii) to tear along (iv) to booze all nightgrzać się (i) to warm oneself (ii) to have a fire on (iii) to heat up (iv) to overheat

(v) to sweat (vi) to wallop each other (vii) to screwgrzałka immersion heatergrzaniec mulled winegrzanka (i) a piece or slice of toast (ii) crouton (iii) mulled meadgrządka (i) bed (ii) (small) perchgrząski-grąsko (i) marshy; swampy; sticky (ii) tricky; stickygrzbiet (i) back (ii) crest (iii) spine (iv) ridge (v) backstrokegrzbietowy ¹ (i) dorsal (ii) the inside margingrzbietowy ² backstrokegrzebać ¹ (i) to bury the dead (ii) to bury (iii) to ruin grzebać ² to dig around; to rummage aboutgrzebać się (i) to dig around; to rummage around (ii) to dawdle around or overgrzebanina rigmarolegrzebień (i) comb (ii) crestgrzech singrzechot rattlegrzechotać to rattlegrzechotka (i) rattle (ii) ratchetgrzechotnik rattlesnake; rattlergrzeczność(i) (i) politeness (ii) good behaviour (iii) favourgrzeczny (i) polite (ii) well-behaved (iii) clichédgrzejnik heater; radiatorgrzeszek petty sin; peccadillosgrzeszyć to singrzęda (i) roost; perch (ii) bed (iii) bar (geol.) (iv) rock ridgegrzęzawisko quagmiregrzęznąć to get bogged downgrzmieć to thundergrzmocić ¹ to hump; to bang (vulg.)grzmocić ² to whack; to pound; to pummel grzmocić się to fuck .grzmot (i) hulk (ii) thunderclapgrzmotnąć (i) to whack; to pound; to pummel (ii) to hurl (iii) to thumpgrzyb (i) old fogey (ii) fungus (iii) fungigrzybek (i) mushroom (ii) darning mushroom (iii) omelette (iv) mushroom valvegrzybiarz mushroom pickergrzybica mycosisgrzybieć (i) to be attacked by fungus (ii) to grow senilegrzybień water lilygrzybnia myceliumgrzybobranie mushroom pickinggrzybowy (i) wild mushroom (ii) (wild) mushroom soupgrzywa (i) mane (ii) crestgrzywiasty long manedgrzywka fringegrzywna fine

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/ɡl/ (light)


glaca bald headgladiator gladiatorglamać to make smacking noisesglan army combat boots; bovver bootsglanc – glans shine; gleamglancować to polishglances/picuś-glancuś (i) a dude (ii) a smoothieglazura (i) glaze (ii) tiles; tiling (iii) icing; glazeglazurniczy tiling; tile-layinggleba (i) soil (ii) floor; groundglebowy soilglejt (i) safe conduct (ii) permitględa ¹ bore; windbag ględa ² rigmarole; palaver; blatherględzić (i) to witter on; to blather; to ramble (ii) to bleat

gliceryna glycerine; glycerin; glycerolglin (i) aluminium (chem.) (ii) aluminium (metal) glina¹ clayglina² cop; rozzer; piggliniak (i) clay jug; clay pot (ii) clay stoveglinianka (i) clay pit pond (ii) mud or clay hutgliniany claygliniasty (i) clay; clayish (ii) slack-baked (iii) sallowglinka white clayglissando glissandoglista (i) ascarid (ii) roundworm (iii) rat; snake in the grassgliwieć to go bad; to go offglob globe; planetglobalny (i) global (ii) total; overallglobtroter globetrotterglobulka vaginal suppositoryglobus (i) globe (ii) bonce; nogginglon (i) algae (ii) a hunk of breadgloria (i) halo; nimbus; glory (ii) homage; honour (iii) triumph (iv) halogloryfikować (i) to extol; to praise; to aggrandize (ii) to glorify; to venerateglosa (i) a gloss; a note (ii) footnote (iii) commentary glosariusz glossaryglut bogey; snotgluten (i) gluten (ii) collagen

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/kɹ/ (crookedness)


cracoviana documents and manuscripts relating to Cracowcrawl - kraul (front) crawl (stroke)credo, kredo (i) the Creed (ii) creed; creedocrescendo crescendocross (i) motorcross; cross-country (ii) cross court shot (tennis)

kra (i) ice-floe (ii) caw! caw!krab crabkrach (i) crash (ii) collapse (iii) break-upkraciasty checked; chequeredkradziony (i) to steal (ii) to absorb kraik (small) countrykraina (i) region (ii) landkraj (i) country (ii) region (iii) land (iv) edgekrajać (i) to cut; to slice (ii) to cutkrajan (i) a person from the same district (ii) fellow citizen (iii) countryman; compatriotkrajanka cake, pasta or fish cut into short strips or cubeskrajka (i) colourful woven sash (ii) selvedgekrajobraz (i) landscape scenery (ii) landscapekrajowiec indigenous; native (born) inhabitant; nativekrajowy (i) domestic (ii) nationalkrajoznawczo tourist areakrajoznawczy touristkrajoznawstwo sightseeingkrakać (i) to caw (ii) to prophecy warkrakers crackerkrakowiaczek cracoviennekrakowiak native of Cracow krakowski Cracowkraksa car smashkram (i) stall; stand (ii)clutter; messkramarz (i) stallholder; stallkeeper (ii) hucksterkran tap; faucetkraniec edgekranówka tap water krańcowy (i) final (ii) extremekrasa one’s lovliest; bestkrasić (i) to butter or to spread (on food) (ii) to dye; to decorate

(iii) to adorn (make-up)kraska rollerkrasnal ¹ (i) dwarf (ii) little one (iii) four year old krasnal ² (garden) gnomekrasnale a pre-school group of four year-oldskrasnoludek dwarf

krasnopiórka ruddkrasomówca orator; elegant speakerkrasomówstwo oratory; rhetorickrasula cow; bossykraszony potatoes drizzled or sprinkled with melted butterkraść (i) to steal (ii) to absorbkrata (i) grating; bars; grill; lattice (ii) check (iii) check(ed) clothkrateczka (i) screen; grill (ii) check (iii) check(ed) cloth (iv) squarekrater (i) cratermouth (ii) crater (iii) crater (a small bowl for wine)kratka (i) screen; small grill (ii) check; square ruling; grid (iii) check(ed) cloth

(iv) square; fieldkratkowany graphkratować to fit with barskratownica (i) grating; grate; grill; grillwork; (ii) truss; trussing

(iii) grating (at the bottom of a boat)kraul, crawl (front) crawl (stroke) krawacik (i) small tie or necktie (ii) throat patch; gorgetkrawat (i) tie; necktie (ii) throat patch (iii) stranglehold (sport)

(iv) (sail) stop krawcowa dressmaker; seamstresskrawędź (i) edge (ii) brink (iii) verge (iv) (ski) edgekrawężnik ¹ beat police officer; plod krawężnik ² kerbkrawiec (i) tailor (ii) designer; couturierkrąg ¹ (i) circle; ring (ii) disk (iii) range (iv) circle (v) vertebrakrąg² (all) around; everywherekrągło heartykrągłości curveskrągły (i) rounded (ii) full (iii) well turned; glib; slickkrążek (i) small circle (ii) album; record (iii) medal (iv) puck (v) rollerkrążenie ¹ (i) to circle; to revolve (ii) to cruise around; to wander about

(iii) to be passed round; to be handed round (iv) to circulate(v) to flow (vi) to beat about the bush

krążenie ² (blood) circulationkrążkownik cruiserkreacja (i) dress; gown (ii) performance; acting (iii) creationkreacyjny creative; originalkreator creator; originatorkreatura louse; snake in the grasskrecha linekreci molekreda (i) chalk deposits (ii) chalk (rock) (iii) chalk (blackboard) (iv) (chalk) coated

paper (v)the Cretaceous periodkredens (i) dresser; sideboard (ii) pantry; scullerykredensowy scullionkredka (i) cloured pencil (ii) lipstickkredkowy crayonkredo - credo (i) the Creed (ii) creed; creedokredowo chalky (white)kredowy (i) chalk (rock) (ii) chalky complextion (iii) the Cretaceous periodkredyt (i) credit; loan (ii) creditkredytobiorca borrowerkredytodawca lender; creditorkredytować to provide credit; to make a loankrem (i) cream (ii) cream soup (iii) cream (cosmetics)kremacja cremationkrematorium crematoriumkremik creamkremowy (i) cream (ii) cream-colouredkremówka (i) cream puff (ii) double cream; whipping creamkremplina crimplenekreować (i) to create (ii) to play; to act (iii) to make or produce (iv) to appointkreować się to pose; to fancy oneselfkrepa (i) crêpe (ii) crepe (rubber)krepina (i) crêpe paper (ii) upholstery tape (iii) artificial hairkrepon creponkres (i) end (ii) limit (iii) end; edge kresy borderland; marsheskreska (i) line; stroke (ii) dash; hyphen; diacritic; (acute) accentkreskować to shade; to fill in with lines; to hatchkreskowy linekreskówka (i) (animated) cartoon (ii) printing plate (for line drawing)kresowiak borderlandkreślarka draughtswomankreślarnia draughtsman’s studio

kreślarz draughtsmankreślić (i) to draw (ii) to cross out (iii) to scribble; to doodle

(iv) to envision; to picture (v) to depict; to portray (vi) to make a sign

kret ¹ schemer; snake in the grass; molekret ² mole kret ³ mole ploughkretes - kretesem utterlykreton patterned cotton; cretonne; calicokretowisko molehillkretyn (i) moron; cretin (ii) severely retarded person; cretinkretyństwo rot; hogwash; idiocy; imbecilitykrew bloodkrewa fiasco; cock-up; screw-upkrewetka shrimp; prawnkrewkość hot temperkrewna (female) relative or relation krewniaczy familykrewniak relative; relationkrewny ¹ (i) relative; relation (ii) brotherkrewny ² to owekreza - kryza (i) ruff (ii) orifice meterkrezka (i) ruff (ii) mesenterykrezus Croesuskręcić ¹ (i) to turn (ii) to mix; to beat; to grind (iii) to curl

(iv) to shoot (film) (v) to twist; to twirlkręcić ² (i) to turn; to wind; (ii) to wiggle (iii) to carry on

(iv) to run (manage) (v) to fib (vi) to call kręcić się (i) to spin; to whirl; to turn (ii) to squirm (iii) to hang around

(iv) to curl (v) to see to (vi) to revolvekręciek to become insane; to go around the bendkręgarz chiropractorkręgiel skittle kręgle bowling; ninepins; tenpin bowlingkręgielnia bowling alleykręgosłup (i) spine (ii) backbonekręgowiec vertebratekrępacja inhibitionkrępować (i) to make or feel uncomfortable (ii) to restrict (iii) to tie up

(iv) to hinderkrępy chunky; stockykrętacki devious; shady; shiftykrętactwo deception; double-dealingkrętacz cheat; cheaterkręto (i) full of corners; winding (ii) very sinuouskrnąbrny unruly; wayward; recalcitrantkrochmal starchkrochmalić to starchkrocie (i) fortune (ii) the multitudeskrociowy fabulouskroczący ¹ (i) to stride; to march (ii) to followkroczący ² steady; progressivekrocze crotch; groin; perineumkroczek (i) (small) step (ii) stepkrogulczy (i) sparrowhawk (ii) hawk; hawklikekroić (i) to cut; to slice (ii) to cutkroić się to be imminentkrok (i) step; footstep (ii) walk; step (iii) dance step

(iv) (to take) steps (v) short distance (a step away) (vi) crotchkrokiet ¹ croquette; pancake rollkrokiet ² croquetkrokiew rafterkrokiewka (i) jack rafter (ii) chevronkrokodyl (i) crocodile (ii) crocodile (skin) (iii) hydraulic lift

(iv) split flapKrokodylek (i) young crocodile (ii) crocodile clipkrokomierz pedometerkrokowy prostate (gland)krokus (i) crocus (ii) saffronkrokwiowy rafterkromka slice (of bread)kronika (i) chronicle (ii) columnkronikarski chroniclekronselka a variety of eating apple with a yellow skinkropelka (i) droplet (ii) a little drink

kropelki nose drops; eye dropskropić ¹ (i) to sprinkle (ii) to spit with rainkropić ² (i) to whack (ii) to blast awaykropidło aspergillumkropielnica stoupkropka (i) spot; dot; (ii) full stop (iii) dot (iv) dot (Morse code)kropla dropkroplisty beads of sweatkroplomierz dropperkroplówka intravenous dripkropnąć (i) to whang; to slam (ii) to blast (iii) to slap

(iv) to knock down; to knock back (v) to swiftly accomplish(vi) to blurt out (vii) to play a quick game

kropnąć się (i) to come a cropper (ii) to bang oneself (iii) to make a boo-boo(iv) to run along (v) to hit the hay

krosno (i) loom (ii) sewing framekrosta pimple; spot; pustule; blisterkrotochwila farcekrotochwilny impish; facetious; mischievouskrowa-krowi cowkrowiak brown roll-rim, edible paxilluskróciutki tiny; teeny; weekróciutko for a short timekrój (i) cut (of a jacket) (ii) a typeface (iii) cutting (dressmaking)król ¹ (i) king (country) (ii) king (top sportsman) (iii) ycoonkról ² rabbitkrólestwo ¹ (i) kingdom (ii) domain (iii) kingdom (animal or plant)królestwo ² the King and Queenkrólewiacki of the Congress Kingdom (of Poland)królewicz prince; King’s sonkrólewna princess; King’s daughterkrólewszczyzna royal land; royal estateskróliczek (i) bunny (ii) babekrólikczy rabbitkróliki rabbit furkrólobójca regicidekrólowa queenkrólować (i) to reign (ii) to reign supreme (iii) to risekrótki-krótko (i) short (ii) brief (iii) a short timekrótkodystansowiec short distance runner; sprinterkrótkofalarski amateur radio; amateur radio operator (ham)krótkofalowo in the short termkrótkofalowy (i) short wave (ii) short termkrótkofalówka short wave radio; walkie-talkiekrótkometrażowy a short filmkrótkometrażówka short documentary filmkrótkość (i) shortness (ii) brevitykrótkotrwałość briefnesskrótkowłosy short-hairedkrótkowzroczność (i) short-sightedness; myopiakrówka (i) cow (ii) (plain) toffee; fudgekrówksko cowkrtań voice boxkrucho strapped; hard pressedkruchość (i) crumbliness; crispness (ii) tenderness (iii) frailty; fragilitykruchta (i) porch; vestibule (ii) narrow-mindednesskruchutki (i) brittle; crispy (ii) tender (iii) frail; fragile kruchy (i) brittle; crumbly; crisp(y) (ii) short (pastry) (iii) tender

(iv) fragileKrucjata crusadekrucyfiks crucifixkruczek trick; loophole; catchkruk ravenkrup croupkrupa (i) barley groats (ii) granular snowkrupczatka coarse-grained (wheat) flourkrupier croupierkrupnik (i) barley soup (ii) spirits with honey and spiceskrupowy croupy pneumoniakruszec (i) (precious) metal (ii) orekruszeć (i) to crumble (ii) to agekruszon iced punchkruszonka crumble (topping)kruszyć ¹ (i) to crumble; to crush (ii) to breakkruszyć ² to drop crumbs

kruszyć się (i) to crumble (ii) to make crumbskruszyna (i) crumb (ii) moppet; tiny woman (iii) alder buckthornkruszynę a bitkruszywo aggregatekrużganek gallery; cloisterkrwawica (i) blood, sweat and tears (ii) hard-earned moneykrwawić ¹ (i) to make bleed (ii) to turn blood redkrwawić ² to bleed krwawić się to waste many liveskrwawnik (i) yarrow; milfoil (ii) carnelian; corneliankrwawo to vomit or spit bloodkrwawoczerwony blood-redkrwawy (i) bloody (ii) blood-red (iii) back-breakingkrwiak haematomakrwinka blood cellkrwiobieg (i) blood circulation system (ii) blood circulation or flow

(iii) bloodstreamKrwiodawca blood donorkrwiomocz haematuriakrwionośny the vascular systemkrwiopijca bloodsuckerkrwiożerczo ferociously; savagely; bloodthirsty krwiożerczy (i) ferocious; bloodthirsty (ii) murderous; brutalkrwisto blood-redkrwistość (i) ruddiness; redness (ii) vigour (iii) vibrancykrwisty (i) bloody (ii) underdone; rare (iii) ruddy; florid

(iv) red-blooded; vigorous (v) vibrant; vivid (vi) blood-redkrwotok bleeding; haemorrhagekryć ¹ (i) to hide or to conceal (ii) to hide or to conceal emotions (iii) to screen

from view (iv) to cover or adorn (v) to be lost (vi) to provide cover forsomeone (vii) to cover (up) (viii) to cover or mark in sport (ix) to cover(of animals)

kryć ² (i) to cover (of paint) (ii) to be “it” (hide & seek)krygować się to preen; to be coykryjomy - kryjomu slykryjówka (i) hiding place; hideaway; hideout (ii) hiding place; cachekrykiet cricketkryl krillkryminalista criminalkryminalistyka criminologykryminalny ¹ (i) criminal (ii) criminal; crime (iii) crimekryminalny ² ex-conkryminał (i) crime detective novel; whodunnit (ii) jug; stir (iii) crimekryminałki crime columnkryminogenny criminogenickrynica (i) spring (ii) source; fountkrynolina crinolinekrypa (i) canal boat; barge (ii) leaky old tub (of a boat)krypta crypt; vaultkryptogram (i) cryptogram (ii) cryptonym; code namekryptonim cryptonym; code namekryska day of justicekrystaliczie crystal clearkrystalizować to crystallizekrystał ¹ honest soulkrystał ² crystalkrystałki glitter tights; glitter pantyhosekrystałowy (i) crystal (glass) (ii) crystal (iii) crystal clear (iv) impecablekryterium (i) criterion (ii) circuit (cycle) racekryty ¹ (i) to hide or to conceal (ii) to hide or to conceal emotions (iii) to screen

from view (iv) to cover or adorn (v) to be lost (vi) to provide cover forsomeone (vii) to cover (up) (viii) to cover or mark in sport (ix) to cover(of animals)

kryty ² (i) covered; roofed (ii) indoorkrytycyzm (i) criticism (ii) critical philosophykrytycznie critically illkrytycznoliteracki criticalkrytyczny (i) critical (to criticize) (ii) critical (in academia) (iii) crucial

(iv) critical (health) (v) critical (particularity) (vi) critical point (science)krytyk critickrytyka (i) criticism (ii) review (iii) criticskrytykancki fault-finding; nit-pickingkryza (i) ruff (ii) orifice meterkryzys crisiskrzaczasty bushy (of plants; hair etc.)

krzak bush; shrub krzątać się (i) to bustle around (ii) to busy oneselfkrzątanina hustle and bustle; fuss and botherkrzem siliconkrzemienny flintkrzepa brawn; musclekrzepiąco bracing; refreshingkrzepiący ¹ to fortify; to revitalizekrzepiący ² refreshing; fortifying; restorative; encouraging; upliftingkrzepić ² to reassure; to upliftkrzepić się (i) to have a pick-me-up; to fortify oneself (ii)to be encouraged;

to be heartened (iii) to encourage one another; to cheer another onkrzepki (i) robust; vigorous (ii) powerful; strong; burly; brawny (iii) strongkrzepko (i) robust; vigorous (ii) firmly; hardkrzepnąć (i) to clot; to coagulate (ii) to get strong (iii) to be reinforcedkrzesać (i) to strike (ii) to hew (iii) to summonkrzesany ¹ (i) to strike (ii) to hew (iii) to summonkrzesany ² Polish folk dancekrzesełko (i) (small) chair (ii) chair (iii)queen’s cushionkrzesełkowy chairliftkrzesiwo flint and steelkrzesło chairkrzew bush; shrubkrzewiciel proponentkrzewić to disseminate; to propogate (spread)krzewinka shrubkrzta not a speckkrztusić się (i) to choke (ii) to be choked (iii) to coughkrztusiec whooping cough; pertussiskrztynę a bitkrzyczący ¹ to shoutkrzyczący ² (i) garish; gaudy (ii) blatantkrzyczeć (i) to shout (ii) to scream krzyk (i) shout; yell (ii) scream; cry (iii) kerfuffle; to-do; hue and cry; outcrykrzykacz tub-thumper; loudmouthkrzykliwy (i) noisy (ii) gaudy; garishkrzykliwe Clamatoreskrzyknąć ² (i) to shout; to scream (ii) to yell (iii) to call (iv) to cry outkrzyna - krztyna ounce; bitkrzywda harm; injustice; (psychological or emotional) damagekrzywdować (i) to feel sorry for oneself (ii) to bemoan; to resentkrzywdziciel wrongdoer; evildoerkrzywdzic (i) to be unfair or unjust; to wrong; to do psychological or

emotional damage; to hurt; to harm (ii) to wrong; to prejudicekrzywica (i) rickets (ii) bowsawkrzywiczy rachitic; rickettykrzywić to bend; to twistkrzywić się (i) to be bent; to be twisted; to be warped (ii) to wince; to pull a face;

to scowlkrzywik French curvekrzywiki Incurvariidaekrzywizna (i) curve; curvature; uneven surface (ii) curvaturekrzywo crookedly; askewkrzywoprzysięstwo perjurykrzywulec¹ hunchback; humpbackkrzywulec² bandy or crookedkrzywy¹ crooked; unevenkrzywy² curvekrzyż (i) cross (religious) (ii) cross (shaped) (iii) lower back (iv) spine; backkrzyżaczek (small) garden or cross spiderKrzyżak Teutonic Knightkrzyżak¹ garden or cross spiderkrzyżak² (i) trestle (ii) crosskrzyżakowy transverse joinskrzyżować (i) to cross (ii) to thwart (iii) to combine; to unite

(iv) to crucify (v) to cross (breed)krzyżować się (i) to cross; to intersect (ii) to merge; to blend (iii) to overlap

(iv) to cross (breed); to interbreed (v) overlapping conceptskrzyżowiec¹ crusaderkrzyżowiec² cruiserkrzyżowo a cross vaulted vestibulekrzyżówy (i) cross shaped (ii) alternating (iii) crossfire (iv) crusader

(v) sacral vertebraekrzyżówa round (steak)krzyżówka (i) crossword (puzzle) (ii) cross (iii) cross breeding; interbreeding

(iv) cross(-breed); hybrid (v) mallard (vi) crossroadskrzyżówkowy (i) crossword (ii) a cross(-breed)krzyżyk ¹ (i) (small) cross (ii) cross (iii) sharp (music)krzyżyk ² cross-stitch

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/kl/ (clumsiness/thickness/stupidity)


clić to impose a customs duty onclip - klip video-clipclochard - kloszard tramp; hoboclony taxable (esp. of import tax)clou high point; highlightclown - klown clownclownada - klownada (i) clowning (ii) shenaniganscło customs (duty); tariff

klacz mareklajster (i) paste (ii) gloopklajstrować (i) to paste (ii) to whitewash (iii) to patch upklajstrowaty glueyklaka claqueklakson horn; klaxonklamerka (i) (small) buckle or clasp (ii) stapleklamka door handle; door knobklamoty clobber; stuffklamra (i) buckle; clasp (ii) cramp(iron) (iii) brace; curly bracket

(iv) step iron (v) clinch (vi) staple (vii) bridge; linkklan clanklangor honking; clangklanowy (i) clan (ii) clannishklapa (i) flap; lid (ii) lapel (iii) valve plate or flap (iv) flap

(v) key (music) (vi) flop; disasterklapać (i) to slap (ii) to chomp teethklapek mule; flip-flopklapka (i) flap; blinker (ii) (small) lapel (iii) valve plate or flap

(vi) fly-swatter; fly-swatklapnać to flop; to plopklaps (i) spank; smack (ii) clapperboard (iii) - klapsaklapsa Clapp’s Favourite (pear tree)klarnet clarinetklarować (i) to clarify; to explain (ii) to stowklaryska Poor Clare; sister of Saint Clareklasa (i) class; category (ii) class (iii) form; year; grade

(iv) classroom (v) (first or second) class (travel)(vi) grade

Klasy hopscotch klaser stamp albumklasnąć - klaskać (i) to clap (one’s hands) (ii) to slapklasowo a class (based) societyklasowość the class structure of societyklasowy (i) class (social) (ii) class (school) (iii) top classklasówka testklasycystyczny (i) classical (ii) classicisticklasycyzm classicism; neo-classicismklasyczny (i) classical (ii) classicklasyfikować (i) to classify; to categorize (ii) to classify (iii) to rank

(iv) to give marks; to gradeklasyfikowany academically promotedklasyka classicsklasztor (i) monastery; convent (ii) monastic order; nunneryklata large chestklatka (i) cage (ii) chest; thorax (iii) stairs; staircase; (iv) frame

(v) squirrel cage (vi) cageklaun - klown clownklauzula clauseklauzura enclosureklawesyn harpsichordklawiatura keyboardklawisz ¹ screwklawisz ² key

klawo ¹ great; smashingklawo ² sure; right; indeedkląć (i) to swear (ii) to cursekląskać (i) to warble (ii) to chatterklątwa (i) anathema; excommunication (ii) curseklecha Holy Joeklechda fable; legendklecić (i) to knock together; to throw together (ii) to cobble togetherkleić to glue (together)kleić się (i) to be sticky (ii) to stick (iii) to clingkleik gruelkleisty glutinous; viscousklej glue; adhesiveklejnocik (i) small jewel or gem (ii) small treasureklejnoty (i) jewellery (ii) (genitalia) privatesklejowy distemperklekot (i) clattering (ii) clatter; rattlekleks ink blotkleń chubklepać ¹ to patklepać ² (i) to hammer (ii) to prattleklepisko (i) threshing floor (ii) dirt or mud floorklepka (i) woodblock (ii) parquet (flooring) (iii) woodblock floorklepnąć to patklepsydra (i) hourglass; sandglass; water clock (ii) obituaryklepsydrowy a water clockkleptoman kleptomaniackler clergyklerycki clericalkleryk clerical student; seminariankleszcz tick (zool.)kleszcze (i) pincers; nippers (ii) pliers (iii) tie beamkleszczyki tweezersklęczący to kneelklęczki to crawl klęcznik prie-dieuklępa (i) (female) elk (ii) frumpklęska (i) defeat (ii) misfortune (iii) calamity (iv) disasterklient customer; clientklientela clienteleklif cliffklika cliquekliknąć - klikać to clickklimaks the change of life; climactericklimakterium climacteric; the menopauseklimat (i) climate (ii) atmosphere; climateklimatyzacja (i) air-conditioning (ii) air-conditionerklin (i) splitting-wedge (ii) tenon (iii) gusset (iv) ridge; wedge klincz (i) clinch (ii) deadlock; stalemateklinga bladekliniczny clinicalklinika hospital; ward; clinicklinkier (i) ceramic clinker (ii) clinker klinkierowy clinkerklinować to wedgeklinować się to jam; to stickklinowy (i) wedge-shaped (ii) cuneiformklip, clip video-clipklipa (i) tipcat (ii) a square coin kliper clipperklips (i) earring; clip-on (ii) clipklisza (i) plate (photographic) (ii) a roll of film (iii) cliché

(iv) block; plateklitka cubbyholeklituś-bajduś ¹ blathere; windbagklituś-bajduś ² baloney; malarkeykliwia Kaffir-lily; cliviaklo lookloaczny sewagekloaka (i) sewage pit (ii) cesspool; cesspit (iii) (zool.) cloacakloc ¹ lump (of lard)kloc ² (i) log (ii) a chunk of woodkloce chunky legsklocek (i) block (ii) building blocks (iii) bobbin (iv) (wood) blockklockowy (i) bobbin (ii) brake block

klocowaty (i) boxy (ii) lumpish (iii) chunkyklomb flower bedklon ¹ mapleklonować to cloneklop bogklops (i) meatball (ii) meat loaf (iii) bummerklosz (i) (lamp) shade (ii) glass dome (iii) bowl (iv) flarekloszard tramp; hobokloszowy flaredklown clownklozet(owy) (i) loo; lav (ii) toiletklub (i) club (ii) clubhouse (iii) grouping (iv) clubklubokawiarnia café that hosts cultural eventsklubowy (i) club (ii) chief whipkluch – klucha (i) (large) dumpling (ii) fatty; fatso (iii) half-bakedkluchowaty (i) half-baked; slack-baked (ii) pudgyklucz (i) key (door) (ii) spanner; wrench (iii) keystage (iv) key principle; formula

(v) key (vi) things in a V formation (vii) key (music) (viii) keystone (ix) internet or wi-fi key (x) demesne

klucznica house-keeperklucznik (i) the title of a minor district official (ii) stewardkluczowy crucial; essentialkluczyć (i) to wander around or about (ii) to fudge; to pussyfoot aroundkluczyk (i) (small) key (ii) key (iii) cowslipkluć się (i) to hatch (ii) to be born; to be hatched; to germinatekluseczka (i) (small) dumpling; noodle (ii) dumplingklusek - kluska dumplingkluza chock; hawser pipe

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/skw/ (weakness/cuteness)


squash squashsquat squatsquatter squattersquaw squaw

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/st/ (strength/stoicism)


stabilizator (i) stabilizer (electrical) (ii) stabilizer (iii) stabilizer (chemical)(iv) stabilizing factor

stabilizować to stabilizestabilnie steadily; stablystabilny stablestaccato (i) staccato (noun) (ii) staccato (adverb)stachanowiec Stakhanovitestacja (i) station (railway) (ii) station (research)

(iii) station (petrol) (iv) station (tv; radio)stacjonarnie to be a full time studentstacjonarny (i) stationary (ii) full time studentstacjonować to be stationedstacyjka (i) (small) station (ii) ignitionstacyjny stationstaczać – stoczyć (i) to roll (ii) to fightstać ¹ (stoję, stoisz) (i) to stand (ii) to standstill (iii) to be standing somewhere

(iv) to be on-guard (v) to have high odds (vi) to last or endure(vii) to be erect (viii) to stop or be on strike (ix) to say(x) to be founded on something (xi) to be pursuing something(xii) to be stationed or encamped (xiii) strength or talent

stać ² (i) afford (ii) to have couragestać się - stawać się (i) to happen (ii) to becomestadialny gradualstadion stadiumstadium stage or phasestadło (i) married couple (ii) pairstadnie to live in herds or packsstadnina stud

stadny gregariousstado (i) herd; pack; pride; school; flock (ii) herds; flocksstagnacja stagnationstajać to melt; to thawstajenny (i) stable (ii) stableman; groomstajnia (i) stable (ii) stud stal steelstalag Stalagstalagmit stalagmitestalaktyt stalactitestale constantly; permanentlystalinista Staliniststalinizm Stalinismstalle choir stallsstaloryt steel engravingstalować to orderstalownia steelworks; steel plantstalowy (i) steel (ii) steel blue; steely (iii) of steel (iv) unbendingstalówka (i) nib (ii) tape measure; measuring tape (iii) wire rope

(iv) steel hookstałość (i) solidity (ii) constancy (iii) permanence (iv) stabilitystały (i) solid (ii) permanent (iii) fixed (iv) constant; lasting; steadystamtąd from there; thencestan ¹ (i) state; condition (ii) state (emotional)stan ² (i) state (place) (ii) estate (iii) professionstan ³ (i) waist; middle (ii) trunk (iii) bodiceStany The States (USA)stanąć ¹ (i) to stand up (ii) to stand (iii) to stop

(iv) to appear (v) to turn up (vi) to be erect(vii) to make a stop

stanać ² (i) to freeze (ii) to set (iii)to be raised or erected(iv) to be settled

stancja lodgingsstandard standardstandardowy (i) standard (ii) conventionalstandaryzować to standardizestangret coachmanstanica (i) hostel (ii) border watchtower (iii) stanistastanieć (i) to become cheaper (ii) to be cheapenedstanik (i) bra; brassiere (ii) bodice; camisole (iii) bodice; corsagestanisławowski of the times of the reign of Stanislaus IIstanowczy (i) resolute (ii) firmstanowić ¹ (i) to make; to constitute (ii) to decide; to determinestanowić ² to determinestanowisko (i) post; stand (ii) bay or platform (iii) post; position (iv) position; stance

(v) battle position (vi) position (vii) outlookstanowy (i) state (ii) classstapiać - stopić (i) to melt (ii) to alloystaranie (i) to try; to attempt; to strive (ii) to trystarania efforts; endeavoursstaranność carestaranny (i) neat; careful (ii) diligent; meticulousstaranować to ramstarcie ¹ wipe-offstarcie ² (i) clash; scuffle (ii) round (sport) (iii) squabble

(iv) abrasion; grazestarczać - starczyć to suffice; to be enoughstarczy senilestarczyć - starczać to suffice; to be enoughstargać (i) to tousle; to tangle (ii) to ruinstargać się (i) to fray; to become overtaxed (ii) to become tousledstaro oldstaroć antiquestarodruk antique bookstarodrzew ancient foreststaromiejski old townstaromodny old-fashionedstaropanieństwo spinsterhoodstaropolski Old Polish (manner; ways; customs)starorzecze old river bedstarosta (i) governor (ii) master of ceremoniesstarostwo (i) office of a governor (ii) the offices of the district

authorities (iii) governorstarościna (i) a governor’s wife (ii) matron of honourstarość (i) old age; (ii) antiquity

starozakonny ¹ Old Testamentstarozakonny ² Orthodox Jewstarożytność (i) antiquity (ii) antiques (iii) antiquity (iv) The Ancientsstarożytny ancientstarszak six year old (boy or girl belonging to the group of

eldest children in a kindergarten)starszeństwo senioritystarszyzna the eldersstart (i) start (ii) participation (iii) take-off (iv) startstarter ¹ starter (person)starter ² starter (motor or button)startować (i) to enter a race (ii) to take-off (iii) to make a startstaruch old manstarucha old womanstaruszek ¹ old manstaruszek ² old dog; old boystaruszek ³ old thingstaruszka (i) old lady (ii) old girl (iii) dear old thingstary ¹ (i) old (ii) old (iii) previous (iv) usual (v) stalestary ² (i) old (ii) old (iii) old (demeaning)stary ³ (i) elderly (ii) senior; superiorstary (i) an old person (ii) boss (iii) old man or woman

(iv) old man or ladystary old buddy; old beanstarzec groundselstarzeć się (i) to age; to grow old (ii) to become outdated

(iii) to go off; to go bad (iv) to agestarzyzna junkstateczek (little) shipstatecznie (i) sedate (ii) steadilystatecznik fin; stabilizerstateczność (i) sedateness; staidness (ii) stabilitystateczny (i) solid; level headed; well established (ii) stablestatek shipstatki dishesstatua statuestatuetka statuette; figurinestatus statusstatut statutestatycznie staticallystatyczność (i) stability (ii) static equilibriumstatyczny staticstatysta supernumerary; extrastatystyka statisticsstatyw standstaw ¹ pondstaw ² joint (anatomy)stawać - stanać (i) to stand up (ii) to stand (iii) to stop

(iv) to appear (v) to turn up (vi) to be erect (vii) to make a stop

stawać się - stać się (i) to happen (ii) to becomestawiacz min minelayerstawiać (i) to put (ii) to turn or put up (iii) to stand up;

to set upright (iv) to build; to erect (v) to issue or deliver(vi) to put a bet on (vii) to stand

stawiać się to rebel stawić się - stawiać się to turn up; to appearstawka (i) rate (ii) stake (iii) stake (risk) (iv) fox’s foot (v) the starters stawonóg athropodstawowy ¹ pondstawowy ² articularstaż (i) traineeship (ii) senioritystażowy internshipstażysta probationer; traineestąd ¹ (i) from here (ii) a source or causestąd ² hencestągiew vatstąpąć - stąpnąć to treadstąpnięcie (i) footstep; footfall (ii) treadstchórzyć to chicken outstearyna stearinstebnować to backstitchstechnicyzować (i) to introduce technology into (ii) a technological civilisationstefanka layered sponge cakestek (i) steak (ii) cloaca (iii) a great quantity

stekowiec monotremestelaż framestempel (i) stamp (ii) pit prop; sprag (iii) diestampelek stamp stemplować (i) to frank; to postmark (ii) to prop up; to shore up (iii) to mark stemplowanie pit prop; spragsten Sten gunstenograficzny shorthand; stenographystep steppestepować to tap dancestepowieć to turn into steppester (i) helm (ii) rudder (iii) reinssterać to wear outsterczeć (i) to project (ii) to hang aroundstereo (i) stereo (ii) in stereo (iii) stereo-stereofonia stereophonystereoskopia stereoscopystereotyp stereotypesterling - szterling sterling monetary unitsternik (i) steersman; helmsman; coxswain; cox (ii) holder of a saling certificatesterować (i) to steer (ii) to control (iii) to manipulatesterowiec airshipsterownia (i) control room (ii) wheelhouse; pilot housesterownik driversterowny manoeuvrablesterowy steering wheelsterroryzować to terrorizesterta (i) pile (ii) stacksterylizować to sterilizesterylnie (i) sterile (ii) immaculately [clean]stetoskop stethoscopestetryczały old and grumpystetryczeć to go senilesteward steward; flight attendantstewardes(s)a stewardess; air hostessstębnować to backstitchstęchły mustystęchnąć (i) to become musty (ii) to go downstękać ¹ (i) to grunt (ii) to groanstękać ² to moanstęp walkstępiać to blunt; to dullstępiały dulled; numbstępieć (i) to become blunt (ii) to become blunted or dulled;

to become apatheticstępka keelstęsknić się to greatly missstęskniony longingstężały (i) set; caked (ii)hardened; stiffenedstężeć (i) to set; to cake (ii) to harden; to stiffenstężenie (chemical) concentrationstiuk stuccostłaczać - stłoczyć to crowd; to jamstłamsić (i) to crumple (ii) to suppress; to repress (iii) to dominate (iv) to stiflestłuc (i) to break (ii) to bang; to hit (iii) to beatstłuc się to breakstłuczenie bruise; injury stłuczka (i) bump; prang (ii) breakage (iii) broken glassstłumić (i) to muffle (ii) to put down (iii) to suppress; to stifle

(iv) to bring down (v) to smothersto (i) a hundred (ii) hundredstochastyczny stochasticstocznia shipyard; dockyardstoczniowy shipbuildingstoczyć ¹ (i) to roll (ii) to fightstoczyć ² to eat awaystoczyć się (i) to roll; to tumble (ii) to stumble (iii) to end up in the gutterstodoła barnstoick(i) (i) Stoic (ii) stoical; stoicstoisko (i) department (ii) stall; stand; boothstojak (i) a stand or rack (ii) walker (iii) to do something standing upstojący ¹ (i) to stand (ii) to standstill (iii) to be standing somewhere

(iv) to be on-guard (v) to have high odds (vi) to last or endure(vii) to be erect (viii) to stop or be on strike (ix) to say(x) to be founded on something (xi) to be pursuing something

(xii) to be stationed or encamped (xiii) strength or talentstojący ² (i) upright (ii) stagnantstok slopestokroć- stokrotnie a hundred timesstokrotka daisystolarka (i) woodwork; joinery (ii) carpentrystolarz carpenter; joiner; cabinet makerstolcowy - kiska rectalstolec (i) stool; (ii) throne (iii) seatstolica (i) capital (city) (ii) capitalstolik(zek) (i) (small) table (ii) tablestolnica pastry boardstołeczek (i) (small) stool (ii) four-hand seatstołeczny the capital citystołek (i) stool (ii) jobstołować to provide meals forstołować się to eatstołownik dinerstołowy ¹ tablestołowy ² dining roomstołówka canteen; cafeteriastołówkowy a dinner voucherstomatolog dental surgeon; dentiststonka Colorado beetlestonoga woodlousestonować (i) to tone down (ii) to soften (iii) to sanitize; to water downstop ¹ alloystop ² (i) brake light; stop light (ii) stop! halt! (iii) stopstopa (i) foot (ii) base (iii) standardstoper ¹ centre half; midfielderstoper ² (i) stopwatch (ii) earplug stopić (i) to melt (ii) to alloystopić się (i) to melt down; to liquefy (ii) to melt; to blendstopień (i) step; stair (ii) ocean shelf (iii) rank (iv) grade or award (v) test

score or mark (vi) degree (temperature) (vii) a degree or extent(viii) degree of severity (ix) pitch jump in music

stopka (i) foot (ii) imprint (iii) treadlestop-klatka freeze-framestopnieć (i) to melt (ii) to melt away (iii) to evaporate; to dissolvestopniować (i) to grade (ii) to comparestopniowy gradualstopować (i) to stop (ii) to hamper; to thwart stopowy ¹ alloystopowy ² brakestora curtain; blindstorczyk orchis; orchidstorpedować (i) to torpedo (ii) to scuttlestos (i) stack; pile (ii) log pile (iii) stake (iv) cribwork

(v) pile or stack of logsstosować to take; to apply; to practicestosować się (i) to obey; to abide (ii) to applystosowny appropriate; suitablestosunek (i) relationship (ii) attitude (iii) affair (iv) (sexual) intercourse; coitus

(v) quotientstosunkowy (i) proportional (ii) relativestotinka monetary unit of Bulgariastowarzyszać to affiliatestowarzyszenie associationstowarzyszony (associate) memberstożek conestożkowaty conical; con-shapedstóg stack; rickstójka (i) mandarin collar (ii) collarband (iii) set (iv) standing to attention

(v) headstand; handstand (vi) standing positionstójkowy policemanstół (i) table (ii) board; farestówa ~ka one hundredstu hundredstubarwny multicolouredstudent studentstudia (i) studies; college (ii) studystudialny [the/a] study ofstudio studio (tv or radio)studiować to studystadium (i) school (ii) study (iii) stage

studnia (i) well (ii) narrow courtyard (iii) down-draughtstudniówka a formal dance held a 100 days before the school leaving exams studyjny studiostudzić (i) to chill; to cool something down (ii) to coolstudzienka (i) well (ii) manholestudzienny wellstugłowy hundred-headedstuk clatter; clack; rattle; knockstukać ¹ to knock; to rap; to pokestukąć ² potstuknąć to tap; to knock; to clatter; to click; to rattle; to patter; to beatstuknąć się to crash intostuknięty battystulać - stulić to fold; to tuckstulatek centenarian; hundred-year-oldstulecie (i) century (ii) centenarystulić - stulać to fold; to tuckstułbia hydrastumetrowy hundred-metre-long (or high or deep)stuprocentowo hundred per centstuprocentowy (i) hundred per cent; full house (ii) hundred per cent sure or dead cert

(iii) macho manstutysięczny ¹ hundred-thousandthstutysięczny ² (i) hundred-thousand strong (ii) hundred-thousand zlotystuwatowy hundred-wattstuzłotowy hundred zlotystuzłotówka hundred-zloty banknote; hundred zloty coinstwardniały (i) hardened; calloused; callused (ii) hardenedstwardnieć (i) to get harder (physically) (ii) to become more resilient of characterstwardnienie callous; callus; lumpstwarzać - (i) to create (ii) to create; to generatestwierdzać - stwierdzić (i) to find (ii) to statestwierdzenie ² statementstworzenie¹- stworzyć (i) to create (ii) to create; to generatestworzenie ² (i) creature (ii) the CreationStworzyciel the Creatorstworzyć² (i) to create (ii) to form (e.g. a band)stwór creaturestyczeń Januarystyczna tangentstygmat (i) stigma (ii) markstygnąć (i) to become cold (ii) to cool offstyk (i) joint; junction (ii) meeting (iii) contactstykać - zetknąć encounterstykówky contact printstyl ¹ (i) style – architecture (ii) style - literary

(iii) style – way (iv) style – fashion (v) style – sportstyl ² handle; helvestylista (i) stylist (ii) designerstylistyka (i) stylistics (ii) stylestylizacja (i) style (ii) stylizationstylizować (i) to edit (ii) to stylizestylizować się to model oneselfstylon steelonstylony nylons (tights; suspenders etc.)stylonowy nylonstylowo (i) stylistically (ii) stylishly – decorated (iii) stylish - sportstylowość (i) style (ii) conformity with a style; unity of style

(iii) stylishness - sportstylowy (i) stylistic – literary (ii) period (iii) stylish - sportstymulator (i) stimulus; stimulant (ii) stimulatorstymulować to stimulatestypa funeral reception; wakestypendialny grantstypendium scholarship grantstyropian(owy) polystyrene; Styrofoam

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/stɹ/ (straightness/stretching)


stracenie - stracić (i) to lose (ii) to executestraceniec desperadostraceńczy reckless; foolhardystrach ¹ fear; dreadstrach ² scarystrachajło scaredy-catstrachliwy timid; timorous; chicken-liveredstracić się to disappear into thin air; to become loststracony wastedstragan stall; standstraganiarski colourful stallsstraganiarz stallholderstrajk strikestrajkować to strikestrapić to distress; to upsetstrapić się to become upsetstrapienie worry; distressstrapiony distressed personstraszak ¹ bogeymanstraszak ² (i) toy pistol (which fires blanks) (ii) threat (iii) (bird) scarerstraszliwy (i) terrible; terrific; gruesome (ii) awful (iii) excruciatingstraszyć ¹ (i) to frighten (ii) to threatenstraszyć ² to hauntstraszydło (i) fright; scarecrow (ii) monsterstrata lossstrateg strategiststrategia strategystratny to lose money on stratować to trample stratyfikacja stratification strawa (i) fare (ii) dietstrawestować travestystrawić (i) to digest (ii) to consume; to destroy (iii) to spendstrawny (i) digestible (ii) palatablestraż guardstrażacki a fire engine; a firetruckstrażak fireman; firefighterstrażnica watchtowerstrącać- strącić (i) to knock something off (ii) to shoot down (iii) to knock off

(iv) to precipitate strącić się to precipitatestrączek small podstrączkowy leguminousstrąk (i) pod (ii) stringy hairstrąkowy leguminous plantsstrefa zone; area strefowość division into climatic zonesstremować to embarrassstremować się to become self-consciousstress stressstresować to stressstresować się to become stressedstreszczać ¹ to summarizestreszczać ² to epitomizestreszczać się (i) to be epitomized (ii) to be briefstreszczenie summary; synopsis; résuméstręczycielski pimpingstręczyć to procurestricte strictlystrip-tease - striptiz striptease; strip show; stripstrofa-strofka strophe; stanzastrofować to chastenstroiciel tunerstroicielski tuningstroić ¹ (i) to dress up (ii) to decoratestroić ² to tunestroik (i) dress; attire (ii) head-dress (iii) floral table decoration

(iv) (musical) reedstrojniś dandystrojny ¹ (i) dressy (ii) ornamentalstrojny ² dressed

stromy steep; sheerstrona (i) page (ii) side (iii) side; perspective point (iv) direction; way

(v) sides of an argument or debate (vi) voice (vii) website (viii) partystronić to shunstronnictwo party; factionstronniczo partiallystronniczość partiality; biasstronnik supporter; backerstrop (i) ceiling (ii) roofstropić się to become disconcertedstropowy (i) floor; ceiling (ii) roofstroskany worriedstroszyć to rufflestroszyć się to puff up; to bristlestrój ¹ dress; attirestrój ² (i) tune (ii) keystróż (i) caretaker; janitor (ii) guardianstruchlały horror-strickenstruchleć to quailstrucla loafstruć to give food poisoningstruć się (i) to upset one’s stomach (ii) to get upsetstrudel strudelstrudzony wearystrug planestruga streamstrugać (i) to whittle (ii) to carve (iii) to play dumbstruktura (i) structure (ii) structure; organizationstrukturalizm structuralismstrukturalizować to structuralizestrukturalny structuralstrumień-strumyk (i) stream; brook; creek (ii) stream; (iii) trickle (of water)struna (i) string; chord (ii) (sport) stringstrunowy pre-stressed concretestrup scab; cruststrupieszałość petrificationstrupieszały (i) decaying (ii) fossilizedstrus(i) ostrichstruty crestfallenstrużka ¹ trickle; dribblestrużka ² (i) chips (ii) shavingstrużyny shavingsstrwonić to squanderstrwożony to frighten; to scarestrych attic; loftstrychnina strychninestrychulec (i) fetlock boot (ii) stricklestryczek halter; rope; noose; the noosestryj(aszek) (paternal) unclestryjeczny a cousin (child of one’s paternal uncle)stryjenka aunt (wife of one’s paternal uncle)stryjostwo uncle and aunt (one’s paternal uncle and his wife)strywializować to trivializestrzał (i) shot (ii) shot at goal (sport) (iii) a shot in the dark

(iv) appropriate (v) shotstrzała arrowstrzałeczka (i) (small) arrow (symbol) (ii) needlestrzałka (i) arrow (symbol) (ii) needle (iii) dart (iv) blaze (v) fibulastrzałki arrow wormsstrzałowy ¹ a shot holestrzałowy ² shot-firerstrzaskać to shatterstrzaskać się to be shatteredstrząsąć - strząsnąć to shake something offstrzec to watch over; to guardstrzec się to bewarestrzecha thatchstrzelać to soarstrzelać się (i) to try to shoot oneself (ii) to fight a duel strzelanina gunfire; shootingstrzelba shotgunstrzelczyni (i) (woman) shooter; markswoman (ii) scorer Strzelec (i) Sagittarius the Archer (ii) Sagittariusstrzelec ¹ (i) shooter; shot (ii) rifleman (iii) marksman (iv) scorer; shooterstrzelec ² long-range piece

strzelecki (i) shooting (ii) riflestrzelić ¹ (i) to score (ii) to shoot (iii) to put one’s foot in it or make a blunder

(iv) to crack (v) to down a drink (vi) to take a shot ofstrzelić ² (i) to fire (ii) to crack (iii) to shoot up (iv) to shoot up (v) to shoot

(vi) to crack a joke (vii) to take a blind guess (viii) to shootstrzelisty (i) soaring (ii) loftystrzelnica (i) shooting range (ii) arrow slit; loopholestrzelniczy gunpowderstrzemiączko stapes; stirrup (bone)strzemienny stirrup cupstrzemię stirrupstrzepąć - strzepnąć (i) to shake something off (ii) to shakestrzęp (i) shred (ii) snatchstrzępiasty frayed; wispy; raggedstrzępić to fraystrzyc (i) to cut (ii) to shear (iii) to mowstrzyc się (i) to cut one’s hair (ii) to get one’s hair cutstrzyga an evil bloodsucking creaturestrzykać - strzyknąć (i) to squirt (ii) to course throughstrzykawka syringestrzykwa sea cucumberstrzyżyk wren

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No onset /tw/ in Polish.

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appendix 4 type frequencies of phonaesthemes in polish

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