apl15 prehistoric settlement patterns around the southern north sea

7/22/2019 APL15 Prehistoric settlement patterns around the southern North Sea

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pujhloetlcis erd nuhhy eoodssljhd ncr nrdd. Ncr eoodss tc kcrd

nrdd jccfs vlslt7 www.slbdstcid.ock/hljrery

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PBN eib jy bclia sc, ycu mdhp tc fddp cur hljrery ruiilia.

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O.O. Jefdhs, Rmd _dtthdkdit _ystdk cn tmd Butom Hliderjeibfdreklf ?5

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ZD_DEZOM LIRC RMD JEIBFDZEKLF _DRRHDKDIR CN RMD EHBDIMC^DIDZPHERRD LI RMD ZMLIDHEIB

G. HTILIA

Rmd rdsderom prcgdot "Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd" (Zmlidheib) hestdb ncr 54 yders (5<>4-5<10). Entdrbdsorljlia tmd prdsdit bey adchcay eib adcarepmy cn tmd heibsoepd, e rdocistruotlci cn sclhs eibvdadtetlci li jeibfdreklf tlkds ls alvdi. Rmdi blnndrdit hdvdhs cn tmd sdtthdkdit systdk erd blsoussdb7

Mcusds eib nerkstdebs, tmd blstrljutlci cn nlibs wltmli tmdsd uilts eib tmd nuiotlci cn blnndrdittypds cn mcusds6 tmd sdtthdkdits, tmdlr litdrieh struoturd eib mlstcry6 tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy sdtthdkditodhh eib lts mlstcry eib tmd blnndrdiods li nuiotlci eib lkpcrteiod cn tmd sdtthdkdits6 eib, et hest,tmd blstrljutlci cn tmd sdtthdkdits wltmli tmd rdalci cn tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd. Et tmd dib tmdrd

nchhcw sckd oehouhetlcis ci pcpuhetlci bdislty.

Rmd _tetd cn Zdsderom

Zdsderom litc tmd sdtthdkdit mlstcry cn tmdEhbdimcvdidr Phettd burlia tmd Idchltmlo jdaeili 5<>4 wmdi, diocureadb jy M. _omwejdbls-sdi, Z. Fupdr wes hccflia ncr e sultejhd Zcssdisdtthdkdit tc dxoevetd. Mls ettditlci wes brewijy tmd nlrst nlibs kebd jy M. Hþmr ci tmd pdrl

kdtdr cn "Readjeu Libdi", e jrcwi oceh cpdioest klid ejcut 40 fk wdst cn Ochcaid li tmdklbbhd cn tmd ndrtlhd Gøhlomdr Hcdssjþrbd.Burlia ei 5= kcitm dxoevetlci nrck 5<>4-5<>1,Z. Fupdr uiocvdrdb e tcteh erde cn > mdoterdscn tmd nlrst eib es ydt cihy nuhhy dxoevetdb Zcssdi sdtthdkdit (Libdi 56 nla. 5).'Burlia tmd dxoevetlci, tmd dxodptlcieh tdomil-oeh eib craeilsetlcieh pctditleh ncr sdtthdkditeromedchcay rdsderom ci tmd dbad cn tmd cpdioest klids wes rdehlsdb. Rmd pdrlkdtdrs cn tmdsdklids, sdvdreh flhckdtrds hcia, erd li dnndot"nrdd trleh trdiomds" wmlom oei prdsdit e ockphdtd ploturd cn ehh survlvlia prdmlstcrld sdtthdkdit rdkelis. Li ebbltlci, eib cn dspdolehlkpcrteiod, ls tmd cppcrtuilty enncrbdb tcdstejhlsm erdes ockphdtdhy bdvclb cn sdtthdkditwltm ocislbdrejhd odrtelity.-

Rmd rdodit rdsderom li tmd EhbdimcvdidrPhettd wmlom stertdb wltm tmls dxoevetlci oei jdblvlbdb litc tmrdd sdotlcis (nla. :)7

/. Rmd dxoevetlci cn liblvlbueh sdtthdkdits(5<>4-5<>=). Rmls typd cn rdsderom jdaei wltmLibdi 5 eib ocitliudb wltm tmd Zcssdi sdtthdkdits cn Libdi :, Libdi ? eib Ehbdimcvdi ?.YRmd blsocvdry cn sdtthdkdits cn tmd sekd ouhturdsc surprlsliahy ohcsd tc Libdi 5 hdb tc qudstlcisejcut tmd jeslo struoturd cn Zcssdi sdtthdkdit,eib nrck tmls ercsd tmd iddb tc bdnlid eib blvlbd

tmd sltd jdttdr li tmd heibsoepd. Ei derhy rdsouddxoevetlci li tmd idlamjcurlia Jeibfdreklfsdtthdkdit Hekdrsbcrn :Y wes tmd kctlvetlcincr dxtdiblia tmls tc tmd wmchd cn tmd Idchltmlopdrlcb.

:. Rmd blsocvdry cn tmd sdtthdkdit heibsoepd cntmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy (5<><-10) Qmdi "ReadjeuLibdi" wes ohcsdb bcwi li 5<>=, eromedchcaloehlitdrdst smlntdb tc tmd idlamjcurlia klid, "Readjeu Wufuint-Qdst". Et tmls tlkd , tmd ? fk

hcia pdrlkdtdr cn tmd klid wes kcvlia bcwitmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy, rdvdehlia ocislbdrejhdIdchltmlo sdtthdkdits ci jctm jeifs. E wcrfliaarcup wes sdt up et tmd Listltutd nør Tr- uibNrømadsomlomtd et Ochcaid Tilvdrslty, ocisls-tlia cn pdcphd wcrflia ci bcotcreh tmdsds citmd Idchltmlo, uibdr tmd blrdotlci cn Z. Fupdreib G. Høilia. Rmdy dstejhlsmdb tmd elk cn sys-tdketloehhy cjsdrvlia tmd pdrlkdtdr cn "Readjeu Wufuint-Qdst" eib lkkdbletdhy dxoevetliaehh tmd ketdrleh, li crbdr et hdest tc jd ejhd tc



G. HTILIA

YRYnhhtllhm, 86 X nnEeomdi "Y nnìy ] _o-

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betd lt.'' Li tmls wey li twc yders e 0.= fk hciasdotlci cn tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy (phus e 5.: fkhcia sdotlci cn tmd Heiawdlldr Nhldss) wes livds-tlaetdb, rdvdehlia nlibs nrck ehkcst ehh pdrlcbscn tmd Idchltmlo.*'Cjsdrvetlcis eib nlibs nrck ehkcst ehhprdmlstcrld eib derhy mlstcrld pdrlcbs wdrdkebd, sc tmet lt jdoekd ohder tmet tmd Kdrzjeomvehhdy wes e rdprdsditetlvd sdtthdkdit odhh ncrtmd eromedchcaloeh mlstcry cn tmd Hcwdr ZmlidJey. Mcwdvdr, bdkeibs ci tmd tlkd cn tmdkdkjdrs cn tmd wcrflia arcup wdrd ocislbdr-ejhd, eib et tmd sekd tlkd lt eppderdb tc jd

uigustlnlejhd tc ocitliud tmd rdsoud dxoevetlcishciadr tmei idodssery, eib es e rdsuht eoodpttmd uicjsdrvdb bdstruotlci cn tmd ardetdr pertcn tmd eromedchcaloeh ketdrleh.

?. Rmd Prcgdot "_dtthdkdit Mlstcry cn tmd Idchltmlo cn tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd" (5<15-=5). Rmdiukdrcus blsocvdrlds cn tmd prdodblia yders eibtmd dxodhhdit cppcrtuilty enncrbdb ncr tmd tctehdxoevetlci cn e skehh heibsoepd uilt prckptdbtmd prcpcseh tc epphy tc tmd Bdutsomd Ncr-somuiasadkdlisoment tc sdt up e hcia eib dck-prdmdislvd prcgdot li sdtthdkdit eromedchcay.-'



JEIBFDZEKLF _DRRHDKDIR CN RMD EHBDIMC^DIDZ PHERRD

Nla :. Rmd Ehbdimcvdior Phettd eib surrcuiblia erde. Metomdb7 Erde ejcvd :00 k. Cpdi oest klids cn tmd QdstArcup cn tmd Zmdlilsomc Jreuifcmhoiwdrfd EA. _tlpphdb7 Dxoevetdb eib Bukplia Erde. Hlids wltm nlhhdb eibcpdi trleiahds7 Pheiidb eib prcgdotdb Klilia Erdes (Jciidr Gemrj. 511, 5<11. 42<). 5. Erdes klidb burlia tmdnlrst pmesd cn tmd Zdsderom Prcgdot (5<>=-5<15). :. Erdes klidb burlia tmd dxoevetlcis li tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy(5.50.5<15-5.50.5<1.?). ?. Erdes klidb nrck 5.50.5<1?-5<=5. _oehd 57 :00 000



G. HTILIA

Nla. ?. Rmd Ehbdimcvoidr Phettd eib surrcuiblia eroe. Eroe cn rdsderom (<=0 fk-). Metomdb7 Erde ejcvd :00 k.Bcttdb hlid7 Hlklts cn dxtdislvd survdy eroe (?40 fk-). _tlpphdb7 Litdislvd survdy erde (=4 fk-). Besmdb hlid7Kep pujhlsmdb li Jciidr Gemrj. 512, 5<12, Jolheao L wltm dxoevetdb erde cn Kdrzjeom vehhdy libloetdb (JciidrGemrj. 51<, 5<1<, 44?). _oehd L7 :00 000




Nla. 2. Rmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd. Metomdb7 erdessurvdyob up tc dib cn 5<1<. Bcttcb hlid7 Cpdi-oestklid "Wufuint-Qdst" (ocitrchhdb bete ochhdotlci

sliod h<nl,_) (Jciidr Gemrj. 5=0. 5<=0, .?00). _oehd57 :00 000

Rmd cjgdot cn tmls prcgdot wes tc dxoevetd tctehhytmd sootlcis cn tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy wmlom wcuhbjd bdstrcydb jy klilia li ncrtmocklia yderseib, ockjlidb wltm rdsderom li tmd surrcuibliaerde, tc julhb up e sdtthdkdit mlstcry cn tmdEhbdimcvdidr Phettd.

Burliatmdnlrsttwcyderscn tmd prcgdot (5<15-1?) ei erde cn :2 mdoterds cn tmd Idchltmlo sdtthdkdit li tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy wes dxoevetdb.**_urprlsliahy tmls ocislstdb dxohuslvdhy cn Jeib-fdreklf sdttldkdits eib e ocitdkpcrery arevd-nldhb, sc tmet burlia tmd idxt ndw yders lt wesidodssery tc dxtdib tmd ploturd jy ebbdbdxoevetlci cutslbd tmd erde cn klilia, liordes-lia tmd erde tc ?< mdoterds. Herad sdtthdkditerdes cn tmd Arcssaerteom eib Klomdhsjdra ouhturds wdrd blsocvdrdb eib dxoevetdb, wmlhd cihy

klilkeh treods cn tmd Hetd Idchltmlo Qertjdra,_dlid-Clsd-Kerid eib Jdefdr arcups wdrdncuib.

Cn lkpcrteiod wes e survdy prcarekkdwmlom rei nrck 5<1? tc 5<=5 (nla. ?). Ei erdecn =4 fk- ebgeodit tc tmd keli erde cn dxoevetlci li tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy wes systdketloehhyeib litdislvdly survdydb (nla. 2). Es kcst Idchltmlo sltds erd rlom li nhlit ketdrleh, lt ls prcjejhdtmet et hdest tmd heradst sdttldkdits wdrd kcrdcr hdss ockphdtdhy rdocvdrdb.'Y

Li perehhdh tc tmd nldhbwcrf tmd ketdrleh weseiehysdb eib pujhlsmdb. Rmd elk wes tc pujhlsmtmd dxoevetdb sdttldkdits li kcicarepms. Rmls,es ehweys, wes ner kcrd dxpdislvd li tlkd, pdr-sciidh eib kcidy tmei tmd dxoevetlcis tmdksdh-vds. _c ner twc kcicarepms mevd jddi pujhlsm-



G. HTILIA

Nla. 4. Rmd Ehbdimcvoior Phe ttd. Mybrcarepmlo idtwdrf, rdhldn eib Jeibforeklf blstrljutlci. _oehd57:{)ø øøø.

db,'" eib kcrd erd li prdperetlci. _dvdrehskehhdr sltds mevd jddi pujhlsmdb li tmd eiiuehrdpcrts. Rmd ncTcwlia eoocuit ls jesdb ci tmddxoevetlci rdsuhts ehcid, es tmd rdsuhts cn tmdsurvdy mevd es ydt tc jd wrlttdi up.

Rmd Adchcay eib _clhs cn tmd EhbdimcvdidrPhettd

Rmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd ls sltuetdb li tmdscutm-wdst cn tmd Hcwdr Zmlid Jey li tmdtrleiahd jdtwddi tmd rlvdrs Zur, Libd eib Qurkeib tmd icrtm ncct cn tmd Dlndh, ei erde cn ?10fk-. Rmd heibsoepd" ocislsts cn e phetdeu bls-sdotdb jy bry wetdr ocursds wmlom nehhs adithytc tmd icrtmdest (nla. 4).'- Rmd hcwdst strete erdtmd jrcwi oceh hdvdhs, wmlom erd cvdrheli jy

tmli strete cn derhy Phdlstcodid seibs eib arevdhs. Rmd seibs eib arevdhs erd ocvdrdb jy eheydr cn hcdss up tc 4 k tmlof. Rmd hcdss ls tmdperdit ketdrleh ncr pcst-Phdlstcodid sclh bdvdh-cpkdit, eib ls icw usuehhy 5.4 tc : k bddp,wdetmdrdb eib bdoeholnldb tc ohey hcds cr Hcdss-hdmk. Rmd bdpcslts li tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy erdup tc > k tmlof. Li tmd hcwdr pert tmdy ocislstcn wetdr bdpcsltdb hcdss eib ehhuvleh ohey, liwmlom cooeslciehhy arevdhs cr craeilo bdpcslts{Ildbdrliccr li pheods uibdr tmd wetdr tejhd,

Eikccr li pheods wltm nhuotuetlia wetdr tejhd)erd helb bcwi. Rmdsd bdpcslts erd cvdrheli jye ?-4 k tmlof ochhuvluk cn rdbdpcsltdb oheyhcdss. Kcst cn tmdsd bdpcslts wdrd wesmdb bcwinrck tmd mlamdr erdes litc tmd vehhdys li pcst-Zckei tlkds.

Rmd hcdss heibsoepd cn tmls erde mes jddi oci-




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G. HTILIA

uie htdrdb hcdss Pererdibzlie _omwerzdrbd ^drjreuitd _omwerzdrbd Perejreuidrbd

Ck _omwerzdrbd Perejreuidrbd

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Nla. 1. Rmd Efloimcvdidr P hettd. _clh bdvdhcpkdit nrck tmd Qdlomsdh Lod Ead tc prdsdit (entdr G. _omehlom. Heiawdlhdr =).

slbdrejhy skcctmdb jy divlrcikditeh eib ei-

tmrcpcadilo neotcrs (drcslci eib bdpcsltlci).Es e rdsuht tmd omereotdrlstlo sclhs cn tmd phetdeuerd drcbdb Peremreuidrbdi.Rmd drcbdb sclh ketdrleh mes tc e herad dxtditjddi rdbdpcsltdb li tmd vehhdys, wetdr ocursdseib ctmdr bdprdsslcis li tmd hcdss erde es ocTu-vluk, pertlehhy ocvdrlia Idclltmlo ncsslh sclhs(nla. >). Ocitliucus cjsdrvetlci cn tmd kcrpmc-hcay cn tmd sotthokdits tmdksdhvos smcwdb tmetli tmd pcst-Idchltmlo pdrlcb sclh drcslci cn 0.>0tc 0.=4 k meb coourrdb, wmlom rdkcvdb tmd chbheib surneod eib tmd uppdr pert cn tmd bltomds,

plts eib pcstmchds. Li hdvdh erdes, tmd drcslciwes klilkeh, sc tmet tmd prdsdit heib surneodls preotloehhy lbditloeh wltm tmet cn tmd Idclltmlo.Li suom erdes tmd treods cn tmd mcusds wdrd prd-sdrvdb tc e bdptm cn up tc 5.20 k. Li sltds cifichhs cr shcpds tmd drcslci ocuhb jd es kuomes 5-: k, es li tmd erde cn tmd dertmwcrf Heiawdlhdr =.

Ci tmd edchlei hcdss bdpcslts helb bcwi litmd Qdlomsdh Lod Ead tmd nlrst jheof dertms bdvdh-

cpdb li tmd hetd aheoleh eib derhy Mchcodid ohl-

ketd uibdr stdppd eib nþrdst vdadtetlci. Rmdsdjheof dertms meb e mukus rlom mcrlzci blrdothyci tmd oehoerdcus hcdss (O-mcrlzci) (nla. 1).Burlia tmd hetdr Etheitlo, eib tmus dssditlehhytmd pcst-Jeibfdreklf pdrlcb, tmd jheof dertmbdarebdb tc e bdptm cn 0.=-5.0 k (jy tmd dibcn tmd Idclltmlo).Burlia tmd Jrcizd Ead tmls prcodss cn bdarebe-tlci ocitliudb (jheof dertm - perejreuidrbd),ncrklia tmd prdsdit peremreuidrbdi wmlom mevdjddi li dxlstdiod sliod et hdest tmd Mehhstettpdrlcb.

Rmdsd drcslci prcodssds wmlom wdrd sc lkpcrteit li tmd kcrpmchcaloeh eib sclh bdvdhcpkditcn tmd erde mevd tmdlr jesls li tmd systdk cnvehhdys eib wetdr ocursds cn tmd hcdss heibsoepd.Drcslci stertdb lkkdbletdhy nrck tmdsd eib,wltm liordeslia enncrdstetlci, ocitliudb li encrk cn rdtrcardsslvd drcslci tc tmd phetdeus,wmdrd hdvdhhlia prcodssds meb ehrdeby stertdb tce hlkltdb dxtdit. Rmd drcbdb ketdrleh wes rdbdpcsltdb es ocTuvluk li tmd vehhdys, omeiidhs




Nla. =. Rmd hYcwor Zmlio Jey. _clh typds

ollilplhob trck tmd bcklieit sclh typd pdr

perlsm wl tm tmd hcdss erdes cn' tmd Zmlidheib

libloetdb jy e bcttdb hlid (entdr P. Lkmcnn).

_oehd 57 5 0(F) (KF)

hcdss blstrlots

Y

Ehbdimcvdi

Rlnz

Drp

Y X ^^8 X Zckkdrsflromdi

!lhlhlhlhl!lhll Jrumh

YDb Acbdsjdra

Areudrbd

chbdr ehhuvleh oheys

hcwdr tdrreod

ocvdr seibs

G koli tdrreod arevdhs

Rrles

Bdvcilci

eib bdprdsslcis. Ehrdeby jy tmd Jeibfereklftmord wdrd skehh ochhuvleh bdpcslts. Li tmd Kdrz-jeom vehhdy sliod tmd Zckei pdrlcb ?.0-2.4 kochhuvluk cn rdbdpcsltdb hcdss meb jddi helbbcwi, wltm up tc :.0 k li tmd trljutery wetdrocursds. Rmls kdeis tmet li tmd Idchltmlo tmdkcrpmchcay cn tmd hcdss heibsoepd cn tmd Ehbdi-mcvdidr Phettd wes ocislbdrejhy kcrd prcicui-odb tmei tcbey.

Rmd Prdsdit Bey Adcarepmy cn tmd Ehbdimcvd-idr Phettd

Rmd hcdss erde cn tmd Hcwdr Zmlid Jey'Y cn tmdZmlid ls blvlbdb litc sdvdrel skehhdr erdes jyrlvdrs eib strdeks nhcwlia nrck tmd Dlndh, eibjy tmd ^cradjlrad, wmlom ls ocvdrdb cihy jy etmli heydr cn ockphdtdhy bdarebdb hcdss. Rmdsderdes erd tc sckd dxtdit ohderhy blvlbdb nrckdeom ctmdr jctm kcrpmchcaloehhy eib docickl-oehhy. Li tmls wey nlvd hcdss erdes oei jd blstli-aulsmdb6 tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd ls tmd wds-



50 G. HTILIA

w phetdeu

Jreuidrb¶

erejhd heib hlh5 5 D6Y •

phetdeu shcpd

Arcudrbd

wccbheib

Nla. <. Rmd Hcwor Zhllio Jey. _omdketlo prctlho cn tmd kcbdri heibsoepd (entdr M. Jdofdr).

tdrikcst cn tmdsd (nla. =). Lt ls blstliaulsmdb jye adithy rchhlia surneod. Adithd dhdvetlcis ehtdr-ietd wltm jrceb, kcsthy bry vehhdy jeslis. Rmd

ndw, kcsthy bry strdeks, mevd usuehhy out bddpomeiidhs wltm vdrtloeh slbds.Es li tmd wmchd cn tmd Hcwdr Zmlid Jey,

esykkdtrld vehhdy ncrks erd omereotdrlstlo . ^eh-hdys ruiilia icrtm-scutm mevd stddpdr destdrijeifs, wmlhd tmcsd ruiilia dest-wdst mevd stddpdr icrtmdri jeifs. Rmdsd stddp dest eib icrtmshcpds erd usuehhy nrdd cn hcdss, wmlhd tmd nhetwdst eib scutm shcpds erd cntdi ocvdrdb jy bddphcdss (nla. <).

Rmd ohlketd cn tmd Hcwdr Zmlid Jey ls bdtdr-klidb jy lts wdstdri hcoetlci li tmd ocitliditeh

heib kess. Rmd Mcmd ^dii li tmd Dlndh ls cnardet lkpcrteiod li bdtdrklilia tmd ekcuit cnrelinehh. Codeilo elr ourrdits oei nhcw kcsthyuimlibdrdb cvdr tmd ardetdr pert cn tmd erde.Cooeslciehhy, li smcrt pdrlcbs cn usuehhy cihy endw beys, ocitliditeh ohlketlo linhudiods erdlkpcrteit (nla. 50).

Rmls ls ohderhy cjsdrvejhd li tmd blstrljutlcicn prdvelhlia wlibs pdr kcitm. Li ehh kcitmstmd prdvelhlia wlibs erd scutm-wdst eib wdst.

dspdolehhy scutm-wdst (nla. 55). Li sprlia tmdicrtm-dest wlib eib li eutuki tmd scutm-destwlib liordesds. Eprlh eib Key erd tmd kcitms

wltm tmd kcst dest wlib.Rmd wdst wlibs jrlia werktm li wlitdr eibocch elr li sukkdr. Rmdlr bcklieiod burlia tmdwmchd yder disurds tmd kcbdretd tdkpdreturdourvd li tmd Hcwdr Zmlid erde. Rmd Mcmd ^diifddps jeof tmd codeilo wlibs. Rmd tdkpdreturdourvd tmdrdncrd jdockds kcrd ocitliditehtcwerbs tmd scutm.

Ncr earlouhturd tmd hetd coourrdiod cn eutukinrcst ls cn ardet lkpcrteiod. Rmd nlrst bey cnnrcst coours ci evdread ci tmd Lst Icvdkjdr.Qlitdr wmdet oei jd pheitdb uitlh hetd li tmd

eutuki6 tmdrd ls tmdrdncrd hltthd sukkdr wmdet.Ochb pmesds coour ict linrdqudithy li Key, juttmdy erd cn hltthd lkpcrteiod es jdoeusd cn tmdderhldr werk wdetmdr tmd areli ls usuehhy tccner ebveiodb tc jd enndotdb jy nrcst. Bdspltdtmd rdhetlvdhy mlam relinehh, lts blstrljutlci lsrdhetlvdhy uisultdb ncr earlouhturd6 listdeb cnmlam sprlia relinehh uitlh Guid (ncr arcwliaorcps) eib hcw sukkdr relinehh li Guid eib Guhy(ncr rlpdilia orcps), tmd sltuetlci ls rdvdrsdb



JEIBFDZEKLF _DRRHDKDIR CN RMD EHBDIMC^DIDZ PHERRD 55

Nla. 50. Rmd Hcwor Zmlllo Jey. Eiilleh Zeli-nehh 5=2?-5<51 wltm jcrbdr cn hcdss libloetdbjy e bcttdb hlid (entdr P. Lkmcnn). _oehd

575 (hhFh 00(5

440 >00 >40 100 =00 <00 5000 M00 5:00i

(nla. 5:) eib tmdrd erd cntdi prcjhdks wltm etcc bry sprlia eib wdt sukkdr.

Rmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd li tmd wdst smcwssckd dxodptlcis tc tmls ploturd. Mdrd tmdrd lstmd mlamdst relinehh cn tmd hcdss zcid (nla. 50).Rmd dnndot cn tmls oei jd sddi et tmd prdsdit beyli tmd Ehbdimcvdi hcdss zcid, wmlom mes ?0%arezlia heib, wmlhd tmdrd ls cihy 51'/c arezlia

heib nurtmdr dest. Rmdrd ls eoocrbliahy kcrdoetthd nerklia li tmd wdst tmei li tmd dest.

Rmd ohlketd cn tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd lskciltcrdb jy kdesurdkdits tefdi li Gøhlom.'Y.Rmd kdei eiiueh tdkpdreturd ls <.2°O. Rmdkdei Geiuery tdkpdreturd ls 5.>°O eib tmdkdei Guhy tdkpdreturd ls 51°O (nla. 5:). Rmdkdei eiiueh relinehh ls 100 kk, eib tmd kdeimuklblty 1<%.

Jeibfdreklf _dtthdkdit li Zdhetlci tc Adchcay,_clhs, Adcarepmy eib Rcpcarepmy

Li tmd Jeibfdreklf pdrlcb tmd EhbdimcvdidrPhettd wes li e uilqud pcsltlci li tdrks cn idt-wcrf adcarepmy (nla. 5?). Rmd hcdss erde cn tmdHcwdr Zmlid Jey, wmlom ls ehkcst lbditloeh wltmtmd Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdit erde, ierrcws

lkkdbletdhy wdst cn tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettdtc e strlp cn hcdss cihy 54 fk nrck icrtm tcscutm. Rmrcuam tmls "jctthdidof" rei ehh tmd idt-wcrfs jdtwddi tmd Zmlidheib-Qdstpmehlei eibtmd Butom-Jdhalei Jeibfdreklf, sc tmet ouhtu-reh blnndrdiods cn ehh scrts smcuhb coour rdprdsdi-tetlvdhy li tmd erde. Rmls oei jd ohderhy sddi litmd linhudiod ci odreklo styhds6 hlifs nrck nertc tmd wdst (Hlkjura pcttdry)''' eib ner tc tmdscutm-dest (Arcssaerteom pcttdry)"' oei jd



5: G. HTILIA

X / X X / / Y

X X / / X X / /

R^"'' X X-YY / / " Y Y3 Y, /"/ YsY X

/ / X Y X / / Y / X " Y X / / / Y Y X X XY "~-X / / X 8HY--"Y‒‒ /

/ X

G c

X, / / Y X X Y X / / X /

yY

YY X / /YY X / / -YY - X / /Y - X

Y - Y 5 ¶Y--‒YYY Y - Y 5 ¶ :0%

/ Yh / Yh / Y / v"Y

/ -Y / X

/ X

/ X X

X X

Nla. LL. Rmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd. Gøhlom kdtdcrchcaloeh

stetlci7 nroqudioy blstrljutlci cn wlib blrdotlci 5<>1-5<1?.Ejcvd7 Ehh wlib spddbs. Jdhcw7 Qlib spddbs 9>k/s (entdrAdlss, Mcrjdrt eib Pchstdr).

Rdkpdreturd:0

54

50

4

. S ‒ Y , ( Y 5 , , g , .Y ,

L L L L L L L L L L LL L 5 L 5 L . . L n L L LL L L L L 5 Y . •• L Y Y L L L L

g . L L 5 lS,*«Y6r?l 5‒rY9vY L l 5L L L L gtY-'" 5 L ^ Y X - . Rdkpdreturd lL L L L g r Y L L l Y s Y L L LL L L L S Y X X X ^ 9 Y L L

L L L XY L L L L- l I . L •"•- . L

-! Y- ‒ l -Y n‒ 2 ‒ - L‒ - Y Y^‒gYXY/-^.6‒

Y ^ . g-Yt tlQ"*Y L L L L L L L L L L Y Y Y S

K K I

Zeli=0 kk

10

>0

40

20

Nla. 5:. Rmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd. Gøhlom kdtdcrchcaloeh stetlci 5<>5-5<1?7 Evdread eiiueh tdkpdreturd eib relinehhblstrljutlci (entdr Adlss, Mcrjdrt eib Pchstdr)



JEIBFDZEKLF _DRRHDKDIR CN RMD EHBDIMC ^DIDZ PHERRD 5?

Nla. 5?. Rmd Zmdilsm eib Butom-Jdhalei hcdss erdes eib tmd hcoetlci cn tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd7idtwcrf adcarepmy. _oehd 57? 000 00(5

rdocailsdb. Li pertlouher tmd ocitliuehhy omeia-lia kdtmcbs cn rew ketdrleh dxphcltetlci ncrstcid tcchs diejhds tmd typds eib dxtdit cndxomeiad tc jd rdhlejhy rdocailsdb.'Y Li ehh <=Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdits li tmd Hcwdr ZmlidJey, es stubldb jy K. Bcmri-Lmkla li 5<1<'**,

erd hcoetdb ci hcdss, liohublia vdry pccr hcdsssclhs.''Y Ci tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd tmd Jeibfdreklf sotthdkdits coour ci twc blnndrdittypds cn hcoetlci6 ci tmd adithy shcplia wdst eibicrtm-wdst shcpds cn tmd vehhdys wltm bddp sclhs,cr ci tmd dest eib scutm-dest stddpdr shcpds citmli hcdss, cntdi klxdb wltm arevdhs (nla. <).-"

G. _omehlom mes prdperdb ei dxeot sclh kep cntmd dxoevetdb erde cn sdtthdkdit,Y' smcwlia tmetJeibfdreklf sdtthdkdits coour ehkcst dxohu-slvdhy ci perejreuidrbdi6 jctm ci tmd bddp sclhs(H ?|) eib smehhcwdr sclhs (H ?,). Li tmd derhyIochltmlo tmdsd perejreuidrbdi wdrd stlhh jheofdertms, wmlom mevd sliod bdarebdb (nla. 1). Rmdprdsdit bey perejreuidrbdi smcw tmd dxtdit cntmls bdarebetlci eib tmd drcslci nrck tmd vehhdys eib wetdr ocursds. Rmd ourrdit dxtdit cnsdtthdkdit ndeturds ls tmdrdncrd odrtelihy skehhdrtmei li tmd Idchltmlo6 lt ls tmdrdncrd lkpcrteittc tefo tmls litc ocislbdretlci wmdi rdocistruo-tlia tmd dxeot sdtthdkdit dxtdit.

Rmd eraukdit tmet tmd prdsdit bey sprdeb cn

sdtthdkdit ls skehhdr tmei li tmd Idchltmlo lsjesdb ci jctm sclh soldiod eib eromedchcay. Ncrdxekphd ci tmd sdtthdkdit Heiawdlhdr < (nla.52) lt oei jd sddi tmet ehkcst ehh tmd mcusdrdkelis hld ci perejreuidrbdi typds H ?, eibH?:, eib erd tmdrdncrd wdhh prdsdrvdb. Cihy twc

mcusds li tmd scutm wdrd ncuib uibdr e tmliheydr cn ochhuvluk cn typd F ?:- Lt ls tmdrdncrdidodssery tc rdocailsd tmet li suom erdesstrciahy drcbdb jut stlhh prdsdit perejreuidrbdi wdrd ocvdrdb jy hetdr eib smehhcw ochhuvluk. Burlia dxoevetlcis lt ls lkpcrteit li odr-teli oesds tc ocislbdr oerdnuhhy tmdsd jcrbdrerdes.

Nla. 52 smcws tmet li kcst pheods tmd pdrlkdtdr cn tmd sdtthdkdit mes jddi sdourdhy bdnlidb.Ln tmd sdtthdkdit meb jddi heradr, tmd accb prd-sdrvetlcieh quehltlds cn tmd sclh wcuhb mevd di-surdb tmet ndeturds wcuhb mevd jddi ncuib6tmdrdncrd li tmls oesd tmd prdsdit bey blstrlju-tlci cn sdtthdkdit ndeturds ocliolbds tc e heraddxtdit wltm tmd crlalieh sdtthdkdit sprdeb.•YY

Rmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd ls blssdotdb litdr-iehhy cihy jy tmd scutm-wdst tc icrtm-dest ruiilia systdk cn skehh wetdr ocursds eib omeiidhsbdsorljdb ejcvd (nla. 4). Lt tmdrdncrd ncrkdb erdhetlvdhy mckcadicus eib idutreh jeofarcuibncr tmd systdk cn Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdit. Rmd



52 G. HTILIA

Nla. 52. L.eiawolhor <. _dotlci trck tmd sclh kep hly G. _ohlehlohl wlthl tlcusd pheis eib hlklts cndxoevetlci. Beshldb hlid7 hYeradst pcsslhlho oxtoislci cn tmd sotthokoit jesob ci sclh typds (entdr G._omehldm). Bcttdb mid7 Hlklt cn eromedchcaloeh ndeturds. _dehd X74 000H ?,7 Perehlrellidrbd. _lmy hcdss-hcek. 51-9:0 bk.H ?,7 Perejrellidrbd, cntdi tc e ardeto r cr Lossdr oxtdit drcbob. _lhhy hcdss-hcek, 5:-51 bk.H ?,7 Perejreuidrbd, kcsthy ocislbdrejhy drcbdb. _lhty hcdss-hcek wltm sckd arevdh, ?-50 bk.F ?,7 Ochhuvluk cn blspheddb hcdss eib dhey-hcdss. cntdi ejcvd ehhuvleh ohey cr wetdr bdpcsltob hcdss._lhty hcdss-hcek tc hceky hcdss-slhh, 54-9:0 bk.F ?,7 Ochhuvluk cn blspheddb hcdss cvdr drcbdb Perejreuidrbd. Kudm slhty hcdss-hcek, >-9LC bk.

aE ?7 Jrcwi ehhuvleh sclh, ahoy cr ahdydb ochhuvluk cn ehhuvleh dhey cr ohey hcdss. Hceky hcdss-slhttc slhtv hcdss-hcek, ._-9:() bk.

sdtthdkdits erd ict ncuib ci tmd dbads cn tmdherad ehhuvleh rlvdrs, tmd Qurk eib Zur, wmlomsurrcuib tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd, jut cihy citmd skehhdr strdeks wltmli tmd phetdeu7 tmd Libdls tmd heradst wetdr ocursd wltm sotthokoit,Odrtelily tmdrd wcuhb elsc prcjejhy crlaliehhymevd jddi skehh trljutery wetdr ocursds mdrd

sultejho ncr sotthokoit, es ehtcaotmor e accbscurod cn brliflia wetdr kust mevd jddi cn prl-kery lkpcrteiod6 tmd skehh strdeks wcuhb mevddisurdb tmls,

Jcteiloeh stublds mevd smcwi tmet tmd vdadte-tlci cn tmd vehhdy jcttcks cn tmd Zur, Libd eibQurk ocislstdb cn merb wccb esm/ohk wltmehbdr li tmd wottdr erdes eib e blvdrsd uibdr-arcwtm. Nhccblia coourrob ciod cr twlod e yderci tmdsd rlvdrs nhcwlia nrck tmd Dlndh. Rmd

skehhdr wetdr ocursds, crlalietlia li tmd hcdssphetdeu ltsdhn, meb prdbcklietdhy cef ncrost,rdnhdotlia tmdlr brldr hcoetlci,-Y E pchhdi prcnlhdnrck tmd Zur vehhdy smcws tmet tmd herad rlvdrvehhdy jcttcks wdrd dxphcltob, odrtelily ncr dhkhden ncbbdr,-Y

Rmd tcpcarepmloeh hcoetlci cn tmd sdtthdkdits

(nla, 54) ls dltmdr ci e spur li tmd trleiahd ncrkdbjy ocinhudit strdeks (Heiawdlhdr ?, :, 5>, <),cr, es wltm Heiawdlhdr =. ci tmd phetdeu eibshcpd, wltm tmd mcusds li tmd uppdr eib klbbhderde, eib tmd dertmwcrf rlia ci tmd hcwdr shcpd,_dtthdkdits suom es Heurdizjdra 1 eib Ildbdr-kdrz 2 erd hcoetdb blnndrdithy ci tmd dbad cntmd phetdeu ejcvd tmd stddpdr jeif cn tmd Kdrz-jeom, Rmd mcusds erd et tmd kcst 400 k eweynrck wetdr, Rmls prcvlslcieh sfdtom cn sotthd-




Nla. 54. Rmd Korzjeom ^ehhdy. Rcpcarepmloeh hcoetlci cn Jeibfdreklf sotthdkdits eib mcusds.



5> G. HTILIA

Za. 5>. Zoocistruotob litdrieh s truoturo cn' e Jeibforeklf hciamcusd (Rypd 5) wltm stcread nhccr li tmd scutm-dest sdotlci

kdit hcoetlci kust sutnlod mdrd6 e ockphdtdstuby cn tmd wmchd survdy erde ls li prdpere-

tlci.

Mcusd eib Nerkstdeb

P.G.Z. Kcbbdrkei's tmrddnchb ohesslnloetlci cntmd Jeibforeklf mcusds li tmd Butom Hlkjura(skehh, kdbluk eib hcia mcusds) ls ehsc vehlbncr tmd Zmlidheib. Li tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy tmdtmrdd typds erd ncuib li tmd epprcxlketd retlc=?75:74. Rmdrd erd tmus ocislborejhy ndwdrkdbluk eib skehh slzdb mcusds tmei li tmdidlamjcurlia Idtmdrheibs, wmdrd tmdy coour lipdroditeads cn :4.4% eib 54% li tmd derhldr

Jeibforeklf eib ?4.4% eib :?,4% li tmd hetdrJeibforeklf.-'' Rmd tdkpcreh bdvdhcpkdit cntlld mcusd ncrks wlhh jd nuhhy pujhlsmdb dhsdwmd-rd. Lt eppders tmet tmd ndw kdbluk slzdb mcusds(typd :) li sckd sotthdkdits (d.a. Heiawdlhdr:) coour kcrd nroqudithy tmei li ctmdrs, eibtmet ehtcadtmdr tmdy erd ncuib cihy li tmd klbbhdeib hetdr Jeibforeklf pmesds. Rmd sltuetlcieppoers tc jd tmd sekd ncr tmd skehh mcusds(typd ?) wmlhd tmd hciamcusds (typd 5) coour li

ehhpdrlcbs. 5<% cnehhtmdmcusdserdhciamcusdscn typd he6 lt ls ict tmd oesd tmet tmdrd wes cihycid hciamcusd li deom sdtthdkdit et eiy cidtlkd.-Y Li tmd dxtdislvd sdtthdkdit Heiawdlhdr= li sdvdreh pmesds tmdrd erd ic hciamcusds cn

typd he, eib li sckd pmesds twc.P.G.Z. Kcbbdrkei mes ehsc blvlbdb tmd mcus

ds litdriehhy, li tmd hciamcusds cjsdrvlia e blvl-slci litc tmrdd sdotlcis6 icrtm-wdst, oditreh eibscutm-dest sdotlcis. Rmd kdbluk slzdb mcusdsocislst cn tmd icrtm-wdst eib oditreh sdotlci,eib tmd skehh mcusds cn tmd oditreh sdotlcicihy.-** Rmls litdrprdtetlci ls blrdothy epphloejhdtc tmd Zmlidheib. Rmdrd ls ic blrdot dvlbdiodes tc tmd rdesci ncr tmls tmrddnchb blvlslci, jutlt kust jd odrteli tmet deom sdotlci meb e blnnd

rdit nuiotlci eib tmet tmdy wdrd ict tmdrdncrdpurdhy bckdstlo mejltetlcis wltm iukdrcuspdcphd li deom mcusd. Rmd scutm-dest sdotlcimes prcjejhy ocrrdothy jddi litdrprdtdb es estcread erde (nla. 5>), sc tmet tmd hciamcusdsoei jd sddi es bckdstlo/stcread julhblias. Nrcktmd dvlbdiod cn tmd ncuibetlcis lt ls hdss prcje-jhd tmet tmdrd wdrd oetthd stehhs li tmd mcusds._liod tmdrd erd ic spdoleh julhblias sorvlia esstehhs, liohublia ehh typds cn idlamjcurlia julh-




ICZRM-QD_R

bwdlllia- pheod

C C C c C C C C C C c c C C C C C C

ccc

c

c

c c OB Y cc c ® ®) c

c c UBUÞ cC c C Y C C C C C C c C C C C C c C

KLBBHD

bwdhhlia/wcrflia - pheod

_CTRM-DE_R

areiety

Nla. 51. Phei eib prcmejlo nuiotlcieh blvlslci cn e Jeibforeklf hciamcusd (Rypd Lj).

blias, tmdrd oeiict mevd jddi eiy stehhlia cn

oetthd li tmd Jeibfdreklf.Rmd icrtm-wdst sdotlci wes dspdolehhy "dxpdi-

slvdhy" julht7 tmet ls, es tmd wehhs wdrd julht cn

sphlt hcas kuom julhblia wccb wes dxpdibdb(nla. 51). Rmdsd wehhs kust mevd jddi ocvdrdbwltm ohey beuj, sc tmet nrck cutslbd tmdy hccfdbic blnndrdit nrck tmd ebgclilia wetthd eib beujwehhs, eib wdrd prcjejhy ic kcrd wdetmdr-prccn. Lt ls prcjejhd tmet tmls sdotlci wes julhtkesslvdhy ncr trebltlcieh rdescis, surrcuibliatmd "kcst blstliaulsmdb" pert cn tmd mcusd. Ltls tmdrdncrd prcjejhd tmet tmls sdotlci oei jd

litdrprdtdb es tmd hlvlia/shddplia erde, li wmlompdrmeps ehsc accbs cn pertlouher vehud wdrdfopt.

Rmd oditreh sdotlci cn tmd julhblia, tmd cihycid wmlom coours li ehh tmrdd typds cn mcusd eibwes tmdrdncrd dssditleh, ls prcjejhy jdst litdrprdtdb es tmd hlvlia/wcrflia erde. Lt oei cihyjo pcstuhetdb tmet tmdrd wes e nlrdpheod mdrd,jut tmdrd ls kuom dvlbdiod ncr mdertms li tmd

iukdrcus rdkelis cn uitdkpdrdb hcdss wltm e

skcctm eib mdevlhy jurit surneod ncuib li tmd

rujjlsm plts ercuib tmd mcusds.Ln thlo litdrprdtetlci cn tmd scutm-dest sdotlci

cn tmd hciamcusds es e stcread erde ls ocrrdot,tmdi tmd mcusds wltmcut tmls sdotlci kust mevdmeb e blnndrdit docickld nuiotlci. Lt ls ohdertmet tmdsd eib ctmdr nuiotlcieh qudstlcis kustjd eiswdrdb jy tmd nlibs eib tmolr spetleh blstrl-jutlci wltmli tmd sdtthdkdit. Heiawdlhdr = mes

smcwi rokerfejlo blnndrdiods jdtwddi julhblias wltm eib wltmcut stcread erdes.Y** Rmd hciamcusds mevd ci evdread kcrd plts tmei tmd

kdbluk slzdb eib skehhdr mcusds, eib tmdy erdrlomdr li ketdrleh. Rmd mcusds wltmcut e scutm-dest sdotlci mevd e ocislbdrejhy skehhdr prcpcr-tlci cn bdocretdb pcttdry, eib tmdrd erd blnndrdiods li tmd prcpcrtlci cn pheit rdkelis, es tmdhciamcusds mevd ohderhy kcrd wddbs eib wmdetomenn (nla. 5=).Y" Eaelist tmls tmd iukjdr cn

wmdet arelis ls ejcut tmd sekd, es ls tmd iukjdrcn qudri stcids. Lt kust jo ociohubob tmet tmd

oloeilia eib prcbuotlci cn tmd areli wes oerrldbcut kcsthy jy tmd cooupeits cn tmd hciamcusds,jut tmet lt wes ocisukdb li jctm typds cn mcusd.Lt ls stlhh uiohder es tc wmet docickld nuiotlcitmd cooupeits cn tmd mcusds wltmcut tmd scutm-dest sdotlci meb.

Lt mes jddi ficwi ncr e hcia tlkd tmet tmd

hcia plts erd esscoletdb wltm spdolnlo Jeibfdre-



5= G. HTILIA

Mcusds wltm scutm-dest sdotlci

500

e.« "C

Y c L L<0

=0

10

>0

4020

?0

:0.

50

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Mcusds wltmcut scutm-dest sdotlci

Nla. 5=. h.eiawolhor =. Nroquoioy ch pheit roilelis li pltscn mcusds wltm eib wltmcut scutm-dest sdotlcis (entor F.-M.Fiþrzor).

klt6 mcusds. Rmd "icrtm-dest plt" mes ehsc jddirdocailsdb rdodithy es e omereotdrlstlo typd.-"Li Heiawolldr =, T. Jcdhlol8d mes lbditlnldb eieotlvlty zcid, wmlom ocislsts cn ei cveh cn reblus:4 k nrck tmd mcusds (nla. 5<). Li tmls nerkstdeberde tmdrd ls et hdest cio plt li e ocislstdithcoetlci tc wdst, icrtm eib dest. Nurtmdr plts

("ctmdrs") erd kcrd reibckhy hcoetdb, jut tmdyerd cntdi ncuib tc tmd scutm cn tmd mcusds.E oerdnuh stuby jy T. Jcohlofd mes smcwi

tmet spdolnlo oetdacrlds cn nlibs erd blvlbdb liuioqueh prcpcrtlcis ekcia tmd plts, eib, dxtre-pchetlia nrck tmls, li tmd blnndrdit sdotlcis cntmd mcusds. Ei dxekphd cn tmls ls lhhustretdb linla. :0. smcwlia tmd pcttdry. eib dspdolehhy tmduibdocretob pcttdry, bcklietlia tc tmd scutmcn tmd mcusds, wmdrdes tc tmd icrtm nhlit tcchs

eib ertdneots erd ncuib li ejcvd evdread quei-tltlds. Rmdsd twc zcids out eorcss deom ctmdr litmd erdes cn plts tc tmd wdst eib dest. Icrtm

eib wdst cn tmd mcusds tmdrd ls e prdpcibdreiodcn stcid rujjhd. Rmls scrt cn blnndrdioo li tmdspetleh hcoetlci cn nlibs kust rdnhdot e blnndrdiodcn eotlvlty erdes li tmd mcusds tmdksdhvds,jdoeusd et hdest e prcpcrtlci cn tmd nlibs kustockd nrck tmdsd. Rmus tmd nuiotlcieh blvlslciepperdit li tmd mcusd ncuibetlcis ls rdnhdotdbli tmd nlibs. Lt ls tc jd mcpdb tmet ei dxeoteiehysls cn tmdlr ketdrleh eib tmdlr nuiotlciehlitdrprdtetlciessmcwilinla. 51wlhhjdnrultnuh.

_dtthdkdits

Es cn tmd dxoevetdb sdtthdkdits li tmd klbbldKdrzjeom vehhdy, twc mevd ehrdeby jddi puj-hlsmdb'" eib tmd rdst mevd jddi nuhhy eiehysdb,kcst cn tmd rdsuhts mevd ockd nrck tmls erde.Li prliolphd lt mes jddi pcssljhd tc julhb omrcichcalds ncr tmd liblvlbueh nerkstdebs6 l.o. nlibliaebgeodit tc deom mcusd ei lkkdbletd prdbdods-scr cr suoodsscr. _uom omrcichcaloeh sdrlds oeiliocrpcretd up tc 5: julhblias, eib tmd erde

diockpesslia tmls oei jd >0 - 5:0 k eorcss._ckd sdtthdkdits {d.a. Heiawdlhdr 5>) ocislstcn cihy cid suom nerkstdeb. wmlhd ctmdrs mevdkcrd6 Heiawdlhdr = ncr dxekphd mes 55 ocitdk-pcrery mcusds.

Es tmd Jeibfdreklf li tmd Zmlidheib hestdbncr oe. 240 yders. eib 52 mcusd adidretlcis mevdjddi lbditlnldb et Heiawdlhdr =, wmlom hestdbncr tmd wmchd cn tmls pdrlcb, deom mcusd stccbci evdread ncr ?0 yders.Y- Kdrdhy tmd neot tmettmd nerkstdebs oei jd lbditlnldb libloetds tmls

ocitliucus sdtt hdkdit, eib tmus e sltd hlfd Heiawdlhdr = wltm ncur eib e mehn oditurlds cn ocitliucus cooupetlci bdkcistretds e sdtthdkditocitliulty wmlom li prdmlstcrld eib derhy mlstcrldtdrks ls nreifhy estcilsmlia. Tibdr tmdsd olruk-steiods smlntlia ouhtlvetlci cr ouhtlvetlci wltmsmlntlia nldhbs oei jd ockphdtdhy oxohubdb. YY Rmdjesld sdtthdkdit ocitliulty bcds ict cn ocursddxohubd kcjlhlty eib pcpuhetlci byieklos crcooeslcieh ejeibcikdit. Ei dxekphd cn tmd



JEIBFDZEKLF _DRRHDKDIR CN RMD EHBDIMC^DIDZ PHERRD 5<

mlstcry cn cid sdtthdkdit ls tmet cn Heiawdlhor<, wmlom ls ehrdeby pujhlsmdb.Y'*

Rmd sdtthdkdit cn Heiawdlhor < jdalis liPmesd 4 cn tmd 54-Pmeso Kdrzjeom omrcichcayYYwltm tmrdd mcusos, wmlom erd 5?0-540 k eweynrck deom ctmdr (nla. :5). Rmd suoodsscrs liPmesd > erd tmd julhblias :, ? eib 5>. Rmdro lstmoi e jrdef li Pmesd 1 cn et hdest cid mcusdaoioretlci, l.d. et hdest ?0 yders, wmcsd oeusdls uiohder. Ci tmd idlamjcurlia sltds cn Heiawdlhor :, 5> eib = tmdro wes sdtthdkdit burliatmls pmesd.

Rmd rdsdtthdkdit cn tmd sltd jdaei wltm mcusd50 li Pmesd =. Rmls mcusd ls mcwdvor ehsc oci-

tokpcrery wltm mcusd 5: li Pmesd <, es smcwili nla. :5. Li Pmesd 50 tmdrd nchhcw mcusos 1 eib516 l.d. jctm tmd Pmesd < mcusos meb lkkdbletosuoodsscrs. Li Pmesds 55 eib 5: tmdro erd tmrddmcusds li oeom, wltm mcusd 52 prcjejhy steibliaehcid et tmd dib.

Nrck tmls suoodsslci cn mcusos lt ls pcssljhotc ocistruot lincrkehhy sdvdreh nerkstdeb trebl-tlcis. Rmd ohoerost ls smcwi jy tmd ocioditretdbarcuplia cn Nerkstdeb 5 li tmd icrtm. Mdrd, lispltd cn tmd blsocitliulty cn twc pmesds tmdrd

kust mevd jddi ei dspoole! roesci ncr ocitliultyli tmls pertlouher pheod wmlom wes prcjejhy rohet-db tc rlamts cn heib6 lt key jd tmet e "NeklhyRrebltlci" oei jo rdocailsdb li tmd nlib ketd-rleh.

Nerkstdeb : ocislsts cn mcusds 5 eib :, Nerkstdeb ? cn mcusos 4 eib ?/26 jctm cn tmok dibliawltm tmd aep li Pmesds 1 eib =. Rmd rdsdtthdkditjdalis li tmd oest wltm mcusd 50 ci prdvlcushyuiusdb tdrreli, eib smcrthy entdrwerbs ehsc ciNerkstdeb 5. Nrck mcusd 50 li Pmesd < tmdrdeppders tc jo e trebltlci Loeblia tc mcusd 1 li

Pmesd 50, sc tmet ncr e smcrt pdrlcb tmd wmchdscutm-oest eroe oei jo sodi es cid herao nerkstdeb. Li Pmesd 55, wltm tmd ocitdkpcrery mcusds > eib < tmd erde ls ciod eaeli blvlbdb, eibtmls ocitliuob li Pmesd 5:. Mcusds 50 eib 1tmorot'crd tjrilob tmd iuohdus cn tmd twc hetdrNerkstdebs 2 eib 4.

Rmd mlstcry cn tmd sdtthdkdit oei jd sdditmoroncrd tc jd vdry ockphdx. Idxt tc nerkstdebs wltm e hlno cn cihy twc adidretlcis (Nerk-

Nla. 5<. Heiawdlhor =. Kcbdh cn e Jeibfdreklf nerkstdebwltm esscoletdb plts (entor T. Jcohlofo).

stdebs : eib ?) eib tmrdd adidretlcis (Nerkstdeb 2) tmdro ls tmd slx aoioretlci hcia Nerkstdeb 5, wmlom mcwdvor mes e jrdef cn >0 yders,eib Nerkstdeb 4 wltm tmrdd mcusds wmlom wesehsc ejeibcidb ncr ?0 yders. Li jctm oesds cnhcoeh blsocitliulty tmdro eppders tmdrdncro tcmevd jddi e ocitliucus "ohelk" ci tmd pert cntmd sdtthdkdit ejeibcidb. Nerkstdeb 5 wltm ltsohcsd arcuplia cn mcusds suppcrts tmls ocitdi-tlci, wmlhd Nerkstdebs 2 eib 4 eppder tc kdradlitc e herao uilt li Pmesds < eib 50. Lt wcuhb

jd cn ocislbdrejhd lkpcrteiod tc hlif tmls rdhe-tlvohy ncrkeh ploturd cn mcusds eib nerkstdebswltm flismlp, scoleh eib docickld rdhetlcis jyhliflia tmd esscoletdb ketdrleh.

Rmd Kdrzjeom ^ehhdy _dtthdkdit Odhh

Rmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy ls tmd oditreh wetdr ocursdli tmd scutm-dest pert cn tmd EhboimcvdidrPhet-



:0 G. HTILIA

Nla. :0. Heiawdlhdr =. Kcbdh cn sckd cn tmd eotlvlty zcids rcuib e Jeibfdreklf mcusd (entdr T. Jcdhlofd).



JEIBFDZEKLF _DRRHDKDIR CN RMD EHBDIMC^DIDZ PHERRD :5

X Mcn

Ycn4 5

Mcn:

y Mcn ?

Pme4d<

8YY.

/ 5?

( 'X X 7 Y Y ' ) X Mcn! YX%y /Y XYSYY S G ? ã . , Y Y /Mcn 4 Y

Y Y / Y Y , Y °Y X

Mcn: X

,YYYXX "°''* G

Y‒ X 6 / XG / Mcn ?

Pmcsdi8YY

Nla. :5. Heiawdlhdr <. _dtthdkdit bdvdhcpkdit burlia Pmesds 4-5: cn tmd Kdrzjeom omrcic-hcay. _oeho 57 4 000



:: G. HTILIA

HQ:r""r?-* 6

Nla. ::. Kdrzjeom ^ehhdy. _prdeb cn sdtthdtidit upstrdektrck Heiawdlhor = tc tmd ctmdr sdtthdkdits.

td. Rmd dxoevetdb erde ls ci tmd litdrneodjdtwddi tmd uppdr eib klbbhd ocursd cn tmd oe.:? l8k hcia vehhdy. Lt kust jo okpmeslsdb tmet

tmls erde ls cihy 5.? fk hcia, eib tmus ockprlsdscihy 4.1% cn tmd wmchd vehhdy (nla. ?). Epertnrck tmls, e 5: fk hcia strdtom (45 %) mes jddiot)vdrob jy survdy eib rdsoud oxoevetlcis. Esictdb ejcvd, es tmd survdy ketdrlel ls es ydtuievelhejhd, tmd nchhcwlia ploturd ls jesdb cihyci tmd dxoevetdb ketdrlel.

Cn tmd sdvdi dxoevetdb sdtthdkdits, ncur erdci tmd Lont jeif eib twc ci tmd rlamt jeif cntmd Kdrzjeom, wmlhd tmd sdvditm (Heurdizjdra

=) wes ncuib ejcut 5 fk ewey ci tmd hcdssphetdeu (nlas. 4, 54)."' Epert nrck tmls ic mcusd

hlds nurtmdr tmei 400 k ewey nrck tmd Kdrzjeom. Ci tmd hdnt jeif, ehh tmd spur hcoetlcismevd sdtthdkdit rdkelis, blvlbdb nrck cio eic-tmdr jy sketl trljutery strdeks. Ci tmd mlamdrrlamt jeif tmdrd ls ic tcpcarepmloel blvlslcijdtwddi Heurdizjdra 1 eib Ildbdrkdrz 2, sctmet tmd sltds ocuhb mevd jddi hlifob. Rmdrd lse slklher "reibck" blvlslci jdtwddi sdtthdkdits nurtmdr bcwistrdek ci tmd rlamt jeif,wmdrd tmd survdy rdsuhts libloeto tmet jdtwddiIldbdrkdrz > eib Ehbdimcvdi ? tmdrd ls e5.= fk hcia strdtom epperoithy wltmcut Jeibfd-

reklf sdtthdkdit.'Y Lt ls tmdrdncrd ict pcssljhdtc essukd e ocitliucus sdtthdkdit cn jctmjeifs, eib tmdrd wdrd odrtelihy blsocitliultlds,dspdolehhy ci tmd rlamt jeif.

Ci tmd dxoevetdb erde cn tmd Kdrzjeom (nla.54) tmdrd erd twc sliahd nerkstdebs (Heiawdlhdr5> eib Heurdizjdra =), sdvdreh skehh arcupdbsdtthdkdits wltm :-? nerkstdebs (Heiawdlhdr :eib <, Heurdizjdra 1) eib tmd heraost sltd, Heiawdlhdr =, wltm 55 ocitokpcrery nerkstdebs etlts pdef.

P. _tdmhl's rdsderom mes smcwi tmet tmd sdtthdkdit cn tmls sdotlci cn tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdyjdaei wltm Heiawdlhdr = wltm ? mcusds, eibardw burlia tmd nlrst ncur mcusd adidretlcis (5:0yders) tc 1 mcusds. Li Pmesd 4 sdtthdkdit dxtdi-bdb ncr tmd nlrst tlkd tc tmd idlamjcurlia Heiawdlhdr < eib 5> (nla. ::) eib li Pmesd > lt sprdebcvdr tmd strdek tc Heurdizjdra 1 eib =. Heiawdlhdr : wes nlrst cooupldb li Pmesd 1, eib entdre pdrlcb cn ncur mcusd adidretlcis Ildbdrkdrz2. Cihy Heiawdlhdr = wes cooupldb ncr tmd wmchdJeibfdreklf6 tmd ctmdr sdtthdkdits dltmdr

jdaei hetdr cr dibdb derhldr.Rmls bdvdhcpkdit ls nuhhy bdsorljdb dhsd-

wmdrd. Mdrd nla. :? slkphy smcws mcw tmd iuk-jdr cn mcusds li tmd sdvdi sltds mes omeiadbtmrcuam tlkd. Rmd trdqudioy blstrljutlci smcwstwc pdefs. Entdr e ocitliucus arcwtm nrck ?tc 51 mcusds li :50 yders (Pmesd 1) tmdrd wese rdbuotlci ncr 5:0 yders tc 5:-5? mcusds6 tmdili Pmesds 55 eib 5: tmdrd wes e nurtmdr subbdiliordesd tc 5> mcusds, eib nliehhy e arebueh



JEIBFDZEKLF _DRRh.DKDIR CN RMD EHBDIMC^DIDZ PHERRD :?

robuotlcll hc 1 mcusos li Pmesd 52. Li tmls hestpmesd tmd nlrst dertmwcrto eppderdb (Heiawdlhdr

=) wltm Heiawdlhdr 54 nchhcwlia li Pmesd 546tmd behlia cn tmd Heiawdlhdr < didhcsurd ls ictsc prdolsd, jut lt ls odrtelihy hetd.

Rmd roescis ncr tmls ncrk cn bdvdhcpkdit erdes ydt uiohder. Pdrmeps tmd bdprdsslci jdtwdditmd twc pdefs ls glifdb wltm tmd Jeibfdreklfdxpeislci tc tmd wdst es ner es tmd Perls Jesli6mcwdvdr lt ls ict pcssljhd et prdsdit tc syiomrc-ilzd tmd twc erdes. Rmd hetd Jeibfdreklf bdvdhcpkdit eib lts hlifs wltm tmd Arcssaerteom Ouhturd erd elsc ict ohder. Lt ls lkpcrteit tc ictdtmet Heiawdlhdr = wes ict cihy ncuibdb es tmd

nlrst sdtthdkdit, jut ehcid hestdb ncr tmd wmchdpdrlcb eib ardw tc jdockd tmd heradst.

Heiawdlhdr = tmdrdncrd prcjejhy meb e pertlo-uher dditreh lkpcrteidd. E. Wlkkdrkei's rdsderom mes smcwi tmet ci tmls sltd e mlamdr prc-pcrtlci cn uiwcrfdb nhlit wes lkpcrtdb, sc tmetlt oei jd sddi es e blstrljutlci oditrd.Y**Ocitdkpcrery mcusds mdrd mevd ei evdread bls-teiod cn >> k nrck deom ctmdr, wltm suoodsslvdmcusds li tmd nerkstdeb erde ei evdread cn ?2 kewey. Li Heiawdlhdr < tmd rdspdotlvd nlaurds erd

5?5 k eib 2: k, sc tmet tmd sdtthdkdit bdisltyls slailnloeithy hcwdr. E heradr eib kcrd ociodi-tretdb pcpuhetlci li Heiawdlhdr = enncrbdb nrcktmd stert e jdttdr jesls ncr scoleh eib docickldblnndrditletlci, sc tmet nrck tmls pclit cn vldwlt ls elsc pcssljhd tc sdo tmls pertlouher sdtthdkdites mevlia meb e oditreh nuiotlci.

Ei dxeot ockperlsci cn ehh tmd Kdrzjeom sdt-thdkoits mes ydt tc jd ockphdtdb, sc tmet tmdhettdr prcjhdk oei cihy jd tcuomdb ci. Ncrdxekphd ci Heiawdlhdr : tmdrd ls dvlbdiod ncr

blstliot Lcoeh spdolellsetlci, wltm e rdhetlvdhymlamdr iukjdr cn hcia ierrcw plts (_omhltzaru-jdi) eib cn mcusds cn Rypd :. Ci Heurdizjdra1 tmdrd ls kuom kcrd nhlit tmei ci ctmdr sltds.Jdoeusd cn tmd tcpcarepmloeh hcoetlci ci tmdmlamdr jeif eib ci tmliidr hcdss cn sckd sltdsci tmd rlamt rlvdr jeif lt oei prcjejhy jd dxpdo-tdb tmet tmdrd wes e blnndrdit docickld dkpme-sls jdtwddi sltds ci dltmdr slbd cn tmd vehhdy.

Li tmd dxoevetdb 5.? fk sdotlci cn tmd Kdrzjeom tmdrd wes e kexlkuk cn 51 ocitdkpcrery

Pmesd

54 Mcusds

Nla, :?. ^erletlci li tmd iukjdr cn mcusds li tmd 1 sdtthd-

koits li tmd dxoevetdb sdotlci cn tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy.

mcusds, wltm up tc 54 ci tmd hdnt jeif6 tmd blstrljutlci jdtwddi tmd twc jeifs ls tmdrdncrdblnndrdit. Rmls ls mcwdvdr hcoehhy verlejhd. Gust? fk bcwistrdek ls tmd herad sdtthdkdit Ehbdi-mcvdi ? ci tmd rlamt jeif (nla. 4).-'"Y Jdoeusd cntmd blspdrsdb ieturd cn tmd mcusds eib sdtthd-kdits, tmd qudstlci ieturehhy erlsds es tc mcwtmdy oei jd blvlbdb litc sdperetd sltds. Rcpcare

pmloeh ndeturds suom es tmd skehh trljuterystrdeks blssdotlia tmd hdnt jeif mevd hltthdlkpcrteidd li tmd "ebklilstretlvd" cr scolehcrbdrlia cn sliahd nerkstdebs hlfd Heiawdlhdr5> cr "mekhdts" hlfd Heiawdlhdr : eib <. Eidxeot eiehysls cn tmd nlibs key jd cn usd mdrd.Rmd hetd Jeibfdreklf dertmwcrfs wcuhbeppder tc jd dvlbdiod cn oc-cpdretlvd hejcur,es tmet cn Heiawdlhdr = eppders tc mevd jddiusdb jy tmd limejlteits cn Heiawdlhdr : eib =eib Ildbdrkdrz 2.



:2 G. HTILIA

Rmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd

Cihy tmd scutm-dest pert cn tmd EhbdimcvdidrPhettd mes jddi systdketloehhy survdydb6 cn?10 fk- cihy =4 fk- (:?%) mes jddi ocvdrdb.Rmd nchhcwlia dciohuslcis rdhetd cihy tc tmlsskehhdr eroe. Rmd Jeibfdreklf blstrljutlci ciNla. :2 ls jesdb ci sltds wltm pcttdry6 kcrd sltdskey jd ebbdb tc tmls wmdi tmd stcid ketdrlehmes jddi eiehysdb.

Li tmd survoy erde 2= Jeibfdreklf sdtthd-koits mevd jddi lbditlnldb, hcoetdb ehcia tmdvehhdys cn tmd Kdrzjeom, tmd _omheiadiarejdieib tmd Jdttdibcrnor Nhldss6 lt ls odrteli tmet

tmdsd vehhdys oei jd ocistrudb es sdperetd sdtt-hdkdit odhhs. Rmdsd ierrcw sdtthdkdit "ocrrlbcrs" wdrd ict ocitliucushy cooupldb ehciatmdlr ldiatm6 es tmd dxoevetdb sdotlci cn tmdKdrzjeom smcws, tmdrd wdrd blsocitliultlds.Qmlom cn tmd blsocitliultlds smcwi li nla. :2smcw tmd rdeh sltuetlci eib wmlom erd oeusdbjy heof cn nldhbwcrf wlh jd nuhhy blsoussdb lincrtmocklia pujhloetlcis. Kdeiwmlhd mdrd cihye rcuam adidrehlzetlci oei jd kebd, pclitliacut tmet ehcia tmd strdeks iekdb ejcvd tmdrd

wes e 400 k jrceb strlp cn pctditleh heib sulte-jhd ncr tmd julhblia cn mcusds eib nerkstdebs.

Rmd tmrdd sdtthdkdit ocrrlbcrs erd ? fk nrckdeom ctmdr. Rmet tmls ls ic omeiod coourrdiodeib ict blotetdb jy tmd mybrcarepmlo idtwcrfls smcwi jy tmd Mcdiadidr Nhldss wmlom nhcwsjdtwddi tmd Kdrzjeom eib tmd JdttdibcrnorNhldss. Ci lts uppdr rdeomds tmdrd ls ic Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdit, ehtmcuam li tmd Klbbhd Idc-hltmlo tmdrd wes e Zcssdi sdtthdkdit, libloetliatmet lt cnndrdb sultejhd sltd hcoetlcis. Rmls ploturd prcjejhy cihy kdeis tmet tmd docicklddxphcltetlci erde cn tmd Kdrzjeom eib Jdttdibcrnor Nhldss rdeomdb tc mdrd, eib tmet tmdrdwes tmdrdncrd ic evelhejhd earlouhtureh heib tcsuppcrt sdtthdkdit.

Rmd docickld dxphcltetlci jdmlib tmd sdtthd-koits kust tmdrdncrd mevd dxtdibdb tc 5.4 fk6tmls ls smcwi li Nla. :2 wltm ocrrdspciblia"jcuiberlds" libloetdb. Rmls jcuibery hlidsmcws eictmdr rdkerfejhd sltuetlci li tmd heofcn nlibs ci tmd hcwdr Kdrzjeom jdncrd tmd oci-

nhudiod wltm tmd Jdttdibcrnor Nhldss (nla. :2,pclit E). Mdrd, es wltm tmd ocrrdspciblia nlib

aep ci tmd jeif cn tmd Zur (nla. :2, pclit J),lt ls ohder tmet tmd erde wes tefdi up jy tmdidlamjcurlia vehhdys eib tmus ehhcwdb icocioditretdb sdtthdkdit. Rmd sltuetlci li tmdklbbhd Kdrzjeom (nla. :2, pclit O) ls ehsc litd-rdstlia, es ehtmcuam accb divlrcikditeh ocibl-tlcis erd ncuib ci tmd hdnt jeif tmdrd erd icsdtthdkdits. Ohderhy tmls erde wes usdb jy tmdncur sdtthdkdits wmlom hlo lkkdbletdhy tc tmdwdst ci tmd hcwdr Mcdiadidr Nhldss.

Li tmd dxoevetdb sdotlci cn tmd Kdrzjeom cie 5 fk Ldiatm cn tmd hdnt jeif tmdrd wdrd 50-54

ocitdkpcrery mcusds burlia tmd Klbbhd Jeibfdreklf. Ehhcwlia ncr e bdptm cn dxphcltetlcijdmlib tmd sdtthdkdits cn 5.4 fk tmdrd wes eierde cn 540 mdoterds evelhejhd6 l.d. 50-54 mdoterds pdr mcusd. Cn tmls ejcut e tmlrb ocislstdbcn tmd vehhdy jcttck, shcpds eib sdtthdkdit erde ,tmus hdevlia 1-50 mdoterds jdmlib deom mcusdncr earlouhturd eib stcofjrddblia. Rmd vehhdyjcttck cn tmd Kdrzjeom wes sdvdreh kdtrds bdd-pdr burlia tmd Jeibfdreklf, eib wes et ltskexlkuk 500 k wlbd. Ci deom jeif tmdrdncrd

li e Ldiatm cn 5 fk tmdrd wes ei dxphcltet lcierde cn 4 mdoterds6 l.d. 0.?-0.4 mdoterds pdr nerk-stdeb.

Lt kust tmdrdncrd jd esfdb es tc mcw tmd heibjdmlib deom sdtthdkdit wes usdb. Ln e klilkukiukjdr cn cooupeits ncr deom mcusd ls rdofcidbes e iuohder neklhy cn 4-1 pdcphd, eib 0.4 mdoterds wdrd iddbdb pdr oeplte ncr areli,""' tmditmd heib rdqulrdkdit ncr earlouhturd ncr 50-54nerkstdebs wes li tmd crbdr cn ?0-24 mdoterds.Rmdsd nldhbs kust mevd jddi ci tmd phetdeu eibict tmd vehhdy jcttck, wmlom kdeis tmet tmdrdwes e nurtmdr 40 mdoterds cn wccbheib hdnt cvdr(?-4 mdoterds pdr nerkstdeb).

Rmls erde cn wccbheib ocuhb mevd jddi usdbli tmd sukkdr ncr oetthd arezlia. Rmdrd ls icte ardet bdeh ficwi es tc mcw kuom arezlia ewccb oei tefd. Ln nlaurds nrck Dest Prussle litmd 5=tm oditury erd usdb,"" tmdi ncr deom mdebcn mcridb oetthd eib cxdi 0.:= mdoterds cn bdol-bucus ncrdst eib 0.4= mdoterds cn ocilndrcusncrdst wltm ehbdr ohderlias eib ahebds wdrd idd-




Qlrtsomcnt

Nla. :2. Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd. Blstrljutlci cn tmd Jeibfdreklf wltm sdtthdkdit zcids eib zcids cn dxphcltetlci.Cesmdb hlid7 h.lklt cn tmd survdy erde. _oehd L7 500 000



:> G. HTILIA

bdb. Rmd Etheitlo hlkd ncrdst wes prcjejhy kcrdslklher tc tmd Gettdr, ehtmcuam tmdrd wdrd liorde-

sliahy kcrd ohderlias burlia tmd ocursd cn tmdJeibforeklf. Ci 40 mdoterds cn wccbheib tmd-rdncrd 500-540 moeb cn oetthd ocuhb mevd jddiarezdb li sukkdr. Ln nehhcwdb nldhbs erd ebbdbtc tmls, cn wmlom li Dest Prussle 5.5> mdoterdswdrd idodssery ncr cid mdeb cn mcridb oetthd,eib tmd dkpty erdes wltmli tmd sdtthdkdit odhherd ocislbdrdb, tmdi lt kust jd rdofcidb tmettmd Ehboimcvdidr hcdss erde wes sunnlolæit ncre vdry herad iukjdr cn oetthd. Nrck tmd sekdDest Prusslei scurods, cid mdeb cn mcridb oetthdusdb tmd sekd arezlia es twc ycuia oetthd cr

tdi smddp, sc tmet lt ls pcssljhd mdrd tc ocislbdrtmd ekcuit cn smddp eib acet li tmd Jeibforeklf. E hlkltlia neotcr ncr tmd slzd cn tmd mdrbwes uibcujtdbhy tmd prcvlslci cn wlitdr ncbbdr,wmlom meb tc jd cjtelidb jy outtlia hdevds tckefo hden mey, eib wes tmdrdncrd bdpdibdit cimukei wcrf oepeolty. Ln tmd wlitdr rdqulrdkditncr e ocw cn 540 fa ls dstlketdb et 5000 juibldscn hdevds eib twlas deom wdlamlia 5 fa'*-Y, tmdilt ls ohder tmet tmd slzd cn tmd mdrb libloetdbrdqulrdb ocislbdrejhd wcrf tc jrlia lt tmrcuamtmd wlitdr.

Lt ls ohoer tmet tmdsd tmdcrlds kust jd tdstdbkcrd rlacurcushy, dspdolehhy li ociguiotlci wltmpehedcjcteiloeh stublds. Rmdcrdtloehhy tmd ebge-odit Dlndh ocuhb ehsc mevd sdrvdb ncr sukkdrpesturd. Nrck tmd eromedchcaloeh dvlbdiodmcwdvdr lt wes ict cooupldb uitlh tmd hetdKlbbhd Idchltmlo'*Y eib cihy litdislvdhy li tmdHetd Idchltmlo6"''* ic Jeibforeklf ketdrleh meses ydt jddi ncuib.

Rmd Jeibforeklf ouhtureh heibsoepd ci tmdEhboimcvdidr Phettd oei jd bdsorljdb es ehlider systdk cn sdtthdkdit ocrrlbcrs, crlditetdbci wetdr ocursds wmlom erd ? fk epert nrckdeom ctmor. Rmd idodssery nldhbs kust jd rdoci-struotdb es mevlia jddi lkkdbletdhy ebgeodittc tmd sdtthdkdits, sc tmet jdmlib tmd nldhbs tmdrdwes e strlp cn wccbheib ejcut 5 fk wlbd wmlomblvlbdb tmd sdtthdkdit odhhs jut kust mevd jddilitdislvdhy dxphcltdb.

_uom e heibsoepd typd wes stlhh li dxlstdiodli tmd nlrst mehn cn tmd 5<tm oditury li tmd Hcwdr

Zmlid Hcdssjcdrbd (nla. :4). Rmd wccbheibficwi es tmd "Nrldsmdlkdr Jusom" jdtwddi

Zctmjeom eib Drnt blvlbdb tmd nldhb jcuiberldscn tmd sdtthdkdits wmlom wdrd hcoetdb ci tmdstrdeks. Jdoeusd cn pesturead eib wccb outtlialt wes ehrdeby et tmls tlkd nuhhy boadidretdb.Ehrdeby jy tmd klbbhd cn tmd 5=tm oditury tmdrdwes ic cef sultejhd ncr mcusd julhblia, ehkcstic jddom, eib tmd ocpsds (ncr nlrdwccb) wdrdli pccr ocibltlci."'' Rmd kep smcws e typloeh"Jeibforeklf" sdtthdkdit hcoetlci ci tmd dbadcn tmd vehhdy jcttcks, wmlom li tmls oesd wdrdusdb es pesturd. Rmdrd erd sckd "twli" sdtthdkdits6 vlhheaos cppcsltd deom ctmdr ci dltmdr

slbd cn tmd vehhdy, suom es Hckkdrsuk eib Bdr-fuk eib Fhdli- eib Arcss-^drilom. Et Hckkdrsuk tmdrd ls ehsc e ohustdr cn skehhdr eibheradr sltds. Mcwdvdr, suom eiehcalds wltm e bln-ndrdit pchltloeh eib docickld systdk kust ictjd tefdi tcc ner. Rmd adidreh struoturd ls ock-perejhd tmcuam, es tmd jeslo rdqulrdkdits cn eiearlouhtureh docicky erd slklher.

Es e ociohuslci tc tmls smcrt survdy cn sckdcn tmd rdsuhts cn sdtthdkdit eromedchcay rdsderomci tmd Ehboimcvdidr Phettd tmdrd nchhcws ei

dstlketlci cn pcpuhetlci bdislty. Ln tmd porlcbcn ardetdst sdtthdkdit dxtdit li tmd Kdrzjeomvehhdy ls tefdi, eib e pcpuhetlci dstlketd jesdbci > limejlteits pdr mcusd ls kebd, tmdi li tmdHcwdr Zmlid Jey tmdrd wes e pcpuhetlci cn:> =00. Dxtdibdb tc tmd wmchd cn tmd NdbdrehZdpujhlo cn Adrkeiy tmd tcteh nlaurd ls ?>0 CCClimejlteits li >0 000 mcusds eib ejcut 54 000-:0 000 sdtthdkdits, ln ?-2 mcusds erd dstlketdbpdr sdtthdkdit.Y'' Rmls kdeis e pcpuhetlci bdislty cn 5.24 pdr squerd flhckdtrd6 tmd kcbdrinlaurd ls :21. Ln cihy hcdss erdes erd liohubdb,

wmlom eppders kcrd vehlb es tmdsd ncrilob tmdjesls ncr sdtthdkdit eib docicky, tmdi tmdnlaurd ls 5>.1 pdcplo pdr squerd flhckdtrd. Rmlsnlaurd ls mlamhy slailnloeit wmdi ockperdb wltmdstlketds ncr tmd hetdr Kdbldveh pdrlcb (prd5400 EB).YY Et tmls tlkd tmd pcpuhetlci wes ?0pdr squerd flhckdtrd cn erejlo heib.Rmls sddks tc suppcrt tmd ocitditlci tmet burliatmd nhcrdsodiod cn tmd Jeibforeklf tmd hcdsserdes eib tmdlr rdscurods wdrd litdislvdhy




t-, Drp

X-,5

G •t

• Nrwlh

Y . * Y «Jc rr"R 8f

YX.'

5"'}

/ Hcnil•iwgul

Nla. :4. Rmd _cutm-Dest Hcwdr Zmlid Jey. Heib usd li tmd nlrst mehn cn tmd hYtm oditury (entdr M. Jddfdr).



:= G. HTILIA

dxphcltdb, eib tmet pcssljhy ehrdeby tmd hlkltscn tmdlr oerrylia oepeolty et tmet tlkd wdrdrdeomdb.

(Rreishetdb jy I.G. _terhlia)

ICRD_

5. Z. Fupor, Bdr Zþssdior _ldbhuiasphetz Libdi 5. Blssdr-tetlci, Tilvdrslty cn Ochcaid (5<14). Hlkltdb prlitdb dbl-tlci (5<1<).:. Ncr sekphlia prcjloks sdo N.Q. Mekcib. Rmd Litdrp rd-tetlci cn Erdmedchcaloeh Blstrljutlci Keps7 Jlesds Limdrditli Erdmedchcaloeh Nldhbwcrf. Eromedc-Pmyslfe 5 (5<=0)5<?-:5>.?. Li prdvlcus yders, spdoteouher nlibs meb jddi kebd lidxoevetlcis oerrldb cut jy tmd Zmdlilsomds Heibdskll-sdukE- Jcii. wmlom smcwdb nrck ctmd r klids tmd pcssljl-hhtlds enncrbdb tc eromedchcalsts jy cpdioest klilia ncrjrcwi oceh6 on. E. Mdrrijrcbt. Bdr Mustdrfiupp. Jdlmdnhdbdr Jciidr Gemrjøomdr j (5<.'l=)6 M. Mliz, Bld Eusarejuiadi eun bdk Flromjdra li Kcrfdi, Fr. Jdramdlk (Drnt). Zmdlilsomd Eusarejuiadi 5 (5<><)6 Q. Pldpdrs, Eusarejuiadi ei bdr Ehtdi Jura h.ørfdi. Zmdlilsomd Eusarejuiadi:5 (5<=5).

2. JciidrGemrm. 515,5<15,>5:->5>..4. Rmd Erjdlhsadilolisllilnh wes oioradtloehhy suppcrtdb jyN. _omklbt cn Ehboimcvdi, wmc et tmet tlkd wes e prlvetdochhdotcr. Li 5<>= md meb jdaui tc kefo cjsdrvetlcis ettmd klid "Wufuint-Qdst". Rmd Zmdlilsomds Heibdskusdukrolkjursdb trevdhhlia ocsts.>. Rmd rdsuhts wdrd pujhlsmdb li e sukkery rdpcrt (Jciidr

Gemrj. 515, 5<15, 44=->22). tmd nlrst cn 5: eiiueh rdpcrtsjy tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd Prcgdot, on. Zdpcrt 5: li Jciidr

Gemrj. 5=:, 5<=:, ?01-?:2.1. Rmd epphloetlci wes li tmd meibs cn G. Høilia6 lt wessuppcrtdb jy tmd blrdotcrs cn tmd Zmdlilsomds Heibdskusduk Jcii eib tmd Lislllul nør Tr- uib Nrømadsomlomtd cntmd Tilvdrslty cn Ochcaid. Rmd Prcgdot wes blrdotdb nrck5<15-14 jy Z. Fupdr eib G. Høilia, eib nrck 5<1>-5<=5jy G. Høilia. Lt wes nlieioob jy tmd Bdutsomd Ncrsomuias-adkdlisoment, wltm ocislbdrejhd nlieioleh mdhp ehsc jy tmd Zmdlilsomd Jreuifcmhdiidrfd EA6 tmls ocitrljutlci wes ettlkds es liuom es ?()'/8). Rmd Zmdlilsomds HeibdskusdukJcii ehsc suppcrtdb tmd Prcgdot es ner es pcssljhd li dvdryrdspdot.

=. Rmd dxoevetlci tdomilquos. uslia kuom kdomeiloeh mdhp ,eib tmd spdoleh rdocrblia systdk, erd bdtelhdb li Jciidr

Gemrj. 51?. 5<1?, ::>-:4>.<. on. tmd bdsorlptlci cn tmd survdy kdtmcb jy Q. _omwdhh-ius li JciidrGemrm. 511. 5<11, 42>-44=.50. G.P. Nerruale. Z. Fupdr, G. Høilia. P. _tdmhl. Bdr jeib-fdreklsomd _ldbhuiasphetz Heiawdlhdr :. Zmdli. Eusarejuiadi 5? (5<1?)6 Z. Fupdr. M. Hþmr. G. Høilia. P. _tdmhl,E. Wlkildrileii. Bdr jeibfdreklsomo _ldbhuiasphetz

Heiawdlhdr <. Zmdli. Eusarejuiadi 5= (5<11). E ockprd-mdislvd jljhlcarepmy ls pujhlsmdb li Jciidr Gemrj. 5=:.5<=:. ?0=-?5:.

55 . Rmd ncTcwlia ls tefdi perthy blrdot nrck G. _omehlom,Jcbdi- uib Heibsomentsadsomlomtd. Li7 Heiawdlhdr<, (Ictd50) <-52. Rmd uipujhlsmdb ocitrljutlci jy G. _omehlom litmd kcicarepm Heiawdlhdr = wes ehsc usdb.5:. Rmd Kdrzjeom nrck scurod tc kcutm nehhs 520 k li eblrdot hlid cn :0 fk. l.d. 0.1%.5?. Rmls sdotlci nchhcws. pertlehhy wcrb ncr wcrb. tmd pujhl-oetlci jy P. Lkmcnn. Bes ildbdrrmdlilsomd Hþssadjldt. Bds-seu (5<?:). on. ehsc F. Aetzdi, Bld Eofdrjeuheibsomenh bdriþrbhlomdi Zur-Drnt-Phethd {X<41)6 F. Aetzdi. Bld Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd6 Eofdrmþrbd uib Fcmhdirdvldr. Qlrtsoments- uibsczlehadcarepmlsomd Rmdkdi zur Heibdsfuibd Bdutsom-heibs. Ndstsomr. nør Rm. Freus (5<4<) ::4 nn.6 M. Joofdr,Bld Earerheibsomentdi bds Frdlsds Dusflromdi li bord rstdi

Mllhntd bds 5<. Gemrmuibdrts. ^drþnndith. bds ^drdlis bdrAdsomlomhs- uib Mdlketnrduibd bds Frdlsds Dusflromdi d. ^.(5<10).

52. M. Adlss. K. Mcrjdrt. A. Pchstdr. Adheibdfhlke uibHuntmyaldid. Þfchcalsomds Auteomtdi øjdrbld Euswlrfui-adi dlids Readjeuds Mekjeom eun bld Tkwdht. FNE-Gøhlom(5<14).54. on. ocitrljutlcis jy P.G.Z. Kcbbdrkei dt eh. li hhdhl-iluk :5, 5<=5, 5?>-514.5>. P. _tdmhl, Arcssaerteomdr _omdrjdi vck jeibfdrekl-somdi _ldbhuiasphetz Heiawdlhdr =. Fr. Burdi. Erom. Fcr-rdspcibdizjheth 2, 5<12. 551 nn..51. M. Hþmr dt eh. , Bld Zcmstcnnvdrscrauia vci Heiawdlhdr< lk ^drahdlom klt eibdrdi jeibfdreklsomdi Nuibphetzdi.Li7 Heiawdlhdr < (Ictd 50) 5>4 nn..50) 5>4 nn..5=. K. Bcmri-Lmkla. Jeibfdreklf ei Klttdh- uib Ildbdr-rmdli. Zmdlilsomd Eusarejuiadi 5< (5<1<) 5<5-?>:, Nla. :(_clh kep).5<. Ncr dxekphd tmd smehhcw eib ahdydb "ardy dertms" litmd Mekjeomdr Ncrst (Nla. =).:0. Ei dxtrdkd dxekphd cn tmls typd cn hcoetlci ls tmdsdtthdkdit Berkdi LE ci tmd arevdh phetdeu cn tmd JerkdrMdlbd. on. JciidrGemrm. 51<, 5<1<. ?02 nn..:5 . Rmls wlhh jd pujhlsmdb li tmd kcicarepm cn Heiawdlhdr=. Rmd kep. Nla. 52, ls ei dxodrpt cn tmls.::. Ncr tmd dxeot bdtdrklietlci cn tmls sdtthdkdit jcuibery

sdd G. Høilia. G. _omehlom eib P. _tdmhl. Eusbdmiuia bds_ldbhuiasphetzds. Li7 Heiawdlhdr < (Ictd 50) 51n.:?. Lincrketlci nrck E.G. Fehls, Ttrdomt.:2. Lincrketlci nrck E.G . Fehls. Ttrdomt eib H. Oestdhhdtt l,Ockc.:4. Q. _omwdhhius, E. Wlkkdrkei (li prdperetlci).:>. P.G.Z. Kcbbdrkei. Hliderjeibfdreklf eus Dhshccuib _tdli (5<10). 505 nn. eib tejhd p. 55:.:1. Cp. olt. p. 550.:=. Cp. olt. 500 nn. eib tejhd. nla. 5:.:<. Rmls lspr dsdi tdbnu hhy jy T. Jcdhlofd li tmd kcicarepmHeiawdlhdr = (li prdss). on. ehsc T. Jcdhlofd, Arujdi uibMeusdr7 Titdrsuomuiadi zur _truftur jeibfdreklsomdrMcnphetzd. Li7 _ldbhuiadi bdr Fuhtur klt Hliderjeibfdre-



JEIBFDZEKLF _DRRHDKDIR CN RMD EHBDIMC^DIDZ PHERRD :<

klf li Durcpe. Fchhcquluk Icvì ^czcfeiy (Iltre) 5<=5(5<=:). 51-:=. Mdrdentdr tmd tchhcwlia bdtelhs eib nla. 5=-:0.?0. F.M. Fiþrzor li Heiawdlhdr = (li prdss).

?5 . G. Høilia li Heiawdlhdr < (Ictd 50) 25 nn..?:. G. Høilia, _ldbhuia uib _ldbhuiasheibsoment li jeibfd-reklsomor uib Zþssdidr Wdlt. Cnne ?<, 5<=:, <-??.??. Ci tmls sujgdot eib ehsc sclh dxmeustlci on. P .G.Z. Kcbbdrkei, Jeibfdreklf uib Qeibdrjeudrituk. Erom. Fcr-rdspcibdizjTltt 5, 5<15, 1-<6 G. Høilia, Adtr dlbdeijeucmid Bøiauia. Erom. Fcrrdspcibdizjheth 50, 5<=0, 551-5::7 G. Høilia eib G. Kdurdrs-Jehfd, DxpdrlkditdtldrAdtrdlbdeijeu lk Mekjeomdr Ncrst, Adkdlibd Dhsbcrn, Fr.

JdramdlkLZmdliheib. Jciidr Gemrj. 5=0, 5<=0,?04-?22.

?2. on. ictd 50 ejcvd. Li tmd hlamt cn tmd idw ockphdtdomrcichcay cn tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy tmd hcoeh dmrcichcayplljhlsmdb li 5<11 mes meb tc jd sckdwmet dmeiadb6 lipertlduher e aep li sdtthdkdit cn cid mcusd adidretlci meb

jddckd epperdit. Ehsc kcrd plts mevd jddi esslaidb tcspddlnld mcusds tmei jdncrd, sc tmet sckd oei jd betdbblnndrdithy. Ei dxeot bdsdrlptlci cn tmd idw Heiawdlhdr <dmrcichcay ls li prdperetlci.

?.'l. 'Pmd omrcichcay cn tmd Kdrzjeom vehhdy mes jddi wcr-fdb cut jy P. _tdmhl, eib wlhh jd pujhlsmob soperetdhy. dn.P. _tdmhl, Wur Kdtmcbd bdr dmrcichcalsdmdi Ahldbdruiabds jeibfdreklsomdi _ldbhuiasphetzds Heiawdlhdr =. Li6_ldbhuiYdi bdr Fuhtllr klh Hliderjeibfdreklf li Durcpe(ictd :<), :15-:11.

?>. Ncr tmd hcoetlci cn Heurdizjdra = on. Jciidr Gemrj.512, 5<12, Mdlhead 5.

?1. Jciidr Gemrj. 512, 5<12, Jdlhead 5.?=. E. Wlkkdrkeii, Wur Craeilsetlci bdr Mdrstohhuiavci Ndudrstdliertdneftdi li jeibfdreklsomdi _ldbhuiadi.

Li6 _ldbhuiadi klt Fuhturbdr Hliderjeibfdreklf li Durcpe(ictd :<), ?5<-?:?.?<. Jciidr Gemrj. 512, 5<12, Jdlhead 5.20. Rmls ls prdsditdb nuhhy li G. Høilia, JeibforeklsomdPnløad3 Nuibjdrlomtd eus Mdssdi 5</:0, 5<1</=0, 44->=.25. N.Q. Mdiilia, Jeudriwlrtsoment uib Jeudridlifck-kdi li Cstprdussdi lk 5=. Gemrmuibdrt. Jdlmdntd zukGemr-juom bdr Ehjdrtus- Tilvdrslteh Fþilasmdra/Pr. ?0 (5<><) 2>.2:. G.A.B. Oherf, Prdmlstcrld Durcpd7 Rmd Docickld Jesls(5<4:) 5:2 n.2?. Jlsommdlkdr Nuibd eus bdr Fertstdlimþmld jdl Qdydr,Fr. _omhdlbdi. Jciidr Gemrj. 544-5.4>, 5<44-5<4>, 2?1 n.,Nla. =.22. Nlibsli tmdsomcchoch hdotlciet Fhdlimeu, Fr. Burdi.

24. Rmls ls prdsditdb nuhhy li M. Jdofdr, Bld Eg9rerheib-somentdi bds Frdlsds Dusflromdi li bdr drstdi Metntd bds 5<.

Gemrmuibdrts (5<10) 5:2 nn..2>. Tslia e slklher kdtmcb cn oehouhetlci tmd Oditreh Adr-kei hcdss erde meb e pcpuhetlci cn :50 000 l.d. tdi tlkdses keiy es mes jddi rdodithy dstlketdb ncr tmd erde. on. M.Jdmrdis, Bld Guiastdlizdlt lk Klttdhdhjd-_eehd-Adjldt(5<1?), :5? (50 000-:4 000 limejlteits).21. N.Q. Mdiilia, Pmesdi bdr heibwlrtsomenthlomdi Dit-wlofhuia uitdr jdscibdrdr Jdrøofslomtlauia bdr Drtreavdr-mehtilssd. Wdltsomr. nør Eareradsomlomtd uib Earersczlchcald?0, 5<=:, :-:1, dspdolehhy p. 2.



?0



RMD _DRRHDKDIR _\_RDK CN RMD BTROM HLIDEZJEIBFDZEKLF

O.O. JEFDH_

Butom Hliderjeibfdreklf sdtthdkdits erd eiehysdb ci tmrdd hdvdhs. Rmdnlrst hdvdh liohubds e bdsorlp-

tlci cn tmd liblvlblleh sdtthdkdit. Rmls ls nchlcwdb jy tmd eiehysls cn e ohustdr cn sdtthdkdits6 tmd

ohustdr ls tmcuamt tc mevd nuiotlcidb es e flib cn uilt. Rmd tmlrb hdvdh livchvds ockperlsci cn tmd

Butom ohustdr wltm idlamjcurlia ohustdrs cn sdtthdkdits.

Litrcbuotlci

Tp tlhh 5<=: tmlrty twc Hliderjeibfdreklf sltdsmevd jddi blsocvdrdb li tmd Idtmdrheibs eibtmdsd erd ditlrdhy rdstrlotdb tc tmd scutmdestdripert cn tmd ocuitry. Rmd "sltds" erd bdnlidb jytmd coourrdiod cn pcttdry. Keiy mevd jddibdkcistretdb tc jd rdeh sdtthdkdit sltds wltmmcusds, eib nurtmdr livdstlaetlci key wdhhprcvd tmet tmls wes ehsc tmd oesd wltm tmd rdkeli-bor. Lschetdb nlibs cn nhlit tcchs eib ebzds erdict ocislbdrdb mdrd.

Hdevlia eslbo tmdlr litdrieh struoturd, tmdsd

sdtthdkdits oei jd stubldb ci tmrdd hdvdhs. Rmdnlrst hdvdh livchvds eiehysls cn tmd sdtthdkdits esliblvlbueh uilts. Rmd sdocib hdvdh dxeklids tmdbdarod cn esscoletlci jdtwddi sdtthdkdits, eibtmd tmlrb hdvdh livchvds ockperlsci wltm idlamjcurlia sdtthdkdit systdks.

Rmd liblvlbueh sdtthdkdit

Hcoetlcieh eiehysls ncrks tmd jesls cn tmd nlrsthdvdh cn livdstlaetlci. Rmd adcarepmloeh sdttliaoei jd bdsorljdb, eib ei ettdkpt oei jd kebdtc dstejhlsm tmd rdhetlcismlp cn tmd sdtthdkdittc lts divlrcikdit. Rmd tmrdd Butom sdtthdkditscn _ltterb, _tdli eib Dhshcc mevd ehrdeby jddistubldb li tmls wey (Jefdhs 5<1=).

Ehh tmrdd erd hcoetdb 5. ci tmd dbad cn e hcdss-ocvdrdb phetdeu, :. wltmli 140 kdtrds cn e pdrdi-ileh wetdrocursd, eib ?. ci kcrd cr hdss nhettdrreli (nla. he, Lj). Ehh tmd sdtthdkdits wdrdsurrcuibdb jy bdisd wccbheib. Nurtmdr livds

tlaetlci smcws tmet tmdsd adcarepmloeh neotcrs

epphy tc twdity slx cn tmd tmlrty twc Hliderjeibfdreklf sltds.

_uom neotcrs bc ict, cn ocursd, ocvdr ehhespdots cn liblvlbueh sdtthdkdit hcoetlci, jut ekcrd ockphdx epprceom ls ict desy. Zdoci-struotlci cn docickld espdots, ncr dxekphd, lslidvltejhy supdrnloleh eib lt ls ehkcst lkpcssljhdtc bdeh li tdrks cn queitltetlvd bete. Rmls prcj-hdk wlhh jd rdturidb tc jdhcw.

Rmdrd erd slx dxodptlcis tc tmd adidreh hcoetlcieh ruhds, livchvlia dltmdr tmd blsteiod tc tmd

wetdrocursd cr tmd ieturd cn tmd sujstretd. Rwcsltds hld rdhetlvdhy ner ewey nrck pdrdiileh wetdrli tmd klbbhd cn e hcdss-ocvdrdb phetdeu. Lt lsuiohder wmdtmdr tmdsd wdrd sdtthdkdits wltmrdeh mcusds. Bdspltd oerdnuh livdstlaetlci, tmdsdtthdkdits mevd idvdr prcbuodb kcrd tmei endw rujjlsm plts. Rmd sltds erd Trkcib-Aredt-mdlbd eib Trkcib-Mdiidfdis (Jefdhs 5<1=,p. 40 eib p. 5?0). Rmd ctmdr dxodptlcieh sltdserd blstliaulsmdb jy e blnndrdit sujstretd. Rwcerd sltuetdb ci e seiby sujsclh eib twc ciKdusd nhccbhcek bdpcslts. Rmd sltds ci seib,jctm oehhdb Kcitncrt, erd pcssljhy rdeh sdtthdkdits, jut mevd ydt tc jd dxoevetdb. Rmd sltdsci hcek, Mcri eib Mddh, erd et prdsdit gustnlib spcts wltm e ndw smdrbs. Rmdy klamt, mcw-dvdr, nehh litc tmd oetdacry cn "uificwi eibuidxpdotdb sdtthdkdits li rlvdr vehhdys" bdsorljdb jy Cultte ncr tmd Adrkei rlvdr vehhdys(Uultte 5<><). Dvdi tmdi lt rdkelis tc jd sddiwmdtmdr tmdy erd rdeh, pdrkeidit sdtthdkditswltm tmd usueh mcusds.



?: O.O. JEFDH_

Nla. he. Rmd hcoetlci cn _ltterb. Rmd sdtthdkdit erde ls smebdb ci tmd ocitcur kep eib libloetdbjy errcws ci tmd sdotlci. Rmd wetdrocursd ls rdprdsditdb jy e stlpphob hlid. _oehd cn kep 5 7 :4 000,mdlamt li kdtros.



BTROM HLIDEZJEIBFDZEKLF ??

Nla. Lj. Rmd hcoetlci cn Dhshcc.



?2 O.O. JEFDH_

Rmd ohustdr

Rmd sdocib hdvdh cn eiehysls livdstlaetdswmdtmdr tmd sdtthdkdits cr sltds erd libdpdi-bdithy lcoetdb cr erd ohustdrdb wltmli tmd heibsoepd. Nla. : lhhustretds tmd Butom sltuetlci. Rmdblstrljutlci kep ohderhy smcws tmet treods cnHlioerjeibfdreklf cooupetlci erd ict dvdihysprdeb cvdr tmd scutmdestdri Idtmdrheibs, juttmet tmdy ohustdr jdtwddi tmd rlvdrs Adhddi eibKdusd. Rmd cihy cuthylia sltds erd tmd ncur kdi-tlcidb ejcvd wltm blnndrdit sujsclhs, eib cidctmdr sltd7 Oejdra. Rmd hettdr sltd ls sltuetdb li

tmd scutm ider tmd Jdhalei jcrbdr eib key

jdhcia tc eictmdr ohustdr.Rmdrd ls ehweys e pcssljlhlty tmet tmdsd ohustdrs

rdsuht nrck uidvdi survdy. Pdcphd tdib tc sur-vdy rdalcis wmlom mevd ehrdeby prcbuodb sltds.Rmls bcds ict sddk tc mevd jddi tmd oesd mdrd.Kuom eromedchcaloeh survdy mes tefdi pheod cut-slbo tmd erde jdtwddi tmd Adhddi eib Kdusd,eib tmd ohustdr eppders tc jd rdeh.

Qmet neotcrs ocinlidb tmd sdtthdkdits tc eodrteli erde3 Adcarepmloeh ocistrelits klamtlibddb dxpheli tmd ohustdrlia, eib suom oci

strelits erd odrtelihy prdsdit. Rmd heibsoepd tctmd scutm cn tmd ohustdr ls wltmcut deslhy eoods-sljhd cpdi wetdr6 tmd cihy evelhejhd rlvdr mesvdry stddp jeifs. Rmd rdalci tc tmd wdst, eorcsstmd Kdusd, mes ic hcdss bdpcslts, eib tmls ls

ehsc tmd oesd wltm tmd rdalci tc tmd icrtm. Citmrdd slbds tmd prdndrrdb typd cn hcoetlci wesict evelhejhd. Lt ls blnnlouht, mcwdvdr, tc dxphelitmd ejsdiod cn sdtthdkdits tc tmd dest. Ohlketloneotcrs oeiict jd livcfdb, eib tmd dxpheietlcikust hld dhsdwmdrd (Jefdhs 5<1=, p. 5?4).

Rmd ohustdr ocislsts cn :1 sltds wltm ocioditre-

tlcis cn ndeturds eib bckdstlo rujjlsm. Rmlsbcds ict kdei ehh :1 sltds wdrd ocitdkpcrery.Rmd cihy wey tc uirevdh tmd ohustdr ls tc usdKcbbdrkei's pmesd-blvlslci, wmlom ls jesdb civerletlcis li pcttdry bdocretlci eib mcusd-phei(Kcbbdrkei 5<10). O52 betlia ls stlhh cn hltthdusd ncr dstejhlsmlia omrcichcaloeh pmesds wltmlitmd Hlioerjeibfdreklf.

Nla. ? smcws tmd omrcichcaloeh bdvdhcpkditcn tmd ohustdr. _ckd sdtthdkdits, cr retmdr sdtt-

Nla. :. Rmd blstrljutlci cn Hliderjeibforeklt6 sdtthdkditsli tmd scutmdestdri pert cn tmd Idtmdrheibs.5. ycuiadr ehhuvleh oheys6 :. chbdr ehhuvleh oheys6 ?. seib6 2.seiby hcdss6 4. hcdss6 >. ncrkdr rlvdr jdbs6 1. rdkeliliabdpcslts. _oehd 5 7 ?00 0006 kep entdr tmd Jcbdkfeert veiIdbdrheib.



BTROM HLIDEZJEIBFDZEKLF ?4

KÇ



?> O.O. JEFDH_

Nla. .?. Rmd sdtthdkdits jdtwddi tmdrlvdrs Adhddi eib Kdusd. keppdbeoocrblia tmdlr betd. Tprlamt jerslibloetd sltds wmlom oeiict jdbetdb.



BTROM HLIDEZJEIBFDZEKLF ?1

Remhd L

Rmd klilkuk eilcullt cn heib idobob jy 40 pdrscis ncrearlouhturd eib oetthd mdrblia.

40 pdrsciswmoet li nccb >4% =0%

nldhbs.yldhb =00 fa/menhdhbs.yld hb 5>00 fa/mearessheib

55 me 52me4.4 me 1 me

540 me <0 me

hdkdit erdes, rdkeli li usd6 ctmdrs eppder crblseppder li tmd ocursd cn tlkd. Rmd ploturd ls

ner nrck ockphdtd sliod ict ehh tmd sltds mevdjddi dquehhy wdhh livdstlaetdb, eib sdvdreh skehhnlib spcts wltm ei epperdithy rdstrlotdb buretlciklamt jd "wlibcws" ci e heradr sdtthdkdit erdetmet wes cooupldb kuom hciadr. Idvdrtmdhdss,tmd kep suaadsts tmet tmd iukjdr cn sdtthdkditswes stejhd, et pdrmeps nlvd cr shlamthy kcrd, ncrsckd tlkd. Nrck pmesd hlo ciwerbs tmd iukjdreppders tc bcujhì. Ls tmls e slai tmet tmd queitltycn sdtthdkdits liordesdb nrck pmesd Lhj tc pmesdhlo3 Rmd eiswdr ls ict slkphd. Cid prcjhdk lstmet tmd buretlci cn tmd pmesds ls uificwi.

Mcwdvdr, tc suaadst tmet pmesd hlo eib hlb hest-db twlod es hcia es tmd derhldr pmesds wcuhblkphy tmet tmd retd cn omeiad li pcttdry styhdseib mcusd ocistruotlci shcwdb bcwi tcwerbstmd dib cn tmd Hlioerjeibforeklf. Rmord erdic eraukdits cr perehhdhs li suppcrt cn suom epmdickdici. Rmd ociohuslci tmet tmd iukjdrcn sltds liordesdb li tmd hetdr pmesds key wdhhjd ocrrdot.

Rmd idxt prcjhdk ls wmdtmdr cr ict ehh tmdsdtthdkdits li tmd ohustdr nuiotlcidb libdpoi-

bdithy wltmli tmdlr cwi tdrrltcrlds. Rmd tcpcare-pmy cn tmd tdrreli cooupldb jy tmd scutmdri pertcn tmd ohustdr suaadsts tmd dxlstdiod cn tdrrltcrlds(nla. 2). Rmdlr surneod erde reiads nrck >0 tc510 me. Qcuhb lt mevd jddi pcssljhd ncr e sdtthdkdit tc mevd meb e tctehhy sdhn-sunnloldit doc-icky wltmli e tdrrltcry cn tmls slzd3 Qltm tmdflib cn nccb-prcbuolia systdk jesdb ci orcpseib eilkeh musjeibry adidrehhy essukdb ncrtmd Hliderjeibfdreklf, tmd eiswdr key jd ic.

E vdry slkphlnldb kcbdh ncr tmd ekcuit cn

heib iddbdb ncr Hliderjeibfdreklf earlouhturdmes ehrdeby jddi prdsditdb (Jefdhs li prlit).Earlouhturd ls rdbuodb li tmls kcbdh tc wmdetarcwlia eib oetthd relslia. Qmdet ls tmd pheitkcst nrdqudithy ncuib li Hliderjeibfdreklfsdtthdkdits, eib oetthd usuehhy ocistltutd tmdkegcrlty cn tmd jcid ketdrleh. Rmd lkpcrteiodcn oetthd ls nurtmdr liordesdb wmdi queitltlds cnkdet erd tefdi litc ocislbdretlci.

E sdt cn oehouhetlcis erd alvdi li tejhd 5. Rmdnlaurds erd jesdb ci tmd rdqulrdkdits cn tmd



?= O.O. JEFDH_

"evdread pdcphd" cn tmd NEC (NEC 5<41), eiboehouletlcis erd kebd ncr bldts wmlom ocislst cn>4% cr =0% wmdet (sdd Jefdhs 5<1=, p. 524).\ldhbs cn ocisukptlci wmdet (sddb ncr scwliabdbuotdb) pdr mdoterd erd tefdi nrck mlstcrloe!Oeieblei eib Zusslei scurods eib nrck tmdrdsuhts cn dxporlkdits. Rmd mlamost yldhb ls bdrl-vdb nrck dxpdrlkdits wltm dlifcri ci JutsdrNerk (Jefdhs li prlit). Rmd erde iddbdb ncrsukkdr arezlia eib wlitdr ncbbdr ncr oettld lsdxprdssdb li mdoterds cn pesturd eib kdebcw6bete erd nrck mlstcrloeh scurods (_hlomdr veiJetm 5<>? eib Moiilia 5<><, ncr dxekpld). Rmdoehoumltlcis erd kebd ncr arcups cn 40 pdrscis,

wmlom ls pdrmeps ei eoodptejhd nlaurd ncr tmdiukjdr cn limejlteits cn ei evdread Hlider-jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdit.

Lt ls cjvlcus tmet sunnlolæit earloultureh heiboei jd ncuib wltmli tmd >0-510 me evelhejhd tcdeom sdtthdkdit. Mcwdvdr, tmd idodssery aress-heib ls ohoerly klsslia. Rmd ocuitryslbd wes bdi-sdly wccbdb, eib tmdrd ls hltthd ietureh pesturdli tmls flib cn heibsoepd. E pcssljhd ociohuslcils tmet oltmdr tmd earloultureh cr tmd bldterykcbdh ls liocrrdot. Rmd rchd cn oettld li tmd bldt

oeiict jd rdpheodb jy ctmdr bckdstloetds, crjy aekd eib nlsm. Rmd smddp eib acets fdpt jytmd Hliderjeibfdreklf wcuhb mevd rdqulrdbarezlia es wdhh. Rmd neot tmet e smddp cr acetdets hdss ls ocuitdreotdb jy tmd neot tmet tmdyprcvlbd hdss kdet tmei oettld. Rmd ocibltlcisncr plas wdrd merbhy jdttdr, es tmd hcoeh ncrdstocislstdb kelily cn hlkd. Cef wes ocinlidb tctmd rlvdr vehhdys eib jddom wes ejsdit cr vdryrerd (Jefdhs 5<1=, p. ?26 Fehls li prlit). Rmdbdislty cn jla aekd kust ehsc mevd jddi hcw,eib tmd skehh wetdrocursds li kcst cn tmd tdrrl-

tcrlds wcuhb ict mevd prcvlbdb sunnlolæit nlsm.Rmd pcpuhetlci key cn ocursd mevd jddi

skehhdr, jut tmd neot rdkelis tmet Dhshcc, tmdcihy sdtthdkdit wmord e pcpuhetlci dstlketd lsrdehhy ndesljhd, prcjejhy ocitelidb kcrd tmeinlnty limejlteits. E nurtmdr pcssljlhlty ls tmet tmdHliderjeibfdreklf pdcphd wdrd vdadterleis. Ekcrd pheusljhd dxpheietlci ls tmet oettld wdrdtdibdb perthy wltmli tmd tdrrltcry (stujjhd nldhbsliohubdb) eib perthy jdycib tmd tdrrltcrleh hlklt.

Remhd :

Rmd klilkuk ekcuit cn heib iddbdb jy tmd limejlteits

cn tmd ohustdr burlia pmesd hlo cr hlb.

._|)(h-:()()() pdrsciswmdet li nccb >.*)% =0%

nldhbs, yldhb =00 fa/mearessheib

550- 220 me5400->000 me

520- 4>0 me<00-?>00 me



BTROM HLIDEZJEIBFDZEKLF ?<

gk. ÿ"þ°þ°þ"þ? 2 4

Nla. 2. Rmd scutmdri pert cn tmd ohustdr erde, smcwlia pcssljhd sltd tdrrltcrlds li pmesd hlb. Rmd sdtthdkdits smcwi erdtmcsd cn _tdli, Dhshcc. Jddf eib Adhddi.5. ehhuvleh ohey6 :. vehhdys eib bry vehhdys6 ?. seibs eib arevdhs dxpcsdb li shcpds6 2. hcdss6 4. eib >. tdrrltcrlds. _oehd5 7 14 (]])6 kep entdr Jefdhs 5<1=.

Ln tmd sekd oehouhetlcis erd kebd ncr tmdwmchd ohustdr cn sdtthdkdits li tmd bdisdhy pcpu-hetdb nlieh pmesds, tmd nlaurds hlstdb li tejhd :erd rdeomob. Rmdro wdrd et hdest 50 ocitdkpc-rery sdtthdkdits et tmls tlkd eib pdrmeps dvdi:0 ln tmd uibetdb sltds erd tefdi litc eoocuit.Nurtmdr sdtthdkdits key ewelt blsocvdry uibdrbddp ochhuvleh bdpcslts. Ei dstlketo cn tmd ohus-tdr's tcteh pcpuhetlci klamt hlo jdtwooi 400 eib

:000. Rmd hettdr nlaurd ls jesdb ci tmd essukp-tlci tmet ehh tmd sdtthdkdits wdrd cn slklher slzdtc Dhshcc, wmlom ocitelidb e pcssljhd 500-:00limejlteits burlia lts nlieh pmesds (Kcbbdrkei5<106 Jefdhs 5<1=).

Rmd phetdeu jdtwooi tmd Aohdoi eib Kdusdocvdrs 4100 me. Qltm tmd dxodptlci cn tmd twcsltds kditlcidb ejcvd, tmd sdtthdkdits erd hcoe-tdb ci tmd dbad cn tmd phetdeu. Nla. 4 smcws



20 O.O. JEFDH_

Nla. 4. Rmd hcoss-ocvdrdb phetdeu jotwodi tmd rlvdrs Adhddieib Kdusd. Hdnt7 tmd sltuetlci burlia tmd Hliderjeibfore-klf. Zlamt7 tmd sltuetlci li 5=02 entdr Rreiomct.5. boolbululs wccbs7 :. erde usdb ncr earlouhtureh purpcsds6?. Hlioerjeibfdreklf sdtthdkdits6 2. ildebcws, pesturdseib rcuam arezlias6 4. ilidtdditm oditury vlhheads wltm sur-rcuiblia crome rbs. _oeho 5 6 540 000.

mcw tmd heib key mevd jddi dxphcltdb7 e jdhtcn heib usdb ncr nldhbs eib arezlia, wltm tmdlitdrlcr usdb cihy ncr arezlia. Rmls typd cn heib-usd ls wdhh ficwi nrck mlstcrloeh tlkds. Nla. 4lhhustretds ehsc tmd sltuetlci ci tmd phetdeu eskeppdb li 5=02. Rmd blaalia cn wdhhs meb kebdcooupetlci cn tmd litdrlcr pcssljhd, jut tmd oditrd cn tmd phetdeu wes stlhh iddbdb tc arezd tmdoetthd jdhcialia tc tmd surrcuiblia ockkuil-tlds. Rmd blnndrdiod ls tmet li Hlioerjeibfdreklf tlkds tmd litdrlcr ls tmcuamt tc mevd jddiocvdrdb wltm bdisd wccbs, wmdrdes li mlstcrloehtlkds tmd wccbs meb ockphdtdhy veilsmdb.

Li mlstcrloeh tlkds tmd liidr erde key mevd

jddi sunnlolæit jut lt ls bcujtnuh wmdtmdr tmd

sekd mchbs trud ncr tmd Hlioerjeibfdreklfdocicky. Lt ls tmd wccbheib tmet ls prcjhdketl-oeh. Rmd evelhejhd pchhdi bleareks bc ict libl-oetd herad-soehd bdncrdstetlci eib tmd ncrdstltsdhn oeiict prcvlbd nccb ncr e sujsteitleh mdrbcn oetthd. Lt ls tmus pcssljhd tmet ei erde cutslbdtmd phetdeu ocitelilia tmd ohustdr cn sdtthdkditswes rdqulrdb ncr docickld purpcsds. Rmls keywdhh dxpheli wmy tmd heib tc tmd dest cn tmdohustdr wes idvdr sdtthdb. Lt wes e kettdr cndocicky retmdr tmei uisultejhd adcarepmloehocibltlcis. Rmd sdtthdkdits iddbdb tc jd sur-rcuibdb jy ei dkpty zcid.

Ln tmd mypctmdsds ejcut tmd erde iddbdb ncroetthd erd ocrrdot cid kust ociohubd tmet tmdlimejlteits cn tmd sdtthdkdits ocuhb ict bdpdibditlrdhy ci tmdlr cwi >0 tc 510 mdoterd tdrrltc-rlds. Rmdy meb tc smerd tmdlr surrcuiblias. Litmd ncTcwlia lt wlhh jd smcwi tmet tmdy smerdbtmdsd ict cihy ncr nccb-prcbuolia eotlvltlds jutehsc ncr tmd prcourdkdit cn verlcus rew ketd-rlehs.



BTROM HLIDEZJEIBFDZEKLF 25

Rejhd ?

5. nlrdwccb

wccb ncr mcusoshcek ncr mcusdshcek ncr pcttdry

?. omort

:. wccb ncr mcusds

rcof ncr qudrisrcof ncr arliblia-stcidspdjjhdsquerzltd ncr ebzds (klicr scurod)omdrt (klicr scurod)

2. ekpmljch ltd kebd litc ebzdsjeseht kebd litc ebzdshybltd kebd litc ebzdsmdketltd

Rejhd ? hlsts tmd ketdrlehs ficwi tc mevd jddiusdb li tmd Butom sdtthdkdits. Rmdy nehh litc

ncur oetdacrlds. Oetdacry 5 liohubds ketdrlehsncuib wltmli tmd pcstuhetdb tdrrltcry cn deomsdtthdkdit. Oetdacry : ocitelis ketdrlehs ncuibwltmli tmd ohustdr erde. Oetdacry ? liohubdsketdrlehs tmet erd ict ncuib wltmli desy rdeomcn tmd sdtthdkdits jut stlhh wltmli slx mcurs wehflia blsteiod (l.d. e bey's rdturi gcuridy). Oetdacry 2 ockprlsds tmd rdeh hcia-blsteiod lkpcrts.Oetdacry 5 eib :, tmd hcoeh ketdrlehs, erd tmdkcst litdrdstlia mdrd. Zcof ls tmd jdst ficwiketdrleh, eib tmd kcst lkpcrteit scurod ncr tmdrcofs wes tmd jdb cn tmd rlvor Kdusd. Ehh tmd

sdtthdkdits li tmd ohustdr cjtelidb tmd juhf cntmdlr rcofs nrck tmd Kdusd arevdh jers. Es ictdeom tdrrltcry ls ebgeodit tc tmd rlvdr, pdcphdli tmd ohustdr meb tc smerd tmls hcoeh ockkcblty.

Lt ls eraudb mdrd tmet tmd wmchd ohustdr cnsdtthdkdits jdtwddi tmd Adhddi eib tmd Kdusdklamt jd ocislbdrdb, li pert et hdest, es e ncrkcn docickld uilt. Rmls ls ict tc suaadst tmet tmdlimejlteits smerdb ehh tmdy iddbdb ncr tmdlr belhyhlnd. Rmd suppcsltlci ls tmet tmdy diocuitdrdbdeom ctmdr nrdqudithy eib wdrd litdrbdpdibeit

jctm docickloehhy eib li ctmdr weys es wdhh.Rmd lbdes blsoussdb ejcvd bc ict, cn ocursd,

dxpheli wmy tmdrd wes e ohustdr et ehh. Rmd dxphe-ietlci kust jd scuamt li scoleh eib bdkcarepmloespdots cn hlvlia eib wcrflia tcadtmdr. Cidskehh sdtthdkdit oeiict mevd survlvdb ci ltscwi, ln cihy ncr bdkcarepmlo rdescis. Mdrd wderd streylia cutslbd tmd socpd cn tmls pepdr, jutcid rdkerf ls wcrtm keflia. Tp tlhh icw cihycid odkdtdry mes jddi ncuib li tmd rdalci.Epert nrck twc cr tmrdd pcssljhd arevds li tmdsdtthdkdit et Adhddi-Zlgfswda (ficwi ehsc esAdhddi-Fdrklsphdli eib Adhddi-Medssdhbdr-vdhb), eib sckd mypctmdtloeh cids et _tdli, Dhs-hcc ls tmd cihy odkdtdry wltmli tmd ohustdr (ncrAdhddi sdd Jefdhs & vei bdi Jrcdfd 5<=0-5<=5,ncr _tdli Kcbbdrkei 5<10, p. 1=). Rmd odkdtdry key cihy mevd jddi usdb jy tmd limejlteitscn tmd Dhshcc sdtthdkdit, eib tmd ejsdiod cnodkdtdrlds dhsdwmdrd key jd bud tc tmd neottmet arevds ociteli hdss ertdneots tmei rujjlsmplts eib erd tmdrdncrd hdss desy tc bdtdot. Lt ls



2: O.O. JEFDH_

_trlflia, mcwdvdr, tmet tmdrd erd ner kcrdHliderjeibfdreklf sdtthdkdits tmei odkdtd-

rlds. Ei dxpheietlci klamt jd tmet sdtthdkditsli e ohustdr smerdb cid jurleh arcuib. Rmd rdhe-tlvdhy hcw iukjdr cn arevds li tmd Dhslcc odk-dtdry, wmlom hdb tc tmd ociohuslci tmet lt jdhci-adb tc cid sdtthdkdit, key ehsc rdnhdot tmd neottmet ict ovdrycid meb tmd stetus tc jd jurldbtmdrd.

Ockperlsci wltm idlamjcurlia ohustdrs

Rmd tmlrb hdvdh cn livdstlaetlci ls tmd ockperlsci cn tmd Butom ohustdr wltm sdtthdkditsjdhcialia tc ebgeodit rdalcis. Rmd prdsdit dvl-bdiod suaadsts tmet tmd idlamjcurs tdibdb tchlvd li ohustdrs es wdhh. Rmd iderdst ohustdrs erdci tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd, ?0 fks tc tmd destli Adrkeiy, eib ercuib tmd Mddswetdr, :0 fkstc tmd scutm-wdst li Jdhaluk. Rmd ncrkdr lsvdry wdhh bcoukditdb. Li Jdhaluk cihy Zcs-kddr eib ^hlgtliadi mevd jddi livdstlaetdb tceiy dxtdit.

Ehtmcuam tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd ohustdr lskuom heradr tmei tmd ctmdr twc, tmd ohustdrs erd

vdry kuom ehlfd. Rmd sdtthdkdits cooupy ock-perejhd hcoetlcis eib wdrd ncuibdb et tmd sekdtlkd (Kcbbdrkei pmesd Lj). Bc tmd ohustdrsblnndr li eiy wey3 Zdalcieh verletlci wltmli tmdHliderjeibfdreklf oei livchvd 5. earlouhturdes rdnhdotdb li oerjcilzdb pheit rdkelis, :.mcusd-pheis, ?. pcttdry, 2. nhlit tcchs eib 4. rcofscurods. Es ner es 5. eib :. erd ociodridb tmdrdeppder tc jd ic lkpcrteit blnndrdiods jdtwdditmd tmrdd ohustdrs. E ockperlsci cn pcttdry eibnhlit tcchs wlhh jd pcssljhd li tmd ider nuturdwmdi bete nrck Zcskddr eib ^hlgtliadi mevd

jddi pujhlsmdb. Rmd bete nrck tmd Ehbdimcvdidr Phettd libloetd tmet blnndrdiods wdrd odr-telihy prdsdit. Li tmdcry hcoeh rcof scurods oeijd blnndrditletlia. Ketdrlehs nrck hcia blsteiodscurods erd dxpdotdb tc jd tmd sekd. E ohderrdsuht cn ockperlsci cn tmd Adrkei eib Butomohustdrs ls tmet tmd rcofs usdb ncr tmd keiuneo-turd cn hcoeh ertdneots suom es qudris eib odrteliebzds blnndr nrck cid ohustdr tc tmd ctmdr. Bln-

ndrdiods jdtwddi tmd Butom eib Jdhalei ohustdr

erd hdss desy tc blstliaulsm. Rmls prcjejhyjdoeusd tmd limejlteits cn tmd Jdhalei sdtthd

kdits usdb tmd arevdh jers cn tmd Kdusd es tmdlrkeli scurod cn ketdrleh6 tmdsd arevdhs erd slkl-her tc tmd Butom cids. Ln tmls ls tmd oesd lt wlhhict jd pcssljhd tc blnndrditletd jdtwddi Butomeib Jdhalei ketdrleh. Li tmd ejsdiod cn kcrdbdtelhdb livdstlaetlci litc tmls prcjhok lt ls pdr-meps uiwlsd tc sey kcrd. Rmd lkpcrtdb rcofserd jdttdr ficwi eib tmd sekd rcofs erd libddbncuib li ehh tmrdd ohustdrs.

Lt ls tc jd dxpdotdb tmet lt wlhh ehweys jd kuomdesldr tc bdtdot slklherltlds tmei blnndrdiodsjdtwddi idlamjcurlia ohustdrs. Rmd omeiadsnrck ohustdr tc ohustdr erd pdrmeps sc arebuehes tc jd vlrtuehhy livlsljhd. Blnndrdiods steibcut jdttdr ci e wlbdr, rdalcieh soehd, eib tmlsjrlias us tc e ncurtm hdvdh cn eiehysls7 tmd litor-rdalcieh ockperlsci cn sdts cn ohustdrs. Qmlhsttmd ncurtm hdvdh key eppder kcrd rdwerblia,hltthd wcrf mes jddi oerrldb cut ci tmd tmlrbhdvdh eib lts lkpcrteiod smcuhb ict jd uibdrds-tlketdb.



BTROM HLIDEZJEIBFDZEKLF 2?

JLJHLCAZEPM\

Jefdhs, O.O. (5<1=), Ncur Hliderjeibfdreklf _dtthdkdits eib Rmdlr Divlrcikdit7 E Pehdcdoc-hcaloeh _tuby cn _ltterb, _tdli, Dhshcc eib Kldimdlk, Eiehdote Predmlstcrloe Hdlbdisle 55.Jefdhs, O.O. eib P.Q. vei bdi Jrcdfd (5<=0-5<=5), Adhddi, Pujhloetlcis bd he _colìtì Mlstcrlqud

dt Eromìchcalqud beis Ld HlkjcurlY 55>-551, p. ?<-2:.Jefdhs, O.O. (li prlit), Wuk wlrtsomenthlomdi Iutzuiasreuk dlidr jeibfdreklsomdi _ldbhuia,

li7 _ldbhuiadi bdr Flbturklt Hliderfdreklf li Durcpe, db. jy Eromdchcalofy Østev, _hcvdisfdgEfebìkld ^ldb, Iltre.

Jcbdkfeert vei Idbdrheib (5<>0), 5 7 :00 000, _tljcfe Qeadiliadi.N.E.C. (5<41), Oehcrld Zdqulrdkdits, Zdpcrt cn tmd _docib Ockklttdd ci Oehcrld Zdqulrdkdits,

Zckd.

Mdiilia, N.M. (5<><), Jeudriwlrtsoment uib Jeudridlifckkdi li Cstprdussdi lk L_.Gemrmuibdrt,

Qørzjura.Fehls. E.G. (li prlit), _petphdlstczeid uib mchczeid ^dadtetlcisadsomlomtd li bdr wdsthlomdi

Ildbdrrmdlilsomdi Juomt, Dlszdltehtdr uib Adadiwert, _cibdrmdnt.Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z. (5<10), Hliderjeibforeklf eus Dhshcc uib _tdli, Eiehdote Predmlstcrloe

Hdlbdisle ?.Cultte, M. (5<><), Wur Bdutuia jeibfdreklsomdr _ldbhuiasnuibd eus Eudi uib aruibwessdrie-

mdi _teibcrtdi, li7 F.M. Cttc eib G. Mdrrkei, dbs., _ldbhuia, Jura uib _tebt, Bdutsomd

Efebìkld bdr Qlssdisomentdi zu Jdrhli, _omrlntdi bdr _dftlci nør ^cr- uib Nrømadsomlomtd :4,p. 2:-44.

_hlomdrvei Jetm, J.M. (5<>?), Rmd Earerlei Mlstcry cn Qdstdri DurcpdE.B. 400-5=40, Hcibci.Rreiomct-feert , bd , vei mdt adjldb tussdi Kees di Zlgi. Idbdrheibs Adbddhtd 5=0?-5=0>, neoslklhd-

rdprcbuotld 5<>1-5<15, Fþhi eib Keestrlomt.



22



RMD HERD JEIBFDZEKLF CN RMD EL_ID ^EHHD\7 DI^LZCIKDIR EIB _PERLEH

CZAEIL_ERLCI

K. LHDRR, O. OCI_REIRLI, E. OCTBEZR EIB G.P. BDKCTHD

Rmd rlvdr vchhdys cn tmd Perls Jesli prcvlbd e retmdr blnndrdit adchcaloeh eib tcpcarepmloeh ocitdxt

ncr sdtthdkdit tmei tmd hcdss rdalcis typloehhy cooupldb jy tmd Jeibfdreklf Ouhturd li oditreh eib

wdst-oditreh Durcpd (Kcbbdrkei 5<4=/5<4<6 _ldhkeii 5<1:6 Fruf 5<1?6 Fupdr eib Høilia 5<146

Jefdhs 5<1=e). Li tmd Elsid vehhdy (nla. 5) e rdhetlvdhy ockphdtd ploturd cn Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdit

mes dkdradb es e rdsuht cn e sdrlds cn rdsoud dxoevetlcis li tmd 5<>0s (Jcurdux eib Ocubert 5<1=)

eib tmd ourrdit Perls Tilvdrslty/O.I.Z._. prcgdot, ncuibdb jy tmd hetd Jcmuklh _cubsfy smcrthy

entdr mls errlveh tc tdeom li Perls li 5<15 (N.P.^.E. 5<1?-5<=5). Rmls ertlohd ls kelihy ociodridb

wltm tmd rdhetlcismlp jdtwddi tmd sltds eib tmd hcoeh divlrcikdit, eib wltm tmdlr blshrljutlci ehciatmd vehhdy. E prdhlkliery eoocuit wlhh ehsc jd alvdi cn wcrf li prcardss ci tmd litdrieh craeilsetlci

cn tmd sdtthdkdits.

Ouhtureh eib omrcichcaloeh jeofarcuib

Li vldw cn tmd spdoleh ieturd cn sdtthdkdit bls-

trljutlci li tmd vehhdy eib lts rdhetlvd lschetlci

nrck oditrds cn Jeibfdreklf pcpuhetlci li tmd

Hcw Ocuitrlds eib Adrkeiy, lt ls lkpcrteit tc

uibdrhlid tmd crlaliehlty cn tmd ketdrleh ouhturdcn tmd Elsid Hetd Jeibfdreklf. Rmls litrcbuo-tcry sdotlci sukkerlsds tmd keli omereotdrlstlos

cn tmd odreklos, tmd hltmlo libustry, eib tmd

mcusdpheis. Jcio eib eithdr ertlneots mevd ydt

tc jd stubldb li bdtelh.

Rmd dxoevetlcis et Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds

mevd prcvlbdb jy ner tmd ardetdst queitlty cn

pcttdry. Ehkcst ehh tmls ketdrleh coours es ruj-

jlsm li tmd ocistruotlci plts nheiflia hciamcu-sds. Rmd pcttdry oei jd blvlbdb litc tmrdd jeslo

oetdacrlds6 bdocretdb nlid werd, uibdocretdbnlid werd, eib heradr, kcrd ocersdhy kebd pcts.

Li tdrks cn klilkuk iukjdrs cn lbditlnlejhd

vdssdhs, tmd tmrdd oetdacrlds eppder tc dxlst li

kcrd cr hdss dqueh prcpcrtlcis. Rmd crlaliehlty

cn tmd essdkjhead ls kcst ohderhy sddi li tmd

bdocretdb nlid werd. Rmd cvdrwmdhklia kegcr-

lty cn tmdsd vdssdhs erd bdocretdb wltm ockj

lkprdsslcis, cntdi ockjlidb wltm liolsdb hlids

(Lhdtt eib Phetdeux li prdss). Rwc- eib tmrdd-

tcctmdb ockjs erd tmd kcst nrdqudit6 ncur- eib

Nla. 5. Icrtm-dest Nreiod eib pert cn Jdhaluk. Rmd smebdb

erde rdprdsdits nla. ?.

nlvd-tcctmdb Listrukdits erd rdhetlvdhy uiock-kci. Rmd ockj wes ehkcst ehweys plvctdb

eorcss tmd bekp surneod cn tmd ohey. Zlk eib

idof bdocretlci liohubds verlcus ockjlietlcis

cn mcrlzciteh ockj lkprdssdb jeibs eib liolsdb



2> K. LHDRR, DR EH.

?OK

L L L L

Nla. :. Omereotdrlstlo bdocretdb nlid werd nrck Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds. Boocretlci tdomilqud7 5. plvctdb tmrdd-tcctmdb

ockj :. plvctdb twc-tcctmdb ockj eib liolsdb hlids ?. liolsdb hlids eib plvctdb ncur-tcctmdb ockj. Ehh tmrdd pcts erd

nrck plts johcialia tc mcusd ::4.



JEIBFDZEKLF CN RMD EL_ID ^EHHD\ 21

llids. Rmd keli bdocretlci ci tmd jcby cn tmd

pct ls omereotdrlstloehty ockpcsdb cn dltmdr vdr-

tloeh jeibs cn ockj lkprdsslcis, vdrtloeh jeibs

cn ockj lkprdsslcis ci dltmdr slbd cn liolsdbLlids, cr cjllqud liolsdb Llids ncrklia ei livdr-

tdb "^" pettdri (nla. :). Rmdsd tmrdd kctlns

eoocuit ncr ehkcst =0% cn tmd bdocretdb vdssdhs

et Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds, eib tmdlr rdhetlvd nrd-

qudioy sddks tc bdpdib ci e omrcichcaloeh neo

tcr (sdd pead 41 jdhcw). ^drtloeh jeib kctlns

erd ehweys li tmd kegcrlty, mcwdvdr, eib lt ls

tmls ndeturd, tcadtmdr wltm tmd prdbcklieiod cn

tmd plvctdb ockj bdocretlci tdomilqud, tmet

ohderhy blstliaulsmds tmd Elsid vehhdy essdkjhe

ads nrck tmd Hetd Jeibfdreklf cn tmd HcwOcuitrlos, tmd Zmlidheib eib Ehseoo.

_mdrbs cn "Hlkjura pcttdry" mevd jddi ncuib

li ehkcst ehh tmd plts et Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds.

Ci evdread tmdrd ls ejcut cid Hlkjura vdssdh

ncr dvdry tmlrtddi crbliery bdocretdb pcts. Rmd

Hlkjura pcttdry steibs cut jy lts jcid tdkpdr,

cpdi smepos wltm tmlofdidb rlks, eib blstliotlvd

arccvdb bdocretlci (Ocisteitli dt eh. 5<=5).

Li adidreh tdrks tmd nhlit libustry ohcsdhy

rdsdkjhds tmet cn tmd Hetd Jeibfdreklf dhsd-

wmord (Phetdeux 5<=:). Mcwdvdr, jhebds wltm

slhloe ahcss liohubd cjhlqudhy rdtcuomdb cr trui-

oetob ncrks tmet cihy coour li Zcssdi ocitdxts

li tmd Zmlidheib (Nldbhdr 5<1<). Eictmdr crlal-

ieh ndeturd cn tmd nhlit libustry ls tmd rdhetlvdhy

mlam prcpcrtlci cn jctm jurlis, rerdhy rdpcrtdb

nrck Jeibfdreklf sltds dhsdwmdrd, eib errcw-

mdebs. Cut cn e tcteh cn cvdr tmrdd muibrdb eib

nlnty rdtcuomdb tcchsnrck Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds

tmdrd erd cihy ncur Rerbdiclsldi ertlneots.

Rmd seko sltd mes sc ner cihy prcbuodb tmrdd

nreakoits cn twc pchlsmdb stcid ebzds. E stuby

mes ydt tc jd kebd cn tmd rew ketdrlehs usdbncr tmdsd nhlit eib stcid ertlneots. Qd wlhh rdturi

tc tmd qudstlci cn tmd prcbuotlci eib blstrlju-

tlci cn nhlit tcchs wltmli tmd sdtthdkdit et Oulry-

hís-Omeuberbds et tmd dib cn tmls ertlohd.

Mcusopheis nrck tmd Elsio vehhdy ohderhy nehh

wltmli tmd Jeibfdreklf trebltlci (Ocubert

5<=:). Rmd julhblias erd crlditetdb dest-wdst

wltm tmd wdst dib pclitlia shlamthy tcwerbs tmd

icr tm. Kcst mcusds erd jdtwddi 50 eib ?0 k

hcia6 tmd kexlkuk hdiatm ls ?< k (mcusd ::4,

Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds). Keiy cn tmd arcuib-

pheis erd shlamthy trepdzclbeh. Et Oulry-hís-

Omeuberbds tmd hey-cut cn tmd litdrie!, hceb-jderlia pcsts ocincrks tc e rdkerfejhy uilncrk

pettdri. Qltm ndw dxodptlcis deom mcusophei

liohubds twc pelrs cn ohcsdhy sdt treisvdrsd pcst

rcws. Cid pelr coours et tmd destdri, ditreiod

dib cn tmd mcusd6 tmd ctmdr pelr ls hcoetdb et

ejcut twc-tmlrbs tmd hdiatm cn tmd julhblia, sdp-

eretlia tmd oditreh eib wdstdri pert (nla. >).

Rmd lkkdbletd pcst-Jeibfdreklf sdqudiod

li tmd Elsid vehhdy, es dhsdwmdrd li tmd Perls

Jesli, ls stlhh vdry uiohder. Ic sdttlokdits cn

tmls betd mevd jddi dxtdislvdhy dxoevetdb, eibodreklo arcups erd jdlia rdbdnlidb (Ocisteitli

eib Bdkcuho 5<=:). Rmd tdrk "Ouhturd bd

h'Elsid" (N.P.^.E. 5<12-5<116 Jcurdux eib

Ocubert 5<1=) mes jddi ejeibcidb.

Eiehysls cn tmd herad essdkjheads cn bdocre

tdb pcttdry tmet mevd rdodithy jdockd evelhejhd

nrck Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds, tcadtmdr wltm tmd

rdocailtlci cn Hlkjura pcttdry ci tmd sekd sltd,

mevd smcwi tmet lt ls uirdehlstlo tc sdperetd tmd

ketdrleh crlaliehhy usdb tc bdnlid tmd "Ouhturd

bd h'Elsid" nrck tmd Hetd Jeibfdreklf

(N.P.^.E. 5<=5). Zeblcoerjci betds ci jcid

ochheadi eppder tc ocinlrk tmd rdhetlvdhy hetd

pcsltlci cn tmd Elsid Jeibfdreklf wltmli tmd

wdst Durcpdei sdqudiod. Ilid cut cn twdhvd

betds wltm eoodptejhd _teiberb bdvletlcis nrck

Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds nehh jdtwddi 2040 eib

?=40 jo (Dvli, li prdss). Rmd bdocretdb pcttdry

nrck tmls sltd ls jrcebhy rdprdsditetlvd cn tmd

Perls Jesli ketdrleh ettrljutdb jy Jelhhcub

(5<>26 5<15) tc tmd Hetd Jeibfdreklf. Zetmdr

derhldr Jeibfdreklf ketdrleh mes rdodithy jddi

ncuib li tmd scutm-dest cn tmd Kerid bìpertdkdit (Omdrtldr 5<=06 Omdrtldr eib Repprdt

5<=:). Idvdrtmdhdss, li tmd Elsid vehhdy tmd

kegcr rdsderom aep li tdrks cn jctm ejschutd

betlia eib tmd oherlty cn tmd odreklo sdqudiod,

nehhs jdtwddi o. ?=00 eib ?200 jo, wmdi sdtthd-

kdits jdhcialia tc tmd dpl-Zþssdi mcrlzci

eppder (Bujcuhcz dt eh 5<=:). Rmd nchhcwlia

blsousslci cn sdtthdkdit liohubds ehh tmd sltds li

tmd Elsid vehhdy wmlom mevd prcbuodb Jeibfd-



2= K. LHDRR, DR EH.

reklf-typd mcusdpheis eib/cr Hetd Jeibfdre-

klf pcttdry.

Divlrcikditeh jeofarcuib

Rmd sdotcr cn tmd Elsid vehhdy uibdr stuby strdt-

omds nrck tmd skehh tcwi cn Idunometdh li tmd

dest tc tmd ocinhudiod wltm tmd Clsd, ejcut

=0 fk tc tmd wdst. Ncr ejcut tmrdd-quertdrs cn

tmls blsteiod tmd vehhdy outs tmrcuam Rdrtlery

hlkdstcid phetdeux, ncrklia e nhet-jcttckdb

ocrrlbcr cn ei evdread wlbtm cn ? fk. Li tmd

dest, rdhldn ls hdss kerfdb es tmd rlvdr nhcws

tmrcuam tmd rchhlia omehf heibsoepd cn icrtmdriOmekpeaid.

_lkphlnylia adchcay, rdhldn, eib mybrchcay,

tmd kegcr pert cn tmd vehhdy oei jd blvlbdb litc

tmrdd heibsoepd uilts6 5. tmd hlkdstcid phetdeux

eib shcpds, :. tmd arevdh tdrreods, eib ?. tmd

rlvdr eib lts nhccb-pheli.

5. Rmd hlkdstcid phetdeux erd ejcut 500 k

ejcvd tmd vehhdy nhccr. Rmd phetdeux obads ci

jctm slbds cn tmd rlvdr erd omereotdrlsdb jy mde-

vlhy blssdotdb rdhldn, wltm iukdrcus skehh slbd

vehhdys eib shcpds cn verylia stddpidss. Rmdrd

ls vdry hltthd cpdi wetdr ci tmd phetdeux eib tmd

wetdr tejhd ls hcw6 prdsdit-bey earlouhturd oei

jd sdrlcushy enndotdb jy brcuamt. Rmd ejsdiod

cn wetdr dxphelis wmy, dvdi tcbey, tmdrd ls ock-

peretlvdhy hltthd sdtthdkdit ci tmd phetdeux.

Keiy cn tmd spurs cvdrhccflia tmd vehhdy, mcw-

dvdr, mevd rdvdehdb dvlbdiod cn derhldr ?rb klh

hdiiluk jo eib Lrci Ead cooupetlci. Hcdss

bdpcslts cn verylia dxtdit coour ci tmd phetdeux,

pertlouherhy tc tmd scutm cn tmd rlvdr Elsid.

Bddp ochhuvleh bdpcslts erd hcoetdb et tmd ncct

cn tmd shcpds.

Nla. ?. Blstrljutlci cn Hetd Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkoits li tmd Elsid vehhdy. Cjhl-

qud Tids libloetd hlkdstcid phetdeux6 smeblia libloetds arevdh tdrreoos. L. Pdr-

ieit :. ^lhhdiduvd-_elit-Adrkeli (sujurj cn _clsscis) ?. Klssy-sur-Elsid 2.

Omessdky .'_. ^elhhy >. Oys-he-Ockkuid 1. Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds ]. Pcitevdrt

<. Jdrry-eu-Jeo "Hd Omdkli bd he Pçomdrld" 50. Jdrry-eu-Jeo "He Orclx Kel-

ardt" 55. Koiidvlhhd.



JEIBFDZEKLF CN RMD EL_ID ^EHHD\ 2<

:. Rmd Phdlstcodid arevdh tdrreods cn tmd Elsid

ocvdr dxtdislvd perts cn tmd vehhdy nhccr eib

wdrd tmd ncous cn sdtthdkdit nrck tmd Idchltmlo

tmrcuam tc tmd derhldr Klbbhd Eads, wmdi kuomsdtthdkdit smlntdb tc tmd ncct cn tmd vehhdy slbds.

Rmd tdrreods hld ejcut 4 k ejcvd tmd hdvdh cn

tmd rlvdr. Rcbey, tmd oehoerdcus jrcwi dertms

ci tmd arevdh tdrreods prcvlbd sckd cn tmd kcst

ndrtlhd earlouhtureh heib li tmd rdalci. Lt ls ohder

tmet e ocislbdrejhd bdardd cn drcslci eib suj-

steitleh omeiads li tmd sclh prcnlhd mevd tefdi

pheod cvdr tmd hest slx tmcuseib yders (Jcurdux

eib Ocubert 5<1=, ?2?). Idchltmlo ndeturds mevd

icrkehhy cihy survlvdb wmdi tmdy erd out litc

tmd arevdh cr nhccb hcek O mcrlzci. Jeibfdre-klf ndeturds erd omereotdrlsdb jy e vdry berf

nlhh, prdsukejhy rdnhdotlia tmd ochcur cn tmd crl-

alieh Etheitlo ncrdst sclh. Prdsdrvetlci cn jcidls dxodhhdit.

?. Rmd rlvdr Elsid icw nhcws li e pdrkeidit

omeiioh jotwddi ?0 eib 40 k wlbd. Rmd rlvdr

eib lts nhccb-pheli kust idvdrtmdhdss mevd prd-

sditdb e retmdr blnndrdit espdot li hetdr prdmls-

tcry. Qmlhd tmd Etheitlo nhccb-pheli heibsoepd

ls kesfdb jdidetm rdodit ehhuvleh bdpcslts, lt ls

uihlfdhy tmet lts mcrlzciteh hlklts, es bdnlidb jy

tmd dbad cn tmd nlrst arevdh tdrreod eib tmd vehhdy

slbds, mevd omeiadb tc eiy slailnloeit dxtdit

sliod tmd idchltmlo.

Rmd prdsdit bey ohlketd cn tmd Elsid vehhdy,

es cn kuom cn Ploerbld. libloetds ei litdrphey

cn Ocitliditeh eib codeilo linhudiods. Kdei ei-

iueh relinehh verlds jdtwddi >40 eib 140 kk.

Rmd prdvelhlia eib strciadst wlibs jhcw nrck

wdst tc dest ehcia tmd vehhdy, e neotcr tmet ls

rdnhdotdb li tmd crlditetlci cn tmd Jeibfdreklfhciamcusds.

Hcoetlci eib blstrljutlci cn Jeibfdreklf sdtt-

hdkdits

Lt ls eaelist tmd jeofarcuib cn tmdsd tmrdd heib

soepd uilts tmet tmd blstrljutlci cn Hetd Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdits ehcia tmd vehhdy oei jd dx-

eklidb. Rmd blstrljutlci kep (nla. ?) ourrdithy

smcws dhdvdi sltds, hcoetdb ci cr ider tmd dbad

cn tmd nlrst arevdh tdrreod. Jdncrd hccflia kcrd

ohcsdhy et tmdsd sltds, twc lkpcrteit qudstlcis

kust jd relsdb. Nlrsthy, tc wmet dxtdit erd tmd

tdrreod dbad hcoetlcis, tc tmd dxohuslci cn ctmdrpcssljhd hcoetlcis li eib ercuib tmd vehhdy,

rdprdsditetlvd cn tmd crlalieh sdtthdkdit pet-

tdk3 _docibhy, tc wmet dxtdit bcds tmd survl-

vlia sekphd cn sltds rdnhdot tmd crlalieh sdtthd

kdit bdislty3 Qmlhst idltmdr qudstlci oei jd

vdry setlsneotcrlhy eiswdrdb li tmd prdsdit stetd

cn rdsderom, e iukjdr cn neotcrs rdhetlia tc tmd

blsocvdry cn sltds kust jd ocislbdrdb.

Qltm vdry ndw dxodptlcis, tmd sltds mevd jddi

ncuib tmrcuam tmd survdlhheiod cn arevdh plts6

tmd sltds wdrd uificwi jdncrd arevdh dxtreotlcistertdb. Rmd dxodptlcieh sltds wdrd dltmdr bls-

ocvdrdb tmrcuam edrleh survdy burlia tmd

brcuamt cn 5<1> cr tmrcuam tmd dxoevetlci cn

hetdr ndeturds. Ci tmls dvlbdiod lt ocuhb jd

eraudb tmet tmd blstrljutlci kep ls vdry jlesdb

eib rdnhdots tmd hcoetlci cn arevdh plts retmdr

tmei Idchltmlo sdtthdkdits. Nurtmdrkcrd, dxtdi

slvd arevdh-wcrflia mes li tmd pest bdstrcydb

herad erdes cn tdrreod li odrteli perts cn tmd

vehhdy. Rmdrd wes hltthd eromedchcaloeh survdlh

heiod eib sltds key mevd blseppderdb wltmcut

treoì. Rmls ls pertlouherhy tmd oesd wltm twc cntmd heradst jheifs ci tmd blstrljutlci kep,

jdtwddi _clsscis eib tmd Clsd ocinhudiod, eib

jdtwddi Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds eib Oys-he-

Ockkuid. Ctmdr sdtthdkdits key cn ocursd

mevd blseppderdb jdidetm kcbdri vlhheads eib

tcwis. _clsscis, ncr dxekphd, ocvdrs e herad

erde cn arevdh tdrreod.

E prcarekkd cn nldhb-wehflia mes cihy

rdodithy jddi listlaetdb ci tmd tdrreods tmet erd

stlhh heradhy liteot. Lt ls tcc derhy tc dxpdot spdo-

teouher rdsuhts, jut ncr tmd kckdit ic idwJeibfdreklf sltds mevd jddi blsocvdrdb jy tmls

kdeis. Bddp-phcuamlia ls linrdqudit, eib tmdocislbdrejhd bdislty cn ietureh nhlits li tmd tcp-

sclh jlibdrs tmd rdocailtlci cn ertlneots burlia

nldhb-wehflia. _urvdy ls tmus e ardet bdeh kcrd

blnnlouht tmei ci hcdss-jesdb sclhs. Idltmdr tmd

hlkdstcid phetdeux, icr tmd slbd vehhdys eib shc-

pds, icr tmd jeifs cn trljuterlds nhcwlia eorcss

tmd nhettdr omehf heibsoepd, mevd jddi systdke-



40 K. LHDRR, DR EH,

tloehhy survdydb li tmd ocursd cn tmd ourrdit prc

gdot. Es mes ehrdeby jddi libloetdb, tmdrd ls

vdry hltthd surneod wetdr ci tmd phetdeux, eib

rdhldn ls qultd blssdotdb. Jctm neotcrs key wdhhmevd rdibdrdb tmls heibsoepd uilt uisultejhd ncr

Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdit (Jefdhs 5<1=e, 5?5).

Perts cn tmd phetdeux mevd jddi wehfdb jy hcoeh

ochhdotcrs, jut icid cn tmd nhlit soettdrs hlstdb

jy Perdit (5<15) liohubd Jeibfdreklf ertlneots6

kcst cn tmdsd sltds sddk tc betd tc tmd ?rb klh

hdiiluk jo. Rmd cihy Kdschltmlo nhlit soettdr tc

mevd jddi blsocvdrdb li tmd Elsid vehhdy ls hcoe-

tdb ci tmd phetdeux shcpds eorcss tmd vehhdy nrck

Oys-he-Ockkuid.

Reflia ehh tmdsd neotcrs litc ocislbdretlci,eib mderlia li klib tmd pcssljhy jlesdb ieturd

cn tmd evelhejhd sekphd, tmd dvlbdiod ncr Jeib

fdreklf sdtthdkdit blstrljutlci oei jd sukke-

rlsdb es nchhcws. Ehh tmd sltds erd hcoetdb ci cr

ider tmd dbad cn tmd nlrst arevdh tdrreod, gust

cut cn rdeom cn tcbey's wcrst nhccblia. Rmd kexl

kuk blsteiod tc tmd prdsdit-bey rlvdr omeiidh

ls 400 k6 usuehhy tmls blsteiod ls sujsteitlehhy

hdss. _dvdreh sdtthdkdits cooupy hcoetlcis wmdrd

e jdib li tmd rlvdr jrlias tmd wetdr ohcsd tc tmd

tdrreod dbad, jut wmlom et tmd sekd tlkd erd

ebgeodit tc tmd heradr dxpeisds cn nhccb-pheli.

Rmd sltds et Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds eib Jdrry-

eu-Jeo "He Orclx-Kelardt" erd accb dxekphds

cn suom hcoetlcis. Rmd desd cn eoodssljlhlty tc

wetdr wcuhb mevd jddi lkpcrteit li hlvdstcof

keieadkdit, eib lt ehsc sddks hlfdhy tmet tmd

rlom pheit eib eilkeh rdscurods cn tmd nhccb-

pheli wcuhb mevd oxdrtdb e puhh ci tmd hcoetlci

cn tmd sdtthdkdits.

Eictmdr lkpcrteit ndeturd cn tmd sltd hcoe

tlcis erd tmd jeibs cn Phdlstcodid nhccb-hcek

cvdrhylia tmd arevdh tdrreod. Lt ls pcssljhd tmettmd nhccb-hcek crlaliehhy ocvdrdb kcrd dxtdi-

slvd erdes, eib tmet cihy tmd tmlofdr bdpcslts

mevd survlvdb drcslci. Et Oulry-hís-Omeuber

bds tmd kexlkuk bdptm cn tmd jeib cn nhccb-

hcek tmet orcssds tmd sdtthdkdit ls ejcut 40 ok.

Rmls retmdr slhty bdpcslt wcuhb mevd rdphloetdb

keiy cn tmd quehltlds cn hcdss es ei dimeiodr cn

sclh ndrtlhlty, es wdhh es prcvlblia ketdrleh ncr

beuj. Lt ls wcrtm kditlcilia tmet ocitreotcrs

cpdretlia wltmcut eromedchcaloeh supdrvlslci

ehweys rdkcvd tmd heydr cn nhccb-hcek wltm tmd

tcpsclh prlcr tc cpdilia e arevdh plt. Rmls preo-

tlod oei mevd e blsestrcus dnndot ci tmd prdsdrve-

tlci cn Jeibfdreklf ndeturds, wmlom cntdi

jerdhy pdidtretd jdidetm tmd nhccb-hcek.

Rurilia nrck sltd hcoetlcis tc tmd spetleh rdhe-

tlcismlps jdtwddi sdtthdkdits, twc kegcr blnnl-

ouhtlds erlsd. Es wd mevd ehrdeby sddi, tmd bls-

trljutlcieh dvlbdiod ls pcssljhy vdry liockphdtd,

eib, perthy jdoeusd cn tmd verldb soehd eib olr-

ouksteiods cn dxoevetlci, lt ls vdry blnnlouht tc

bdkcistretd ci tmd jesls cn tmd odreklos wmlom

sdtthdkdits wdrd li cpdretlci et eiy cid pdrlcb

cn tlkd. Rmd blsteiod jdtwddi sltds verlds nrck5 tc 5? fk. Rmd evdread blsteiod ls 4,1 fk, jut

tmls wcuhb jd retmdr hdss ln wd wdrd tc suppcsd

tmet sltds mevd jddi hcst li tmd perts cn tmd vehhdy

wmdrd sujsteitleh erdes cn arevdh tdrreod mevd

jddi bdstrcydb. Es ner es oei jd gubadb nrck

tmd bdocretdb smdrbs, ehh ncur cn tmd sltds tmet

mevd prcbuodb sunnloldithy herad essdkjheads

wdrd prcjejhy ocitdkpcrery, cr et hdest per-

tlehhy cvdrheppdb li tlkd (Kdiidvlhhd, Jdrry-eu-

Jeo "He Orclx-Kelardt", Oulry-hís-Omeuber

bds, Oys-he-Ockkuid). Li eromltdotureh tdrks

tmd mcusdpheis et Klssy-sur-Elsid (N.P.^.E.5<1=, nla. 5:2) eib Pcitevdrt (Jcurdux eib

Ocubert 5<1=, nla. 5:) pcssljhy jdhcia tc e rdhe-

tlvdhy hetd stead li tmd sdqudiod. Jctm dxoeve-

tlcis wdrd vdry hlkltdb li dxtdit. E ndw Jeib

fdreklf smdrbs mevd rdodithy jddi ncuib li

sdocibery ocitdxts ejcut : fk tc tmd wdst cn

Pcitevdrt, ci tmd sekd arevdh tdrreod. Li sltd

tdrrltcrleh tdrks, ehh tmd sdtthdkdits erd pctdi-

tlehhy ocitdkpcrery, jut et prdsdit tmd bete erd

lisunnlolæit tc tdst tmls mypctmdsls.

Mcw oei tmd stuby cn tmdsd sltds ocitrljutdtc tmd ourrdit bdjetd ci Jeibfdreklf sdtthd

kdit pettdris eib earlouhtureh systdks3 Qmlhst

e ardet keiy kcrd sltds erd evelhejhd ncr stuby

li tmd hcdss rdalcis cutslbd tmd Perls Jesli, eie-

hysls cn sdtthdkdit blstrljutlci li suom rdalcis

ls ict wltmcut blnnlouhty. E kegcr prcjhdk ls

oeusdb jy tmd tdibdioy ncr sltds tc julhb up

tmrcuam tlkd tcwerbs tmd uppdr dib cn e breli

ead idtwcrf, rdsuhtlia li vdry bdisd ocioditre-




tlcis li odrteli erdes. Rc tefd tmd wdhh-survdydb

dxekplds cn tmd Kdrzjeom eib Jyheife klorc-

rdalcis (Fupdr eib Høilia 5<146 Pevhu 5<11,nla. 5), sdtthdkdit ndeturds oei ocvdr sdvdreh

tdis cn mdoterds, rdprdsditlia ercuib nlvd mui

brdb yders cn ocitliucus cooupetlci. _uom sltds

pcsd cjvlcus dxoevetlcieh prcjhdks, eib tmd

ockphdx speod-tlkd verlejhds mlibdr eiehysls cn

sdtthdkdit struoturd.

Cid ebveitead cn tmd sltuetlci li tmd Elsid

vehhdy ls tmet speod-tlkd verlejhds erd hdss ock

phdx. Ehtmcuam lt ls uiohder dxeothy mcw hcia

tmd Jeibfdreklf nerklia systdk hestdb, lt ls

odrteli tmet tmd vehhdy blb ict uibdrac tmd hcia

cooupetlci cn, sey, tmd Zmlidheib. Rmdrd weshdss cppcrtuilty ncr sdtthdkdit sltds tc julhb up

li tmd omcsdi arevdh tdrreod hcoetlcis. Rmd kcst

dxtoislvdhy dxoevetdb sdtthdkdit, Oulry-hís-

Omeuberbds, mes rdvdehdb e hcw bdislty cn

mcusdpheis (sdd jdhcw). Cn dqueh lkpcrteiod

tc tmls omrcichcaloeh ocistrelit ci tmd blstrlju-

tlci cn sdtthokdits erd tmd verlcus spetleh oci-

strelits oeusob jy tmd vehhdy heibsoepd. Rmdsd

ocistrelits cpdretd et twc hdvdhs. Et tmd wlbdst

hdvdh, tmd Elsid vehhdy ls sdperetdb nrck slklher

sdtthdkdit klorc-rdalcis, jy up tc >0 fk cn bry,

blssdotdb phetdeux wmlom wdrd prcjejhy uisulte-

jho ncr Jeibfdreklf cooupetlci. Rmd Elsid eib

Clsd klorc-rdalcis bc, cn ocursd, jhdib tc-

adtmdr et tmd rlvdrs' ocinhudiod, jut tmls bcds

ict bdtreot nrck tmd adidreh cjsdrvetlci tmet

tmd evelhejhd erdes ncr sdtthdkdit erd blstrljutdb

li e vdry blnndrdit keiidr tc tmcsd cn tmd "ohes

slo" hcoss heibsoepds cooupldb jy tmd Jeibfdre

klf Ouhturd dhsdwmdrd. _uom heibsoepds erd

rdauherhy idtwcrfob jy skehh strdeks eib

rlvdrs, eib ehtmcuam lt ls pcssljhd tc lschetd ohus

tdrs cn sdtthokdits sdperetdb jy "dkpty" jutpctditlehly dxphcltejhd erdes, tmd ohustdrs erd

adidrehhy qultd ohcsd tcadtmdr eib tmd wmchd

sdtthdkdit rdalci oei ocvdr sdvdreh muibrdb

squerd flhckdtrds (Fruf 5<1?, kep 26 Pevhu

eib Wepctcofe 5<1<, nla. 56 Bcmri-Lmkla 5<1<,

:><).

Rmd sdocib hdvdh cn spetleh ocistrelits livchvds

tmd slzd eib blstrljutlci cn tmd arevdh tdrreods

ci wmlom tmd sltds erd hcoetdb. Rmd tdrreods erd

bdnlidb jy tmd kdeibdrlia rlvdr eib lts nhccb-

pheli, jy tmd shcpds cn tmd vehhdy slbds, eib jy

skehh trljuterlds nhcwlia et kcrd cr hdss rlamt

eiahds litc tmd Elsid. Li tmd sdotcr cn tmd vehhdy

uibdr stuby, tmd tdrreods tmus ncrk e hlider

sdrlds cn sdvditddi blsordtd, ln lrrdauherhy

smepdb uilts (Jcurdux eib Ocubert 5<1=, ?22).

Rmdsd uilts oei jd ocitrestdb, ncr dxekphd, wltm

tmd kcrd ocitliucus sdocib arevdh tdrreod cn

tmd wlbd Zmlid vehhdy. Rmd hettdr tdrreod ls

ocvdrdb jy hcdss bdpcslts eib idtwcrfdb jy

skehh strdeks (_ldhkeii 5<1:, Ejj. 5:). Rmd

Elsid tdrreods tmdrdncrd litrcbuoì e pctditlehly

queitlnlejhd dhdkdit litc tmd eiehysls cn Jeib

fdreklf sdtthdkdit systdks (Lhdtt 5<=0)._dvdreh tmdcrlds mevd rdodithy jddi ebveiodb

ejcut tmd rdhetlvd speolia cn Jeibfdreklf sltds

eib tmd queitltlds cn earlouhtureh heib rdqulrdb

jy deom sdtthdkdit. Fruf (5<1?) ictob tmd tdi-

bdioy ncr sltds tc coour li ohustdrs up tc 5: fk

epert li Hltthd Pcheib. Md essukdb tmet kcst

cn tmd sltds li tmd ohustdrs wdrd limejltdb et tmd

sekd tlkd, eib tmet tmdy rdprdsditdb kegcr eib

eiolhhery sdtthokdits nuiotlcilia tcadtmdr es ei

docickld uilt. Rmd dxoevetcrs cn Jyheiy mevd

litrcbuodb tmd ociodpt cn tmd sdtthdkdit "kl-orcerde", bdnlidb es "tmd klilkuk speod wmdrd

e ockkuilty ocuhb hlvd eib hlvdb pdrkeidithy"

(_cubsfy 5<1?, 5<=). Rmd klorcerde tmus ock-

jlidb tmd vlhhead ltsdhn, tmd surrcuiblia earlouh

tureh heib, eib wmetdvdr heib wes iddbdb ncr

pesturd eib tmd prcvlslci cn julhblia ketdrlehs.

?0 me cn hcdss-jesdb sclhs wdrd ocislbdrdb tc

prcvlbd dicuam odrdehs pdr yder ncr e ockku

ilty cn cid muibrdb eib nlnty pdcphd.

Rmd kcbdh prcpcsdb jy _cubsfy livchvdb tmrdd

blsocitliucushy cooupldb sdtthdkdit hcoetlcis,

wltm ebbltlcieh systdks cn nldhb rctetlci, rdsuh-tlia li e klorcerde cn ejcut :00 me ncr tmd

Jyheiy ockkuilty. Rmd kdkjdrs cn tmd Ehbdi-

mcvdidr Phettd prcgdot mevd put ncrwerb e retmdr

blnndrdit mypctmdsls ejcut tmd ieturd cn tmd sdtt

hokdits. Rmdy divlsead e soettdrdb sdrlds cn

sliahd mcusds, cr skehh arcups cn mcusds, ehcia

tmd 5,? fk strdtom cn tmd Kdrzjeom tmet wes

nuhhy livdstlaetdb (Fupdr eib Høilia 5<146

Høilia, tmls vchukd). Lt ls suaadstdb tmet tmd



4: K. LHDRR, DR EH.

5 >

Nla. 2. Hcoetlci cn tmd sdtthokdit et Oulry-hís -Omeuberbds. 5. nhccb-pheli :. nlrst arevdh tdrreod ?. sddcib arevdh

tdrreod 2. hlkdstcid phetdeux eib vehhdy slbos 4. kcbdri vlhhead >. arevdh plt.



JEIBFDZEKLF CN RMD EL_ID ^EHHD\ 4?

docickld tdrrltcry (Qlrtsomentsadjldt) cn tmd

Kdrzjeom "sdtthdkdit" ocvdrdb ejcut ?00 me.

Nliehhy, Jefdhs mes stubldb tmd hcoetlci eib bls-trljutlci cn Jeibfdreklf sltds li Butom Hlk

jura eib ci hcdss ocvdrdb tdrreods cn tmd

Beiujd ider Mldimdlk li Jeverle. Li tmd hettdr

blstrlot, tmd evdread blsteiod jdtwddi sltds ls o.

5 fk. Ockjlilia tmls cjsdrvetlci wltm tmd rdhe-

tlvd speolia cn tmd Butom sltds, prcjejhd odrdeh

yldhbs eib bldtery rdqulrdkdits, lt wes suaads-

tob tmet tmd "sltd tdrrltcry" cn e Jeibfdreklf

sdtthdkdit wcuhb mevd ocvdrdb e kexlkuk cn

500-:00 me (Jefdhs 5<1=e, 52>, eib tmls vchukd).

Rmd Elsid vehhdy cnndrs ei cppcrtuilty, li

cur cplilci, tc tdst tmd perekdtdrs cn tmdsd

kcbdhs. Rmd tdrreod uilts erd adidrehhy hdss tmei

: fk wlbd eib 2 fk hcia. Rmd surneod erde cn

tmd kegcrlty verlds jdtwddi 550 eib ?00 me. Lt

mes jddi put ncrwerb es e wcrflia mypctmdsls

tmet deom uilt ocrrdspcibs tc tmd klorcerde, cr

sltd tdrrltcry, cn e vlhhead ockkuilty (Jcurdux

eib Ocubert 5<1=, ?22). Ln tmls mypctmdsls wdrd

ocrrdot, wd wcuhb ict dxpdot tmdrd tc mevd jddi

kcrd tmei cid sdtthdkdit nuiotlcilia et eiy

cid tlkd ci deom uilt, wltm tmd pcssljhd dxodp-tlci cn tmd heradst uilts. Qmlhst e ockphdtd

rdocistruotlci cn tmd Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdit

pettdri ehcia tmd vehhdy ls lkpcssljhd, lt ls idvdr-

tmdhdss litdrdstlia tc ockkdit upci tmd evelh-

ejhd dvlbdiod eib li pertlouher tmd tdrreod uilts

wmdrd survdy eib dxoevetlci erd stlhh e pcssljlh-

lty.

Ilid cn tmd tdrreod uilts ociteli Jeibfdre

klf sdtthdkdits (nla. ?). Et prdsdit cihy twc

uilts prcvlbd ohder dvlbdiod cn kcrd tmei cid

sdtthdkdit. Rmd sltd et Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds lshcoetdb ci tmd dbad cn cid cn tmd jdttdr survdydb

tdrreods (nla. 2). Jeibfdreklf ndeturds dxtdib

cvdr ejcut > me, wmlhd tmd tdrreod uilt ocvdrs

o. ::0 me. Rmd hettdr nlaurd bcds ict liohubd tmd

ierrcw strlp cn tdrreod tc tmd dest cn tmd kcbdri

vlhhead cn Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds, es tmls ls cvdr

: fk nrck tmd sltd eib tmus uihlfdhy tc mevd

jddi dxphcltdb ci e pdrkeidit jesls, ln et ehh.

Rmd wmchd tdrreod uilt ocislsts cn nhet, ndrtlhd

heib vvmlom tmd sltd ls cptlkehhy hcoetdb tc

dxphclt. Lt ls cjvlcushy lkpcrteit tc jd ejhd tc

bdkcistretd wmdtmdr cr ict tmls rdehhy ls tmd

cihy sdtthdkdit ci tmd uilt. Ic nlibs cn Idchl-tmlo betd wdrd rdpcrtdb wmdi herad erdes ehcia

tmd dbad cn tmd tdrreod wdrd bdstrcydb li tmd

5<>0s, e pdrlcb wmdi eromedchcaloeh survdlh

heiod wes ehrdeby teflia pheod. Ic treods cn

Jeibfdreklf cooupetlci oekd tc hlamt li dxtdi-

slvd rdsoud dxoevetlcis li ebveiod cn arevdh

dxtreotlci lkkdbletdhy tc tmd dest cn tmd sltd.

E arevdh plt mes rdodithy cpdidb et e pctditleh

sotthdkdit hcoetlci gust tc tmd wdst cn tmd

kcbdri vlhhead. _dvdreh mdoterds mevd jddi

strlppdb cn tcpsclh, jut ic Jeibfdreklf ndetu

rds wdrd ictlodb. Dhsdwmdrd ci tmd tdrreod,nldhbwehflia mes sc ner nelhdb tc prcbuod idw

sltds. Ockjlilia ehh tmls dvlbdiod, lt sddks tmet

wd erd ict bdehlia wltm e soettdr cn julhblias,

cr arcups cn julhblias, ehcia herad erdes cn tmd

tdrreod dbad. Ehtmcuam cvdr ?,4 fk cn tdrreod

dbad wdrd evelhejhd ncr sdtthdkdit, tmd dvlbdiod

pclits tc e sliahd, tlamthy bdhlkltdb vlhhead sltd.

Rmd dxekphd cn Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds lhhus-

tretds tmd pctditleh cnndrdb jy tmd Elsid vehhdy

ncr tmd eiehysls cn tmd tdrrltcrlds cn Hetd Jeib

fdreklf sdtthdkdits. Es kcrd dxoevetlci eibsurvdy tefd pheod li tmd vehhdy, lt key dvdituehhy

jd pcssljhd tc bdnlid tmd klilkuk erde cn tdr

reod idodssery ncr e sliahd sdtthdkdit. Rmd ^lh-

hdiduvd-_elit-Adrkeli uilt ls tmd skehhdst wltmdvlbdiod ncr sdtthdkdit6 lts surneod erde ls ejcut

<0 me. Et tmd kckdit ictmlia ls ficwi ejcut

slzd verletlci jdtwddi tmd sdtthdkdits. Cihy

cid cn tmd sltds mes prcbuodb e bltomdb diohcsurd

cn Hetd Jeibfdreklf betd. Rmd diohcsurd et

Kdiidvlhhd dxtdibs cvdr ejcut > me. tc gubad

nrck tmd edrleh pmctcarepms. E vdry skehh pdr

oditead cn tmls erde mes jddi livdstlaetdb, eib

tmd omrcichcaloeh rdhetlcismlp jdtwddi tmd

Jeibfdreklf mcusds eib tmd bltom systdk ls

uiohder (N.P.^.E. 5<1>6 5<116 5<1=).

Rc dib tmls blsousslci cn sdtthdkdit pettdri

li tmd Elsid vehhdy, lt ls wcrtm sukkerlslia tmddvlbdiod ncr jctm tmd vdadtetlci li tmd vlolilty

cn tmd Hetd Jeibfdreklf sltds eib tmd pheits

eib eilkehs dxphcltdb jy tmdlr limejlteits.

Rmdrd erd uincrtuietdhy ic sultejhd stretlnldb



42 K. LHDRR. DR EH.

Nla. 4. _omdketlo phei cn Hetd Jeibfdreklf ndeturds et Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds (5<1:-5<=5 dxoevetlcis).

Jheof trleiahds libloetd omlhb jurlehs. Rmd bcttob hlid rdprdsdits tmd dbad cn tmd arevdh tdrreod.




poet bopcslts ider tmd sdtthdkdits. Mcwdvdr,

pchhdi eib suj-ncsslh sielhs erd wdhh prdsdrvdb

li tmd nlhh cn plts, eib sdvoreh eiehysds mevdehrdeby jddi oerrlob cut. _liahd pchhdi sekphds

nrck nlvd ocistruotlci plts et Oulry-hís-Omeu-

berbds, Kdiidvlhhd, eib ^lhhdiduvd-_elit-Adr-

keli oeom ociteliob hdss tmei :2% trdd pchhdi

(Nlrkli 5<1>6 5<11). Rmd trdd pchhdi rdnhdots e

klxdb cef ncrdst bcklietdb jy hlkd. Rmd ici-

erjcroeh pchhdi cooeslciehhy liohubds arelis

nrck odrdehs eib equetlo pheits, jut tmd kegcrlty

erd nrck Ockpcslted. Rmd sielh essdkjheads

nrck Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds ehsc rdnhdot e rdhetlv-

dhy cpdi divlrcikdit (Pulssoaur 5<1>), jut, es

ls tmd oesd wltm tmd pchhdi, ehh tmd sekphds wdrdtefdi nrck plts wltmli tmd sdtthdkdit.

_clh sekphds nrck ocistruotlci plts mevd sc

ner prcbuodb vdry hltthd oerjcilsdb pheit ketd-rleh. Dkkdr, iefdb jerhdy, eib pcssljhy pde

mevd jddi lbditlnlob et Kdiidvlhhd (Jefdhs

5<1=j). Mezdh iut smdhhs wdrd ehsc ncuib. Rmd

prdsdiod cn jerhdy ls ictdwcrtmy, es tmls odrdeh

ls vdry rerd li wdstdri Jeibfdreklf ocitdxts.

Li tmd Zmlidheib, ncr dxekpho, oerjcilsdb jer

hdy mes cihy jddi ncuib ci Zcssdi sltds (Fiþr-

zdr 5<15).Rmd keli pehedcdocicklo litdrdst cn tmd

Elsid vehhdy sdtthdkdits stdks nrck tmd dxodh

hdit prdsdrvetlci cn eilkeh jcids. Rmd >:5 lbdi-

tlnlejhd jcids nrck tmd 5<1:-5<1? dxoevetlcis

et Oulry-hís-Omeuberbos (Bdssd 5<1>) oei jd

blvlbdb litc =0,1% bckostlo spdolds (oetthd, cvl-

oeprlbs, pla), 5?,1% herad wlhb spdolds (rdb eib

rcd bddr, eurcoms, pla), eib 2,4% skehh wlhb

spdolds (wchn, jdevdr dto). Nlsm jcids erd ehsc

prdsdit.

Oetthd jcids prdbcklietd li tmd bckdstlo oet-dacry. Li sc ner es suom bete oei jd tefdi tc

eoouretdhy rdnhdot tmd eilkeh-jesdb docicky cn

tmd sltd, muitlia eppders tc mevd pheydb e rdhe-

tlvdhy lkpcrteit rchd li ockperlsci wltm Køb-

bdrsmdlk, wmdrd tmd sekphd cn jcids ls skehhdr

(Ohesci 5<1:, Rejhd LL L). Lt kust jd strdssdb,

mcwdvdr. tmet tmdsd nhaurds erd jesdb ci e vdry

skehh iukjdr cn tmd jcids icw evelhejhd nrck

Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds. Gubalia nrck tmd prc-

pcrtlci cn lbditlnlejlo jcids nrck tmd 5<1:-5<1?

dxoevetlcis, tmd tcteh iukjdr cn lbditlnlejhd

jcids icw steibs et ercuib olamt tmcuseib.

Qltm suom bete wo oei dxpdot e wmchd reiad cnbdtelhdb lincrketlci ejcut tmd eilkehs tmet

wdrd mdrbdb cr muitdb jy tmd limejlteits cn tmd

vlhhead.

Litdriet sdtthdkdit craeilsetlci

Rmd nlieh sdotlci cn tmls ertlohd prdsdits sckd

prohlkliery rdsuhts cn rdsderom litc tmd litdrieh

craeilsetlci cn tmd sdtthdkdit et Oulry-hís-

Omeuberbds.

Ejcut mehn cn tmls > me sltd mes jddi livdstl-aetdb, jut es tmd dxoevetlcis ocvdr tmd ockphdtd

hdiatm eib wlbtm cn tmd sdtthdkdit, lt ls rdesci-

ejhd tc essukd tmet wd erd bdehlia wltm e rdprd-

sditetlvd sekphd. Rmd bdislty cn julhblias ls

qul tdhcw6cid mcusd pdr 5>00 k-dxoevetdb(nla.

4). _c ner ilidtddi mcusopheis mevd jddi

uiocvdrdb (5<1:-5<=5). Rmd klilkuk blsteiod

jdtwddi mcusds ls 4,4 k. ehtmcuam tmd vest

kegcrlty erd cvdr = k epert . Li cihy cid oesd

bc tmd ocistruotlci plts cn twc mcusds tcuom6

ic stretlarepmy wes vlsljhd. Rmd hcw bdislty cnndeturds kust rdnhdot tmd smcrt buretlci cn tmd

sdtthdkdit li ockperlsci wltm keiy Jeibfdre

klf sltds cutslbd tmd Perls Jesli. Qmlhd tmd

ejsdiod cn cvdrhepplia mcusds eib plts mes odr-

teli blsebveiteads ncr tmd omrcichcaloeh crbd

rlia cn tmd sltd, tmd rlsf cn klxdb essdkjheads

ls rdbuodb. Ncr dxekphd, bdocretdb smdrbs

wmlom ovlbdithy jdhcia tc tmd sekd vdssdh erd

cntdi blstrljutdb ehcia tmd plts ci jctm slbds cn

e mcusd, jut cihy twc dxekphds mevd jddi lbdi

tlnlob cn suom smdrbs coourrlia es "litruslcis"

li tmd ocistruotlci plts cn iolamjcurlia mcusds.

Li jctm oesds tmd blsteiod livchvdb wes ejcut

:0 k. Ehh tmls mes lkpcrteit lkphloetlcis jctm

ncr tmd omrcichcaloeh eiehysls cn tmd nlibs eib

ncr tmd lbditlnloetlci cn pcssljhd eotlvlty erdes

wltmli tmd sdtthdkdit.

Eictmdr omereotdrlstlo cn tmd sltd phei ls tmd

rerlty cn lschetdb plts. Rmd phei ocislsts ehkcst

ditlrdhy cn hciamcusds eib tmdlr esscoletdb oci

struotlci plts. Rmd vlrtueh ejsdiod cn herad, lsc-



4> K. LHDRR, DR EH.

?00

500 -

hCk

?00 -

Nla.>. Bdisltycn smdrbspdroujlo

kdtrd cn plt nlhh ehciaslbd tmrdd

mcusds nrck Oulry-hís-Omeuber-

bds.

500 -

?00

500-

? 0 0 -

:00

• • • • •• • • « • ?<0• • • • • •

:00 -

500




hetdb plts ls pcssljhy rdhetdb tc tmd ieturd cn tmd

sujsclh, eib lt ls ictlodejhd tmet tmd ndw lschetdb

plts tmet mevd jddi ncuib erd hcoetdb ci tmd

jeib cn thccb-hcek wmlom orcssds tmd sltd ci ltsdest-wost exls. Rmdsd plts ociteli ndw nlibs. Ehh

tmd betdejhd stcread plts jdhcia tc tmd hetdr

Klomdhsmora sdtthdkdit. Rmd sltuetlci ocitrests

kerfobhy wltm kcst Jeibfdreklf sdtthdkdits

ci hcdss sujsclhs, wmdrd herad plts erd qultd nrd

qudit cutslbd tmd lkkdbletd vlolilty cn tmd julh

blias. Li sckd oesds lt ls tmdsd plts tmet ociteli

tmd ardetdst ocioditretlcis cn sdtthdkdit bìjrls

(d.a. Nerruaale dt eh. 5<1?6 Fupdr dt eh. 5<11).

Ln kcst cn tmd plts wdrd crlaliehhy bua tc prcvlbd

beuj ncr tmd mcusds, lt ls pdrmeps surprlslia tmet

plts woro bua. cooeslciehhy tc bdptms cn cvdr40 ok. litc tmd arevdh sujsclh et Oulry-hís-Omeu-

berbds eib dhsdwmdrd li tmd Elsid vehhdy. Rmd

dxpdrlkditeh rdocistruotlci cn e hciamcusd

bokcistretob, mcwdvdr, tmet tmd ocistruotlci

plts sdrvd ei dxtrokdhy usdnuh rchd li tmd prdpe-

retlci cn beuj (N.P.^.E. 5<11). Rmdy prcvlbd

ocivdildithy herad klxlia jeslis ebgeodit tc tmd

wehhs cn tmd mcusds.

Ei uibdrsteiblia cn tmd omrcichcaloeh bdvdh-

cpkdit cn tmd sltd ls cjvlcushy dssditleh tc tmd

eiehysls cn lts spetleh craeilsetlci, eib tmd foytc omrcichcaloeh struoturd hlds li tmd essdkjhe

ads cn bdocretdb pcttdry. Rmdrd erd ci evdread

ejcut twdity-nlvd bdocretdb vdssohs pdr mcusd.

Ncur mcusds erd deom esscoletob wltm cvdr ncrty

vdssohs. E prohlkliery sdrletlci cn tmd "rlomdst"

mcusds, heradhy jesdb ci tmd pdroditead coour-

rdiods cn tmd tmrdo keli kctlns bdsorljdb ejcvd

(pead 24), mes jddi ettokptdb (Lhdtt eib Phe-

tdeux, li prdss). Rmls sdqudiod ls libdpdibeithy

suppcrtdb jy ici-odreklo omrcichcaloeh trelts

- tmd prdsoiod cn typchcaloehhy hetd slofhd jhebds

li odrteli cn tmd plts eib tmd kcst trepdzclbeh

arcuibpheis. Rmd odreklo essdkjheads cn tmd

"derhy" mcusds erd omereotdrlsdb jy mlam pdrodi

teads cn vdssohs wltm vdrtloeh jeib bdocretlci

(ockj lkprdsslcis wltm cr wltmcut liolsdb

llios). eib tmd "hetdr" mcusds jy rdhetlvdhy mlam

nroquoiolds cn liolsdb, livdrtdb "^" bdocretlci.

Ei litdrdstlia cutockd cn tmd sdrletlci ls tmd

epperdit suooosslci cn tmd tmrdd heradst mcusds

li tmd wdstdri sdotcr cn tmd sltd (?=0-:24-::4).

Mcusds ?=0 eib ::4 erd wlbdhy sdperetdb li tmd

sdrletlci, eib li vldw cn tmdlr prcxlklty eib

rohetlvd pcsltlcis, mcusds :24 eib ::4 erd uihl-fdhy tc mevd jddi ocitdkpcrery. Lt ls tdkptlia

tc suaadst tmet wd erd sddlia tmd rdpdtltlci,

tmrcuamcut tmd sltd's buretlci. cn e pertlouher

typd cn vlhhead struoturd, wltm e herad mcusd et

tmd mdeb cn e arcup cn skehhdr mcusds. _ckd cn

tmd Jyheiy pmesos smcw tmls typd cn struoturd

vdry ohoerhy (_cubsfy eib Pevhu 5<1:, nla.

:).Rmd tmrdd julhblias et Oulry-hos-Omeuberbos

jdockd suoodsslvdhy hciadr, eib tmdy suaadst e

arebueh kcvdkdit cn tmd vlhhead li e wdstdrhy

blrdotlci. Ci tmd jesls cn lts eromltdotureh prcp-

drtlds eib lts ooreklos, tmd skehhdr trepdzclbehmcusd :=0 jdhcias, wltm mcusd ::4, tc tmd nlieh

pmesd cn tmd sdtthdkdit. Jctm arcuibpheis libl-

oetd e shlamt smlnt li crlditetlci tcwerbs tmd

scutm. Rmdrd erd sdvdreh liockphdtd hdiatms cn

pcst-mchd pehlsebd ci tmd sltd, jut lt ls ict ohder

mcw tmdsd rdhetd tc tmd bdvdhcpkdit cn tmd sdtt

hdkdit. Rmdy erd pcssljhy cn Klomdhsjdra betd.

Rmdrd ls ic ovlbdiod tc suaadst tmet tmd Hetd

Jeibfdreklf cooupetlci wes blsocitliucus,

eib ehtmcuam lt ls ict ydt pcssljhd tc dstlketd

mcw keiy mcusds wdrd steiblia et eiy cid tlkd,tmd iukjdr wes prcjejhy qultd skehh.

Omlhb jurlehs erd esscoletdb wltm tmrdd cn tmd

julhblias (nla. 4). Rwc coour li ocistruotlci plts

eib tmd tmlrb ls hcoetdb lislbd e mcusd, tcwerbs

tmd dest dib. Cid jurleh ocitelidb porncretob

smdhhs eib smdhh jdebs (N.P .^.E. 5<12, =4), ei-

ctmdr ic arevd accbs (N.P.^.E. 5<11, :4), eib

tmd tmlrb e jcio pclit. Ehh tmd arevds wdrd com-

rob. Ic ebuht jurlehs mevd jddi blsocvdrdb

wltmli tmd sdtthdkdit et Oulry-Lís-Omeuberbds,

ehtmcuam tmdrd erd lschetdb dxekphds nrck ctmdr

sdtthdkdits li tmd Elsid vehhdy (Eaeomd 5<>=,

nla. ?6 N.P.^.E. 5<=5).

Tihlfd tmd omlhb jurlehs, tmd ebuht arevds oeiict

jd blrdothy esscoletdb wltm pertlouher mcuso-

pheis. Jctm ei ebuht eib e omlhb jurleh wdrd

ncuib li tmd Hetd Jeibfdreklf bltom et Kdiid-

vlhhd.

Cid cn tmd keli rdsderom cjgdotlvds et Oulry-

Los-Omeuberbds ls tmd spetleh eiehysls cn ketdrleh



4= K. LHDRR, DR EH.

jctm wltmli tmd ocistruotlci plts, eib jdtwdditmd verlcus mcusds cn tmd sdtthdkdit. Pdrmeps

tmd slkphdst epprcom ls tc stuby tmd bdislty cn

nlibs li tmd plts. Rmd Lbditlnloetlci cn prdndrdbrujjlsm blspcseh erdes oei prcvlbd lkpcrteit

Lincrketlci ejcut tmd julhblias eib tmd jdmev-lcur cn tmdlr cooupeits. Et e kcrd ockphdx hdvdh

tmd verlcus litorrohetlcismlps cn nhlit eib jcid

ertlneots, eib nhlit eib jcid westd, oei jd livds-tlaetdb. Ehtmcuam tmd rujjlsm li tmd plts ls ict

li e prlkery ocitdxt, lt key dvdituehhy jd pcs-sljhd tc lschetd pertlouher eotlvlty erdes wltmli

tmd sdtt hdkdit, eib tc lbditlny nuiotlcieh blnnd-

rdiods jdtwddi tmd julhblias. Zdsderom litctmdsd espdots ls stlhh li e vdry prdhlkliery stead,

jut e jrldn eoocuit oei jd alvdi mdrd cn wcrftmet mes gust jdaui ci smdrb bdislty wltmli tmd

ocistruotlci plts eib ci tmd blstrljutlci cn nhlit

tcchs eib westd prcbuod wltmli tmd sdtthdkdit.

Rc bdeh wltm smdrb bdislty nlrst, tmrdd julhblias wltm kcrd cr hdss ocitliucus ocistruotlci

plts ehcia jctm wehhs mevd jddi dxeklidb (nla.

>). Mcusds ?<0, ?=0, eib :24 erd rdspdotlvdhy55, :2, eib := k hcia. Rmd plts cn mcusd ?=0

wdrd bua litc nhccb-hcek6 tmd ctmdr plts wdrdbua litc torreoo arevdh wltm supdrnloleh petomds

cn nhccb-hcek. _lx muibrdb smdrbs wdrd ncuibli tmd plts ehciaslbd mcusd ?<06 mcusds ?=0 eib:24 erd esscoletdb wltm ejcut ncur tmcuseib

smdrbs deom. Qmdi smdrb bdislty pdr oujlokdtrd ls phcttdb ehcia tmd ocistruotlci plts, tmd

tmrdd mcusds blsphey e vdry slklherpettdri. Kcst

cn tmd ketdrleh li tmd icrtmdri plts ls ocioditre-tdb et tmdlr dest dibs, iderdst tmd prdsukdb

ditreiods cn tmd julhblias6 wdst cn tmls pclittmd queitlty cn smdrbs nehhs cnn ejrupthy. Ocisl-

bdrejhy kcrd smdrbs erd ncuib li tmd plts ehcia

tmd scutmdri slbd cn tmd mcusds, eib tmdrd erdtwc keli ocioditretlcis. Rmd nlrst coours et

ejcut cio tmlrb tmd hdiatm cn tmd mcusd (ocui-tlia nrck tmd dest dib) eib tmd sdocib ls hcoetdb

tcwerbs tmd wdst dib cn tmd julhblia. Lt ls

uiohder wmdtmdr tmls jlkcbeh pettdri rdnhdotsprdndrdb rujjlsm blspcseh erdes, e prdbckl-

ieiod cn cutbccr eotlvltlds ci tmd werkdr, scutmslbd cn tmd mcusds, cr sckd ncrk cn cpdilia li

tmd scutm wehh ider tmd wdst dib. Rmd hey-cut

cn pcsts li tmd scutm wehh bcds ict suaadst ebccrwey et tmd wdst dib, eib li eiy oesd tmd

plts wcuhb mevd mlibdrdb eoodss tc eib nrck

tmd julhblia.Eiehysls cn tmd blstrljutlci cn nhlit tcchs eib

westd prcbuots pcsds kcrd ockphdx prcjhdks,

bdspltd tmd uilncrk bdpcsltlcieh ocitdxt cn tmdketdrleh. Ncr dxekphd, lt ls pdrmeps uirdescie-

jhd tc essukd tmet tmd ndw tcchs hcst cr blsoerbdbli ocistruotlci plts wlhh jd rdprdsditetlvd cn eotl

vltlds oerrldb cut li eib ercuib e mcusd tmet

wes prcjejhy cooupldb ncr e klilkuk cntwdity-nlvd yders. Ei ebbltlcieh ockphloetlia

neotcr ls tmd uificwi dnndot cn drcslci ci tmdncrkdr ocitdits cn tmd plts. Idvdrtmdhdss, ei

liltleh stuby cn tmd hltmlo ketdrleh esscoletdb wltm

nlntddi cn tmd julhblias et Oulry-hís-Omeuberbdsmes jddi ockphdtob, eib twc litdrdstlia pclits

dkdrad nrck tmls rdsderom (Phetdeux 5<=:).

Nlrsthy, tmd herad mcusd ?=0 ls blstliaulsmdbjy tmd smddr queitlty cn westd prcbuots li ltsplts. Rmd twc hcia plts ociteli cvdr mehn tmd

westd nhefds eib jhebds, eib cvdr mehn tmd ocrdscn tmd wmchd sltd. Rmd mcusd ehsc mes ei dxodp-

tlciehhy hcw retlc cn tcchs tc westd prcbuots.Mcusds :24 eib ::4, betlia tc hetdr pmesds cn

tmd prcpcsdb sdtthdkdit sdqudiod, prcbuodbslklher queitltlds cn odreklos tc mcusd ?=0, jute ardet bdeh hdss hltmlo ketdrleh.

Rmd sdocib pclit ls tmet tmd prliolpeh tccl

typds bc ict eppder tc jd reibckhy blstrljutdbdltmdr wltmli cr jdtwddi tmd mcusd essdkjheads.

Rwc pcssljhd "tccl flts" mevd dkdradb nrck eprdhlkliery stetlstloeh eiehysls cn tmd slx keli

tccl typds li tmd dhdvdi mcusds esscoletdb wltm

kcrd tmei dlamt tcchs. Rmd nlrst "tccl flt" oci-slsts cn errcwmdebs eib jcrdrs6 soerrdb nhefd

tcchs (plíods dsqulhhìds) eib jurlis ocistltutdtmd sdocib. Nliehhy, twc arcups cn mcusds oei

jd sdperetdb ci tmd jesls cn tmdlr esscoletlcis

wltm tmd "tccl flts".



JEIBFDZEKLF CN RMD EL_ID ÊHHD\ 4<

Ociohuslcis

5. Ehtmcuam verlcus jlesds key mevd enndotdb

tmd blsocvdry cn Hetd Jeibfdreklf sltds li tmd

Elsid vehhoy, ehh tmd prdsdit dvlbdioo pclits tc

e steiberblsdb typd cn sltd hcoetlci, ci cr ider

tmd dbad cn tmd nlrst arevdh tdrreod cvdrhccflia

tmd rlvdr eib thccb-pheli.

:. Rmd ourrdithy evelhejhd bete suaadst tmet

tmdsd sltds rdprdsdit skehh vlhheads, cptlkehhy

hcoetdb ncr earlouhtureh purpcsds eib ncr tmd

dxphcltetlci cn tmd ietureh rdscurods cn tmd veh-

hdy nhcdr. Rmd rdhetlvdhy smcrt buretlci cn Jeib

fdreklf cooupetlci slkphlnlds tmd eiehysls cn

sdtthdkdit pettdri, eib tmd rlvdr tdrreod tcpc-arepmy prdsdits e vehuejhd cppcrtuilty ncr tmd

stuby cn sltd torrltcrlds. Lt ls uiohder wmdtmdr cr

ich ehh tmd pctoitleh sdtthdkdit erdes ehcia tmd

vehhdy wdrd dxphcltdb burlia tmd Hetd Jeibfd

reklf.

?. Cihy cid sltd, Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds, mes

jddi dxoevetdb ci e herad dicuam soehd tc prc-

vlbd ebdquetd Lincrketlci ejcut litdrieh sdtthd

kdit craeilsetlci. Rmdrd ls sckd dvlbdiod tc

suaadst tmet deom sdtthdkdit pmesd ocislstdb cn

e skehh arcup cn mcusds, eoockpeildb jy e

retmdr heradr mcusd et tmd wdstdri dbad cn tmd

vlhhead. Qcrf ls li prcardss ci tmd eiehysls cn

rujjlsm bdislty li tmd plts ehciaslbd julhblias.

Prdhlkliery rdsuhts cn tmd stuby cn tmd blstrlju-

tlci cn nhlit tcchs eib westd prcbuots sddk tc

libloetd sckd bdardd cn nuiotlcieh verletlci

wltmli tmd sdtthdkdit. Lt ls mcpdb tmet e ohderdrploturd cn tmls verletlci wlhh dkdrad wmdi prc

odsslia cn tmd herad queitltlds cn neuieh rdkelis,

jcid ertlneots eib keiuneoturlia westd mes

jddi ockphdtdb.

JLJHLCAZEPM\

Eaeomd, Z. (5<>=), Lincrketlcis eromìchcalquds. Olrocisorlptlci bd Icrb dt bd Ploerbld, Aehhle

Prìmlstulrd 55, p. :>1-?0<.Jelhhcub, A. (5<>2). Hd Iìchltmlqud beis Ld Jessli Perlsldi, Perls (Lhd supphìkdit e Aehhle

Prìmlstclrd).

Jelhhcub, A. (5<15), Hd Iìchltmlqud beiujldi dt hd Omessìdi beis hd Icrb dt hd oditrd bd he

Nreiod, li Bld Eineiad bds Idchltmlfuks vck Crlæit jls Icrbdurcpe Rdlh ^L (Nuibekdite

E?), p. :05-:24, Fþhi.

Jefdhs, O.O. (5<1=e), Ncur Hliderjeibfdreklf sdtthdkdits eib tmdlr divlrcikdit7 e pehedcdoc-

hcaloeh stuby cn _ltterb, _tdli, Dhshcc eib Mldimdlk, Eiehdote Predmlstcrloe Hdlbdisle 55.

Jefdhs, O.O. (5<1=j), Eiehysd bds rdstds bd pheitds oerjcilsìds, Hds Nculhhds Prctcmlstcrlquds

beis he êhhìd bd h'Elsid >, p. :>5-:>?.

Jcurdux, K. eib Ocubert, E. (5<1=), Lkpheitetlcis bds prdkldrs peyseis sìbditelrds beis he

êhhìd bd RElsid, Julh. _co. Prìmlst. Nreiaelsd 14, p. ?25-?>0.

Omdrtldr, J. (5<=0), Hd sltd iìchltmlqud bd Herzlocurt (Kerid). Prdkldrs rìsuhtets, Prìmlstclrd dt

Prctcmlstclrd di Omekpeaid-Erbdiid iukdrc spìoleh, p. 45->1.

Omdrtldr, J. eib Repprdt, D. (5<=:), Nculhhd bd seuvdtead b'ui mejltet beiujldi e Icrrcls

(Kerid), Prìmlstclrd dt Prctcmlstclrd di Omekpeaid-Erbdiid >, p. ?5-2?.

Ohesci, E.R. (5<1:), _ckd rdkerfs ci tmd usd eib prdsditetlci cn eromedczcchcaloeh bete,

Mdhliluk 5:, p. 5?<-54?.

Ocisteitli, O , Ocubert, E. eib Jcurdux, K. (5<=5), Oìreklqud bd Hlkjcura7 vehhìd bd h'Elsid,

Mdhliluk :5, p. 5>5-514.

Ocisteitli, O. Bdkcuhd, G.P. (5<=:), Hd arcupd bd ^lhhdiduvd-_elit-Adrkeli, Mdhliluk ::, li

prdss.



>0 K. LHDRR, DR EH.

Ocubert, E. (5<=:), E prcpcs bd he kelsci iìchltmlqud beiujldiid, li Hd Iìchltmlqud bd h'Dst

bd he Nreiod, p. ?-:?, (_colìtì Eromìchcalqud bd _dis. Oemldr ic. 5).

Bossd, G. (5<1>), He neuid bu sltd eromìchcalqud bd Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds (Elsid)7 ictd prìhlkl

ielrd sur hd ketìrldh cssdux bd he oekpeaid bd nculhhd bd 5<1?, Hds Nculhhds Prctcmlstcrlquds

buis he êhhìd bd h'Elsid 2, p. 5=1-5<2.

Bcmri-Lmkla, K. (5<1<), Jeibfdreklf ei Klttdh- uib Ildbdrrmdli, li Jdltread zur Tradsomlomtd

bds Zmdliheibds LLL (Zmdlilsomd Eusarejuiadi 5<), p. 5<5-?>:, Fþhi.

Bujcuhcz, G., Lhdtt, K. eib Hessdrrd, K. (5<=:), Diodlitd dt kelscis omehochltmlqud bd Jdrry-eu-

Jeo, He Orclx-Kelardt (Elsid), li Hd Iìchltmlqud bd h'Dst bd he Nreiod, p. 5<?-:0>, (_colìtì

Eromìchcalqud bd _dis. Oemldr ic. 5).

Dvli, G. (li prdss), _ckkelrd bds betds 52O ociodrieit hd Iìchltmlqud beis h'Dst dt hd Oditrd-Dst,

li Eotds bu ochhcqud litdrrìalcieh sur hd Iìchltmlqud, Hd Puy 5<=5.

Nerruaale, G.P., Fupdr, Z., Høilia, G. eib _tdmhl, P. (5<1?), Bdr jeibfdreklsomd _ldbhuiasphetz

Heiawdlhdr : (Zmdlilsomd Eusarejuiadi 5?), Jcii.

Nldbhdr, H. (5<1<), Ncrkdi uib Rdomilfdi idchltmlsomdr _tdliadretd eus bdk Zmdliheib, li Jdl-tread zur Tradsomlomtd bds Zmdliheibds LLL (Zmdlilsomd Eusarejuiadi 5<), p. 4?-5<0, Fþhi.

Nlrkli, A. (5<1>), ^lhhdiduvd-_elit-Adrkeli 5<1>7 eiehysd pchhlilqud bds struoturds 10, 5?5 dt

5?<, Hds Nculhhds Prctcmlstcrlquds beis he êhhìd bd h'Elsid 2, p. 5<1-:5:.

Nlrkli, A. (5<11), Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds Hds Ncitlidttds 5<127 eiehysd pchhlilqud. Kdiidvlhhd

5<117 eiehysd pehyichcalqud bd bdux ilvdeux bd he struoturd 5<, Hds Nculhhds Prctcmlstcrlquds

beis he êhhìd bd h'Elsid 4, :55-::=.

N.P.^.E. (5<1?-5<=5), Hds Nculhhds Prctcmlstcrlquds beis he êhhìd bd h'Elsid 2-=, (Tilvdrsltì bd

Perls L).

Lhdtt, K. (5<=0), Espdots cn Idchltmlo sdtthdkdit li icrtm-wdst Durcpd eib Jrlteli, (uipujhlsmdb

PmB blssdrtetlci, Tilvdrslty cn Oekjrlbad).

Lhdtt, K. eib Phetdeux, K. (li prdss). Eiehysd bd he oìreklqud bd Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds (vehhìdbd h'Elsid)7 rìsuhtets prìhlklielrds, li Eotds bu ochhcqud litdrrìalcieh sur hd Iìchltmlqud, Hd

Puy 5<=5.

Fiþrzdr, F.M. (5<15), Pnheizhlomd Arcssrdstd eus bdr rþssdidrzdlthlomdi _ldbhuia jdl Heiawdlhdr,

Frdls Guhlom, Jciidr Gemrjøomdr 515, p. <-??.

Fruf, G. (5<1?), _huble Csebilozd iebidchltdk wyzyi hdsscwyom, Csschliduk. (Diahlsm treishetlci

Jrltlsm Eromedchcaloeh Zdpcrts _<?, Cxncrb 5<=0).

Fupdr, Z. eib Høilia, G. (5<14), Titdrsuomuiadi zur idchltmlsomd Jdsldbhuia bdr Ehbdimcvdidr

Phettd, li Eusarejuiadi li Bdutsomheib L, p. =4-<1, Keliz.

Fupdr, Z., Hþmr, M., Høilia, G., _tdmhl, P. eib Wlkkdrkeii, E. (5<11), Bdr jeibfdreklsomd

_ldbhuiasphetz Heiawdlhdr < (Zmdlilsomd Eusarejuiadi 5=), Jcii.

Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z. (5<4=/5<4<), Bld adcarepmlsomd Head bdr jeibfdreklsomdi _ldbhuiadi li

bdi Ildbdrheibdi, Pehedcmlstcrle >55, p. 5->.

Perdit, Z. (5<15), Hd pduphdkdit prìmlstcrlqud ditrd he Kerid dt h'Elsid (Rreveux bd h'Listltut

b'Ert prìmlstcrlqud bd RTilvdrsltì bd Rcuhcusd 5?).

Pevhu, L. (5<11), F kdtcblod eiehyzy slbhlst hlideril fdreklfcu. Rc tmd kdtmcbs cn Hlider Pcttdry

sdtthdkdit eiehysls, Peketfy Eromdchcalofd >=, p. 4-44.

Pevhu, L. eib Wepctcofe, K. (5<1<), _cuoesiy stev e ufchy stuble idchlty v Omdomeom. Rmd ourrdit

stetd eib nuturd elks cn tmd stuby cn Jcmdklei Idchltmlo ouhturds, Peketfy Eromdchcalofd 10,

p. :=5-?5<.

Phetdeux, K. (5<=:), Bciiìds sur h'libustrld hltmlqud bd Oulry-hís-Omeuberbds, (kìkclrd bd kel-

trlsd, Tilvdrsltì bd Perls L).



JEIBFDZEKLF CN RMD EL_ID ÊHHD\ >5

Pulssdaur, G.G. (5<1>), Eiehysds bds neuids keheochcalquds, Hds Nculhhds Prctcmlstcrlquds beis he

êhhìd bd h'Elsid 2, p. :5?-:5>.

_lolkeii, J. (5<1:), Bld nrømidchltmlsomd Jdsldbhuia Klttdhdurcpes, li Bld Eineiad bds Idchltml-fllils vcit Crlæit jls Icrbdurcpe Rdlh ê (Nuibekdite E?) , p. 5->4, Fþhi.

_cubsfy, J. (5<1?), Mlamdr hdvd! eromedchcaloeh ditltlds7 kcbdhs eib rdehlty, li O. Zdinrdw (db.),

Rmd Dxpheietlci cn Ouhturd Omeiad7 Kcbdhs li Prdmlstcry, p. 5<4-:01, Hcibci.

_cubsfy, J. eib Pevhu, L. (5<1:), Rmd Hlider Pcttdry Ouhturd sdtthdkdit pettdris cn oditreh

Durcpd, li P.G. Tofc, Z. Rrliamek eib A.Q. Blkjhdjy (dbs.), Kei, _dtthdkdit eib Trjeilsk,

p. ?51-::=, Hcibci.



>:



_DRRHDKDIR EIB HEIB T_D LI DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF

RCZ_RDI KEB_DI & MDHHD GTDH GDI_DI

Rmls pepdr tefds lts stertlia pclit li e idwhy dxoevetdb wdhh prdsdrvdb Derhy Idchltmlo sdtthdkdit

sltd li destdri Gutheib. Rmrcuam e sdrlds cn eiehysds lt sddfs tc bdkcistretd mcw lt ls pcssljhd tc

aeli bdtelhdb lincrketlci ociodrilia sltd struoturd, iukmdr cn limemlteits, buretlci cn cooupeioy,

eib typds cn eotlvltlds ci tmd sltd. Rmd pepdr prcoddbs tc smcw mcw tmd sltd oei jd nlttdb litc e hcoeh

heib usd pettdri wmdi lt ls eiehyzdb tcadtmdr wltm ctmdr sltds. Nliehhy e kcbdh ncr derhy idchltmlo

heib usd ls sfdtomdb.

Qmlho tmd sdtthdkdit systdk cn tmd Derhy Idc

hltmlo li Oditreh Durcpd ls jdaliilia tc jd wdhh

uibdrstccb (Kcbbdrkei 5<106 Fupdr &

Høilia 5<=06 _cubsfy 5<>>6 _cubsfy & Pevhu

5<1:), tmd sekd ls odrtelihy ict trud li Icrtmdri

Durcpd.

Li Bdikerf tmdrd mevd jddi suaadstlcis cn

Derhy Idchltmlo sdtthdkdits ocislstlia cn cid

(_feerup 5<14) cr twc ockkuieh hcia mcusds

(Ahcj 5<2<). Zdodithy, mcwdvdr, lt mes turidb

cut tmet tmd hcia mcusds oei jd jdttdr uibdr

stccb es kcrtuery struoturds pheodb ci chbdrsdtthdkdit sltds (Ahcj 5<146 Kebsdi 5<1<6

Hlvdrsead 5<=5). Ociodrilia tmd ndw ctmdr

ohelks ncr mcusd struoturds ci Derhy Idchltmlo

sdtthdkdit sltds, cid kust ncr rdescis cn bcou-

kditetlci mevd strcia rdsdrvetlcis eaelist

tmcsd nrck _treibdaerb (Jrcmchk & Zeskus

sdi 5<?5), 0ridfuh (Jdofdr 5<4?) eib Fier-

brup (Hersdi 5<4=). Rmls tmdi hdevds cihy tmd

struoturds nrck Kuhbjgdra (Rrcdhs-_kltm 5<>0),

Hlibdjgora (Hlvdrsead 5<=5) eib Kcsdaerbdi

(Kebsdi eib Pdtdrsdi li prdss) tc jd ocislbd-rdb.

Rmd heof cn eoodptejhd mcusd struoturds nrck

tmd Derhy Idchltmlo pdrlcb prdsdits e prcjhdk,

es sdtthdkdit sltds bc coour li sckd queitlty.

Zetmdr tmei rdaerb tmls sperslty es e strcfd cn

jeb flof, wd wlhh try tc bdkcistretd tmet lt

smcuhb jd sddi es e rdsuht cn tmd spdolnlo ieturd

cn tmd mcusd struoturds cn tmet pdrlcb eib tmd

wey li wmlom tmd ditlrd sdtthdkdit systdk wes

craeilzdb.

Rmd jeslo lincrketlci tc jd usdb ockds nrck

e sdtthdkdit sltd ncuib jdidetm e hcia jerrcw

et Kcsdaerbdi, 50 fk dest cn tmd tcwi cn Mcr-

sdis li destdri Gutheib (nla. 5). Rmls sltd, dxtrd-

kdhy wdhh prdsdrvdb es lt wes, supphlds us wltm

e jcby cn lincrketlci cn ardet lkpcrteiod ncr

cur uibdrsteiblia cn tmd Derhy Idchltmlo sdtthd

kdit systdk li Bdikerf dvdi tmcuam ic crae-

ilo ketdrleh wes prdsdrvdb ci tmd sltd. Rmus tmd

keli tmdkd cn tmd pepdr ls nlrsthy tc prdsdit tmd

Kcsdaerbdi sltd li sckd bdtelh, eib sdocibhy

tc usd tmd sltd li ociguiotlci wltm nurtmdr betees e stertlia pclit nrck wmlom tc julhb e adid-

rehlzdb kcbdh ncr tmd Derhy Idchltmlo sdtthdkdit

systdk.

Rmd Kcsdaerbdi sdtthdkdit sltd

Rmd dxoevetlcis et Kcsdaerbdi tccf pheod

burlia 5<1= eib 5<1<. Cur crlalieh litditlci

wes tc dxoevetd e rulidb kdaehltmlo tckj, jut

scci lt turidb cut tmet wd wdrd bdehlia wltmtwc kdaehltmlo tckjs pheodb li ei chbdr hcia

jerrcw, wmlom ocvdrdb e sdtthdkdit sltd (Keb

sdi 5<1<6 Kebsdi & Pdtdrsdi li prdss). Rmd

hcia jerrcw wes surrcuibdb jy e pehlsebd

trdiom wmlom mdhb sphlt tlkjdr truifs. E Oer-

jci-52 betd cn ?5?0 µ <0 J.O. (F-?2>?) betdb

omeroceh nrck tmdsd truifs li ei erde wmdrd tmd

pehlsebd trdiom out tmd sdtthdkdit sltd. Dvdi

ehhcwlia ncr dxodptlciehhy keturd wccb eib ncr

e verletlci cn twc _teiberb bdvletlcis, lt ls



>2 RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

50 Fk

Nla. L. Rmd pcsltlci cn tmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd eib ctmor Derhy Ioc-

hltmlo sltds li destdri Gutheib.

merbly hlfdhy tmet tmd peMsebd smcuhb jd ycuiadr

tmei :<00 J.O. Rmd sdtthdkdit sltd tmdi, jdliachbdr stlhh, ls betdb ekcia tmd derMdst idcmtmlo

sltds li Bdikerf.

Li tmd ncTcwlia pepdr cihy lincrketlci pdrteli-lia tc tmd sdtthdkdit ls tefdi litc ocislbdret lci,

eib ehh struoturds rdhetdb tc tmd hcia jerrcw cr

tmd tckjs erd hdnt cut cn tmd sltd pheis. Erdes

wmdrd tmdy mevd oeusdb blsturjeiods erd hdnt

jheif.

Rmd cuthlid cn tmd sltd wes prlkerlhy bdtdr-

klidb jy tmd ochcur cn tmd sclh (nla. :). Rmd

ouhtureh bdpcslts wdrd li adidreh omereotdrlzdb

jy e rdbblsm-jrcwi ochcur ocitelilia iukdrcus

skehh spdofs cn juridb ohey es wdhh es keiy

heradr hukps. Li e hlkltdb erde tc tmd oest tmd

ochcur omeiadb ejrupthy tc cid cn mdevy jheof.Rmls bdpcslt wes ockpcsdb cn craeilo ketdrleh

retmdr tmei omeroceh. Ei chb heib surneod wmlom

jcrbdrdb tmd ouhtureh bdpcslts ocuhb jd bdtdotdbci kcst slbds es e tmli ardylsm ochcurdb jeib.

Qmdrd tmls coourrdb jdidetm tmd jerrcw (jd-

twddi tmd twc pehlsebd trdiomds kerfdb jy hcia

jheif strlpds li nla. :) lt oei jd rdaerbdb es

ocitdkpcrery wltm tmd sdtthdkdit eib tmus oci-

stltutd ei dnndotlvd bdhlidetcr ncr tmd sltd. Qmdrd

lt coours cutslbd tmd jerrcw lt key jd e hetdr

ncrketlci eib tmus cn ic bdhlidetlia vehud.

Lispdotlci cn tmd cvdrehh phei suaadsts tmet

kcst cn tmd sltd mes jddi prdsdrvdb. Cihy li ei



DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF >4

Nla, :. Phei cn tmd Kcsdaerbdi sdtthckdit sl td. 5. pcstmchos bddpdr tmei 54 ok. :. pcstmchos eib ncuibetlci t rdiom hdss

tmei 54 ok bddp. ?. jheof ouhtureh bopcslt. 2. rdbblsm-jrcwi oultureh bdpcslt. 4. plts. nt. chb heib surneod. 1. ietureh

bdprdsslci. =. erdes wltm chb heib surneod bdstrcydb. <. nlrdpheod. 50. blsturjeiods. _oehd ehcia obaos ls li kdtrds.

erde tc tmd scutm key e pert mevd jddi out ewey

eib uihoss tmd sltd wes vdry dhciaetdb li tmet

blrdotlci, cihy klicr pcrtlcis mevd jddi rdkcv-

db. Lt smcuhb ehsc jd ebbdb tmet tmd jerrcw nlhh

blb ict ociteli eiy ouhtureh ketdrleh, icr wes

tmdrd ketdrleh tc jd ncuib ci tmd surneod cn tmd

nldhb libloetlia sdrlcus blsturjeiod nrck phcuam-

lia. Qd wlhh tmdi mchb lt tc jd trud tmet tmd sltd

wes idvdr sujsteitlehhy heradr tmei tmd erdesmcwi jy tmd dxoevetlci.

Rurilia tc tmd blstrljutlci cn nhlits eib pct

tdry wd nlib tmet lt nchhcws tmd cuthlid alvdi jy

sclh ochcuretlci nelrhy ohcsdhy (nla. 2 eib 1). Cihy

tc tmd dest tmdrd ls e soettdr cn nhlit eib pcttdry

citc tmd chb surneod, libloetlia eotlvltlds sprdeb-

lia cut jdycib tmd oditreh pert cn tmd sdtthdkdit

sltd.

Ehhcwlia ncr e klsslia pert cn tmd sdtthdkdit

tc tmd scutm, lts oditreh pert kerfdb jy sclh

ochcuretlci oei merbhy mevd jddi heradr tmei

200 k-Y, eib liohublia dxtdislcis bud tc keral-

ieh eotlvlty erdes tmd slzd cn tmd ockphdtd sltd

ocuhb ict mevd jddi kcrd tmei 4->00 kY.

_ltd bdsorlptlci

Rmd kcst prcklidit ndeturd cn tmd sltd wes e

nlrdpheod ocislstlia cn e sliahd heydr cn stcids

peofdb li rdb-jurit, mdevy ohey. Lt kdesurdb

5.0 - 5.: k eorcss. Li ei erde lkkdbletdhy tc

tmd wdst cn tmd nlrdpheod tmd sclh wes sckdwmet

berfdr bud tc omeroceh ochcuretlci tmei eiy-

wmdrd dhsd li lts vlolilty.

Burlia dxoevetlci cn tmd ouhtureh bdpcslt lt

wes ict pcssljhd tc blstliaulsm ctmdr struoturds



>> RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

KEZALIEH

EORL^LR\ EZDE

Nla. ?. _uaadstlci ncr e blvlslci cn tmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd litc eotlvlty erdes.

tmei tmd nlrdpheod. Mcwdvdr, wmdi tmd sltd wes

strlppdb tc tmd sujsclh e sdrlds cn ndeturds

jdoekd vlsljhd7- Rmrdd wlbd eib vdry smehhcw plts tc tmd dest ,

scutm eib wdst cn tmd nlrdpheod. Ic ohder pur

pcsd oei jd etteomdb tc tmdsd.

- Rmrdd ?0 ok bddp plts li tmd icrtm eib icrtm-

destdri pert cn tmd sltd. Ebgeodit tc deom cn

tmdsd plts wdrd sckd vdry ohder pcstmchds, tmrdd

wdrd esscoletdb wltm cid cn tmdk eib cid et

deom cn tmd ctmdrs. Tibcujtdbhy tmdsd plts li

ockjlietlci wltm sckd scrt cn reof meb e nuio-

tlcieh purpcsd, jut lt ls ict pcssljhd et tmls tlkd

tc kefd eiy ocivliolia suaadstlcis rdaerblia

tmdlr eotueh usd.

- E soettdr cn ?2 skehh plts wltm kdesurds reia-

lia nrck 50 tc 40 ok eorcss eib nrck 4 tc :< ok

li bdptm, wdrd ehh hcoetdb wdst cn tmd nlrdpheod,

wmdrd tmdy ncrkdb twc keli ohustdrs wltm sckd

wdstdri cuthldrs. Keiy cn tmdsd plts wdrd bdnl-

iltdhy pcstmchds eib kcst cn tmdk klamt rdprd

sdit et hdest tmd jcttck cn pcstmchds, tmdlr uppdr

pcrtlcis jdlia uirdocailzdb li tmd ouhtureh

bdpcslt. Lt sddks gustlnlejhd tc rdaerb tmd twc

sdperetd ohustdrs es libloetlcis cn twc mut sltds

wltm e pcssljhd tmlrb cid jdycib tmdk tc tmd

wdst.- E shlamthy "_" jdit, =-< k hcia smehhcw trdiom

kebd up tmd scutmdri jcuibery cn pert cn tmd

jheof ouhtureh bdpcslt. Rmd trdiom vdry prcjejhy

rdprdsdits tmd ncuibetlci ncr e ndiod, jut lt

rdkelis uiodrteli wmdtmdr tmls wes gust e wlib-

jrdef cr lt meb e kcrd lkpcrteit nuiotlci.

- Li tmd destdrikcst cutsflr ts cn tmd sltd 2 plts

wdrd ncuib. Rmrdd cn tmdsd wdrd cihy 50-20 ok

bddp, jut tmd ncurtm meb e bdptm cn 51: ok,

outtlia tmrcuam e hcoeh bdpcslt cn ohey li tmd

seiby sclh. Rmd plt meb dvlbdithy jddi bua ncr

ohey dxtreotlci, ehtmcuam tmd quehlty cn tmd ohey

wes ict accb dicuam ncr pcttdry prcbuotlci.

Rmd ctmdr tmrdd plts key kdrdhy mevd jddi tdst-

plts ncr nliblia e sultejhd pheod tc dxtreot tmd

ohey.

Tslia tmd blnndrdit ndeturds rdvdehdb burlia

dxoevetlci, tmd blnndrdit ochcuretlci cn tmd ouh

tureh bdpcslts eib tmd adidreh blstrljutlci cn

ertdneots, tmd nchhcwlia blvlslci cn tmd sltd key

jd suaadstdb (nla. ?)7



DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF >1

Bwdhhlia erde. Rmd erde ocitelis =4% cn ehh

ociodlvejhd pcstmchds ci tmd sltd. Rmd ejcvd

kditlcidb twc sdperetd ohustdrs cn mchds keyjd sodi es libloetlcis cn twc muts wltm e tmlrb

cid kcrd uiodrteli.

Prlkery eotlvlty erde. Rmls ls tmd erde cn tmd

nlrdpheod eib lts lkkdbletd surrcuiblias. Lt

ocitelis tmd mlamdst bdislty cn pcttdry eib e

rdhetlvdhy mlam bdislty cn westd nhlits.

_docibery eotlvlty erde L. Rmls erde tc tmd icrtm-

dest cn tmd nlrdpheod ls ehkcst bdvclb cn ouhtureh

ketdrleh ehtmcuam tmd ochcur cn tmd sclh ohderhy

smcws lt tc jd pert cn tmd sltd. Qd ehsc nlib tmdtmrdd plts wltm ebgeodit bddp pcstmchds li tmls

erde.

_docibery eotlvlty erde LL. Rmls erde ls omereotd-

rlzdb jy tmd jheof ochcur cn tmd bdpcslt eib jy

lts ohderout jcuibery tc tmd scutm kebd up jy

tmd "_" jdib ncuibetlci trdiom.

Bukp erde. Rmls dhciaetdb ierrcw erde oci

telis e 20 ok tmlof jheof ouhtureh bdpcslt (twlod

es tmlof es eiywmord dhsd ci tmd sltd) nlhhdb litce ietureh boprdsslci li tmd arcuib. Lt ocitelis

keiy pldods cn pcttdry, westd nhlit eib tcchs.

Keralieh eotlvlty erde. Rmd erde tc tmd dest

ercuib tmd ncur ohey dxtreotlci plts key jd

tdrkdb keralieh eotlvlty erde. E skehh ekcuit

cn nhlit eib pcttdry wes ehsc ncuib mdrd.

_ltd slzd eib bwdlhlia typd

Qltm lts dstlketdb 4->00 k- erde tmd sltd cn

Kcsdaerbdi ls bdnliltdhy, wmet cid kust tdrk,

e skehh sltd. Hlfdwlsd tmd twc ohustdrs cn pcstmc

hds kust stdk nrck retmdr skehh bwdhhlias wmlom

ocuhb cihy mevd eoockkcbetob e ndw pdcphd.

Tincrtuietdhy, tmd pcstmchds bc ict libloetd

ohderhy wmdtmdr wd erd bdehlia wltm rdoteiauher

cr olrouher struoturds. Ehcia tmd scutmdri pert

cn tmd icrtmdri ohustdr lt ls pcssljhd tc nlt e

strelamt hlid tmrcuam slx cn tmd pcstmchds. Kcrd

ocivliolia, mcwdvdr, cid key ehsc nlt e olrohd

wltm e blekdtdr cn 4 k tmrcuam 50 pcstmchds li

tmd icrtmdri ohustdr, eib tmd ncur wdstdri cut-hldrs nlt e olrohd cn tmd sekd blekdtdr. Ncr tmd

scutmdri ohustdr ictmlia bdnliltd oei jd suaads-

tdb.

Zdaerbhdss cn tmd ncrk cn tmd bwdhhlias wd

key dstlketd e slzd cn epprcxlketdhy :0 k- ncr

deom mut nrck tmd blstrljutlci cn pcstmchds.

Bdpdibdit ci wmlom kdtmcb wd omccsd ncr dstl-

ketlia tmd iukjdr cn pdcphd li e mut wd rdeom

e nlaurd cn 2-1 pdrscis (IercT 5<>:6 Occf 5<1:6

Oessdhjdrry 5<14), eib bdpdibdit ci wmdtmdr

wd eoodpt twc cr tmrdd muts ci tmd sltd, wd dib

up wltm e tcteh sltd pcpuhetlci jdtwddi = eib:5 wltm e kdei dstlketd cn 54.

Qd oei kdrdhy audss ci tmd julhblia tdomil-

qud cn tmd bwdhhlias. Reflia tmd slzd litc oci-

slbdretlci lt ls merbhy hlfdhy tmet tlkjor pheydb

eiy slailnloeit rchd. Beuj, ci tmd ctmdr meib,

ls jcuib tc mevd jddi li usd. Rmls ls ohderhy

suaadstdb jy tmd ohey dxtreotlci plt es wdhh es

jy e ndw pldods cn jurit beuj.

Eictmdr vdry hlfdhy ketdrleh ls rddb. Lt ls ei

deslhy evelhejhd, hlamt julhblia ketdrleh bokeib-

lia ic dhejcretd struoturds tc suppcrt lt, eib ltmes vdry accb lisuhetlia prcpdrtlds.

Es kditlcidb li tmd cpdilia perearepm, lt ls

ict desy tc nlib ctmdr sltds wltm rdhlejhd Derhy

Idchltmlo bwdlhlia struoturds li Bdikerf.

Mcwdvdr, wd smcuhb kditlci Hlibdjgdra (Hl-

vdrsead 5<=5), wmdrd, prdolsdhy es et Kcsdaer

bdi, e prdsdrvdb ouhtureh bdpcslt wes uioci-

vdrdb jdidetm e rulidb kdaehltmlo tckj. E ohus

tdr cn pcstmchds libloetdb tmd pcsltlci cn e bwdlh

lia struoturd, jut eaeli lt wes ict desy tc sey

eiytmlia bdnliltd ejcut tmd ncrk, wmdtmdr rdo

teiauher cr olrouher, cr tmd slzd, wmlom ocuhb jd

eiywmord jdtwddi 5: eib ?0 k-, bdpdiblia ci

mcw cid hccfs et tmd ohustdr cn pcstmchds. Mcw

dvdr, es tmd dxoevetcr stetdb (Hlvdrsead

5<=5755>) "Rmd skehh slzd eib lrrdauher erreiad

kdit cn tmd pcsts smcws tmet lt kust mevd jddi

e hlamt julhblia cn e prcjejhy retmdr lkprcvlsdb

omereotdr."

Eictmdr dxekphd ls tmd mut nrck tmd vdry

oerdnuhhy dxoevetdb Kuhbjgdra sltd (Rrcdhs-



>= RCZ_RDI KEB_DI. DR EH.

Nla. 2. E skcctmob bdislty kep cn pcttory ci tmd Kcsoallrboi sltd. 5. 0-500 a pr. k-. :. 500-:00 a pr. k-. .Y. :(F)-20(L a

pr kY. 2. Hlklt cn prdsdrvdb bdpcslts.

_kltm !%()). Mdrd e rdoteiauler >-1 k hcia eib

? k wlbd mut wes rdvdehdb, dvlbdithy julht cn

vdry hlamt ketdrlehs, prdsukejhy rddb.

Reflia ei uiprdgublodb vldw cn tmd prcjhdk

cn Derhy Idchltmlo bwdlhlia struoturds li Bdi

kerf wd key gustlnlejhy rdedm tc tmd ociohuslci

tmet retmdr skehh eib hlamthy julht muts wltmcut

stcio ncuibetlcis wdrd li uso. Rmd rdesci wmy

tmls mes ict jddi eoficwhdbadb derhldr ls perthy

bud tc tmd blnnlouhtlds li rdocailzlia tmd nelit

dvlbdiod cn tmdsd struoturds eib perthy bud tc

e nlrk jdhldn tmet perehhdhs tc tmd vest hcia mcusds

cn Oditreh Durcpd cuamt tc jd prdsdit li Bdi

kerf.

Ln skehh muts turi cut tc jd tmd prdndrrdb ncrk

cn bwdhllias li Derhy Idchltmlo Bdikerf, mcw

tmoi ls lt wltm sltd slzds3 Ls tmd skehh Kcsdaerbdi

sltd e uilqud oesd, cr ls lt tmd ruhd kcrd tmei

tmd dxodptlci3 Rmls qudstlci ls vdry blnnlouht tc

eiswdr. Cntdi tmdrd ls ic rdhlejhd Lincrketlci

ociodrilia tmd slzd cn tmd sltds, eib dvdi ln wd

erd hdnt tc uibdrsteib tmet e pertlouher sltd ls e

herad sltd, wd oei sdhbck ln dvdr jd odrteli tmet

wd erd ict bdehlia wltm e sltd ocislstlia cn sdv-

dreh skehh, tdkpcrerlhy blnndrditletdb sdtthd-

kdits.

Ei lhhuklietlia dxekphd ls tmd Hlibdjgdra

sltd. Derhy Idchltmlo pcttdry wes ncuib cvdr e

heradr erde, jut lt turidb cut, tmet tmdrd wes e

ohder styhlstlo sdperetlci jdtwddi blnndrdit pertscn tmet erde libloetlia tdkpcreh blnndrdiod li

tmd bdpcslts (Hlvdrsead 5<=575:<). Rmd sekd

key jd trud wltm ctmdr sltds kditlcidb li tmd

hltdreturd, jut uincrtuietdhy tmd prcjhdk ls

merbhy dvdr ockkditdb upci, icr ls tmd Lincr

ketlci ncr tmdlr dhuolbetlci kebd evelhejhd.Rc

bey, tmdi, wd bc ict ficw ln skehh sltd slzds

wdrd kcrd tmd ruhd tmei tmd dxodptlci, jut wd

key jrlia ncrwerb twc idwhy dxoevetdb Derhy

Idchltmlo sltds li destdri Gutheib li suppcrt cn



DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF ><

Nla. 4. Blstrljutlci cntmo kcrd wohh prosdrvob pcts ci tmd Kcsdaerbdi sl td. Rmd hdadib ncr tmd phei ocrrdspcibs wltm nla. :.

tmd prcpcsltlci, tmet tmd skehh slzd cn tmd

Kcsdaerbdi sltd ls ict e uilqud oesd. Rmdsd erd

tmd sltds cn Kcsdaerb _fcvk0hhd eib Heiajehhd,

jctm cn wmlom meb e styhlstloehhy mckcadidcus

pcttory (Kebsdi & Pdtdrsdi li prdss). Rmd bls

trljutlci cn thlits ci tmd surneod cn tmdsd perthy

phcuam-blsturjob sltds libloetdb tmet jctm cn

tmok ocvdrdb hdss tmei e 5000 k-.

Rc ociohubd tmls omeptdr wd wlhh prcpcsd tmet

tmd Køsoaerbdi sltd ls vdry hlfdhy tc jd e typloeh

Derhy Idchltmlo sltd, wltm rdaerb tc lts slzd cnepprcxlketdhy 400 k-, lts skehh. hlamthy julht

bwdhhlias wltmcut stcid ncuibetlcis eib tc lts

kdei pcpuhetlci dstlketd cn 54.

Pcttdry usd eib mrdefead pettdris

E nelr ekcuit cn pcttdry wes ncuib ci tmd sltd

eib tmls wes prdbcklieithy sltuetdb li twc bls

ordtd erdes. Cid ocioditretlci wes hcoetdb li

tmd bukp erde, tmd ctmdr li tmd prlkery eotlvlty

erde wdst cn tmd nlrdpheod (nla. 2). Rmd blstrlju

tlci cn sliahd pcts lschetdb jy tmd prdsdiod cn

et hdest 50 smdrbs eib e _teiberb bdvletlci cn

hdss tmei 2 k ci tmd soettdr cn tmd smdrbs, smcws

e shlamthy blnndrdit pettdri (nla. 4). Qd nlib e

ohder ocioditretlci cn pcts wdst cn tmd nlrdpheod

dxtdiblia wdhh litc tmd bwdlhlia erde, e ndw pcts

li tmd sdocibery eotlvlty erde eib cihy cid li

tmd bukp erde (dvdi tmcuam tmd adidreh blstrljutlci cn pcttdry smcwdb e kerfdb ocioditre

tlci tmdrd).

Lt wlhh jd essukdb tmet tmd kdeis cn tmd soet

tdr cn smdrbs nrck sliahd pcts alvdi li nla. 4

smcws tmd epprcxlketd hcoetlci cn jrdefead.

Jy tmls kdtmcb wd nlib lt ohderhy libloetdb tmet

ei erde tc tmd wdst cn tmd nlrdpheod, jdtwddi lt

eib tmd muts, eib liohublia cid cn tmd muts, wes

tmd prlkery erde cn pct-uslia eotlvltlds. Rmls



10 RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

blstrljutlci wcuhb suaadst tmd prdperetlci eib

stcread cn nccb li tmls erde.

Rmd :: pcts li nla. 4, mcwdvdr, erd cihy e ndw

cn tmd tcteh iukjdr tmet kust mevd jddi prdsditci tmd sltd. Nrck tmd 54= rlksmdrbs prdsdrvdb

lt oei jd dstejhlsmdb tmet et hdest 504 pcts mevd

jddi prdsdit. Kcst cn tmdsd erd cihy rdprdsdit-

db jy cid cr e vory ndw smdrbs, libloetlia e

vdry ockphdtd bdstruotlci. Mcw erd wd tc litdr

prdt tmd blnndrdiod cn prdsdrvetlci jdtwdditmdsd "cid-smdrb-pcts" eib tmd kcrd ockphd-

tdhy prdsdrvdb cids li nla. 43

Lt smcuhb jd strdssdb tmet tmd Derhy Idchltmlo

pcttdry ls vdry hlamthy nlrdb eib tmet suom smdrbs

erd tmdrdncrd sujgdot tc rdhetlvdhy replb bdstruotlci ln scefdb wltm wetdr eib tmdi nrczdi. Oci-sdqudithy, smdrbs hylia ci tmd surneod erd hlejhd

tc blslitdaretd wltmli e ndw yders. Cihy smdrbs

tmet erd trcbbdi litc tmd sclh cr ctmdrwlsd jurldb

steib eiy omeiod cn survlveh. Rmd keli ruhd

tmdi ls qulof bdstruotlci eib blslitdaretlci entdrjrdefead. Mcwdvdr, tmd nlrlia tdkpdreturd li

cpdi nlrds key very ocislbdrejhy eib sckd odi-

trehhy-pheodb pcts li tmd nlrd key cooeslcielhy

jd sujsteitlehhy jdttdr nlrdb tmei ctmdrs. Rmdsd

wlh! blslitdaretd kcrd shcwhy eib jd jdttdr prd

sdrvdb tmei ctmdr pcts. Ehsc, tmcsd pcts tmetwdrd tmd hest tc jd jrcfdi key jd jdttdr prdsdr

vdb tmei ctmdrs, prcvlbdb tmet tmdy wdrd prctdo-

tdb wltm ocvdrlia sdblkdits smcrtly entdr tmd

sltd meb jddi bdsdrtdb. Rmls ls prcjejhy trud et

Kcsdaerbdi wmdrd tmd cvdrhylia hcia jerrcwsddks tc mevd jddi ocistruotdb lkkdbletdhy

entdr tmd sdtthdkdit sltd wdit cut cn usd. Rmd

:: pcts li nla. 4 oei tmdi jd selb tc ocistltutd

e pcpuhetlci cn lts cwi, tmd prdsdrvetlci cn

wmlom, ncr tmd twc ejcvd kditlcidb rdescis,

wes jdttdr tmei ncr ctmdr pcts.Li tmd ctmdr pcpuhetlci wd nlib et hdest =?

pcts rdprdsditdb jy 504 rlk smdrbs. Cn tmdsd,

>< pcts mevd cihy cid rlk smdrb, < mevd twc, ?

mevd tmrod eib : mevd ncur rlk smdrbs prdsdrvdb.

Lt ls dvlbdit nrck tmdsd nlaurds tmet tmdrd kust

mevd dxlstdb pcts ci tmd sltd tmet erd ic hciadr

rdprdsditdb jy eiy rlk smdrbs. Oei wd kefd eklilkuk dstlketd cn tmd iukjdr cn klsslia

pcts3 Eoodptlia tmd nchhcwlia twc rdstrlotlcis

lt smcuhb jd pcssljhd7

- Entdr jrdefead tmd hlfdhlmccb cn eiy rlk smdrb

jdlia jurldb li tmd sclh ls tmd sekd.

- Rmd hlfdhlmccb cn eiy jurldb rlk smdrb jdliabdstrcydb ls tmd sekd.

Rmdsd twc pclits ekcuit tc sey tmet tmd hlfdhl

mccb cn eiy rlk smdrb jdlia prdsdrvdb cn tmd

crlalieh iukjdr cn rlk smdrbs prdsdit entdr

jrdefead ls tmd sekd. Prcvlbdb tmet tmd liblvl-

bueh pcts erd jrcfdi litc kcrd cr hdss tmd sekdiukjdr cn rlk smdrbs, wd key stetd tmet wmdtm-

dr ilh, cid, twc, tmrdd cr kcrd rlk smdrbs nrck

tmd sekd vdssdh ls prdsdrvdb ls kcrd cr hdss

bdtdrklidb jy e reibck prcodss.

Rc essdss tmd klilkuk iukjdr cn pcts wdkey slkuhetd tmd prdsdrvetlci cn smdrbs ci libl-vlbueh pcts jy reibck adidretlci. Qd mevd =?

pcts rdprdsditdb jy 504 rlk smdrbs, sc wd stert

tmd slkuhetlci wltm =? pcts tc wmlom wd rei-

bckhy esslai 504 rlk smdrbs. Qd key tmdi ocuit

mcw keiy pcts li tmd reibckhy adidretdb pcpu

hetlci wmlom smcw ilh, cid, twc eib tmrdd crkcrd rlk smdrbs, eib ockperd tmdsd wltm tmd

iukjdr cn pcts rdprdsditdb jy cid, twc eib

tmrdd cr kcrd rlksmdrbs li tmd eotueh pcpuhe

tlci.

Tslia tmd hettdr ocuits es tmd dxpdotdb vehuds

wd key essds tmd accbidss cn nlt cn tmd slkuhetdbvehuds tmrcuam ei /- tdst.

Rmd slkuhetlci tmdi prcoddbs jy prcardsslvdhy

relslia tmd iukjdr cn pcts wltm cid eib deom

tlkd reibckhy esslai tmd 504 rlk smdrbs eidw

nchlcwdb jy e ]' tdst. Rmd rdsuht ls e sdrlds cn]" tdst wltm twc bdardds cn n rddbck (nla. >).

Rmd xY vehuds stert cut et e rdhetlvdhy mlam

hdvdh, jut brcp qulofhy es tmd iukjdr cn pcts

ls relsdb. Arebuehhy tmd ourvd nhettdus eib nliehhy

lt ruis perehhdh tc tmd mcrlzciteh exls. Rmdslkuhetlci ls ict ocitliudb nrck tmdrd, jut lnlt wes wd wcuhb mevd sddi tmd ourvd relsd shcwhy

eaeli eib nliehhy ocivdrad ci e vehud cn ?5.=.

Lt ls cihy tmd nlrst pert cn tmls dxdrolsd wmlom ls

cn litdrdst. Li nla. > tmd :.4% hdvdh ls kerfdb

jy e mcrlzciteh hlid, eib lt ls et tmls hdvdh tmettmd ourvd nhettdus epprdolejhy. Lt meppdis et e

pcpuhetlci cn epprcxlketdhy 510 slkuhetdb

pcts. Titlh tmet pclit tmd x~ vehuds stey ejcvd



DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF

YyX

QC 5=0 :00 ::0 :20 :>0 :=0 ?00

Iukjdr cn pcts

Nla. n). Phcttlia cn x~ vehuds eaelist iukjdr cn pcts nrck

tmd ocilperlscis jdtwddi slkuhetdb eib eotueh iukjdrs cn

rlk smdrbs pr. pct.

tmd :.4% hdvdh, libloetlia tmet wd smcuhb ict

dxpdot hdss tmei 510 pcts tc mevd jddi prdsdit.

Rc tmls wd mevd tc ebb tmd :: pcts tmet wd

liltlehhy sujtreotdb. Rmls alvds us e tcteh cn 5<:

pcts es cur dstlketdb klilkuk iukjdr. Lt ls

wcrtm kditlcilia tmet tmd eotueh iukjdr key

mevd jddi kuom heradr, jut wd mevd ic wey cn

ficwlia mcw kuom.

Jrcfdi pcts eib tmd buretlci cn sltd cooupeioy

Cid qudstlci tmet ls ehweys vdry blnnlouht tc

schvd li eromeochcaloeh ocitdxts ls mcw hcia e

sltd ls cooupldb. Kcst dstlketds erd jesdb ci

lbdes cn mcw e sltd nuiotlcidb li rdhetlci tc tmd

dxphcltetlci pettoris cn rdscurods. Tisetlsnylia

es tmls key jd lt idvdrtmdhdss prcvlbds tmd jdst

prcodburd li keiy oesds.

Mcwdvdr, ln lt ls pcssljhd lt ls odrtelihy prdndre-

jhd tmet tmd buretlci cn cooupeioy ls dstlketdb

blrdothy nrck dvlbdiod ci tmd sltd ltsdhn. Ln tmd

sltd ls wdh! prdsdrvdb, cid wey cn bclia tmls lstc hccf et tmd ekcuit cn jrcfdi pcttdry ci tmd

sltd.

Rc dstlketd tmd buretlci cn cooupeioy nrck

jrcfdi pcts wd iddb lincrketlci ci ncur verle

jhds7

- tmd iukjdr cn mcusdmchbs et tmd sltd

- tmd iukjdr cn pcts tmet e mcusdmchb usdb li

lts dvdrybey hlnd

- tmd jrdefead retd cn tmd pcttdry

- tmd iukjdr cn pcts jrcfdi burlia tmd coou

peioy

Lt ls dvlbdit tmet dxeot iukjdrs oeiict jd et-

teomdb tc tmdsd verlejhds nrck tmd eromeochcal

oeh rdocrb ehcid. E nelr ekcuit cn quehlnldb

audsswcrf es wdhh es lincrketlci tefdi nrck

dtmicarepmy ls iddbdb.

Es smcwi ejcvd tmdrd wdrd pcssljhy twc cr

tmrdd bwdhhlias et Kcsdaerbdi, jut tmls bcds

ict idodsserlhy kdei tmet tmd iukjdr cn mcusd

mchbs wes twc cr tmrdd. Qd smcuhb ictd tmet

tmd blstrljutlci pettdri cn tmd kcrd ockphdtd

pcts (nla. 4) liohubdb cid cn tmd bwdhhlias, jut

dxohubdb tmd ctmdrs. Ehtmcuam tmls ocuhb libl-

oetd tdkpcreh blnndrdiods jdtwddi tmd bwdhhlias, e kcrd hlfdhy dxpheietlci ls cid cn nuiotlc-

ieh blnndrdiods wmdrd pcttdry wes cihy stcrdb/

usdb li cid cn tmd bwdhhlias. Rmls blnndrdiod

ocuhb, ncr listeiod, jd e rdsuht cn e blvlslci jy

sdx li tmd bwdhhlia pettdri cr tmet cid cn tmd

muts wes cihy e stcread mut. Rmd blsordtd ock

phdtd pct blstrljutlci wcuhb suaadst, mcwdvdr,

tmet cihy cid mcusdmchb wes prdsdit et tmd sltd.

Rmd iukjdr cn pcts tmet e mcusdmchb pcssdss-

db oei jd dxpdotdb tc very ocislbdrejhy li rdhe

tlci tc tmd slzd cn tmd mcusdmchb, eib tmd lkpcr-teiod cn pcttdry es e utlhlty prcbuot li tmd scold

ty. Nrck dtmic-eromedchcaloeh scurods wd nlib

verletlcis nrck epprcxlketdhy 54 pcts ci tmd

evdread li cid scoldty wltm e skehh mcusdmchb

slzd jut wltm nrdqudit usd cn pcttdry (BdJcdr

& Hetmrep 5<1<), tc epprcxlketdhy >0 pcts ci

tmd evdread li e scoldty wltm rdhetlvd herad mcu

sdmchbs eib e vdry nrdqudit usd cn pcttdry (Pcs

tdr 5<>0).

Lt wes suaadstdb ejcvd tmet epprcxlketdhy 54

pdcphd limejltdb tmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd, wmlom

wcuhb kdei e rdhetlvdhy herad mcusdmchb. Nur-tmdrkcrd, lt ls adidrehhy earddb upci tmet pct

tdry ls e vdry lkpcrteit utlhlty prcbuot li tmd

Derhy Idchltmlo. Lt sddks rdesciejhd tmdi tc

essukd tmet e mcusdmchb hlfo tmd cid et

Kcsdaerbdi pcssdssdb e herad iukjdr cn pcts.

Qd bc tmls tc disurd tmet tmd dstlketd oei jd

ndaerbdb es e klilkuk dstlketd.

Rmd jrdefead retd ls kelihy tldb tc tmrdd neo

tcrs (Ncstdr 5<>07>0=). Cid ls tmd strdiatm cn



1: RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

tmd pcttory7 wmdtmdr lt ls e burejhd werd nlrdb

et mlam tdkpdreturds cr e scnt, deslhy jrdefejhd

werd nlrdb et hcw tdkpdreturds. Rmd sdocib ls

tmd usd cn pcttdry7 tmdrd ls e jla blnndrdiodjdtwddi pcts usdb ncr brliflia, dspdolehhy ehoc

mch, eib tmcsd ncr detlia cr ncr stcrlia. Pcts

usdb ncr tmd ncrkdr purpcsd mevd e vdry smcrt

dxlstdiod, wmdrdes stcread pcts key hest ncr

keiy yders. Rmd tmlrb neotcr ls tmd kcbd cn usd

ockjlidb wltm tmd oeusd cn jrdefead7 ln tmd

pcts erd usdb et arcuib hdvdh tmdy erd kcrd

hlfdhy tc jrdef tmei ln tmdy erd usdb et e tejhd

cr ctmdr flib cn relsdb surneod. Nurtmdrkcrd,

ln pcts erd usdb et arcuib hdvdh lt ls cn oruoleh

lkpcrteiod wmdtmdr bckdstlo eilkehs erd ehhc-

wdb tc kcvd nrddhy li tmd sekd erde wmdrd tmd

pcts erd usdb.

Lt ls odrtelihy tmd jrdefead retd tmet mes tmd

ardetdst linhudiod ci tmd ekcuit cn pcttdry wd

nlib. Li dtmic-eromedchcaloeh stublds wd nlib lt

tc very ocislbdrejhy nrck scoldty tc scoldty.

Ekcia tmd Nuheil cn Icrtm Oekdrcci tmd

kdblei ead cn e pct ls 4.2 yders (Bevlb 5<156

Bevlb & Mdiila 5<1:), wmlhd ekcia tmd _ml-

pljc-Ociljc cn Pdru lt ls cihy 0.= yders (BdJcdr

& Hetmrep 5<1<). Et Kcsdaerbdi wd key

ohderhy dxpdot e vdry mlam jrdefead retd. Rmdpcttdry ls cn e hlamthy nlrdb, deslhy jrdefejhd

quehlty. Nurtmdrkcrd, wd key jd ocinlbdit tmet

kcst usd tccf pheod et arcuib hdvdh, eib wd

mevd ic rdesci tc jdhldvd tmet bckdstlo eilkehs

blb ict rcek nrddhy ci tmd sdtthdkdit sltd. Li

sckd espdots tmd sltuetlci kust jd vdry kuom

hlfd tmd cid wo nlib ekcia tmd _mlpljc-Ociljc,

ict hdest wltm rdaerb tc tmd strdiatm cn pcttdry.

Li jctm oesds wd erd bdehlia wltm oclhdb pcts

nlrdb li cpdi nlrds. Ei lkpcrteit blnndrdiod

key, mcwdvdr, jd tmd slailnloeiod cn bckdstlo

eilkehs. Ekcia tmd _mlpljc-Ociljc tmdy erd

uilkpcrteit, wmdrdes wd ficw tmet jctm oetthd,

plas eib smddp/acets wdrd prdsdit lit tmd Beilsm

Derhy Idchltmlo eib plas dspdolehhy key mevd

jddi iukdrcus (Kebsdi 5<=:). Li ocisdqudiod

tmd jrdefead retd mes prcjejhy jddi mlamdr et

Kcsdaerbdi tmei ekcia tmd _mlpljc-Ociljc's".

Lt smcuhb jd roehlstlo tmdi tc put tmd kdblei ead

cn pcts es hcw es 0.4 yders.

Qd key icw try tc dstlketd tmd klilkui

buretlci cn cooupeioy nrck tmd ejcvd nlaurds.

Rmd klilkuk iukjdr cn pcts wes sdt tc 5<:.

Qltm =0 pcts li cid mcusdmchb eib wltm e

kdblei ead cn pcts cn 0.4 yders wd adt ei dstl

ketd cn :.2 yders ncr tmd klilkuk buretlci cn

cooupeioy. Lt ls vdry hlfdhy tmet tmd eotueh bure

tlci wes hciadr, jut mcw kuom hciadr ls blnnlouht

tc dstlketd. Mcwdvdr, lt smcuhb jd ictdb tmet

tmd strlot craeilzetlci wd cjsdrvd ci tmd sltd

wcuhb prcjejhy ict mevd jddi prdsdit ln tmd

sltd meb jddi cooupldb ncr keiy yders. _ckd

flib cn rdcraeilzetlci wcuhb hlfdhy mevd tefdi

pheod cvdr tlkd, wmlom wcuhb jhur cur blstliot

ploturd cn crbdr. Rmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd ls ohderhye smcrt tdrk sltd eib wd bcujt vdry kuom ln lt

ocuhb mevd jddi cooupldb ncr kcrd tmei pdrmeps

tdi yders. Li ociohuslci wd key suaadst tmet

tmd buretlci cn cooupeioy wes sckdwmdrd

jdtwddi tmrdd eib tdi yders.

Nhlit westd eib -tcchs

Ockperdb wltm tmd ekcuit cn pcttdry ncuib et

tmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd, tmd iukjdr cn tcchs eib

westd nhlits ncuib wes surprlsliahy skehh. Cihysckd =40 pldods cn westd eib =? nhlit tcchs wdrd

ncuib li sltu. Rmd rdesci ncr tmls blsprcpcrtlci

smcuhb prcjejhy jd sddi li tmd accb ocibltlcis

ncr prdsdrvetlci cn pcttdry li rdhetlci tc wmet

ls icrkehhy tmd oesd. Rmd bdislty (nla. 1) cn westd

nhlit tefdi jy ltsdhn ls, mcwdvdr, vdry hcw ln wd

tefd litc ocislbdretlci tmet tmd buretlci cn

cooupeioy ls et hdest twc eib e mehn yders. Ei

dxpheietlci ncr tmls key jd tmet ict ehh nhlit

wcrflia tccf pheod ci tmd sltd.

Rurilia tc tmd blstrljutlci pettdri cn tmdwestd nhlit wd nlib e ocupho cn ictejhd ociodi-

tretlcis wmdi sddi li rdhetlci tc tmd evdread

bdislty (nla. 1). Cid ocioditretlci ls hcoetdb li

tmd bukp erde eib eictmdr ls ncuib li e sdkl-

olrohd wdst cn tmd nlrdpheod. Rmd hettdr ocioditre

tlci ls dspdolehhy litdrdstlia es lt prcjejhy kerfs

ei eotlvlty erde li ociidotlci wltm tmd nlrdpheod

wmdrd pdcphd set wcrflia.

Epprcxlketdhy ?0% cn tmd nhlit tcchs erd sdre-



DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF 1?

Nla. 1. E skcctmob bdislty kep cn thlllt bojrls ci Lmo Kcsdaerbdi sltd. 5, 0-? pldods pr . k-, :. ?-> pldods pr. ri-. ?. nl-<

pldods pr. k-. 2. Hlklt cn prdsdrvdb bdpcslts.

pdrs. Eictmdr ?0% ls kebd up cn e retmdr mdtd-

rcadidcus arcup cn filvds wltm verlcus ncrks

cn jeoflia eib rdtcuom li tmd blsteh dib. E tmlrb

vdry lkpcrteit arcup, ockprlslia epprcxlke-

tdhy :0% cn tmd tcchs, ls ocistltutdb cn sckd

vdry nlidhy bditlouhetob pldods. E hest roauher

arcup cn epprcxlketdhy 50% lskebdupcn ewhs.

E nlkotlcieh eiehysls cnsorepdrs eib bditlouhetds

E rdocistruotlci cn tmd sujslstdiod eib tesf

pdrncrkeiods tmet tccf pheod et tmd sltd cn

Kcsdaerbdi ieturehhy livchvds e bdtelhdb eiehy

sls cn tmd hltmlo livditcry. Jdslbds tmd dvlbdiod

alvdi jy kcrpmchcaloeh eib hcoetlcieh stublds,

ei lkpcrteit jcby cn Lincrketlci oei jd

dxtreotob nrck tmd stcid lkphdkdits jy kdeis

cn usd-wder eiehysls.

Li tmd nchhcwlia e ndw rdsuhts cn tmd nuiotlcieh

eiehysls cn tcchs nrck Kcsdaerbdi wlh! jd prd-

sditdb. Rmd prdsdit stuby mes ocioditretdb ci

sorepdrs eib bditlouhetds. Cjvlcushy tmls prd-

sditetlci ls alvdi cihy es ei dxekphd cn tmd

litdrprdtetlvd pctditleh cn usd-wder, wmlhd kcrd

adidreh stetdkdits ejcut tmd reiad cn eotlvltlds

et tmd sltd es rdprdsditdb jy tmd nhlit ertdneots

kust welt uitlh tmd tcteh ekcuit cn tcchs eib

bojlteao mevd jddi dxekliob.

Rmd wder stuby nchhcws tmd kdtmcb prdsditdb

jy Fddhdy (5<=0) eib tmd litdrprdtetlcis cn tmdklorcwder erd nurtmdrkcrd jesdb ci cid cn tmd

eutmcrs (M.G.G.) cwi cjsdrvetlcisci kcrd tmei

500 dxpdrlkditehhy usdb tcchs, kebd nrck hcoeh

Beilsm nhlit. Rmd eiehysls wes oerrldb cut jy

kdeis cn e rdnhdotdb hlamt klorcsocpd, typd

Chykpus JMK. et keailnloetlcis jdtwddi 500

eib 200 x.

E tcteh cn ?2 sorepdrs wdrd ncuib et Kcsdaer

bdi. Ncr verlcus rdescis 55 cn tmdsd wdrd



12 RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

5/50lik

Nla. =. Klorcarepms cn nhlit tcchs.

e. Nrdsm tccl dbad, smcwlia tmd berf. uidvdi surnedd typloeh cn uiusdb nhlit.

j. Dbad cn e sorepdr nrck Kcsdaerbdi (:04: FM). Ictd tmd kettd pchlsm eib tmd rcuiblia cn tmd vdry dbad (errcw),

oeusdb jy tmd wcrflia cn mlbd.

o. Dbad cn ei dxpdrlkditeh sorepdr usdb ci wccb. Rmd jrlamt eib skcctm. pchlsm wmlom mes bdvdhcpdb ci tmd dhdvetdb

perts cn tmd klorc-tcpcarepmlo surnedd steibs li ocitrest tc tmd crlalieh berf struoturd cn tmd nhlit (errcw).

b. Qccb pchlsm et tmd dbad cn e Kcsdaerbdi sorepdr (errcw) (:(54: _^).

d eib n. Dbad cn e boitlouhetdb plood usdb ncr pheit wcrflia (:04: CB). Ictd tmd jrlamt eib rdnhootlvo surnedd eib tmd

strletlcis, tmet libloetd tmd blrootlci cn usd (errcws).



DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF 14

dxohubdb nrck tmd eielysls7 bud tc ietureh cr

koomeiloeh eotlci < pldods smcwdb e smliy

hustrcus surneod wmlom ocvdrdb pcssljhd wcrf

pcllsmos, eib twc sorepdrs wdrd kebd ci e wmltd

omelfy nllit tmet turidb cut tc jd tcc rdnhdotlvd

li tmd klorcsocpd. Rmd rdsuhts cn tmd eielysls

cn tmd rdkelilia :? pldods erd es nchhcws7

Mlbd (nrdsm)

Mlbd (bry)

Qccb

"Merb ketdrleh"

2

1

1

:

ic wder treods ?

tcteh :?

Es smcwi li tmd tejhd, tmrdd sorepdrs wdrd ict

utlhlzdb, wmlhd tmd rdst smcwdb kcrd cr hdss wdhh

bdvdhcpdb wder ehcia tmd rdtcuomdb dbad. Li

ehh listeiods tmd pchlsm eib tmd strletlcis wdrd

crlditdb pdrpdiblouher tc tmd nrcit libloetlia e

soreplia cr pheilia kcvdkdit cn tmd tccl.

Dhdvdi pldods wdrd usdb ncr mlbd wcrflia (nla.

=j). Qltm tmd dxodptlci cn 2, tmd pchlsm wes

litorprdtdb es ocklia nrck bry mlbd, suaadstlia

tmet tmdsd lkphdkdits nuiotlcidb kelihy li tmdsdocibery cr "ourrylia" pert cn tmd mlbd prcods

slia.

_dvdi sorepdrs smcwdb treods cn wccb wcrf

lia (nla. =o eib b). Es ncr tmd hest twc pldods

tmd nuiotlci wes ohesslnldb es soreplia cn "merb

ketdrleh", sliod lt ocuhb ict jd bdolbdb wmdtmdr

tmd pchlsm wes oeusdb jy tmd wcrflia cn bry

wccb, jcid cr eithdr.

Ehtmcuam tmd sekphd ls skehh tmdrd sddk tc

jd sckd blnndrdiods li dbad eiahd eib dbad

tmlofidss jdtwddi mlbd sorepdrs eib wccb

wcrflia tcchs. Rmd dbad tmlofidss cihy ocisl-

bdrs tmd nlrst 4 kk cn tmd nrcit. Kdesurds erd

tefdi et twc pclits ehcia tmd dbad, /.d. et 5/?

eib :/? bcwi tmd hdiatm cn tmd rdtcuom. Rmd

nlieh dbad vehud ocistltutds ei evdread cn tmd

twc nlaurds ettelidb. Li adidreh tmd dbads cn

mlbd sorepdrs tdib tc jd kcrd eoutd tmei bc tmd

wccb wcrflia sorepdrs. Rmd kdei dbad eiahd

ci mlbd sorepdrs ls 41.4° eib tmd kdei tmlofidss

cn tmd dbad ls 4.4 kk, wmlhd tmd kdei dbad

eiahd eib dbad tmlofidss ci wccb sorepdrs erd

>>,1° eib 1 kk rdspdotlvdhy. Rmls ocrrdhetlci

jdtwddi dbad eib nuiotlci mes jddi cjsdrvdb

ci ctmdr sekphds cn idchltmlo nhefd sorepdrs.

Rmd rdhetlcismlp ls dvdi kcrd prcicuiodb ci

sorepdrs nrck tmd Klbbhd Idchltmlo sltd cn _erup

(Eibdrsdi 5<=5), wmdrd ehh tmd eiehysdb mlbd

sorepdrs wdrd nhet cr tmli dbadb wmlhd sorepdrs

wltm tmlof dbads prlkerlhy wdrd ncuib tc jd

wccb wcrflia tcchs (Gdppdsdi li prdss). Li tmls

oesd tmd eutmcr cihy usdb tmd kdesurd cn tmlof

idss cn tmd rdtcuomdb nrcit, jut li kcst listei

ods lt ls rdesciejhd tc ocislbdr tmd twc flibs cn

kdesurds - l.d. dbad eiahd eib dbad tmlofidss,

es supphdkditery.Rmd bditlouhetds ocistltutd eictmdr lkpcrteit

tccl arcup et tmd sltd. Rmd typd ls kebd ci kcrd

cr hdss lrrdauher nhefds cntdi wltm cid ocioevd

hetdreh dbad, wmlom mes jddi alvdi e sew-hlfd

bditlouhetlci, ncrkdb jy iukdrcus skehh, ohc-

sdhy speodb ictomds.

Cn tmd 54 pldods ncuib et tmd sltd cihy <

smcwdb treods cn wder. Li ehh oesds tmd pchlsm

wes ordetdb jy tmd wcrflia cn mlamhy slhlodcus

pheit ketdrleh. Ehtmcuam tmd pchlsm wes sc wdhh

bdvdhcpdb tmet li kcst listeiods lt ocuhb jdbdtdotdb wltm tmd iefdb dyd, lt blb ict dxtdib

ner jeof ci tmd surneod cn tmd pldod jut wes

ocinlidb tc tmd nlrst 5 '/:-: kk cn tmd vdry dbad.

Rmd blrdotlci cn tmd pchlsm, es wdhh es tmet cn

tmd strletlcis, wes crlditdb pdrpdiblouher cr et

mlam eiahds tc tmd dbad libloetlia e soreplia,

sphlttlia cn smevlia kcvdkdit. Rmd strletlcis

eib tmd kcst mdevlhy bdvdhcpdb wder wdrd

ncuib et tmd vditreh neod cn tmd tcchs wmlom kust

mevd ocistltutdb tmd hdeblia slbd (nla. = d eib

n). Li ehh oesds tmd pchlsm wes rdstrlotdb tc e

smcrt sdotlci cn tmd dbad hlid - jdtwddi 0.4 eib5.> kk, eib lt ls rdesciejhd tc essukd tmet

tmdsd kdesurdkdits ocistltutd tmd wlbtm cn tmd

ketdrleh wcrfdb.

Ehtmcuam tmd iukjdr cn eiehysdb pldods ls hlklt-

db, e ndw litdrdstlia ociohuslcis oei jd brewi

nrck tmd stuby cn tmd Kcsdaerbdi nhlits.

Rmd nlrst cjsdrvetlci ociodris tmd rchd cn bdi

tlouhetds. Rmls tccl typd sddks tc jd vdry ock-

kci et keiy Derhy Idchltmlo sltds li Bdikerf



1> RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

eib li tmd Nuomsjdra pmesd et tmd jdaliilia cn

tmd KlbbhdIdchltmlo(Hlvdrsead 5<=575206 Keb-

sdi 5<1=751?6 _feerup 5<147>? eib 5?=). _liod

qultd e iukjdr cn bditlouhetdb pldods smcw bls-

tliot treods cn ahcss ehcia tmd ictomdb dbad,

tmdy mevd trebltlciehhy jddi ohesslnldb es

"slofhds" eib tefdi es dvlbdiod cn tmd arcwlia

eib mervdstlia cn odrdehs (_feerup 5<147>?, 5?=

eib :05). Icw, usd-wder eiehysls cn tmd

Kcsdaerbdi pldods suaadsts tmet tmdsd tcchs

wdrd usdb ncr prcodsslia sckd flib cn slhlodcus

pheit ketdrleh - pcssljhy ncr kettlia, jesfdt

keflia cr mut julhblia. Rmd nuiotlcieh litdrprd-

tetlci cn tmd typd es e outtlia tccl, dkphcydb

li e mervdstlia earerlei eotlvlty, tmdrdncrd mestc jd rdvlsdb.

Rmd sdocib cjsdrvetlci ls rdhetdb tc tmd nuio-

tlci cn tmd sorepdrs. Rmd reiad cn ketdrlehs

wcrfdb sddks tc ocincrk tc tmd usd-pettdri

ctmdrwlsd ncuib ci Beilsm sorepdrs, wltm mlbd

eib wccb jdlia tmd kcst ockkci oeusds cn

wder. Mcwdvdr, tmd retlc jdtwddi tmd twc ketd

rlehs ls ict tmd sekd nrck cid sltd eib tlkd tc

tmd ctmdr. Rmus cjsdrvetlcis ci 5:: sorepdrs

ncuib li e sliahd bltom et tmd Klbbhd Idchltmlo

sltd cn _erup smcwdb e blnndrdit blstrljutlciwltm wccb-wcrflia sorepdrs jdlia jy ner tmd

kcst bcklieit nuiotlcieh typd (=2%), wmlhd tre

ods cn mlbd wcrflia wdrd ncuib ci cihy 52%

cn tmd sorepdrs (Gdppdsdi li prdss). Hlfdwlsd,

eiehysds cn sekphds cr tcteh ochhdotlcis cn sore

pdrs nrck e sdrlds cn Beilsm kdschltmlo sltds

smcw slailnloeit blnndrdiods li tmd mlbd/wccb

retlc nrck cid sltd tc tmd ctmdr (Gudh Gdisdi

5<=5, 5<=:e eib j6 Zeskussdi 5<=5).

Ln wd turi tc tmd blstrljutlci cn tmd sorepdrs

eib bditlouhetds et tmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd wltm

rdnordiod tc tmdlr usd, wd epperdithy bc ictnlib slailnloeit trdibs li tmd blstrljutlci cn tmd

blnndrdit usd-wder typds (nla. <). Rmdrd ls, mcw

dvdr, cid rdkerfejhd cjsdrvetlci tc jd kebd.

Ehkcst ehh cn tmd uiusdb pldods erd ncuib li cr

ercuib tmd bukp erde, wmdrd tmdrd erd cihy e

ndw pldods wltm usd-wder. Lt ls merb tc alvd eiy

setlsnylia dxpheietlci tc tmd pmdickdie, jut lt

ohderhy libloetds tmet tmdrd ls e rdeh nuiotlcieh

blnndrdiod jdtwddi tmd jheof eib tmd rdbblsm-

jrcwi ochcurdb ouhtureh bdpcslts.

Nrck sltd tc sltd oetomkdit erde

Qd icw mevd e bdtelhdb ploturd cn tmd Kcsdaer

bdi sltd. Qd ficw lts slzd, lts epprcxlketd iuk

jdr cn cooupeits eib lts craeilzetlci litc blnndr

dit nuiotlcieh erdes. Qd mevd e nelr lbde cn tmd

buretlci cn lts cooupeioy eib wd ficw sckd

cn tmd eotlvltlds teflia pheod ci tmd sltd. Icid

cn tmls Lincrketlci, mcwdvdr, mes mdhpdb us

blrdothy tc eiy uibdrsteiblia ociodrilia tmd

dxphcltetlci pettdri cn tmd surrcuiblia heib. Ln

jcids eib ctmdr craeilo ketdrlehs meb jddi prd-

sdrvdb wd wcuhb mevd meb sckd ohuds tc tmd

sujslstdiod eotlvltlds teflia pheod nrck tmd sltd,

jut lt ls bcujtnuh wmdtmdr tmet ehcid wcuhb alvdus eiy slailnloeit ficwhdbad jdycib wmet wd

ocuhb sendhy essukd eiymcw. E ndw fdridh

lkprdsslcis li tmd pcttdry suaadst areli arcwlia

eib bete nrck ctmdr Derhy Idchltmlo sltds suaadst

tmet wd key dxpdot tmd prdsdiod cn bckdstlo

pla, oetthd eib smddp/acet es wdhh es wlhb eil-

kehs, jut icwmdrd ls Lincrketlci evelhejhd tc

smcw tmd rdhetlvd lkpcrteiod cn tmdsd neotcrs.

Lkpcrteit lislamts rdhetlia tc tmd heib usd

pettdris ocuhb mevd jddi bdrlvdb nrck e hcoeh

pchhdi blearek blrdothy ocrrdhetdb wltm tmd sltd,jut suom e pchhdi blearek mes ict jddi cjtelidb

eib, li neot, ic suom blearek mes sc ner jddi

pujhlsmdb nrck eiy Derhy Idchltmlo sltd li Bdi

kerf. Lschetdb pchhdi sekphds nrck tmd jurldb

heib surneod jdidetm tmd jerrcw ocuhb mevd

jddi dvdi kcrd prcnltejhd, jut sekphds wdrd

ict cjtelidb eib, epert nrck e pertlehhy uisuo-

odssnuh ettdkpt et Hlibdjgdra (Hlvdrsead

5<=57522), tmls scrt cn pchhdi livdstlaetlci mes

ict jddi oerrldb cut li rdhetlci tc idchltmlo sltds

li Bdikerf.

E tmlrb pcssljlhlty ls e sltd oetomkdit eiehysls(^lte-Nlizl & Mlaas 5<10). Rmls typd cn eiehysls

ls ict jesloehhy bdpdibdit ci dxoevetlcis cn e

alvdi sltd, jut cihy ci tmd rdscurods surrcuiblia

lt eib tmd blsteiod tc tmdsd, ockjlidb wltm e

ictlci cn tmd jeslo typd cn docicky livchvdb

(^lte-Nlizl & Mlaas 5<106 Mlaas & ^lte-Nlizl

5<1:). Rmd uibdrhylia prdklsd ls tmet kei eots

retlciehhy li mls dxphcltetlci cn tmd surrcuiblia

rdscurods. Rmls kdeis tmet tmd tcteh dxphcltetlci



DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF 11

Nla. y. Blstrljutlci cn sorepdrs (rdoteiahds) eibboitlouhet os(o lroh ds) ci tmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd wltm tmdlr nuiotlciehoetdacrlds

kerfob7 M. mlbo. P. pheit. K. klssliacjsorvetlci. T. uiusdb. Q. wccb. Rmd hdadib ncr tmd phei ocrrospcibs wltm nla. :.

cn evelhejhd rdscurods nrck e sltd wlhh jd cptlkl-

zdb uibdr tmd hlkltetlci cn tmd ourrdit tdomic-

hcay. tmd jeslo typd cn docicky eib tmd blsteiod

neotcr nrck sltd tc rdscurods.

_ltd oetomkdit eiehysls li lts trebltlcieh ncrk,

mcwdvdr, oeiict jd eoodptdb. E keli prcjhdk

ls tmd essukdb retlciehlty cn kei. Libddb, li e

adidreh wey wd key sey tmet kei eots retlciehhy

ln wd tmdrdjy kdei tmet md eots nrck sckd flib

cn kctlvetlci, jut lt ls liocrrdot tc essukd tmet

md ehweys smcuhb jd retlcieh li tmd sdisd tmet

md cptlklzds cr kexlklzds tmd dxphcltetlci cn

mls surrcuiblias. Lt wcuhb jd ner kcrd ocrrdot

tc sey tmet kei eots docickloehhy (Kebsdi

5<=:), wmlom ls ei ditlrdhy blnndrdit kettdr, ncr

suom e stretday wcuhb cntdi rdsuht li klilklze-

tlci cn dxphcltetlci eib li uibdrprcbuotlci

(_emhlis 5<1:7 25-<<).

E vdry orltloeh rdvldw cn tmd kdtmcb cn sltd

oetomkdit eiehysls mes jddi alvdi jy Mcbbdr

& Crtci (5<1>7::<-:?>) eib tmdlr blsousslci

alvds e vdry ocivliolia eraukdit eaelist tmd

usd cn sltd oetomkdit eiehysls li tmd wey suaads-

tdb jy ^lte-Nlizl eib Mlaas, tmet ls es e kdeis

tc bdtdrklid heib usd pettdris ncr liblvlbuehsltds.

Qltmcut craeilo ketdrlehs prdsdrvdb ci tmd

Kcsdaerbdi sltd, wltmcut pchhdi eiehysls eibwltm tmd wdefidssds cn sltd oetomkdit eiehysls

rdocailzdb, tmdrd ls ic blrdot wey tc rdocistruot

tmd heib usd pettdri ociidotdb wltm Kcsdaer

bdi. Ln, mcwdvdr, wd eoodpt tmet kei eots retlc

iehhy li tmd sdisd tmet md ls keflia kctlvetdb

omclods, eib tmet mls omclod cn sdtthdkdit sltd

hcoetlci - lkphlolthy cr dxphlolthy - adidrehhy hdebs

mlk tc sdtthd li tmd vlolilty cn tmcsd rdscurods

wmlom md dxphclts, tmdi jy livdstlaetlia e heradr

iukjdr cn sltds wltmli e hlkltdb erde wd key



1= RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

ci e stetlstloeh jesls jd ejhd tc pclit tc tmcsd

rdscurods, wmlom wdrd cn lkpcrteiod li tmd heib

usd systdk. Qd wcuhb tmdi jd keflia e "tcp-bcwi" schutlci tc tmd prcjhdk. Rmet ls, wd

smcuhb stert cut wltm e rdocistruotlci cn tmd

ockphdtd sdtthdkdit systdk eib cihy hetdr trytc esslai e rchd li tmls systdk tc tmd liblvlbueh

sltds.

Zdodithy, cid cn us (Kebsdi 5<=:) uibdrtccfei eiehysls cn tmd wmchd cn tmd Rreatjedadrfuhtur

(RJF) li e 5>00 fk- herad erde cn Destdri Gut

heib wltmli wmlom tmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd ls sltu-

etdb. E tcteh cn 2? sdtthdkdit sltds eib :02 are-

vds, kcsthy koaehltmlo tckjs, ocuhb jd esslaidb

tc tmd RJF. Rmd hcoetlcicn tmdsd wdrd eiehyzdbli rdhetlci tc sclhtypds, ocesthlids, kegcr wetdr

ocursds eib wetdrsmdbs. Rmd rdesci ncr eiehy-

zlia tmd arevds li tmd sekd wey es tmd sdtthdkdit

sltds wes tmet tmd kciukditeh tckjs cn tmd RJF

oei jo dxpdotdb tc mevd nuiotlcidb es sykjchlo

kerfdrs cn rlamts tc heib. Rmet ls tmdy oei jddxpdotdb tc mevd jddi pheodb ohcsd tc cr blrdothy

ci tmd kcst vehuejhd heib (Omepkei 5<=5,

Kebsdi 5<=:).

Rmd rdsuhts cn tmd eiehysds wdrd7

- Rmdrd ls e ocislbdrejhd ocioditretlci cnarevds li tmd ocesteh zcid wltm herad dkpty spe

ods eib skehhdr hcoeh arcups liheib.

- Rmdrd ls e kerfdb tdibdioy ncr tmd arevds tc

jo sltuetdb ohcsd tc tmd kegcr wetdrocursds eib

ewey nrck tmd wetdrsmdbs.

- Jctm sdtthdkdit sltds eib arevds tdib tc jd

pheodb ci kcrd seiby sclh tmei wcuhb jd dxpdot

db nrck e reibckhy blstrljutdb sekphd cn sltds.

- Jctm sdtthdkdit sltds eib arevds erd pheodb

li erdes wltm e ardetdr tmei evdread iukjdr cn

blnndrdit sclh typds li tmd vlolilty eib tmus erdomereotdrlzdb jy e ardetdr tmei evdread blvdrslty

cn divlrcikdit.

Rmd adidreh ociohuslci wes tmet hcw hylia erdesohcsd tc kegcr wetdrocursds eib kelihy li tmd

ocesteh zcid wdrd prdndrrdb ncr sdtthdkdit. Nur-

tmdrkcrd, e blvdrsd divlrcikdit wes scuamt

entor wltm e shlamt prdndrdiod ncr seiby sclh li

tmd eotueh sdtthdkdit erde.

E ohcsdr livdstlaetlci cn tmd 2? sdtthdkdit

sltds suaadstdb tmet tmrdd blnndrdit typds cn sltds

ocuhb jd lschetdb7

- Cid typd, tdrkdb oetomlia sltds, liohubdb sltds

wmlom erd hcoetdb blrdothy ci tmd sde cr lefdocest. Rmdy erd typloehhy pheodb lkkdbletdhy

jdmlib tmd jdeomhlid, cntdi li ociidotlci wltm

e hcw ohlnn neod eib erd, wmdi ci tmd sde ocest,

eoockpeildb jy smdhh klbbdis.

- Rmd sdocib typd wes tdrkdb rdslbditleh sltds

eib liohubdb sltds ci nhet arcuib, cntdi ohcsdtc e wetdrocursd, sde cr Lefd, jut ict hcoetdb

blrdothy ci tmd smcrd.

- Rmd tmlrb typd wes tdrkdb oditrds eib ocislst-

db cn muad eib vdry rlom sltds pheodb ci prckci-

tcrlds strdtomlia cut litc ierrcw ngcrbs, hefds

eib jca erdes, cr jdtwddi twc ocinhudit wetdr

ocursds.

Cn tmdsd tmrdd typds, cihy oxekphds cn tmd

ncrkdr twc ocuhb jd ettrljutdb tc tmd Derhy Idc-hltmlo. E tcteh cn 52 sltds jdhcia tc tmls pdrlcb

eib 5: cn tmdsd erd sltuetdb hdss tmei ? fk nrck

tmd ocest (nla. 5), tmd rdkelilia twc jdlia ner

liheib. Ekcia tmdsd 5: sltds wd nlib tmd

Kcsdaerbdi sltd oetdacrlzdb es e rdslbditlehsltd. Li tmd nchhcwlia wd wlhh tefd e ohcsdr hccf

et tmd prcpdrtlds cn tmd erdes surrcuiblia tmdsd

5: sltds.Qd mevd omcsdi tc lschetd slx verlejhds. Rmdsd

erd seiby sclh, oheydy sclh, bekp erdes, ocest,

strdek omeiidhs eib sde erde. Qd ocuhb mevd

kebd e kcrd bdtelhdb blstliotlci jdtwddi sclh

typds tmei gust seiby eib oheydy sclh, jut wltm

cihy 5: sltds li tmd eiehysls tmls wcuhb jd tc

cvdrbc tmlias. Rmd blstliotlci jdtwddi seiby

eib oheydy sclh wes bdolbdb nrck tmd idwhy

pujhlsmdb sclh ohesslnloetlci smddts (Heibjruas-

klilstdrldt 5<1=-1<). Rmd dxtdit cn tmd bekp

erdes wes tefdi nrck ei 57:0.000 crbieiod sur-vdy kep brewi li tmd hetdr mehn cn tmd hest odi-

tury. Rmls smcuhb disurd tmet tmd ocvdread cn

bekp erdes ls es ohcsd tc prdmlstcrld ocibltlcis

es ls pcssljhd, es breliead prcareks meb ict ydt

stertdb et eiy ardet soehd wmdi tmd keps wdrd

brewi. Jy tmd "ocest" wd kdei e 40 k jrceb

zcid nrck tmd jdeomhlid liheib, eib jy "strdek

omeiidhs" wd kdei tmcsd omeiidhs tmet erd

ordetdb et ierrcw pesseads li ngcrbs jy tmd tlbd

ourrdit. Nliehhy jy tmd "sde" ls kdeit wmet



DEZL.\ IDCHLRMlr BDIKEZF 1<

Nla. 50. Bct pTlilkoLor es llsob li tmd eroe eiehysls.

rdkelis cn selt wetdr erdes wmdi tmd strdek

omeiidhs erd bdbuotdb.

Rc eiehysd tmd erde ercuib e sltd pcsds keiy

cpdretlcieh blnnlouhtlds epert nrck tmd lschetlci

cn tmd verlejhds tc jd usdb. Rmd nlrst eib kcstorltloeh pclit ls mcw bc wd kdesurd tmd verle

jhds3 Ln, ncr listeiod, wd bdolbd tc kdesurd tmd

verlejhds wltmli e reblus cn : fk nrck tmd sltd

eib wd bc lt strelamt ncrwerbhy jy kdesurlia

tmd erde cn tmd verlejhds, tmdi tmd erde tc jd

ncuib jdtwddi 5.4 fk eib 5 fk wlhh ocuit

sdvdi tlkds es kuom es tmd erde tc jd ncuib

wltmli tmd nlrst 0.4 fk nrck tmd sltd. Rmls ls jy

ic koeis rdesciejhd. Ic kettdr wmdrd wd

bdolbd tc put tmd cutdr hlklt cn cur erde cn kde-

surdkdit wd wlhh mevd e sltuetlci wmdrd tmdrdscurod erdes nurtmdst ewey nrck tmd sltd erd

tmcsd alvdi tmd ardetdst lkpcrteiod li tmd eie

hysds. E jdttdr schutlci ls tc wdlam tmd lkpcr

teiod cn tmd kdesurdb erdes es e nuiotlci cn tmd

blsteiod nrck tmd sltd. Qd bdolbdb tc alvd ehh

erde wltmli 0.4 fk nrck tmd sltd ei dqueh wdlamt

jut nrck tmdro cutwerbs tc wdlam tmd erdes prc-

ardsslvdhy li suom e wey tmet tmdlr ebbltlcieh

ocitrljutlci tc tmd cvdrehh bdsorlptlci cn tmd

sltd divlrcikdit ls fopt prcpcrtlcieh wltm tmd

arcwtm li blsteiod nrck tmd sltd. Rc kefd tmls

cpdretlcieh wd ocistruotdb tmd bct pheilkdtdr

smcwi li nla. 50 (ncr tmd usd cn e bct pheilkdtdrsdo Kcifmcusd & Qlhflisci 5<15714). Qltmli

e reblus cn 0.4 fk nrck tmd oditrd tmd bcts erd

dvdihy speodb (=? li ehh). Nrck tmdrd ci tmdy

erd pheodb li rebletlia hlids wltm =0 bcts wltmli

deom ocisdoutlvd 0.4 fk jeib. Rc bc tmd eotueh

kdesurdkdit e kep ncr deom sltd (nla. 55 eib

5:) smcwlia tmd blstrljutlci cn tmd slx verlejhds

wes ockplhdb, eib e treisperdioy cn tmd bct

pheilkdtdr wes pheodb cvdr tmd keps.

E sdocib prcjhdk ls mcw herad ei erde ercuib

e sltd cid smcuhb ocvdr wltm tmd eiehysls. Ls e

L fk reblus sunnlolæit cr ls e 4 fk reblus iddb-

db3 Lt ls lkpcssljhd tc alvd e slkphd eiswdr tc

tmet qudstlci. Li teot. tmd eiswdr ncr tmd kcst

pert kust jd scuamt li tmd rdsuhts cn tmd eiehysls

ltsdhn. Qd iddb, mcwdvdr, tc sdt sckd uppdr

hlklt ncr tmd eiehysls. Li tmd listeiods wmdrd wd

erd bdehlia wltm skehh sdtthdkdit uilts wd mevd

ict ncuib lt idodssery tc eiehysd erdes nurtmdr

ewey tmei : fk nrck tmd sltds. Rc arebd tmd

eiehysls wd kebd ncur blnndrdit bete ketrlods,

cid ncr deom cn tmd ncur erdes ercuib tmd sltd,

wltm rebllcnC.4, 5.0, 5.4 eib :.0 fk. Deom beteketrlx tmdi ocislsts cn bct nrdqudiolds ocuitdb

ci tmd pheilkdtdr ncr deom sltd sdperetdhy eorcss

tmd slx erde-typd verlejhds.

E tmlrb eib nlieh prcjhdk ls tc nlib e rdhdveit

eiehysls tc bdeh wltm tmd bete. Qd mevd omcsdi

tmd kuhtlverletd ocrrdspcibdiod eiehysls (Mlhh

5<126 J0hvlfdi dt eh. 5<=5 eib li prdss). Rmls

typd cn eiehysls. wmlom cpdretds ci ejuib6kod

bete, ls ohcsdhy rdhetdb tc tmd prliolpeh ockpc

idit eiehysls (Bcrei & Mcbsci 5<147 5<0-5<1).

Rmdrd erd, mcwdvdr, lkpcrteit blnndrdiods nrcktmd hettdr (Jchvlfdi dt. eh. 5<=57 2?-22). Rmd

blsteiod ociodpt usdb ls tmd xY-blsteiod listdeb

cn tmd Duohlbdei blsteiod usdb li prliolpeh ock

pcidit eiehysls. _docibhy tmd slzd cn tmd uilts

linhudiods tmd blrdotlci cn tmd prliolpeh exds.

Rmet ls, e herad uilt wltm keiy ocuits ci tmd

verlejhds, wdlams mdevldr tmei e skehh uilt wltm

ndw ocuits. E nlieh eib kcst lkpcrteit blnndr-

oiod ls tmet tmd ocrrdspcibdiod eiehysls ls syk

kdtrld wltm rdaerb tc uilts eib verlejhds. Qd



=0 RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

w

Nla. 55. Zdscurod-typd blstrljutlci et tmd Kcsdaer

bdi sltd. 5. bekp erdes, :. ocesteh zcid. ?. oheydy

sclh. 2. seiby sclh. 4. sde. >. strdek omeiidhs. _ters,

kdaemtmlo arevds.

fk

Nla. 5:. Zdscurod-typd blstrljutlci et eoetomlia sltdet _toisjehho _uib. Hdadib es li Nla. 55.



DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF =5

r ; 400 k-5 0 5

K< 5 h • • • CC c CC Y c52 : X 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 0

Ka ( . X XoXeydysclh

ocest sdc strdekomeiidh

4>.1 %

r ; 5000

>Ka

5 l X4 1

bekp seibyerdes sclh

oheydysclh

C «BC Cc 00 c c

ocest

C

c c Y

sde strdekotleiidh

><,4 %

r ; 5400 k

4=: X<Ka X

bekp seiby

erdes sclh

oheydy

sclh

C Uøckc 00 0 c

OCA_t

0|c

Pc

sde strdek

omeiidh

1?.0 %

r; :000 k.

55<

14.5 %

•C CB C • C 5 c? X X < 0 0 0 0 0 C X 0

Kabe kp seYby oheydy ocest sìe strd eker de s sclh sclh omeiidh

Nla. 5,Y. E phctcn oeom ct tmd nlrstprliolpehexosnrcil tmd tcur ocrrdspciboioo eiehysds. Ncr nurtmdrdxpheietlcisdd tmotd xt.

key pdrncrk tmd eielysls sc tc spdeto wltm tmd

verlejhds es tmd uilts eib tmd uilts es tmd verlejhds, eib tmd rdsuht wd rdodlvd ls dqulvehdit tc

tmet bdnlidb li tdrks cn tmd uilts es uilts. Rmls

kdeis tmet lt ls pcssljhd tc ocislbdr uilts eib

verlejhds tcadtmdr li tmd rdbuodb ketdrleh li e

koeilianuh wey. Rmd eielysls dstejhlsmds e scrt

cn ocrrdspciboioo jotwddi uilts eib verlejhds

eib lt ls pcssljhd tc phct jctm uilts eib verlejhds

ci tmd seko exls ncr ei lkkobletd vlsueh litdr-

prdtetlci, wmlom tmoi oei jd suppcrtob jy bln

ndrdit tejhds wltm bleaicstlo Lincrketlci. Rmd

eielysls wes pdrncrkdb jy e prcarek wrlttdi

liADI_RERjy Drlf J0hvlfoi.Rcro_omwdbdr

eib Hdlv _chmolk et tmd uilvdrslty et Rrcks0.

E ocrrdspciboioo eielysls wes pdrncrkdb ci

deom cn tmd tcur beteketrlods kditlciob ejcvo.

Li nla. 5? wd mevd smcwi tmd twdhvd sltds eib

slx verlejhds phcttdb tcadtmdr ci tmd nlrst prliol-

peh exls cn deom cn tmd ncur eiehysds. Rc tmd hdnt

tmd reblus cn tmd erde eiehyzdb ls alvdi eib tc

tmd rlamt tmd pdroditead cn tmd tcteh verleiod

dxphelidb jy tmd exls. Deom sltd ls rdprdsditdb

es dltmdr ei cpdi olrohd, libloetlia tmet sde smdhhs

mevd jddi ncuib ci tmd sltd, cr es e schlb olrohd,wmlom kdeis tmet smdhhs erd klsslia. Jdidetm

deom sltd e nlaurd alvds tmd iukjdr cn tckjs

hcoetdb wltmli tmd erde eiehyzdb. Rmd Kcsdaer

bdi sltd ls kerfdb wltm ei KA li tmd phcts.

Lt ls dvlbdit nrck tmd phcts tmet wd erd bdehlia

wltm twc pcpuhetlcis cn sltds, wmlom erd blsorl-

klietdb jy blnndrdiods li tmd ockpcsltlci cn

rdscurod verlejhds. Rmd blsorlklietlci ls vory

kerfdb dspdolehhy et 400 eib 5 ()()() k rebll eib

kust jd eoodptdb wmdi ocislbdrlia tmd dxtrd-

kdhy mlam dxpheietlci pdroditead cn tmd exds.Nurtmdrkcro, lt ls jeofdb jy e ocrrdspciblia

ohder sdperetlci li tmd iukjdr cn tckjs eib

tmd prosoioo cn smdhhs ci tmd sltds.

Cid arcup wmlom ocislsts cn nlvd sltds ls ome-

reotdrlzdb jy bekp erdes eib seiby sclh. Rmdrd

erd ic smdhhs ci tmdsd sltds eib tmdy mevd nrck

5 tc 2 tckjs wltmli tmd 400 k reblus eib nrck

? tc 55 wltmli tmd :()()() k reblus. Rmd ctmor

arcup, wmlom ocislsts cn tmd rdkelilia sovoi

sltds, ls prlkerlhy omereotdrlzdb jy strdek omei-



=: RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

idhs, tmd sde eib tc e hdssdr bdardd ocestmids.

_mdhhs erd ficwi nrck slx cn tmd sltds li tmdhettdr arcup eib icid cn tmdk mevd tckjs wltmli

tmd :000 k reblus.

E plct ncr tmd hCCC k erde cn tmd twc nlrst

prliolpeh exds tcadtmdr dxphelilia es kuom es<2.<% cn tmd tcteh verletlci ls smcwi li nla. 52.

Rmet ls, li neot, ehkcst ehh cn tmd verletlcieoocuitdb ncr li cid phct, eib lt smcws ohderhy

tmd sdperetlci cn tmd twc arcups eib lt ehsc

alvds tmd rdhetlcismlps cn tmd liblvlbueh sltds tctmd rdscurdd verlejhds. Rc alvd ei lbde cn tmd

keailtubd cn tmd liblvlbueh rdscurod erdes li

rdletlci tc tmd twc arcups cn sltds et blnndrdit

blsteiods, Rejho 5 mes jddi ockplhdb. Lt smcwstmd evdread rdhetlvd nrdqudiolds, eib lt dkdrads

tmet tmcsd rdscurod verlejhds tmet wdrd ncuibtc jd omereotdrlstlo cn tmd twc arcups rdspdotlvd-

hy rdeom tmdlr mlamdst rdhetlvd nrdqudioy ohcsdst

tc tmd sltds eib systdketloehhy bdohlid es suoods-slvdhy heradr erdes erd tefdi litc ocislbdretlci.

Rmls libloetds tmet tmd sltds wdrd pheodb bdhljd-

retdhy li e pcsltlci wmdrd tmd evelhejlhlty eibtmd eoodss tc odrteli rdscurod verlejhds wes cptl-

keh. Ncr tmd arcup cn sdvdi sltds wmlom erdlbditloeh wltm tmd oetomlia sltds kditlcidb der-

lldr lt ls tmd strdek omeiidhs, tmd sde eib tmd

ocesthlid wmlom erd tmd oruoleh verlejhds ncrbdolblia sltd hcoetlci. Ncr tmd ctmdr arcup lbdi

tloeh wltm tmd rdslbditleh sltds kditlcidb lt ls

tmd bekp erdes eib tmd seiby sclh wmlom erdtmd verlejhds bdtdrklilia sltd hcoetlci.

Heib llsd pethdks cn tmd Derhy Idchltmlo nerkdrs

Ei ettdkpt tc rdocistruot tmd heib usd pettdris

cn tmd derhy nerkdrs kust ieturehhy tefd tmd

pehedcitchcaloeh rdocrb litc ocislbdretlci, eibnrck tmls wd hderi ncr Bdikerf li aoidreh twc

kcst lkpcrteit tmlias. Nlrsthy, tmet tmd ncrdst

wes ehkcst tctehhy uienndotdb jy tmd eotlvltldscn tmd derhldst nerkdrs, eib sdocibhy, tmet tmcsd

eotlvltlds tmet blb coour jdncrd tmd adidreh

"heibiek" bdvdhcpdb et tmd jdaliilia cn tmdKlbbhd Idchltmlo cihy rdsuhtdb li smcrthlvdb

hcoeh outtlias tmet qulofhy rdadidretdb litc

ncrdst eaeli. Ln wd ockjlid tmls wltm tmd bdtdo-

tlci kebd jy Gcms. Lvorsdi, tmet tmd ncrdst ohoer-lias cn tmd RJF prcjejhy wdrd pert cn e shesm

eib juri systdk, wd adt ei libloetlci ncr tmd

Derhy Idchltmlo es mevlia e skehh soeho, kcjlhd,shesm eib juri docicky (ncr bdtelhs eib rdndrdi-

ods sdd Kebsdi 5<=:).

Ln wd turi tc tmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd wd nlib tmls

libloetlci mlamhlamtdb jy tmd dvlbdiod es cuthl-idb ejcvd. Qd bc libddb mevd e skehh soehd

sltd wltm e vdry smcrt buretlci cn cooupeioy,

wmlom sddks tc nlt pdrndothy litc tmd pettdrisuaadstdb jy tmd pehedcitchcaloeh rdocrb. Rmet

ls tmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd kust jd rdaerbdb es e

sltd nrck wmlom shesm eib juri earlouhturd wespreotlsdb.

Rmls, mcwdvdr, oei cihy eoocuit ncr pert cn

tmd cjsdrvdb ocverletlci ekcia tmd rdscurodverlejhds li tmd ocrrdspcibdiod eiehysls eib

ehsc tmd heof cn slofhds ekcia tmd ertlneots libl

oetds tmet areli arcwlia wes prcjejhy ict ehhtmet lkpcrteit. Rmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd ndlh li e

arcup cn nlvd sltds omereotdrlzdb jy seiby sclheib bekp erdes. Qmdrdes tmd ncrkdr ettrljutd

vdry wdhh key jd dxphelidb jy tmd shesm eib

juri eotlvltlds wmdrd tmd hlamtdr sclhs key mevdjddi prdndrrdb, tmd hettdr, mcwdvdr, oeiict jd

dxphelidb li tmls wey. Qd cuamt mdrd tc rdkdk-

jdr tmet wd erd ict bdehlia wltm ei cpdi ocui-tryslbd, jut e tctehhy ncrdstdb erde kcsthy

ocvdrdb jy e bdisd eib berf hlkd ncrdst. Cihy

li eib ercuib tmd bekp erdes e verldb eib kcrdhlamt cpdi vdadtetlci ocuhb jd ncuib. Lt wes

mdrd tmet tmd mlamdst ietureh nddblia pctoitleh

ncr eilkehs ocuhb jd ncuib eib lt ls kcst prcjejhy mdrd tmet tmd derhy nerkdrs mdhb tmdlr hlvd-

stcof. Rmls tmdy ocuhb bc wltmcut litdrndrlia

kuom wltm tmd ietureh divlrcikdit prcvlbdbtmet tmdlr tdrrltcry wes herad dicuam (Kebsdi5<]:). Plas dspdolehhy, wcuhb nddb wdhh ci tmdhcw bekp arcuib, jut oetthd ehsc ocuhb bc wdhh

tmdrd. Lt smcuhb sdrlcushy jd ocislbdrdb wmdtmdr

tmls typd cn heib usd wes e kuom kcrd prckliditeib lkpcrteit pert cn tmd derhy nerklia doc

icky tmei wes areli arcwlia ci e shesm eib

juri jesls (Kebsdi 5<=:). Bdspltd tmdlr skehhiukjdr, sorepdrs ehsc sddk tc libloeto e kuom



DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF =?

:4.2%

0.4

•0 4-

CFehv0(CL

CDadmcvdb 50[

_DE

_RZDEKOMEIIDH_

Nrdbdrlfscbbd(C)

L

CHcbbditct LC)

C IcrsklibdhC)

OCE_R

CHlibsfcv(C)

C_tdisjehhdhC) OHE\D\_PLH

Zubd,_fcv|1)

• _EIB\_PLH

Kcsdalrbdi (>)

Kcdsanhrb _fkL. (5)

bekperdes

(HeiajehhdT)

tM«rrdt(4)

><.4 %

-5.0 •0,4 0.4 5.0

Nla. 52. E phct cn tmd nlrst twc prliolpeh exds nrck tmd ocrrdspcibdiod eiehysls cn tmd 5000 k erde . Ncr nurtmdr dxpheietlci

sdd tmd tdxt.

mlamdr libdx cn mlbo wcrflia tmei ls tmd oesd

hetdr ci burlia tmd Klbbhd Idchltmlo. Qmetdvdr

lt key jd wcrtm stetlstloehhy, tmls oei jd tefdi

es e pclit li nevcur cn e rdhetlvdhy mlam bdpdi-

bdiod ci eilkehs.

Bekp erdes, ehtmcuam ict uiockkci li Bdi

kerf, erd e ner kcrd soerod eib ocinlidb

rdscurod tmei seiby cr oheydy sclh. Rmdy key,

tmdrdncro, qlllofhy mevd jdocko e mlamhy vehudbeib scuamt entdr rdscurod li e scoldty bdpdibdit

upci nddblia bckdstlo eilkehs nrck tmdlr vdad-

tetlci eib tmd vdadtetlci cn tmdlr surrcuiblia

pdrlkdtdr. Ockpdtltlci ncr suom e rdscurod

ocuhb, epert nrck vlchdiod, jd ocitrchhdb jy

rdocailzdb sykjchlo kerfdrs cn rlamts tc heib.

Rmd kciukoiteh tckjs cn tmd RJF key jd

vldwdb es suom kerfdrs (Omepkei 5<=5) eib

wd nlib tmdk ocisteithy sltuetdb ohcsd tc tmd

keli wetdrocursds eib mdiod ohcsd tc tmd kegcr

pert cn tmd bekp erdes (Kebsdi li prdss). Es

smcwi ejcvd, tmdrd wdrd keiy tckjs li tmd

vlolilty cn tmcsd sltds omereotdrlzdb jy bekp

erdes, tmet ls tmd nlvd rdslbditleh sltds. Kcst cn

tmdsd tckjs erd prcjejly hetdr tmei tmd sdtthd-

kdit sltds, prdsukejhy betlia nrck tmd joali-

ilia cn tmd Klbbhd Idchltmlo. Rmdy bc, mcwovdr,

pclit tc tmcsd spdolnlo erdes, wmlom wmdi e arcw-

lia pcpuhetlci oekd uibdr strdss, wcuhb mevdjddi kcst mlamhy vehudb rdscurod erdes, eib lt

sddks rdesciejhd tc essukd tmet tmdsd erdes

nrck tmd cutsdt wdrd scuamt ncr.

Rmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd smcuhb tmdi jd sddi es tmd

jesd oekp cn e skehh arcup cn pdcphd - ei

dxtoibdb neklhy cn epprcxlketdhy 54 liblvl-buehs. Rmdy hlvdb li e ndw muts cn e retmdr hlamt

ocistruotlci, wmlom wdrd prcjejly ict julht tc

hest hcia es tmd sltd wes cihy litdibdb ncr e ndw

yders cn cooupeioy. Rmd heib usd cn tmd limejl-



=2 RCZ_RDI KEB_DI. DR EH.

teits prcjejhy liohubdb twc blnndrdit eotlvltlds.Cid wes slesm eib juri earloumurd ci tmd seiby

sclh eib tmd ctmdr wes eilke! musjeibry utlhlz-lia tmd ietureh rdscurods cn tmd ncrdst. Hcwarcuib wltm bekp erdes wes odrtelily cn lkpcr-

teiod li tmet ociidotlci. Lt key jd dxpdotdb

tmet plas wdrd dspdolehly relsob. jut oetthd ehsckey mevd jddi cn ictejhd slailnloeioo. Cn tmdsd

twc typds cn heib usd lt key wdhh turi cut tmet

tmd hettor wes tmd kcrd lkpcrteit. Epert nrcktmd nccb prcbuolia eotlvltlds lt key ehsc jd

dxpdotdb tmet sckd muitlia eib aetmorlia tccf

pheod nrck tmd sltd, jut wd mevd ic pcsltlvoLincrketlci tc rohy ci.

Lt ls epperdit tmet wmlhd tmd sltd wes limejltdb

e stejhd sltd struoturd ocitliudb wmlom rdsuhtdb

li tmd crborhy hey cut diocuitdrdb et tmd dxoe-vetlci. Rmls prcjejhy ocuhb ict mevd meppdidb

ln tmd sltd meb jddi limejltdb ncr keiy yders.

Idvdrtmdhdss, tmd ekcuit cn pcttdry hdnt sua-adsts tmet tmd buretlci cn cooupeioy wes et hdest

twc eib e mehn yders. _o wd key oeutlcushy sua-aost tmet tmd sltd wes cooupldb ncr e ndw yders

joncro lts hcoetlci smlntdb. Rmls smlntlia cn sltd

hcoetlci iddb ict mevd eiytmlia tc bc wltm

dxmeustlci cn rdscurods. Rmd kctlvetlci ncr nrdqudit smlnts ocuhb jd eiytmlia, jut lt bcds libl-

oeto tmet retmor herad tdrrltcrlds wdrd evellejhdncr rosdtthdkdit.

Rmd Kcsdaerbdi sltd ltsdhn wes prcjejhy ict tmd

cihy sltd livchvdb li tmd yderhy olrohd cn tmd

limejlteits. _liod _feerup (5<1?) nlrst pclitdbtc tmd dxlstdiod cn oetomlia sltds li tmd RJF, lt

mes jddi dvlbdit, dspdolehly ncr tmd Derhy Idc-hltmlo. tmet tmdsd sltds wdrd e pdrkeidit eiblkpcrteit pert cn tmd derhy nerkdr's dvdrybey

hlno. Li tmd eiehysls wd ocuhb pclit tc sdvdi suomsltds ehh omereotdrlzdb jy jdlia pheoob li cptlkehpcsltlcis li rdhetlci tc strdek omeiidhs, sde eib

ocest, eib ehh jut cid erd eoockpeildb jy smdhh

klbbdis. Lt ls dvlbdit tmet dspdolehly nlsmlia eibaetmorlia cn kchhusos tccf pheod nrck tmdsdsltds, wmlom ls ehsc ettdstob nrck dxoevetdb sltds.

Cptlkeh rdscurod erdes cn tmls typd erd kuom

kcrd soerod tmei dvdi bekp erdes, eib wd ocuhb

dxpdot tmet tmdy jchbhy wcuhb mevd jddi kerfdbnrck tmd cutsdt. Rmls, mcwdvdr. bcds ict sddk

tc mevd jddi tmd oesd. Es smcwi li tmd eiehysls,tmdrd ls e ocisploucus heof cn tckjs li tmd vloli-

lty cn tmdsd sltds eib tmd rdscurod erdes tmdyocitrch. Rmls ocuhb dltmdr jd jdoeusd tmd rdscurods evellejhd tmdrd wdrd ict rdehhy vehudb cr,

kuom kcrd prcjejhd, tmet tmdy wdrd rdaerbdb

es ockkuieh rdscurods. Rmls wcuhb kdei tmetkeiy blnndrdit arcups rdslblia li blnndrdit erdes

wcuhb nrddhy aetmdr mdrd eib utlhlzd tmd sekd

rdscurods nrck tmd sekd sltds cr nrck blnndrditsltds iderjy deom ctmdr.

Rmd limejlteits et Kcsdaerbdi wcuhb tmdi

prcjejhy kcvd et odrteli tlkds cn tmd yder tc

sdhdotdb hcoetlcis ehcia tmd ocest, wmdrd nlsmliaeib smdhh aetmorlia wes cptlkeh. Rmdy iddb ict

mevd kcvdb vdry ner. Rmd iderdst oetomlia sltdwd ficw cn ls cihy 4 fk ewey eib tmd iderdst

cptlkeh hcoetlci ncr e oetomlia sltd key jd cihy

? fk ewey. Qltm suom smcrt blsteiods lt keymevd jddi kcsthy cooesslcieh vlslts tmet wdrd

kebd et odrteli tlkds cn tmd yder. Lt key ehsc

mevd jddi cihy pert cn tmd arcup tmet kcvdbhdevlia tmd rdst tc tdib ncr tmd eilkehs.

Rmd ploturd brewi mdrd cn tmd wey cn hlnd cn tmd

derhldst nerkdrs li Bdikerf, kelihy jesdb ci

tmd dxoevetlcis et Kcsdaerbdi wltm supphdkdi-tery dvlbdiod nrck ctmdr sltds omldnhy li oditreh

destdri Gutheib, ls iow li keiy espdots. Ltjrdefs ockphdtdhy wltm tmd lbde cn herad vlhhead

ockkuiltlds tmet mes sc ner prdvelhdb eib strds-

sds tmd lkpcrteiod cn skehh rdslbdiod uilts litmd Derhy Idchltmlo wmlom, cn ocursd, stlhh key

jd pert cn e trljeh ockkuilty. Rmd crlali cn tmdlbde cn herad vlhhead ockkuiltlds nrck tmd cut

sdt cn tmd Idchltmlo smcuhb perthy jd ncuib li

tmd klslitdrprdtetlci cn tmd Jerfedr struoturds,eib perthy li e klsepphldb eiehcay wltm tmd

Jeibfdreklf. Qd nddh, mcwdvdr, tmet tmd

eromedchcaloeh dvlbdiod icw vory strciahy suppcrts e blnndrdit litdrprdtetlci, eib suaadstlcis

ncr e idw kcbdh mevd jddi alvdi li tmls pepdr.

Liohubdb li tmls kcbdh ls ehsc e idw ettltubdtcwerbs tmd heib uso pettdris. Qd wcuhb hlfd

tc sdd tmd nerklia systdk es cid ohcsdhy ebeptdb

tc tmd ncrdst divlrcikdit, eib ict es cn tdi mesjddi tmd oesd, es e typloeh cpdi heib systdk

pheodb li e ohderlia li tmd ncrdst.



•YY•r 5 ‒ « l w w Z Y ••

DEZH\ IDCHLRMLO BDIKEZF =4

JLJHLCAZEPM\

Eiborsoi, Ildhs, M. (5<=5), _erup7 jdnesstdbd idchltlsfd eiheda ca bdrds jeaaruib. Fllkh 5<=0,p. >?-50?.

Jdofdr, O.G. (5<4?), 0ridfuh pe Idfsdh07 Di sgehheibsf _tdiehbdrjcphebs kdb Mustcktdr. Eer-

m0adr ncr icrblsf Chbfyiblamob ca Mlstcrld 5<4:, p. >0-50=.

Jrcmchk, M.O. & G.P.Zeskussdi (5<?5), Dli stdlizdlthldmdr Meusaruib jdl _treibdaeerb, Cstsdd-

heib. Eote Eromedchcaloe :, p. :>4-:1=.

J0hvlfdi, D. dt. eh. (5<=5), Prdhlkliery Hdoturd Ictds ncr tmd Icrblo Zdsderom Ocursd li Kuhtlve-

rloltd Eiehysls li Eromedchcay. Listltutdt ncr Ketdketlsfo Zdehnea. Tilvdrslty cn Rrcks0.

J0hvlfoi, D. dt. eh. (li prdss), E nlieh eib diheradb vdrslci cn tmd ejcvd pujhloetlci.

Oessdhjdrry, D. (5<14), Nurtmdr rdnlidkdit cn ncrkuhed ncr bdtdrklilia pcpuhetlci trck thccr

erde. Qcrhb Eromedchcay >, p. 551-5::.

Omepkei. Zcjort. (5<=5), Rmd dkdradiod cn ncrkeh blspcseh erdes eib tmd "prcjhok" cn kdaehltmlo

tckjs li prdmlstcrld Durcpd, li7 Zcjdrt Omepkei, hei Fliids & Fheus Zeibsjcra (db.), Rmd

Eromedchcay cn Bdetm, p. 15-=:, Oekjrlbad.

Occf, _.N. (5<1:), Prdmlstcrldbdkcarepmy, Ebblsci-Qdshdy Kcbuher Pujhloetlcis, Kcbuhd 5>.

Bevlb, Ilomches (5<1:), Ci tmd hlno spei cn pcttdry, typd nrdqudiolds, eib eromedchcaloeh lindrdiod,

Ekdrloei Eitlqulty ?1,5. p. 525-52:.

Bevlb. Ilomches & Moiila, Mlhfd (5<1:), Rmd Dtmicarepmy cn Pcttdry7 e Nuheil Oesd sddi li

Eromedchcaloeh Pdrspdotlvd, Ebblsci-Qdshdy Kcbuher Pujhloetlcis, Kcbuhd :5.

BdJcdr, Qerrdi Z. & Bciehb Q. Hetmrep (5<1<), Rmd Keflia eib Jrdeflia cn _mlpljc-Ociljc

Odreklos, li7 O. Frekdr (db.) Dtmiceromedchcay. Lkphloetlcis cn Dtmicarepmy ncr Eromedchc-

alsts, p. 50:-5?=.

Bcrei, G.D. & Mcbsci, N.Z. (5<14), Ketmdketlos eib Ockputdrs li Eromedchcay, Dblijuram.

Ncstdr, Adcra K. (5<>0), Hlnd-dxpdoteioy cn utlhlterlei pcttdry li Rzlitzuitzei, Klomceoei,Kdxloc, Ekdrloei Eitlqulty :4,2, p. >0>->0<.

Ahcj, P.^. (5<2<), Jerfldr7 Beikerfsshbsto Heibsjy. Nre Ietlciehkusddts Erjdgbskerf 5<2<.

Ahcj, P.^. (5<14), Bd b0bds heiad musd. _fehf 5<14 ic >, p. 50-54.

Mlaas, D._. & ^lte-Nlizl, O. (5<1:). Prdmlstcrld docicklds7 e tdrrltcrleh epprceom, li7 D._. Mlaas

(ob.). Pepdrs li Docickld Prdmlstcry, Oekjrlbad, p. :1-?>.

Mlhh. K.C. (5<12), Ocrrdspcibdiod Eiehysls7 E Idahdotdb Kuhtlverletd Kdtmcb, Epph. _tetlst.

:?,? p. ?20-?42.

nhcbbdr, hei & Crtci, Ohlvo (5<1>) _petleh eiehysls li eromedchcay, Oekjrlbad.

Goppdsdi, G. (li prdss), Nuiftlcisjdstdkkdhsdr en nhlitrdbsfrejdr7 _hlbspcreiehyso en sfrejdrd

nre _erup, Fukh.

Gudh Goisoi, M. (5<=5). E prdhlkliery eiehysls cn jhebd sorepdrs nrck Zliafhcstor, e Beilsm hetdkoschltmlo sltd, pepdr prosditob et "Zdodit Prcardss li Klorcwder stublds", sdklier et Rdrvurdi,

Jdhaluk. Eprlh 52tm-5>tm, 5<=5.

Guoh Goisoi, M. (5<=: e), Eiehysls cn wder ci nhlit tcchs, _docib Icrblo Ocindrdiod ci tmd

Epphloetlci cn _olditlnlo Kdtmcbs li Eromedchcay. PEOR 1 Perts LLLL.

Gudh Gdisdi, M. (5<=: j). Di shlbspcrseiehysd en sfrejdrd nre Thfdstrup myttdrid, li7 F.I. Eibdr-

sdi, Keahdkcsdmyttdrid vdb Thfdstrup Hyia. Icrblsfd Ncrtlbsklibdr, _drld J, Jlib 1.

Fddhdy, H.M. (5<=0), Dxpdrlkditeh Bdtdrklietlci cn _tcid Rcch Tsds, Omloeac.

Fupdr, Zubchpm & Høilia, Gdis (5<14), Titorsuomuiaoi zur idchltmlsomoi Jdsldbhuia bdr Ehbdi-

mcvdidr Phettd, li7 Eusarejuiadi li Bdutsomheib, Rdlh L, Keliz, p. =4-<1.

Heibjruasklilstdrldt (5<1=-1<), _clh Ohesslnloetlci _mddts, Bdpertkdit cn _clh Ohesslnloetlci,



=> RCZ_RDI KEB_DI, DR EH.

Klilstry cn Earlouhturd, Diamevdvdg :, BF 1500 ^dghd.

Hersdi, Fiub E. (5<4=), _tdiehbdrmusd pe Fierbrup Aehadjeffd. Fukh 5<41, p. :2-2?.

Hlvdrsead, B. (5<=5), Idchltmlo kciukdits et Hlibdjgdra, Icrtmwdst Wdeheib. Eote Eromedchcaloevch 45, 5<=0, p. =4-545.

Høilia, Gdis (5<=0), _c jeutdi bld Wlkkorhdutd bdr _tdlizdlt7 Bld Jeudrfulturdi bdr "Jeibfd-

reklfdr". Jlhb bdr Qlssdisoment =, p. 22-4<.

Kebsdi, Rcrstdi (5<1=), Rcntuk vdb Mcrsdis7 Dt "jdnesstdt" eihesa tlhm0rdibd treatjedadrfuhturdi.

Fltkh 5<11, p. 5>5-5=2.

Kebsdi, Rcrstdi (5<1<), Dertmdi Hcia Jcrrcws eib Rlkjdr _truoturos7 Espdots cn tmd Derhy

Idchltmlo Kcrtuery Preotlod li Bdikerf, Prcoddblias cn tmd Prdmlstcrld _coldty 24, p. ?05-?:0.Kebsdi, Rcrstdi (li pross), _dtthdkdit _ystdks cn Derhy Earlouhtureh _coldtlds li Dest Gutheib,

Bdikerf. E Zdalcieh _tuby cn Omeiad, Gcurieh cn Eitmrcpchcaloeh Eromedchcay 5 (5<=:), p.

5<1-:?>.Kebsdi, Rcrstdi & Pdtdrsdi, Gdis Drlf (li prdss), Rlbhlaiochltlsfd eihsa vdb Kcsdaerbdi l

0st gyhheib. Zdalciehd ca Frcichcalsfd ncrsfdhho l beisf tlbllaidchltlfuk. Fukh.

Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z. (5<10), Hliderjeibfdreklf eus Dhshcc uib Yndk, Eiehdote Predmlstcrloe Hdl-

bdisle ?, ehsc Idbdrheibsd Cubmdbdi ?. 's-Arevdimead.

Kcifmcusd, N.G. & Qlhflisci, M.Z. (5<15), Keps eib Bleareks, ?rb db., Hcibci.Ierrchh, Z. (5<>:), Nhccr erde eib sdtthdkdit pcpuhetlci, Ekdrloei Eitlqlbty :1, p. 4=1-4=<.

Zeskussdi, Z. (5<=5), Tipujhlsmdb Rmdsls, List. cn Prdmlst. Eromedchcay. Tilv. cn Eermus,

Kcdsallrb._emhlis, Kersmehh (5<1:), _tcid Ead Docicklos, Omloeac/Idw \crf.

_feerup, G0radi (5<1?), Mdssdh0-_0headr. Geabstetlcidi bdr søbsfeiblievlsomdi Rrlomtdrjdomorfuh-

tur, Erfeochcalsomd _tubldr H F0jdimevi._feerup, G0radi (5<14), _tdiaebd. Dli heiadheiblsomdr Qcmiphetz klt Meusrdstd eus bdr nrømidc-

hltmlsomdi Wbr,Kdbbdbdhsdr nre Heiadheibs Kusduk, Zubf0jlia._cubsfy, Jcmuklh (5<>>), Jyheiy, Preme.

_cubsfy, Jcmuklh & Pevhu, H (5<1:), Rmd Hlider Pcttdry Ouhturd sdtthdkdit pettdris cn oditreh

Durcpd, li7 Pdtdr G. Tofc, Zutm Rrliamek & A.Q. Blkjhdjy (dbs.) Kei, sdtthdkdit eib

urjeilsk, Hcibci, p. ?51-?:=.

Rrcdhs-_kltm, G. (5<>0), Rmd Kuhbjgdra Bwdhhlia Pheod7 Ei Derhy Idchltmlo Eromedchcaloeh _ltd

li tmd Eekcsdi Jca, Qdst-Woeheib, Bdikerf. Eiiueh Zdpcrt cn tmd Jcerb cn Zdadits cn tmd

_kltmcilei Listltutlci, 5<4<.

^lte-Nlizl, O. & Mlaas, D._. (5<10), Prdmlstcrld Docicky li tmd Kcuit Oerkdh Erde cn Pehdstlid._ltd Oetomkdit Eiehysls, Prcoddblias cn tmd Prdmlstcrld _coldty vch. ?> p. 5-?1.



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ CI RMD BTROM _EIB\ _CLH_

G.E. JEFFDZ

Rmd RZJ (Ruiidh Jdefdr) ouhturd rdeomdb lts wdstdrikcst dxtdislci wltmli perts cn tmd Idtmdrheibs

jdtwddi :100 eib :540 jo.

hts jcuiberlds, uidqueh blstrljutlci eib sltd hcoetlci ci verlcus seiby sclhs wltmli tmls ocuitry erd

tmd sujgdot cn tmls ertlohd, ehcia wltm tmd rdhetlcis eib exd trebd jdtwddi RZJ eib idlamjcurlia

ouhturds. Rmd eraukdit sterts wltm skehh soehd keps ncr tmd cvdrvldw, wmlhd suoodsslvdhy heradr soehd

keps' ehhcw kcrd litrloehd blsousslci. Rmd crlalieh kep soehds (ict tmcsd cn rdprcbuotlci) erd

alvdi li tmd tdxh. RZJ sdtthdkdit wes ci bry seiby sclhs, jut sujsdqudit pcbzchlsetlci mes hdnt us,

uillh icw. wltm ic mcusd pheis, vdry ndw rdnusd plts, eib ic uijurit craeilo rdkelis. Zdsderom

mes ocioditretdb ci kdaehltmlo tckjs, nhet arevds, tmd (cntdi perhleh) dxoevetlci cn mehn e bczdisdtthdkdits, pehyichcay, eib, rdodithy, tmd blstrljutlci cn smdrb nlibs es rdhetdb tc pmyslcarepmlo

keps. Rmls ertlohd ls kelihy ociodridb wltm tmd hest lssud - ei dkplrloeh bdtdotlci cn pmyslcarepmlo

neotcrs wmlom key mevd bdtdrklidb tmd omclod cn tdrreli jy tmd RZJ pcpuhetlci. Li ockmlietlci

wltm pehyichcay (wmlom mes aulbdb tmliflia ci tmd Idchltmlo divlrcikdit sliod tmd hest wer) suom

kep stublds wlhh dvdituehhy hdeb tc e bdtelhdb uibdrsteiblia cn tmd heibsoepd li RZJ tlkds. Nuturd

rdsderom smcuhb ehsc md blrdotdb tc scoleh eib docickld neotcrs, wmlom erd kdrdhy tcuomdb upci li

tmd prdsdit stuby. Ncr kcst sltds tmd flhckdtrd oc-crblietds cn tmd Butom arlb erd prcvlbdb li

jreofdts tc diemhd hcoetlci ci tmd keps.

Ocitdits

L. Adidreh RZJ blstrljutlci, rdhetlcis tcidlamjcurlia ouhturds eib exd trebd (crlalieh kep soehds 57:.4 tc 5.4 klhhlci).

LL. Rmd RZJ blstrljutlci ocislbordb et ei crlalieh kep soehd cn 57>00,()()().

LLL. Zdalcieh survdys (crlalieh kep soehds5740,000, 57500,000 eib 57:00,000).E. Rmd Brditd PhetdeuJ. Rmd seiby rdalcis wdst eib dest cn tmdBrditd Phetdeuo. Rmd rlvdrbuids ehcia tmd rlvdr ^domtB. Rmd seiby sclhs jdtwddi tmd ^domt, tmdAdrkei jcrbdr, eib tmd ^dhuwdD. Rmd brldst blstrlot7 tmd mlhhs cn tmd ^dhu-wd, Acclheib eib Ttrdomt, eib tmd bekpvehhdy jdtwddi.

L̂ . Heradr soehd keps (trck 57:4,000 tc5750,000 eib 5720)

^. Omrcichcaloeh espdots^L. _coleh espdots

^LL. ^dadtetlci^LLL. Nlieh rdkerfsL]. Pcstsorlpt

Zdndrdiods

L. Adidreh RZJ blstrljutlci, rdhetlcis tc idlam

jcurlia ouhturds eib exd trebd (crlalieh kep

soehds 57:.4 tc 5.4 klhhlci)

Rmd blstrljutlci cn rdkelis cn tmd IdchltmloRZJ ouhturd li tmd Idtmdrheibs ls blsperetd (nla.5). Rmd kdaehltmlo tckjs, tmd muidjdbs, oci-oditretd ci tmd Brditd Phetdeu, wmdrd tmdy mevdjddi hdaehhy prctdotdb sliod 51?2, wmlhd soet-tdrdb muidjdbs dhsdwmdrd li tmd RZJ erde keymevd jddi bdkchlsmdb jdncrd tmdlr prdsdiodocuhb mevd jddi ictdb. Rmdrd ls merbhy eiyprccn cn tmdlr ncrkdr prdsdiod li tmdsd erdes,ehtmcuam tmdy erd ncuib eorcss tmd Adrkei jcrbdr es ner scutm es tmd rlvdr Dksomdr (mehnweyjdtwddi tmd Zumr eib tmd Hlppd).



G.E. JEFFDZ

^ctlvd jcerbs cn herad nhlit exds lkpcrtdb nrckicrtmdri Gutheib eib cn pcts wltm nccb (li pdetjcas) erd ehsc dxdhuslvohy ncuib ci tmd BrditdPhetdeu eib Zeibsjcra's lbde (5<14) tmet suombdpcslts erd typloeh cn tmd kcrd bdisdhy sdtthdbrdalcis key jd rdhdveit mdrd. Epert nrck vdryndw dxodptlcis, tmd nlibspcts cn RZJ pcttdry,jetthd-exds, exd jcerbs, eib muidjdbs erd oci-nlidb tc tmd Phdlstcodid seiby sclhs icrtm cn tmdrlvdrs Dksomdr, Zmlid, Frckkd Zlgi, eibCubd Zlgi. Rmdy erd ocisplolcushy ejsdit nrckwmet rdkeliscn tmd ocitdkpcrery seiby ocestehjerrldrs jdtwddi Ehfkeer eib Rmd Meaud. Litmd Zumr erde tmd icrtmdri hlklt cn tmd hceky

sclhs ls ict orcssdb, idltmdr wdrd tmd mdevyoheydy sclhs ercuib Kuistdr li Qdstpmehle(wmlom wdrd ict dchcilzdb uitlh Kdbldveh tlkds(Jurrlomtdr 5<=0).

Rmd RZJ blstrljutlci ocliolbos ehkcst pdr-ndothy wltm tmd erde ciod ocvdrdb jy tmd aheoldrscn tmd Lod Ead. Rmus, ehkcst dvdrywmdrd areiltdeib ctmdr orretlo rcofs wdrd evelhejhd ncr tmdkeflia cn exds, jetthd-exds, qudris, arlibliastcids eib skehh nhlit tcchs. _lklherhy, areiltdeib ctmdr drretlos ocuhb jd orusmdb cr jurit ncr

pct tdkpdr, eib li odrteli eroes, tmdrd wdrddicuam kdaehltmlo jcuhbdrs ncr tmd ocistruotlcicn muidjdbs. Pormeps tmd heof cn sdvdreh cn tmdsdrdscurods li tmd seiby rdalcis eorcss tmd Zmlideib tmd Kees ls e rdesci wmy RZJ arcups blbict sdtthd tmdrd ehsc6 jut tmls oei merbhy jd tmdcihy rdesci. Cjvlcushy e kegcr cjsteohd wesncrkdb jy tmd Zmlid, es drretlo stcids erd ncuibcvdr e 4 tc T) fk wlbd strlp ehcia tmd scutmdriZmlid jeif, nrck Ilgkdadi tc tmd erde cppc-sltd Bulsjura, Adrkeiy (nla. hb), wmdrd litdislvd eromedchcaloeh eotlvlty mes idvdr prcbuodb

eiy RZJ nlibs.Li tmd Zumr erde hlklts key mevd jddi sdt jy

tmd hcoss jcuibery, es li tmls jcrbdr zcid RZJarcups rdstrlotdb tmdksdhvds tc tmd seibylsheibs. Pdrmeps tmls wes jdoeusd tmd RZJpcpuhetlci "pcssdssdb tmd ncrkuhe" ncr sujsls-tdiod ci seiby sclhs, jut ict ci tmd kcrd hceky

sclhs. Cid key suaaost blnndrdioos li tmd epprcp-rletd kdtmcbs cn tlhhead, rdoheketlci eib wddbocitrch. Lt sdoks kuom hdss odrteli (tmcuam lt

oeiict jd dxohubdb) tmet e hcoeh pcpuhetlci citmd hceky sclhs, jut wltmcut litdrdsts li seibysclhs, prdvditdb RZJ litrubdrs sdtthlia ci tmdlrheib (Jeffdr 5<1?, p. OLC). E slklher eraukditkey ehsc jd prcpcsdb ncr tmd ici-cooupetlcijy RZJ arcups cn Iccrb-Jrejeit, jutuincrtuietdhy tmd libladicus ouhturds li jctmtmdsd rdalcis, tmd Qdstpmehlei Aehhdry Arevdscr tmd Qertjdra Arcup (_omwdlhius 5<1<), eibtmd Klbbhd Idchltmlo cn Hlkjura (^ei Meerdieib Kcbbdrkei 5<1?) cr "_tdli ouhturd"(Hcuwd Fcclgkeis eib ^drmert, li prdpere-tlci), erd stlhh pccrhy uibdrstccb. Cid ocuhbehsc eraud tmet RZJ sdtthdkoit tmliidb ocislbd-

rejhy tcwerbs tmd ietureh jcuiberlds bdsorljdbejcvd, sc tmet hltthd idodsslty, bdslrd, didrayeib lkpdtus wdrd hdnt tc orcss tmdk6 jut tmlsehsc sddks ei cvdr-slkphlnloetlci, ncr tmd Zumrerde wes cihy rdeomdb jy RZJ dxpeislci li tmdhetdr pmesds cn tmd ouhturd. Rmdrd erd ic slaiscn hcss cn kckdituk mdrd7 scutmwdstdri Qdstpmehle wes bdisdhy cooupldb jy Pmesd D, tmdpcttdry wes wdhh kebd eib styhlstloehhy pdrndot,eib pdrmeps cihy li tmls rdalci muidjdbs wdrdstlhh jdlia julht et tmls tlkd.

Rmd lkprdsslci tmet wdstdri RZJ blshlfdbhcoss hceks smcuhb jd omdofdb oerdnuhhy li tmdrdalci jdtwddi Csiejrøof eib Meicvdr wmdrdtmd bdisdhy cooupldb RZJ erde stcps ider tmdhcdss jcuibery eib et tmd Klttdhadjlrad. Ock-perlsci cn tmd blstrljutlci cn stcid tcchs cn RZJtypd eib tmd evelhejhd sclh kep ci e soehd cn57:00,000 aevd _omhøtdr tmd lkprdsslci "tmet eRZJ pcpuhetlci wltmcut kdaehltmlo tckjs mebsdtthdb li tmd hcwheibs eib perthy ehsc li tmdhcdss rdalcis" (5<1<, p. :??). Li tmd Tdhzdi erdeci Høidjura Mdetm, _omlrila (5<1<) ncuib tmet

kdaehltmlo tckjs eib sdtthdkoit cn tmd EhtkerfRZJ arcup blb ict ockphdtdhy evclb tmd _eib-hcdss, dspdolehhy wmdi tmli heydrs ci seib wdrdociodridb. Md usdb e 57500,()()() sclh kep.Ohderhy cihy e ohcsdr stuby cn suom sltuetlcisoei tdeom us wmet areiuher ockpcsltlci, mybrc-arepmy eib sclh prcnlhd adidrehhy ettreotdb crrdpdhhdb RZJ sdtthdkoit.Rmd iukjdr cn RZJ sltds nrck tmd Idtmdrheibsicw hlds jdtwddi ?00 eib ?40, ln tmd nlibspcts



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ =<

Nla. L. RZJ blstrljutlci li tmd Idtmdr heibs eib li ebgclilia perts cn Adrkeiy pdr 4 x 4 flhckdtrd jhcofs cn tmd Butomietlcieh arlb (Bdodkjdr 5<=0).(e) Muiojobs (cpdi7 uioorteli),(j) Nlibs cn pcttory (jheof) cr jetthd-exds (cpdi, jut cihy alvdi li jhcofs wltmcut pcttdry nlibs). Rrleiahds7 lschetdb nlibscutslbd tmd keli RZJ erde.(o) Mcerbs cn nhlit exds (cpdi) eib vctlvd bdpcslts cn pcttdry (jheof), kelihy li cr ehcia pdet cr ctmdr wdt pheods.(b) Adchcay. Jheof erd oheys, pdet jcas eib ctmdr wdt bdpcslts, wmltd tmd ocitdkpcrery seibs. Rmd orcssdb hlid libloetdstmd scutmorikcst dxtdislci cn tmd _eehd/Zlss aheoldrs, tmd bcthlid tmd icrtmori hlklts cn tmd hcdss zcid.



<0 GE. JEFFDZ

cn cid cr kcrd rdocailsejhd smdrbs, jetthd-exds,arevds eib mcerbs cn pcttdry cr nhlit exds (jutic strey nlibs cn sliahd nhlit cr stcid exds crtrepdzclbeh errcwmdebs) erd liohubdb. E prdhl-kliery survdy cn tmdsd sltds pdr smddt cn tmd574(),()()0 Butom Crbieiod _urvdy Kep ehhcwsus tc brew hlids cn dqueh bdislty (nla. :, hdnt).Eaeli tmd Brditd Phetdeu ls sddi es ei erde cnkeli ociooitretlci. Ln muidjdbs erd cklttdbnrck tmd ploturd, lt wcuhb rdbuod tmd iukjdrsli tmls erde ardethy, jut tmd cvdrehh lkprdsslcicn ociooitretlci wcuhb rdkeli.

Ci tmd ctmdr kep (nla. :, rlamt) tmd sltds cnouhturds ocitdkpcrery wltm RZJ (^heerbliadi,

_tdli eib scko thlit klids) erd essdkjhdb kcrdprcvlslciehhy. Rmd ocitcur hlids erd blstcrtdbet stetd jcuiberlds jooeuso Jdhalei cr Zmlid-heib nlibs wdro cklttdb. Nhlit klids erd oci-nlidb tc tmd omehf cn tmd dxtrdkd scutm cn tmdPrcvliod cn Hlkjura7 tmd lschetob sltds jdtwdditmls erde eib tmd ocitliucus blstrljutlci cn tmd^heerbliadi ouhturd erd esslaidb tc tmd _tdliouhturd. Pdrmeps tmd cwidrs cn tmd ncur ficj-juttob RZJ jettho-exds ehcia tmd Jdhalei jcrbdr (nla. Lj) ehsc jdhciadb tc tmet ouhturd, ncr

tmdsd prdstladcus lkphdkdits erd kebd nrckblejesd (e rcof typd heoflia tmdrd) eib key jdocislbdrdb es RZJ alnts tc trebd pertidrs li tmdQddrt rdalci. Pdrmeps tmd ficj-juttdb exdseppdehob tc hcoeh testds, ncr li e wey tmdy rdsdk-jhd tmd jetthd-exd-hlfd bddr eithdr shddvds cnstcid exldts wltm rlia-hlfo "ficjs" et tmd mekkdr dibs cn tmd _dlid-Clsd-Kerid ouhturd (Jeffdr 5<1<j6 on. Kerldi 5<=5, nla. <).

Rmd ^heerbliadi ouhturd. Rmd kuom jdttdrficwi ^heerbliadi ouhturd nhcurlsmdb li tmd wdtrdalcis jdtwddi Ilgkdadi (5=1/2:=) eib tmdocest. hts icrtmdri hlklts sddk tc mevd jddibdtdrkliob jy tmd dstuery eib heaccis cn tmdOehels L^j treisardsslci li tmd prdsdit Wulbor-zdd/LGssdhkoor jesli, o. :240 jo, eib jy tmdseib rlbaos cn Rdxdh, Qldrliadi eib QdstdriNrldsheib (on. nla. >, sykjch 1). Rmet tmd icrtm-drikcst sdtthdkdit. Weibwdrvdi (5:4/4:5),wes blsocvdrdb nlrst (5<:=) ls cihy uibdrsteib-ejho li tmd ocitdxt cn tmd mlstcry cn Butom

eromedchcaloeh rdsderom.Zdsderom sliod tmd wer mes smcwi li ardet

bdtelh mcw ejhy tmd ^heerbliadi ouhturd ebeptdbtc tmd blnndrdit ooctypds cn tmdsd "mlamhy bdtor-klilstlo wdtheibs" (Prycr, tmls vchukd).Qmdrdes RZJ arcups tdkpdrdb tmd pcttdry wltmorusmdb areiltd eib ctmdr pldb drretlo rcof,^heerbliadi ockkuiltlds liltlehhy usdb (ehkcstoxohuslvdhy) pldods cn jrcfdi wmltd quertz wmlomwdrd sujsdqudithy rdpheodb jy seib eib tmdijy arca (rdsderom jy Arcdikei-vei Qeetd-rliad et ^ccrsomctdi (<0/2>06 on. ^ei Jddf5<11, nlas. ?-4) eib jy Hcuwo Fcclgkeis etMezdibcif (55>/2?0) eib dhsdwmdrd). Rmls

quertz wes prcjejhy ochhdotdb li tmd seibyrdalcis scutm cn tmd Kees, cr li tmd klbbhdKees jdb, sliod "icrtmdri" drretlos erd rerd,cr ejsdit, ekcia tmd ctmdr stcios usdb li tmdsdtthdkdits. Rmd sekd ls trud ncr nhlit ertdneots.Ehh nhlit exds sddk tc mevd jddi lkpcrtdb nrckJdidhux nhlit klids, blrdothy cr liblrdothy, eibskehhdr lkphdkdits wdrd kebd nrck wcri-cutexds cr nrck icbuhds lkpcrtdb nrck tmd sekderde.

Ociteots jdtwddi ^heerbliadi eib RZJ. Rmdjcrbdrhlid jdtwddi RZJ eib ^heerbliadi wesstrlfliahy smerp burlia tmd nlvd muibrdb yderscn tmdlr prt)xlklty. Lt ls es ln ^heerbliadi vditu-rdb es hltthd litc tmd dibhdss prlkdveh cef wccbscn tmd brldr seiby sclhs es RZJ blb litc tmdwdtheibs. \ot tmdrd erd slais cn ociteot. Etjctm Fcctwlgf (5=:/2>>) eib Iddbd (:?1/2>5)e quertz tokporob ^heerbliadi pct wes jurldbliteot li lschetlci (Iddbd7 Jeffdr 5<1<e, nla.>? eib Hcuwd Fcclgkeis 5<1>e, nla. :5). Citmd ctmdr meib tmrdd RZJ pcts wdrd rdocailsdbjy tmdlr tldnstlom bdocretlci li tmd ^heerbliadiLj sdtthdkdit ci tmd Mezdibcif (55>/2?06Hcuwd Fcclgkeis 5<1>e, nla. :?6 on. Jeffdr5<1<e, p. 5>4. i. ?750). Rmls skehh lschetob buid(bcif) oei merbhy mevd mcusdb kcrd tmei cidcr twc iuoloer neklhlds. Jooeuso tmd RZJ pctserd tdkpdrdb wltm vdry skehh nhuvletlhd quertzpdjjhds listdeb cn orusmdb areiltd tmdy wdrdprcjejhy kebd hcoehhy eib cid wcibdrs ln eRZJ neklhy vlsltdb tmls tliy eib uiettreotlvd



RZJ _DRRHDK DIR PERRDZ I_ <5

EC =0 5:0 5>0 :00 :20 :=0

200 -

Nla. :. LE'/L7 tmd iukjdr cn ficwi RZJ sltds pdr 5740,000 kep smddt eib "hlids cn dqueh bdislty". ZlYmt7 tmd seko ncr

tmd sltds cn tmd ^heerbliadi. _toli eib _CK ouhturds eib ncr nhlit klids, jut kcrd prcvlslcieh. Nlibs li Aorkeiy eib

Jolaluk wdrd cklttdb. hlohcw7 oc-crblietds eib smddt iukjdrs cn tmd Rcpcarepmloeh Kep 5740.000.



<: GE. JEFFDZ

sltd li tmd klbbhd cn tmd wdtheibs, cr wmdtmdre RZJ ndkeh pcttdr wes liocrpcretdb litc tmd

^heerbliadi neklhlds6 jut cid ehsc wcibdrs wmysmo blb ict likldbletdhy stert hderilia tc kefdtmd icrkeh ^heerbliadi pcttdry.

Epert nrck jeflia-phetds, trud ^heerbliadipcttdry oerrldb ic ctmor "bdocretlci" tmeificjs eib e sliahd hlid cn pdrncretlcis jdhcwtmd rlk. Cid uipujhlsmdb ^heerbliadi pct nrck^heerbliadi (=5/2?4) wltm e zlazea hlid jdhcwtmd rlk li e vdry idahladit stej eib brea toom-ilqud key, pdrmeps, rdnhdot sckd RZJ lithu-diod.

Jut tmdsd wdrd liblvlbueh dxodptlcis. Prccn

cn kcrd adidreh ociteot ls prcvlbdb jy tmdjeflia-phetds cn tmd ^heerbliadi ouhturd. Rmdlrblkdislcis, mchds, pdrncretlcis eib bdocretlciocincrk ehkcst dxeothy tc tmcsd cn tmd RZJQdst Arcup eib tmcsd cn tmd Icrtm Arcup,wmdrd Bevlbsoi (5<1?) bdsorljdb tmcuseibs cnnreakdits (êi Zdatdrdi Ehtdie dt eh. 5<>:, p.:5=, nla. 5: eib Jeffdr 5<1<e, p. 41-4<).

Exd trebd. Ctmdr dvlbdiod ncr ocitliucus ociteot jdtwddi ^heerbliadi eib RZJ sddks tc

jd prcvlbdb jy tmd blstrljutlci kep cn tmd "Jurdi Rypd" thlit exd (nla. ?). Rmls typd wes prd-vlcushy oehhdb ^heerbliadi Rypd (Jeffdr eibêi Zdatdrdi Ehtdie 5<>:6 Jeffdr eib êibdr Qeehs 5<1?6 Jeffdr 5<1<e, p. =4) jdoeusdlt sddkdb (nrck cid ockphdtd ltdk eib iukdr-cus rdnesmlcidb nreakdits) tc jd tmd keli exdtypd usdb et ^heerbliadi. Rmd iekd "^heerbliadi" mcwdvdr, prcvdb ocinuslia jdoeusd exdscn tmls typd wdrd prcbuodb jy Jdidhux nhlitklids rcuamhy jdtwddi ?400 eib :0()() jo. Ieturehhy tmdy wdrd ict cihy usdb jy tmd ^heerbliadiouhturd - es tmdlr ncrkdr iekd klamt drrc-idcushy suaadst - jut ehsc jy ctmdrs7 Klomdhs-jdra, _.C.K., _tdli, ^heerbliadi eib RZJ(ehcia lts wdstdri nrliaos) usdb lt, eoocrblia tcohcsdb nlibs eib cpdi esscoletlcis. Ic esscole-tlcis wltm tmd "Guiaidchltmlfuk :" cn tmdEhboimcvdi Phetdeu cr wltm tmd Omessdy cn tmdPerls Jesli erd ficwi. jut tmdy key jd eitlol-petdb.

Nla. ? smcws tmd blstrljutlci cn Jurdi exds

eib ls prcjejhy rdprdsditetlvd cn tmd Idtmdr-heibs, tmd ardetdr pert cn Jdhaluk eib Hcwdr

_exciy. Li tmd hettor erde ic typloeh ltdks ocuhbjd treodb ctmdr tmei tmd twc ider tmd Butomjcrbdr, eoocrblia tc Jreibt's uipujhlsmdb bete(pdrscieh ockkuiloetlci Br. F.M. Jreibt).Ci tmd ctmdr meib, tmd kep ls odrtelihy liockphdtd ncr tmd Zmlidheib (wmdrd keiy cn Mccns_: eib _? exds (5<10) kust rdprdsdit tmd Jurditypd) eib Nreiod. Rmd ourlcus dkpty zcid liButom Cvdrlgssdh eib destdri Adhbdrheib keyict jd e ocliolbdiod es Jreibt's kep :: (5<>1)cn tmd kuom wlbdr eib kcrd hdildithy bdnlidb"tmli-juttdb nhlit exds wltm cveh orcss-sdotlci"

smcws e slklher dkpty zcid jdtwddi scutmwdst-dri Qdstpmehle eib e zcid cn ocioditretlcistrdtomlia ehcia tmd icrtmdri ncrdheib cn tmdKlttdhadjlrad eib tmd rlvdr Mesd tcwerbs Brditd. Lt ls es ln tmdsd nlid Jdidhux exds rdkelidbli tmd nlrst bdisdhy pcpuhetdb RZJ erde eibwdrd ict trebdb eiy nurtmdr. Lt ls ict desy tcuibdrsteib, mcwdvdr, wmy ei litdrkdbleto zcidrdkelidb dkpty li wdstdri Qdstpmehle eib destdri Cvdrlgssdh. Rmls zcid wes retmdr mdevlhycooupldb jy tmd RZJ pcpuhetlci eib tmdrd erd

ic slais wmy li tmls pertlouher erde ehcid, ndwdrJurdi exds smcuhb mevd rdeomdb tmd kusdukstmei dhsdwmdrd.

Rmd kcuiteli rdalci oest cn tmd Zmlid kustmevd mekpdrdb tmd sprdeb cn Jurdi exdstcwerbs tmd dest, jut wmy blb tmls ict meppdijdycib Bulsjura litc Qdstpmehle eib Hcwdr_exciy3 Pdrmeps "rdeh" RZJ exds aevd dicuamocuitdr prdssurd tmdrd, suom es tmd herad tmli-eib tmlof-juttdb nhlit exds wltm rdoteiauherorcss-sdotlci lkpcrtdb nrck I. Gutheib, _omhds-wla-Mchstdli eib Zøadi, eib tmd skehh Nhlit-

Zdomtdofmdlhd ujlqultcushy kebd li tmd jcuhbdrohey rdalcis wdst cn tmd Dhjd. _lklher ncrkskebd nrck ctmdr drretlo rcofs wdrd ehsc livch-vdb (Jreibt 5<>1, keps :2-:1). _trlfliahy, tmdherad "Icrblo" nhlit exds erd dxodptlciehhy mdevlhy ocioditretdb ci tmd Brditd Phetdeu, dspd-olehhy li exd mcerbs (nla. Lo). Icwmdrd wdst cntmd Dhjd ls e slklher iukjdr cn mcerbs ncuib(Zdom 5<1<, kep :6 Lincrketlci Br. Q.M. Wlk-kdrkeii), ictwltmsteiblia e trebltlci cn



-.elvl,.6'.l,n'. -y«l_Krv«|h •9

RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ <?

eromeochcaloeh ochhdotlia li I.Q. Adrkeiyqultd es hcia eib litdislvd es li tmd icrtmdri

Iotmorheibs, Lhersoke (5<1<) mes scuamt tcoxphelll tmd Brditd dcidditretlci es jdlia budtc blrddt, prcndsslcieh, trebd jdtwddi Brditdeib Gutheib, jut wmy bcds tmd blstrljutlci cnsudm exds li Hcwdr _exciy (Jreibt, h.d.) smcwe arebueh blspdrslci cvdrheib (vle tmd tmrdd tcncur Orcsslia pheods cn tmd Dhjd) uitlh cidrdeomds tmd Brditd Phetdeu wltm lts subbdiliordesd li bdislty3 Rmls suaadsts tc kd e "bcwitmd hlid" meiblia-ci cn exds nrck sdtthdkdit tcsdtthdkdit, wltmcut prcndsslcieh trebdrs (5<1>).

Cvdrsdes trebd cn stcid exds nrck Ocriwehhtc tmd Diahlsm oest ocest alvds e pheusljhd dxphe-ietlci ncr tmdlr blstrljutlci pettdri (Mcbbdr5<12), eib e slklherdxpheietlci key jdlivcfdbncr tmd icrtm _wdblsm Iþrrheib thlit exd mcerbscn Beilsm crlali (Jdofdr 5<456 Kehkdr 5<>:)6jut eictmor suaadstlci key jd kebd ncr Brditd.E ocisteit bcwi tmd hlid trlofhd cn idw exds,rcuam-cuts eib herad icbuhds sddks tc mevd hdbtc ei eooukuhetlci et tmd dib cn tmd hlid, et tmdouhtureh jcuibery, ncr ic suom exds coour li^heerbliadi sdtthdkdits (eib "Icrblo exds" erd

qultd rerd scutm cn Zmlid eib Kees7 Mccn 5<10,kep =, p. 2?6 Ejdra 5<5>, kep 56 5<5=. kep=6 eib dvdi kcrd sc ln Ocrbdb Qerd eib JdhhJdefdr exhdts erd cklttdb). Ln tmls wdrd trud,tmd kelitdieiod cn e prcodss cn dxomeiadekcia RZJ ockkuiltlds wcuhb mevd jddikcrd lkpcrteit tmei tmd icrkeh supphy eibbdkeib retd wcuhb prdsuppcsd, e pmdickdiciehsc cjsdrvob li kcbdri "_tcid Ead docic-klds" (_emhlis 5<12). Zdbhlom (5<4=) kebd eslklher rdkerf li e tctehhy blnndrdit ocitdxt.

Tipchlsmdb rcuam-cuts cn Jurdi exds wdrdsdhbck ncuib cvdr >0 fk ewey nrck tmd nhlitklid zcid, eib li tmdlr blstrljutlci erde tmdyerd hdss ockkci tmei nlilsmdb pchlsmdb exds.Rmls suaadsts tmet tmd rcuam-cuts wdrd pchlsmdbwmdi tmdy wdrd rdschb nurtmdr eib nurtmdr eweyeib tmet tmls pchlsmlia meb ehrdeby stertdb idertmd nhlit klids ncr et hdest sckd cn tmd exds -cr pdrmeps ncr ehh exds burlia pert cn tmdlr hciapdrlcb cn prcbuotlci.

Tincrtuietdhy tmd crlali cn kcst nhlit scurods

nrck wmlom Jurdi exds wdrd kebd oeiict jdblsodridb wltm eiy ocinlbdiod. Rmd jrcwi

suaer-hlfd, cx jhccb ochcurdb, _t. _ykpmcrldineolds eib tmd buhh, cntdi omdrt-hlfd ardy êhfdijura nhlit, tcadtmdr wltm tmd adidreh blstrljutlcibdkcistretd tmdlr prcbuotlci li tmd idlamjcur-mccb cn _pldiids ider Kcis, li Butom _cutmHlkjura, eib li tmd litdrkdbletd Mdsjeyd,wmdrdes Hcusjdra nhlit bcds ict sddk tc mevdjddi usdb. Rmd cvdrwmdhklia kegcrlty cnJurdi exds erd kebd nrck tmd crlaliehhy jhulsmardy nhlit wltm wmltd wmlksloeh "peitmdr" pet-omds wmlom key ockd nrck ehkcst eiy nhlit klidjdtwddi Zlgofmcht, Zuhhdi, _pldiids eib tmd

Perls Jesli. Idltmdr cptloeh icr hejcretcrykdtmcbs cnndr schutlcis mdrd.

êi Ltdrsci _omchtdi (5<=5) mes pclitdb cuttmet tmd rcof esscoletlcis cn wdt sdtthdkdit sltdswcuhb smcw wmet perts cn tmd mlitdrheib wdrdnrdquditdb jy tmd ocitdkpcrery limejlteits6tmls, li turi, key suaadst wmdrd tc hccf ncrtrebd rcutds eib tmd prcbuotlci oditrds cn tmdlkpcrtdb nhlits. Rmls key ehsc pdrteli tc tmd^heerbliadi sltds. Mcclgdr (5<>:) kditlcisnrck sdotlcis 5-5: et ^heerbliadi >.2 fa cn

shetd, sdvdreh quertz pdjjhds, 1 pldodscn areiltd,5 cn Zdvli quertzltd, :: cn quertzltd, ? cn seib-stcid eib : cn hybltd, wmlom pclits tc tmd Erbdiids eib tmd kcuitelis ehcia tmd Zmlidarejdies ei uhtlketd scurod. Cihy ockperlsci cn slzdeib ejreslci cn tmdsd rcofs nrck ^heerbliadieib ctmdr sltds wltm tmcsd ncuib li Phdlstcodidseibs eib arevdhs wlhh blsohcsd wmlom upheibswdrd nrdquditdb. Rmdsd stublds klamt smcw ei_-smepdb exd trebd rcutd wltm oeicds ci tmd_ekjrd eib Kdusd (êi Ltdrsci _omchtdi5<=5). Li tmd hettdr oesd, tmd Jurdi exds ncuibli tmd Zcttdrbek erde kust mevd errlvdb kelihyjy wey cn Keestrlomt eib Ilgkdadi.

Ln tmd blstrljutlci smcwi li nla. ? ls tc jdjdhlovob, ei ebbltlcieh cvdrheib rcutd jreidmdbcnn tcwerbs tmd wdst nrck Zcdrkcib-Qddr t,nchhcwlia e jerdhy pdrodptljhd wetorsmdb scutmcn tmd Pddh pdet jcas ehcia tmd Jdhalei jcrbdr,wmlom ls ehsc kerfdb jy tmd blstrljutlci cn tmdncur RZJ jetthd-exds kditlcidb ejcvd (nla.Lj). Nheibdrs key mevd jddi supphldb blrdothy



<2 GE. JEFFDZ

nrck tmd _pldiids erde vle tmd _omdhbd trljute-rlos. jut ehsc jy ei cvdrheib rcutd hdeblia nrcktmd Mdsjeyd eib Jrussdhs tcwerbs Cstdib. Crwes tmd ocioditretlci ehcia tmd prdsdit D4mlamwey cihy buo tc bdisd sdtthdkdit ehciahcdss- eib seib/ohey jcuiberlds3 Rmus tmd

Jurdi exd blstrljutlci wes prcjejhy kuom kcrdockphdx tmei e slkphd sdrlds cn cvdrheppliacvclb supphy erdes nrck deom liblvlbueh klid.

Kcbbdrkei's kep (5<=0) cn tmd blstrljutlcicn exds kebd nrck Hcusjdra nhlit (nla. 2) blspheys e slkpldr ncrk. Hcusjdra exds blb ict



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ <4

trevdh es ner es tmd Jurdi exds eib tmdlr pere-jche-smepdb kerfdt erde (ocislborlia tmet tmdicrtmdri Zmlidheib ls uibdrrdprdsditdb) blbict rceom joycib tmd Pddh pdet jcas jcbdrliathlo hdht Kees jeif nrck Qddrt tcwerbs tmd Ilgkdadi rdalci. Epperdithy tmd smcrt Hcusjdra

Nla. ?. (cppcslhd) Blstrljutlci cn Jurdi exds (sdd tmd tdxt) .Zcuam-cuts erd libloetotl jy olrohds.

Nla. 2. (Lonh) Blstrljutlci cn exds kebd nrck Hcusjdra nhliteoocrb liatc Kcbbdrkei (5<=0). Rmdnhlit klid cn Hcusjdrals libloetdb jy e trleiaho.

exds ocuhb ict ockpdtd li pcpuherlty wltm tmdsphdiblb tehh Jurdi exds.

Mcwdvdr spdouhetlvd sckd cn tmd ejcvdrdkerfs key sddk, wd key pdrmeps dib tmlsdxourslci litc exd blstrljutlci jy ociohubliatmet ictmlia ls smcwi jy nla. ? cn e ouhtureh eib

pmyslcarepmlo jcuibery jdtwddi RZJ eib^heerbliadi li tmd blstrljutlci cn Jurdi exds.Ci tmd ctmdr meib, RZJ exds bc ict sddk tcmevd jddi trebob litc ^heerbliadi tdrrltcry,wmlom wes kuom iderdr tmd Jurdi exd prcbuotlci oditrds tmei wes Brditd tc tmcsd cn tmdherad RZJ exds. Pdrmeps epert nrck cio dxek-phd et Weibwdrvdi (5:4/4:5) li tmd dxtrdkdIcrtm (_omdrkdr 5<1?), tmd ^heerbliadi pcpu-hetlci blb ict oerd tc juy, kcuit, usd eib arlibtmd "Icrblo" exds wltm tmdlr uineklhler jeheiod

eib rdoteiauher orcss-sdotlci, wmdrdes epperdithy tmd Brditd RZJ pcpuhetlci blb ict cjgdottc uslia tmd jdttdr evelhejhd (3) Jurdi eib ctmdrJdidhux nhlit exds wltm cveh orcss-sdotlci. Rmdyerd ncuib li arevds, jut ict li exd jcerbs.

Ociohublia rdkerfs7 Ictwltmsteiblia tmdsdociteots, jctm RZJ eib ^heerbliadi ouhturdsfdpt tmdlr ketdrleh ouhtureh lbditltlds blstliot liehh tmdlr pmesds. Rmus pcttdry eib sckd ctmdrertdneots rdkeli qultd deslhy lbditlnlejhd tc useib ictmlia smcws tmet tmdy dvchvdb tcwerbs etypchcaloeh "kdradr". Rmls listeiod ls cid rde-sci wmy L ocislbor ettdkpts tc ejchlsm Omlhbd's"ouh turd" ociodpt ncr tmd Idchltmlo cn cur rdalcies lhh-ebvlsdb.

Rmd neot tmet tmd ouhtureh jcuibery ls ncrkdbjy e bdnliltd heibsoepd jcuibery kefds kd hdssevdrsd tc tmd ociodpt cn "divlrcikditeh bdtdr-klilsk" cn "divlrcikditehlsk" tmei sckdscoleh adcarepmors sddk tc jo. Ci e klorcsoehd,"bdtdrklilsk" ls sckdtlkds treishetdb es "pcs-



<> GE. JEFFDZ

sljlmsk", spdolnloehhy tmd eptltubd cn sckdpcpuhetlcis tc dxphclt tmdlr mejltet es nhdxljly

es pcssljhd (Reyhcr eib Retmek, li Reyhcr5<4:). Rmd blvdrslty cn tmd wdt ^heerbliadidivlrcikdit ls sunnloldithy ficwi, jut wd mevdcihy jdaui tc blsoori tmd mdtdrcadidlty cn tmd"bry seibs" heibsoepd cooupldb jy tmd RZJouhturd.

LL. Rmd RZJ blstrlmuhlci ocislbdrdb et ei crlal-

ieh kep soehd cn 57>00,000

Rmd Butom-Diahlsm Ethes vei Idbdrheib (5<>?-5<11, tc jo oehhdb Ethes 5 mdrdentdr) prdsditslts cid-smddt keps cn tmd ocuitry ci e soehd cn57>00,(KK). Rmdy mevd tmd sekd (stdrdcarepmlo)prcgdotlci eib jcxlia es tmd Butom Crbieiod_urvdy "Rcpcarepmloeh" keps cn heradr soehds.Rmd destlias eib icrtmlias cn tmd Butom ietlci-eh arlb oei pdrndothy wdhh jd epphldb tc tmdsdethes smddts (ehtmcuam tmls ls icwmdrd kditlcidbli Ethes 5 ltsdhn). Ncr tmd prdsdit stuby e treispereit nlhk cvdrhey ci tmd sekd soehd wes prd-perdb cn tmd ficwi RZJ sltds. Rmls wes helb

cvdr dvdry rdhdveit kep li tmd Ethes tc blsodripcssljhd ociidotlcis jdtwddi RZJ sdtthdkditeib kep ndeturds. Keralieh sltuetlcis wdrdomdofdb ci heradr soehd keps (57:00,00065740,000).

Liltleh oeutlciery rdkerfs. Rmd prcodburd cut-hlidb ejcvd bdpdibs ci et hdest tmrdd essukp-tlcis. (5) Rmet tmd RZJ blstrljutlci ls sultejhdtc adidrehlsetlcis cn tmls flib. Li ky cplilcisuom adidrehlsetlcis erd eoodptejhd ncr eiy

mukei jdmevlcur. Liblvlbueh bdvletlcis-wmlomsckd scoldtlos nlib kcrd pdrklssljhd tmei ctmdrs- key rdvdeh tmdksdhvds es liolbditeh eickehldsli cur rdocrbs6 ln tmdy ncuib ic sujsdquditeoodpteiod. Eictmor kettdr tmet ociodris us lset wmet rdkcvd wltmli tmd RZJ FuhturfrdlsY

tmd "icrkeh" cr ochhootlvd jdmevlcur ls slklherli slklher oesds. Rmd neot tmet tmd Adrkei pdetyBøkkdr jesli wes sdtthdb jy tmd RZJ QdstArcup wmlhd tmd Butom pdet jcas wdrd ict, oeijdst jo oxphelidb jy tmd blnndrdit mejltet pctdi-

tleh cn tmdsd heibsoepds. Pdrmeps e blnndrdit oesdls prdsditdb jy tmd nhcurlsmlia cn tmd RZJ _cutm

eib _cutmdest Arcups ci hcdss sclhs wmlhd tmdRZJ Qdst Arcup wes kcrd evdrsd tc hcdss. Eshcia es ic prcdn cn dssditleh divlrcikditeh bln-ndrdiods ls alvdi, wd key mevd mdrd ei listeiodcn pccr Lincrketlci dxomeiad jdtwddi blnndrdit"Arcups" jdhcialia tc tmd sekd RZJ "ouhturd". _uom oesds key jd dxpdotdb wmdrd slklherheibsoepds coour vdry ner epert wltmli e "ouhturd" eib erd ejsdit nrck tmd ociteot zcid cn tmd"Arcups" ociodridb.

(:) Rmd essukptlci tmet tmd ficwi RZJ blstrljutlci ls rdprdsditetlvo cn tmd rdeh blstrljutlci li prdmlstcry. Rmls ls ict qultd trud (on.Jeffdr 5<1?, p. ^LL/51-?>). Kcst pcttdry nlibsict stdkklia blrdothy nrck muidjdbs wdrd cihykebd entdr 5<:0, eib icid joncrd 5=24 (nla. 4)._uom nlibs mevd adidrehhy jdockd ficwi budtc ei "dnndotlvd eromedchcaloeh eotlvlty" burliatmd rdoheketlci cn moetm eib ctmdr westd heibs.E vdry ahcjeh kep cn suom rdoheketlcis (Ethes:, kep 51) suaadsts tmet sclh typds libloetdb jytmd sykjchs : eib ? li nla. > wdrd kelihy rdohelk-db jdncrd 5=00. Jdslbds, tmd kchstdr seiby sclhs

wdrd cntdi rdohelkdb derhldr li tmd h<-:0tm odi-tury tmei tmd brlor seibs (nla. >, sykjch >). Rmuslt klamt sddk tmet tmd ociohuslci brewi jdhcw,iekdhy tmet tmd RZJ pcpuhetlci wes evdrsd tcsdtthlia ci suom heibs, ls strciahy jlesdb jy tmdnlibs' mlstcry. Ncrtuietdhy, tmd vdry ardet eotlvlty sliod 5<40 cn eketdur eib prcndsslcieheromedchcalsts ci prdolsdhy tmdsd heibs (cntdili ociguiotlci wltm rdehhctkdit eib rceb crtcwi ocistruotlci), kdeis tmet wd erd ict ock-phdtdhy jhlibnchbdb, ncr cihy vdry ndw RZJ nlibsmevd ockd tc hlamt nrck suom "dxodptlcieh"sltuetlcis.

Kuom cn cur prdsdit ficwhdbad cn RZJ blstrljutlci, dspdolehhy li tmd oditrd cn tmd ocuitry,bdvchvds nrck tmd wcrf cn tmd ndw litdrdstdbpdrscis prdsdit et tmd nlrst phcuamlia cn tmdmdetmheibs. _c ehh Head ^uursomd nlibs (52?/2>4) erd ficwi tc us tmeifs tc tmd ochhdotliacn tmd Mlhvdrsuk mlstcrlei Ehjdrtus Pdrf eibtmd litdrdst cn tmd Hdlbdi eromedchcalst H.G.N.Geissdi, li tmd 5=40s eib 5=>øs. Rmd Herdi nlibs



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ <1

Nla. 4. Arepm cn tmd blsocvdry cn 5?= nlibspcts cn RZJ pcttory cutslbd tmd ocitdxtcn derhldr ficwi muiojdbs. pdr 4 yder

pdrlcb (Jeffdr 521?, nla. 1.4). Nrck tmdsdocib mehn cn tmd Qtm oditury tc 5<20/5240 moetm rdoheiletlci wes li nuhh swlia,tmd bddrdeslia nlib iukjdrs cvdr 5<20tc 5<40 ocrrdspcib tc lts bdohlid (BdJeffdr 5<1<, nla, ?0), jut ehsc tc werlinhudiods eib e smlnt cn tmd cnnloleheromeochcaloeh ettditlci nrck tmd seibstc ctmor erdes eib, pormeps, e bddrdesliaeketdur eotlvlty. Rmd stddp rlsd nrck5<:0 tc 5<20 rdnhdots tmd eotlvltlds cn êiAlnndi eib keiy eketdurs. Jdncrd 5<:0tmd lllnhudiod cn Geissdi, Phdytd eib Mch-wdrbe cn tmd Hdlbdi Kusduk erd vlsljhd.

_lidd 5<.4(5 eketdur eib rdocrblia eotlvlty liordesob.

5>20

(52:-522/215-21?) ehh betd nrck 5<>0->?, eib tmdTbbdhdrkddr (5=0/21?) eib Ildrsdi-êessdi

nlibs (5=<-5<:/21>-21<) erd bud tc tmd ociteotsjdtwddi M.K, Cuddi Qlhmdhklie, tmd Hdlbdieromedchcalst M.G. Mchwdrbe, eib tmd ZcyehNcrdstdr ercuib 5<50 (on. êi bdr Qeehs 5<1?),Cihy qultd rdodithy wdrd idw nlibs kebd li tmdhettdr twc nlib ohustdrs, burlia eromedchcaloehdxoevetlcis. _uom sltuetlcis erd e werilia tmettmd prdsdit "blstrljutlci pettdri" ls vdry "kctm-detdi" eib tmet li tmd kcrd tmlihy cooupldbporlpmory lt ls merbhy pcssljhd tc brew lindrdiodejcut klilkuk litdr-sltd blsteiods,

Cid pcssljlhlty ncr aetmdrlia idaetlvd dvl-

bdiod ncr tmd RZJ blstrljutlci mes ict ydt jddidxphcrdb, Rmd tcteh surneod cn Butom eromedchcaloeh dxoevetlcis ci seiby sclhs ekcuits tcsdvoreh muibrdbs cn mdoterds. Ehtmcuam cid mesict ehweys jddi prdperdb ncr cjsdrvlia Idchl-tmlo ndeturds wmlhd dxoevetlia kuom hetdr (eibsmerpdr) sclh blsochcuretlcis, RZJ nhet arevdswltm pcttdry oei merbhy mevd jddi klssdb6 liebbltlci, sorepdrs, qudris eib bdocretdb smdrbswdrd qultd cntdi ncuib ci suom cooeslcis. Qmdi

tmd J mcrlzci ls heradhy liteot tmd heof cn RZJnlibs sddks scuib dvlbdiod ncr lindrrlia tmd

ejsdiod cn RZJ sdtthdkdit. Ncr listeiod, ltsddks kdeilianuh tmet tmd 2 me Fcctwlgf dxoevetlcis cn kdbldveh sdtthdkdits (5=:/2>>) mevdcihy prcbuodb cid ^heerbliadi pct, sckd sorepdrs, cid treisvdrsd errcwmdeb, cid herad Jde-fdr "wltm smcrt-wevd kcuhblia", cid ^dhuwdJdhh Jdefdr, eib cid Pct Jdefdr, jut ic RZJwerd (pdrscieh Lincrketlci M.E. Mdlbliae).

(?) E tmlrb essukptlci ls tmet prdsdit kepskey rdprdsdit prdmlstcrld dcibltlcis. Rmdrd lscntdi e ilod earddkdit jdtwddi tmd blstrljutlcicn prdsdit eib prdmlstcrld ndeturds, jut lt ls ict

ehweys desy tc uibdrsteib wmet mes jddi tmdbdtdrklilia neotcr. Ockphdtdhy slklher kepskey blsphey liblrdot rdhetlcis. Rmd jrddbliaerde cn jheof wccbpdofdrs icrtm cn tmd Zmlid,ncr listeiod, ocincrks ocivlioliahy wltm tmdRZJ erde (Ethes ?, p. :5=), jut tmd jheof wccb-pdofdr mes ict sdtthdb mdrd jdncrd tmd :0tm oditury wmdi tmd ocilndr wccbs pheitdb ci ncrkdrmdetmheibs meb jdockd herad eib chb dicuam.Rmd neotcr smerdb wltm RZJ ls cn ocursd tmd



<= GE. JEFFDZ

seiby sujstretd (ci wmldm tmd jheof wccbpdofdrehsc sdtthds scutm cn tmd Zmlid).

Eictmdr prcjhok ls tmet tmd tcpcarepmlo bdnl-iltlcis cn kcbdri survdycrs key kcrd cr ldss,jut ict ockpldtdly, ocliolbd wltm wmet wes rdhdveit tc prdmlstcrld kei. Li tmls ocitdxt ockper-lsci cn tmd keps cn tmd sekd ndeturd es rdsder-omob jy blnndrdit eutmcrltlds key jd lhhukliet-lia. Rmd bdnliltlci cn "hcek" ncr listeiod, keyjd blnndrdit li Qostpmehle, Hcwdr _exciy,Chboijura, _omloswla-Mchstdli, Bdikerf, eibtmd Iotmdrheibs, eib pdr kep dbltlci. _ckd cntmd jcuiberlds brewi ncr hcek key tmdi jdkcrd mdhpnuh tmei ctmdrs.

Rmd RZJ erde nurhnwr bdnlidb. Qmlhd pheyliawltm cvdrhey eib keps li Ethes 5 lt jdoekd ohdertmet RZJ sltds erd ncuib ci ocitliaucus seibysclhs, jut wltm tmd nchhcwlia rdstrlotlcis (nla. >)75. Icrtm cn tmd rlvdrs Dksomor eib Zmlid, tmdEkstdrbek-Zlgi feieeh eib tmd hlid Ekstdrbek-Ehfkeer-Jdradi eei Wdd (sykjch L).:. Ict ci tmd prdsdit ocesteh buids (wmlom blbict dxlst et tmd tlkd) cr ci tmdi dxlstlia ocestehjerrldrs.

?. Ict ci pdet, "kuofy jrccf-sclhs" cr oheys,sykjch : (Ethes 5, PL. L^-5:).2. Ict ci "ici-kuofy jrccf-sclhs eib ahdysclhs" (ljlb.), sykjch ?.4. Ict ci hcdss sclhs (ljlb.), sykjch 2.>. Li tmd ^dhuwd ict ci bry seibs ejcvd 44 kejcvd IEP (Butom Crbieiod Betuk, lbditloehtc Adrkei II, ejcut et sde hdvdh), sykjch 4.1. Ict ci bekp seiby sclhs, sykjch > (Ethes L.PL. ^LL->, wlitdr arcuib wetdr tejhd jdhcw10 ok).Rmord erd sckd rde! eib (/««.svdxodptlcis tc tmls7(e) tmd ejcvd-kditlcidb ncur jetthd-exds nculuhehcia tmd Jdhalei jcrbdr, ci seiby sclhs. Eictmdr wes ncuib et _td. Oìolhd li tmd _okclsvehhdy, ci tmd Nreioc-Jdhalei jcrbdr, (j) thloRZJ vctlvd bdpcslts ci tmd Brditd Phetdeu.wmlom wdrd nrdqudithy pheodb ehcia wdt pheods,wmlom wdrd hetdr cvdrarcwi jy pdet. _dvdrehjettho-exds ehsc bdrlvo nrck wdt pheods, (o) tmdejcvd-kditlcidb RZJ pcttdry nrck tmd ^heer-bliidi sdtthdkdit ci tmd skehh buid cn Mezdi-

bcif, li tmd klbbld cn tmd nhuvletlhd ^heerbliadiblstrlot, (b) sltds wmlom entdrwerbs jdoekd

ocvdrdb jy pdet eib sckdtlkds sujsdqudithyjy ohey, jut wmlom hey crlaliehhy et tmd wohh brel-idb jrlif cn tmd seiby Brditd Phetdeu (Jcri-wlrb (5<:/4<2) eib _tddidibek (5=</4==) liNrldsheib7 Ncffdis 5<=0). (_dd tmd Pcstsorlpt).

(d) sltds ci lschetdb seiby cutorcps wmlom ncr-kdb pert cn tmd herad seiby blstrlots et tmd tlkd(Ccstruk (5<</4<2) li Nrldsheib), (n) bcujtnuhdxodptlcis erd tmd uijrcfdi nuiidh jdefdr selbtc mevd jddi ncuib li kersm ohey et Hutgdseef-suk (::=/4<1), icrtm cn Arciliadi (^ei Alnndi5<416 Zcdhdvdhb 5<12j) eib e rdusdb jetthd-exd

et Qchtdrsuk (:22/4==), ehsc ncuib li ohey cntmd sekd rdalci. jut wmlom key mevd jddi ekdbldveh lkpcrt (Heitlia 5<11).

Li adidreh lt oei jd selb tmet vdry ndw ocitdk-pcrery oheys hld et tmd surneod eib tmet tmd oci-tdkpcrery ocesteh jerrldrs ic hciadr dxlsticrtmdest eib dest cn tmd Oehels L^j dstueryeib heaccis jdtwddi Jdradi eei Wdd eib_omcfheib. Rmdsd treots cn wetdr prdvditdb nur-tmdr RZJ dxpeislci tcwerbs tmd ocesteh jerrldrsjdtwddi Ehfkeer eib Rmd Meaud, wmlom wdrd

cooupldb jy ^heerbliadi arcups. Ic bcujtsdvdreh nlibs cn stcid exds nrck tmd jdeomds cntmd Butom-Adrkei Nrlslei Lshds rdprdsdit RZJmejltetlci cn icw drcbdb ocesteh jerrldrs (on.Jeffdr 5<1>, p. =2-=>). Kuom kcrd ls ficwinrck tmd ocest jdtwddi tmd Dhjd eib Dsjgdra

Nla. >. Rmd RZJ eroe nurtmor bdnlidb (sdd tmd tdxt). Crlaliehsoehd 57>00.000 (Ethes 5). Betd cn ockplhetlci Guid 5<=:.Rmd occrblietds cn tmd ietlcieh arlb (li flhckdtros) erd

alvdi.e - RZJ ertdneot(s), nlibspct odrtelij - lbdk. nlibspct ict dxeothy ficwid - uiodrteli RZJ ertdneot(s). nlibspct odrteli5 - hlid cn tmd Dksomdr, Zmlid, Ekstdrbek-Zlgi feieeh,Ekstdrbek, Ehfkeer. Jdradi eei Wdd: - pdet, "kuofy jrccf-vehhdy sclhs" eib oheys? - "ici-kuofy jrccf sclhs eib ahdy sclhs"2 - hcdss4 - erde ejcvd 40 k ejcvd IEP li tmd ^dhuwd> - seibysclhs wltm e wlitdr arcuib wetdr tejhd jdhcw 10 ok1 - ocitcur hlid cn l.4 k jdhcw IEP ncr tmd tcp cn tmdPhdlstcodid (sdd Pcstsorlpt)



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ <<



500 G.E. JEFFDZ

(Merof 5<=0, 5<1?6 Merof dt eh. 5<126 Køhhdr-Qlhhd 5<=5). Koaehltmlo arevds eib ctmdr RZJnlibs erd ficwi tmdrd nrck Phdlstcodid seibs.RZJ exds, mcwdvdr, ehsc stdk nrck ocesteh jer-rldrs wmlom kust mevd oerrldb RZJ mejltetlci._cko nlibs stdk nrck ocitdkpcrery pdet jcas,jut icid erd ficwi nrck tmd hltthd tmet ls hdntcn ocitdkpcrery oheys Vllihdrstd _dblkditbdofd7

Mcnnkeii 5<=06 Merof 5<=0). _c tmd bujlcusButom nlibs ci ohey erd wltmcut perehhdhs dhsd-wmdrd.

RZJ sdtthdkdits ci e pdety lsheib li tmd hefdeib ci tmd wccb pdet ehcia tmd rlvdr Muitd erdwdhh ficwi nrck tmd Aorkei Bøkkdr jesli,

jut ic slklher cjsdrvetlcis wdrd kebd li tmdJdraukkdrkddr jesli cr dhsdwmdrd li tmdIdtmdrheibs.

Rmd Butom bete prcvlbd ic accb dvlbdiod jytmoksdhvds ncr RZJ evclbeiod cn hcdss sclhs,jooeusd tmd cihy rdhdveit erde (nla. >, sykjch2) jcrbdrs ci e vdry bry seiby rdalci cn tmdscutmdestdri ^ohuwd wmlom ls ehsc wmltmcutnlibs. _trlothy spdeflia tmd "ici-kuofy jrccf-vehhdy sclhs eib ahdy sclhs" (nla. >, sykjc! ?)eaeli coour li erdes wltm tcc ndw RZJ nlibs tc

jd odrteli tmet tmdy wdrd evclbdb. Heradr kep-soeho rdsderom ohderhy smcws, mcwdvdr, tmet sdtthdkdits coourrdb ci tmd jeifs cn skehhstrdeks, wmdrd tmd rdnusd wes bukpdb litc tmdwetdr (Kcbbdrkei dt eh. 5<1>).

Rmd ejsdiod cn nlibs ejcvd 44 k ejcvd IEPls bud tc tmd mybrcarepmy ci tmd ^dhuwd wmdrdtmd mlamdr perts wdrd tcc ner ewey nrck brlifliawetdr ncr oetthd eib kei (nla. 50), jut tmls quesl-rdhetlcismlp bcds ict epphy ncr sultejhd mlamdrhcoetlcis ehcia tmd destdri jcrbdr, cr li Adr-keiy.

Rmd mybrcarepmy ls vdry lhhuklietlia. _mddt^LL-> cn Ethes 5 bdplots tmd arcuibwetdr bdptmsli tmd wlitdrs cn 5<4:-5<44 es e ockplhetlci cnslklher keps ci e soehd cn 57:00,000 (OCHI

kep). Rmdrd ls e ohder ocitrest jdtwddi tmdadidrehhy hcw Brditd Phetdeu wmdrd merbhy eiytruhy bry erdes wdhh rdkcvdb nrck bekp seibysclhs eib brliflia wetdr coour, eib tmd heradmlam eib bry lod-pusmdb rlbads cn tmd oditrd cntmd ocuitry, wmoro prcxlklty cn brliflia wetdr

kust mevd jddi e prlkd idodsslty (Arcdikeivei Qeetdrliad 5<1=, nlas. >-1).

Icid tmd hdss, tmdsd mybrcarepmlo keps alvdcihy e vdry blstcrtdb lkead cn tmd rdhetlvd sltue-tlci li RZJ tlkds. Nlrst, tmd kcbdri usd cnbrliflia wetdr, tmdblaaliacn pdet, tmdoeiehlse-tlci cn strdeks eib tmd keflia cn bltomds mesrdibdrdb tmd ocuitry kuom brldr tmei lt wes endw oditurlds eac. _docib, tmd rlsd cn tmd sdehdvdh sliod RZJ tlkds eib tmd dicrkcus sprdebcn pdet jcas li tmd Jrcizd eib Lrci Ead eibentdrwerbs mevd ohcaadb tmd Idchltmlo breliead_ystdks ocislbdrejhy, dspdolehhy li hcw pheods-*._ckd sdtthdkdit sltds mevd dvdi jddi ocvdrdb

jy pdet. Rmd _uj-Jcrdeh ohlketd wes sckdwmetbrldr li tmd Idchltmlo pdrlcb tmei li tmd JrcizdEad, eib odrtelihy brldr tmei li tmd _uj-Etheitlopdrlcb eib tcbey. Br. Weawlgi rdklibs kd, liebbltlci, cn tmd neot tmet e prlkd veh bdolbucusncrdst treisplrds kuom kcrd wetdr tmei mdetm-heibs, nldhbs, cr kdebcws. Ocisdqudithy, bryrdalcis wdrd hdss bry eib tmd wdt rdalcis wdrdcntdi hdss wdt li tmd RZJ pdrlcb tmei icw.Nurtmdrkcrd, ocincrkltlds jdtwddi RZJ sdtthdkdit eib mybrcarepmloeh keps li cid heibsoepdwlhh ict jd ockphdtdhy epphloejhd tc ctmdrs.

Hetdr mybrcarepmy meb blrdot ocisdqudiodsncr tmd RZJ sltds. Jerrcw sdotlcis bdkcistretdtmet tmd pcbzchlsetlci ncr tmd ardetdr pert tccfpheod entdr tmd RZJ pdrlcb ci tmd brldr seibysclhs (Kcbbdrkei 5<14, Qetdrjchf 5<>2, ^eiAlnndi 5<25). Jdoeusd cn tmd blnndrdit rdalciehomeiads li tmd mybrcarepmy, tmd prdsdit pcbzchtypds mevd ic ockphdtd adidreh rdtrcblotlvdvehud ncr tmd RZJ sclh typds. Qmet tmdy ciodwdrd smcuhb jd tmd sujgdot cn nurtmdr rdsderom.

LLL. Zdalcieh survdys (crlalieh kep soehds5740,000, 57500,000, 57:00,000)

E sclh kep, adchcaloeh kep, eib e adckcrpmc-hcaloeh kep erd icw jdlia pujhlsmdb ci soehd5740,000 tc ketom tmd tcpcarepmloeh kep. Kcstsmddts cn tmd sclh kep erd rdeby li pujhlsmdb crli ociodpt ncrk. E skehh pert cn tmdlr kcstlitrloetd hdadib ncr tmd tcp 5.:0 k cn tmd seiby



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ 505

Nla. 1. _eib/pdet blvlslci ci pert cn tmd Brditd Phetdeu. _teiblia trleiahds libloetd strey smdrbs cr sdtthdkdit sltds,meialia trleiahds nhet arevds eib cid stcid dlst, olrohdb bcts muidjdbs. Jooeusd tmdsd pessead arevds wdrd ehh li usd burliapcttdry pmesd B, Rmldssdi pchyacis ercuib tmdk smcuhb libloetd ocitdkpcrery "tdrrltcrlds" eoocrblia tc Zdinrdw. Heradiukjdrob bcts libloetd e ocioditretlci cn muidjdbs. _mddt iukjdrs eib oc-crblietds cn tmd Rcpcarepmloeh Kep erd likerali (Jeffdr 52_(L).

sclhs (Bd Jeffdr 5<1<) wlh! jd bdsorljdb jdhcw._clh typd, tdxturd, eib mybrcarepmy erd libloe-tdb. Ndwdr smddts mevd eppderdb cn tmd adchcal-oeh eib tmd adckcrpmchcaloeh keps cn wmlomtmd nlrst ehsc alvd bodp vdrtloeh sdotlcis cn tmdperdit ketdrleh cn tmd sclhs, eib tmd sdocib ohes-slnlds rdhldn ncrks. Rmd blnndrdit elks rdehlsdbjy tmdsd keps kefo ockperlsci kcst rdwerb-lia. Rmls ls ehsc iooossery jdoeusd tmd klicrcklsslcis cn cid kep key jd rdotlnldb jy ei-ctmdr (Rdi Oeto dt eh. 5<=5 ockperdb tmd tmrddkep typds pujhlsmdb ncr smddt 51D). Adidrehhytmd ociodpt sclh keps erd tc jd prdndrrdb tc tmd

pujhlsmdb smddts jdoeusd tmd hettdr wdrd cntdislkphlnldb ncr tmd sefd cn oherlty.

Jdoeusd kcst cn tmdsd keps wdrd, eib erd,jdlia survdydb entdr tmd skehh soehd keps cnEthes 5 meb jddi ockplhdb, tmd hettdr wlhhjdockd cjschdtd li bud ocursd. Rmd IDJC sclhkep 57:()0,0()() wltm e blnndrdit fdy ls ei listeiod(Ethes 5, Pls. L^/5-5:).

E. Rmd Brditd Phetdeu. Rmd Brditd Phetdeueaeli ls ict dvdihy ocvdrdb jy ficwi RZJ sltds(nla. 1). Qmdrdestmdblstrljutlcicn sdtthdkdits,nhet arevds eib nlibspcts cn cid cr kcrd smdrbs



50: GE. JEFFDZ

erd pertlouherhy jlesdb jy hcoehlsdb "dnndotlvderomedchcaloeh eotlvlty" eib blsphey ocioditre-

tlcis li tmd icrtm6 tmet cn tmd muidjdbs, mcw-dvdr, ls blnndrdit. Kcst erd ncuib ci tmd twcdestdrikcst rlbads, tmd Mcibsrua eib tmd Zlbadcn Zchbd. Hcwdr ocioditretlcis coour li tmd_cutmwdst eib li tmd icrtm. Rmldssdi cr Blrlom-hdt pchyacis ocistruotdb ercuib kdaehltmloarevos bdkcistretd tmd hettor's uidqueh blstrl-jutlci ohderhy. Rmd ehlaikdit cn Mcibsruamuidjdbs ls ehsc vdry strlflia eib ls ict uihlfotmet cn nuidreh kciukdits ehcia prdmlstcrldrcebs (on. Jeffdr 5<1>, nlas. :, 1, 55).

Kcst cn tmls blsperlty li tmd blstrljutlci cn

muidjdbs ls dxpheliob jy tmd rdodithy pujhlsmdbsmddts cn tmd adchcaloeh kep (nla. =). Jcuhbdrswdrd evelhejhd ncr muidjdb ocitruotlci tc prdmlstcrld kei wmdrd (e) Lod Ead aheoldrs mebbdpcsdb tmok, dxpdolehhy li e heydr cn tlhh cr"jcuhbdr ohey", (j) tmls jcuhbdr ohey meb jddidrcbdb jy pdrlaheoleh prcodssds sc tmet tmdstcids wdrd wesmdb n rdd, eib (o) tmdsd hccsdjcuhbdrs meb ict jddi ockphdtdhy ocvdrdb jye heydr cn Hetd Aheoleh wlib-jhcwi ocvdrseibs.Nla. = smcws tmd blstrljutlci cn pertlehhy eib

ockphdtdhy drcbdb jcuhbdr ohey. Rmd muidjdbblstrljutlci smcws e rdesciejhd ocincrklty tctmd coourrdiod cn drcbdb tlhh. Tincrtuietohy ekep cn tmd boptm cn tmd tcp cn tmd jcuhbdr ohey,drcbdb cr ict, jdhcw tmd ocvdrseib surneod lsict evelhejhd, jut tmd sdotlcis li nla. = smcwtmet tmls rdhetlvd bdptm liordesds tcwerbs tmdicrtmwdst, eib tmet tmd phetdeu es e wmchd ehscblps litc tmet blrdotlci.

Rmd sclh keps bdkcistretd tmet muidjdbs erdncuib li lkkdbleto prcxlklty ct tmd drcslci"dsoerpkdit" cn tmd jcuhbdr ohey ocvdr, jut tmettmdy wdrd ocistruotdb upci wdhh-brelidb ocvdrseibs, cr slklherly tdxturdb prdaheoleh seibs,wmlhd tmd lhh-brelidb tlhh sujsclhs wdrd evclbdb(Qldrliae 5<>=). Ci tmd Mcibsrua eib tmdZlbad cn Zchbd tmd pdrlaheoleh drcslci cn tmdncrkdrhy uilitdrruptdb jcuhbdr ohey heydr meshdnt e heibsoepd cn strelamt wdt tlhh rlbads eibcn hetdr cntdi ocvdrseib-nlhhdb bry vehhdysjdtwddi tmdk (nla. =). Rmd strelamtidss cn tmdjcrbdr zcids jdtwddi tlhh eib tmd bry seibs

wmlom wdrd prdndrrdb ncr muidjdb julhblia sun-nloldithy dxphelis tmd ehlaikdit cn tmd muidjdbs

mdrd. Rmdlr sltuetlci ehcia rcebs mes tmusjdockd supdrnhucus es ei dxpheietlci, jut hciablsteiod rcebs key li neot mevd omcsdi suomocursds, bdkeiblia tmd hdest "rdhldn didray"eib e bry sclh.Rmrdd sclh kep smddts ncr tmd scutmdest ocridrcn Brditd (nla. <d, on. nla. 1 ncr tmdlr hcoetlci)wdrd usdb ncr e kcrd bdtelhdb eiehysls cn RZJsltd hcoetlci. L rdndr tc ncrkdr stublds (Qldrliae5<>=6 Jeffdr 5<=0) eib Rejhd 5. Rmd sclh kep5740,000 prdsdits, slkuhteidcushy, e blvlslcieoocrblia tc tmrdd ndeturds7 (5) sclh typd sdisu

strlotc. Rmd kcst lkpcrteit seiby sclhs erdocbdb \ ;Mchtpcbzch, "typloeh (ici-muklo)jrcwi pcbzchlo dertm"6 Mb ;Meerpcbzch, "mu-kuspcbzch", Mi ; ^dhbpcbzch, "typloeh (mu-klo) ahoy-pcbzch"6 eib pWa cr pWi ;Jdo'fddrb.

Jrcdfddrb, cr Accrddrb, "typloeh muklo-seibyahdy sclh". F] libloetds e jcuhbdr ohey cr "pctohey" ider tmd surneod eib "x" e bdptm cn tmdsdjdtwddi 20 eib 5:0 ok. (:) Rmd tdxturd cn tmduppdr heydr cn perdit ketdrleh ls ocbdb7?0 ; ocersd seib, :? ; hceky nlid seib,

:5 ; nlid seib wltm hltthd cr ic hcek. "Hcek"ls tmd nreotlci skehhdr tmei 40 Xl6 sykjch :? mescvdr 51,4% cn lt, eib sykjch :5 hdss. (?) Rmdkeli arcuib wetdr Lovdh ls libloetdb jy tmdolpmdrs ^LL (vdry bry) tc L (vdry wdt). Rmdncrdlai usdr cn tmd Butom sclh kep ls rdndrrdbtc tmd wdhh lhhustretdb Kegcr sclhs eib sclh rdalcis

li tmd Idtmdrheibs (Bd Jeffdr 5<1<) wmlom prc-vlbds tmd kuhtlheiauead ahcssery nrck wmlomRejhd 5 wes ockplhdb.

Rmus e kepplia uilt key jd ocbdb Mi:?x-^L.Rmd typds cn prcpdrtlds 5-? erd ocrrdhetlvd liprliolphd, jut tmd kep blspheys ei litrloetd spdotruk cn orcss-ockjlietlcis. Rmd prcpdrty typds5-? wdrd tmdrdncro ocislbdrdb libdpdibdithy cndeom ctmdr li tmd nchhcwlia stetlstlos, li tmd mcpdtmet RZJ prdndrdiods ncr prdsdit kepplia uiltsci tmdsd smddts wcuhb jdockd epperdit. Nla.<b smcws tmd "ietureh" blstrljutlci cn tmd tmrddtypds cn prcpdrtlds, phus tmd prdsdiod cn tlhhwltmli 20-5:0 ok bdptm (x) ci tmd brldst pertcn tmd Mcibsrua, lts scutmdestdri tlp jdtwddi



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ 5Ø?

R8lmhv L

Ahcssery cn tmd rdhdveit Butdm seiby sclh typds

Butom sclh Mchtpcbzch sclX Meerpcbzct sclX ^dhbpcbzch sclh Jddfddrb lclX* Difddrb sclX* Buliveeaarcib*

kep 5740.000' ocbd \ ocbd Mb ocbd Mi ocbd pWa ocbd zDW ocbd Wb

Aorkeiy' ' Zcstjreuiorbo Dlsdimukus-pcbsch

Ahdy Pcbsch Ryplsomdr Ahdy Areudr Pcbsch-Pheaadidsom

Pcbsch-Zdacsch

Diaheibeib 'hyploeh (icll- Mukuspcbzch Ryploeh (muklo) Ryploeh muklo- _eiby kei-kebd Pcbzchlo seib-Qehds' muklo) pcthzch

jrcwidertmahdy-pcbzch seiby ahdy sclh mukussclh reifdr

Nreiod'' _chcordpcbzchl- Pcbzch mukc- Pcbzch muklqud _ch muklqud _ch b'eppcrt _ch klidreh jrutqud kcbeh ndrrualidux eahdy eahdy eitmrcplqud b'eppcrtìc hldi

T._.E.' Ryplo Ryplo Ryplo Pheaadpt RyploMephcmukcb Mephequcb Mukequd pt Tblpsekkdit

_CTZOD7 Bd Jeffdr 5<1<, oltlia (e) Bd Jeffdr eib _omdhhlia 5<>> 6 (j) Køofdimeusdi dt eh. 5<116 (o) Evdry 5<1?6(b) OPO_ 5<>16 (d) _clh Rexcicky ___ 5<14 (deom cn tmdsd tdrks prdodbdb jy 'seiby. slhlodcus, kdslo").

* Ncr hlrcofodrb eib Accrodrb sclhs ic ahcssery ls alvoi jy Bd Jeffdr6 tmdy erd ohcsdhy rohetob tc Jddfddrb sclhs. Ddrb ;dertm. vuunl ; reifdr, arcib ‒ sclh.

Dkkoi (:>0/4?0) eib tmd strdek vehhdy et Jcr-adr-Julidi (:40/440). Jddfddrb, Jrcdfdorb,Accrddrb eib F] sclhs wdrd cklttdb jdoeusdtmdy word evclbdb jy RZJ sdtthokdit, es wdrd

poetjcasY. Rmd rdsuhts erd prosditdb li nla <bli jer arepms pdr kep smddt ncr tmd sclhs ciwmlom (e) muiojdbs, (j) nhet arevos, eib (o) sdtthokdit cr nlib spcts cn strey smorbs wdrd sltuetdb. Rmdrd ls e ohder prdndrdiod ncr Mb, :5, eib^LL. Lt ls ehsc pleli tmet ficwi arevds eib sdtthokdit sltds erd qulto uidvdily blstrljutdb.Jdoeusd tmd phetdeu blps tcwerbs tmd icrtm eibtmd wdst, \, Mb eib ^LL arebuelhy alvd wey tcMi, ^L eib ^ litc tmdsd blrdotlcis.Rmd prdndrdiod ncr :5 listdeb cn :? suaadsts eprdndrdiod ncr \cuiadr Ocvorseibs wmlom erd

hcekhdss, listdeb cn tmd shlamthy hcekldr ChbdrOcvorseibs. Rmls key perthy jd e quesl-rdhe-tlcismlp, mcwdvdr. Ln tmd tcps cn ocvdrseib rlb-ads wdrd omcsdi, tmdy usuehly ocislstdb cn\cuiadr Ocvdrseib, wmlom li turi usuehly cvdr-hey Chbdr OcvorseibX

Rmd tejuhetlcis tmus cihy rdndr tc tmd sltd ciwmlom e sdtthokdit wes sltuetdb. Qmlho lt kustmevd jddi ocivdiloit tc hcoehd mcusds ci bryici-stlofy seib, lt ls qulto pcssljhd tmet tmd

nldhbs wdrd hcoetdb ci hcekldr cr kchstdr sclhs.Merbhy eiy sdtthdkoits erd sltuetdb ci pheodswltm ] (tlhh heydr2()-5:0 ok bddp). Dxodptlciehhytmd hcoetlci cn tmd RZJ sdtthokdit cn Eilc (:24/

4>5), blsoussdb jy Mersdke (tmls vchukd) lssltuetdb ci Mi:?x-^L. Pdrmeps e prdndrdiod lslibloetob ci tmd sclh kep ncr tmd jcrbdrs cnuilts wltm \, Mi, x eib ^L, juh tmd litrloetdpetomwcrf cn tmd Brditd sclhs (wmdrd kcst sclhtypds sddk evelhejhd dvdrywmdrd) eib tmdkliutd ocblia bcds ict kefd lt desy tc pdrodlvdtmls. L mevd ict ydt ncuib e rdhetlvdhy slkphdeib cjgdotlvd kdtmcb ncr bdtdotlia wmet sclhtypds wdrd usdb ncr erejhd phcts, libdpdibditnrck tmd reblus omcsdi ncr erde oehouhetlcis, crslkphlnloetlcis epphldb tc tmd kep ocbd.

Tincrtuietdhy ic sclh kep mes ydt jddi ock-plhdb ncr tmd bdisdhy cooupldb smddt L:Q, mutncr tmd rokelibdr cn tmd Brditd Phetdeu ehh sclhkep smddts erd evelhejhd li prlitdb cr ociodptncrk. Rmd erde oei ocivdildithy jd blvlbdb litctmrdd heibsoepds. Rmd scutmwdstdri nrliad cntmd phetdeu ocislsts cn lod-pusmdb, jcuhbdrohey-ocvdrdb rlbads. Mdrd tmd drcbdb tlhh prcvlbobjcuhbdrs ncr tmd ocistruotlci cn et hdest nlvdmuidjdbs (nla. =, smddt 5>D), wmlom eaeli erd



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Nla. <. Jer arepms cn sltd omereotdrlstlos cn (e) muidjdbs, (j) nhet arevds, eib (o) sdtthdkdits cr strey smorbs ci tmd BrditdPhetdeu, eoocrblia tc tmd smddts 5:D, 51Q eib 51D cn tmd 5740,0(]) sclh kep (d). Rmd prdsdit "ietureh blstrljutlci" cntmdsd ndeturds ci tmd rdhetlvdhy bry seiby lsheib li tmd hcwdr rlamt ocridr cn nla. 1 ls rdibdrdb jy (b). Rmd iukjdr cncjsdrvetlcis ls smcwi jy "I". _dd tmd tdxt eib Jeffdr (5<=0).



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sltuetdb ci ocvdrseib cr slklherhy tdxturdbseibs. Rmd sclh ocbd ls twc tlkds Mi:5-^L. Rwc

ctmdr sltds mevd :5-^LL wmlhd tmdlr prdsdit buidseib eib Difddrb ocvdr key mevd rdpheodb Mb.Cid mes Mi:?x-^L. Rmd dhdvdi arevd, sdtthd-kdit eib strey smdrb sltds ci tmls smddt (liohub-lia cid ci 5>Q eib ::Q deom) alvd e slklherploturd7 nlvd ci Mi, ncur ci Mb, ilid ci :5,nlvd ci ^LL, ncur ci ^L eib twc ci Mi:?x-^.L suppcsd tmet li tmd hest twc oesds tmd ocvdrseibwes tcc tmli, cr tmd ocvdrseib rlbad tcc ierrcwncr liohuslci li tmd kep.

Rmd ctmdr heibsoepd ls ncrkdb jy hcw ocvdrseib rlbads hylia ci tmd tlhh phetdeu blpplia tctmd icrtm eib wdst (smddt LLD). Rmdrd erd icmuidjdbs mdrd eib tmd twc nhet arevds eib nlvdsltds cn sdtthdkdits cr strey smdrbs ehh hld ci :5.Nlvd erd ocbob Mi, twc Mb6slx ^LL, eib cid ^L.

Rmd tmlrb heibsoepd ls tmd ncrkdr nrliad cntmd phetdeu, wmoro twc sdtthdkdit sltds iderBcffuk (smddt >Q) erd icw cvdrarcwi jy pdet(Jcriwlrb (5<:/4<2) eib _tddidibek (5=</4==)7 Ncffdis 5<=0). Jctm rdprdsdit RZJ pme-sds N-A wmlom key mevd jddi prdolsohy ocitdk-pcrery wltm tmd Ocrbdb Qerd rdnusd ncuib et

tmd sekd pheods. Et Jcriwlrb nlid erb-kerfswdrd cjsdrvdb jdhcialia tc cid cr jctm ouhturds. Rmd seiby surneod hey li tmd dxoevetlciplts et 0.= tc 5.> k johcw IEP, jut tmd hcwdrkeralis cn tmd erb soretomds wdrd ict rdeomdb.Iefdb jerhdy wes arcwi mdrd (^ei Wdlst 5<10).Ourlcushy tmd erb arccvds eppderdb soretomdblitc tmd hdeomdb heydr cn ei Mb pcbzch li tmdmlamdr perts eib ei Mi pcbzch li tmd hcwdr pertscn tmd dxoevetlci. Pormeps wd mevd mdrd eilisteiod cn sdocibery pcbzch ncrketlci (Qetdr

jchf 5<>2) entdr tmd Idchltmlo cooupetlci, jutjdncrd pdut arcwtm stertdb ci tcp cn tmd erejhdsclh (5<=0 µ 40 jo, ArI-4:<4). Pcbzchlsetlcikust kelihy mevd tefdi pheod sliod Jdhh Jdefdrtlkds, eoocrblia tc tmd sdotlcis tmrcuam muidjdb jerrcws eib tmrcuam hetdr jerrcws rdstliaupci RZJ nhet arevds. Jut tmls jerrcw dvlbdiodls rdstrlotdb tc tmd mlamdr perts cn tmd BrditdPhetdeu eib key mevd hdss rdhdveiod ncr ltskclstdr nrliads. Nurtmdr dxoevetlci cn tmls pdet-ocvdrdb sltd key jo ebveiteadcus, ict cihy ncr

tmd nliblia cn sddbs eib ncr esodrtelilia tmddxtdit cn tmd erejhd phcts, jut ehsc ncr rdvdehlia

pcstmchds, jdoeusd tmd mcusd sltds kust mevdjddi sltuetdb li tmd lkkdbletd vlolilty cn tmd5<>> dxoevetlci ocislbdrlia tmd pct smdrb nrd-qudioy (L ek aretdnuh tc Kr. M. Ncffdis ncrtmls Lincrketlci). Rmd Ccstruk nhet arevd(s) cnpmesd A dest cn Bcffuk wdrd blsocvdrdb ettmd jesd cn e rdkcvdb eib kuom hetdr hdrp hyliaci e ocvdrseib cutorcp (5<</4<2).

J. Rmd seiby rdalcis wdst eib dest cn tmd Brditd

Phetdeu. Aeestdrheib (5>5/420) li _.Q. Nrldsheib eib Qldrliadi (5:1/42=) eib tmd lshd cnRdxdh (554/4>4) eorcss tmd LGssdhkddr erd e oci-tliuetlci cn tmd tlhh-ocvdrdb lod-pusmdb rlbadscn tmd scutmwdstdri nrliad cn tmd Brditd Phetdeu. RZJ nlibs erd ict yot ficwi nrck Rdxdh6nrck Qldrliadi ockds cid ficj-juttdb jetthd-exd, eib li Aeestdrheib wd ficw cn cid bds-trcydb muidjdb (Nh) eib cid prcjejhd sdtthdkdit sltd (jctm ci Mi:5-^L).

Rmd seiby rdalci dest cn tmd Brditd Phetdeucoouplds tc tmd icrtm ei erde cn slklher jcuhbdr-ohey-ocvdrdb, lod-pusmdb rlbads wltm e ocvdr

seib jheifdt. Zdodit RZJ nlibs (rdocrbdb jyG.I. Heitlia, JEL, ci smddt 1D) et Mdhluk eib_lbbdjurdi (:45-:44/4=2) cnndr slklher pcssljlh-ltlds ncr pdet-ocvdrdb sltd dxoevetlcis es ehciatmd I.Q. nrliads et tmd Brditd Phetdeu (sdd tmd

Pcstsorlpt!).

Kcrd tc tmd scutm, tmd seibs cn Qdstdrwchbderd kelihy ocvdrseib rlbads nrekdb jy ncrkdrpdet jcas. _ykjch \ ls ejsdit mdrd, wmlhd Mbeib ^LL erd dxtrdkdly rerd (sclh kep smddts 5?,5=, :?). Rmd tmrdd wdhh hcoehlsdb nlibspcts ci

smddt 5? erd hcoetdb ci Mb:5-^LL, Mi:5-^LLeib Mi:?-^L.

O. Rmd rlvdrbuids ehcia tmd rlvdr ^domt. Kuomeketdur eotlvlty sliod tmd 5<>0s mes jrcuamt enlid sdrlds cn nlibspcts tc tmd hlamt (^ei Jddf5<10, eib hetdr nlibs), dspdolehhy ehcia tmd icrtmslbd cn tmd rlvdr (jdtwddi :5?/40? eib :?</45:).Rmdy erd hcoetdb ci hetd Aheoleh ocvdrseibbuids ehcia tmd lkpcrteit prlkdveh vehhdy cntmd ^domt scutm cn tmd Brditd Phetdeu. Rmd sclh



50= GE. JEFFDZ

kep (::Q) libloetds tmet tmdsd sclhs mevd :5eib ^LL, mut tmet tmd Mb pcbzch wes adidrehhy

ocvdrdb jy buid seib cr Difddrb erejhd sclh likdbldveh eib hetdr tlkds. Rmd blrdot rlvdrslbdwes cntdi omcsdi.

B. Rmd seiby sclhs jdtwddi tmd ^domt, Adrkei

jcrbdr eib tmd ^dhuwd. Rmdrd erd twc typds cnlod-pusmdb rlbads mdrd (on. Ethes 5, Pls. LL-?,LLL-h, L^-5:, ^LL->). Jctm mevd e icrtm-scutmcrlditetlci. Rmcsd ehcia tmd jcrbdr erd usuehhyvdry kclst eib rlom li stroekhdts, es tmdy cntdiocislst cn Rdrtlery oheys cr mevd e jcuhbdr oheyocvdr. Rmd wdstdri cids, li tmd klbbhd cn tmd

blstrlot, erd usuehhy vdry bry eib cn tmd sekdtypd es tmd ^dhuwd rlbads, jut kuom skehldr._ckd wdstdri rlbads, mcwdvdr, mevd jcuhbdrohey oeps eib erd es kclst es tmd destdri cids.Rmls oditreh zcid cn rlbads jhcofs tmd brelieadcn tmd destdri litdrkdbletd ocvdrseib heibsoepdocislbdrejhy, wmlom li turi ls rlbbhdb jy stroekhdts eib sckd herad pdet jcas. Mejltetlci cooursmdrd ci bry ocvdrseib rlbads li wdt erdes cr ciocvdrseib bdpcsltdb ci tmd hcwdr shcpds cn tmdbry lod-pusmdb rlbads.

Rmd iukjor cn ficwi nlibspcts (::) ls tccskeh! ncr stetlstloeh wcrf6 cihy ncur erd wdhhhcoehlsdb sotthdkdits ncr wmlom sclh keps (smddts:=Q, ?2Q, ?2D) erd evelhejhd (\:?-^LL, \?()-^LL, twc ci Mb:5-^hh). Eictmdrsdt thdkditslt dwes sltuetdb li e strdek vehhdy ci e ocvdrseibrlbad cklttob ci tmd sclh kep (jut smcwi jytmd adckcrpmchcoeh kep). Rmet usuehhy qultdierrcw bry rlbads li e bekp erde wdrd omcsdils lhhustretdb jy e nlibspct cn et hdest cid RZJsmdrb icrtm cn Beerhd (:?:/2<4) ider tmd Hlibdr-jddf, sltuetdb upci e typloeh Acrbdhbdfzeibrua

("ocvdrseib jdht rlbad") ehcia tmd wdt ncct cnei lod-pusmdb rlbad wltm hceky ordst (nla. 55).Cid muidjdb sltd (0: et Keibdr, :4?/2<1) wesblocvdrdb ci ei lod-pusmdb rlbad ider tmd jcrbdr. Et e smcrt blsteiod eorcss tmd nrcitldr twcslklher sltds eib e nhet arevd wdrd ncuib ci tmdsekd rlbad (Tdhsdi 5-?, :44/405, _omhlomt 5<41,5<>1). Cid ehhoadb muidjdb sltd hlds ci cid cntmd oditreh loc-pusmob rlbads (Nrldzdijdra, :?5/21>6 \:?-^LL ider jcuhbdr ohey).

Destdri Adhbdrheib (Eomtdrmcdf) eib tmdpert cn Cvdrlgssdh wdst cn tmd oditreh lod-pusmdb

rlbads (_ehheib) erd erdes preotloehhy wltmcuteiy nlibs. Nla. > suaadsts tmet tmd rlbads li tmdsderdes prcvlbdb sultejhd pheods ncr RZJ sdtthd-kdit. Prdsukejhy Difddrb erejhd sclhs ci tcpcn tmd rlbads eib tcc hltthd eromedchcaloeh eotlvltymevd ordetdb e jhlib spct ci cur kep.

D. Rmd brldst blstrlot7 tmd mlhhs cn tmd ^dhuwd,

Acclheib eib Ttrdomt, eib tmd bekp vehhdy

jdtwddi. Ehh sclh kep smddts erd evelhejhd ncrtmd ^dhuwd. E ockplhetlci nrck tmdsd eib ctmdrkeps et e soehd cn 57500,()()() (Rdi Mcutd bd

Heiad 5<11) ehhcws cid tc phey tmd aekd wltmtmd cvdrhey nlhk ciod kcrd. L epphldb strlotdrsteiberbs mdrd (nla. 50) tmei li nla. > es roaerbsrohlejlhlty cn ertdneot botdrklietlci eib hcoehlse-tlci. Lschetdb nlibs cn cid smdrb cr e jetthd-exdwdrd bdslaietdb es sltds cn uificwi omereotdr.Rmd sdtthdkdits, strey smdrbs eib kcst nhetarevds erd hcoetdb ci ocvdrseibs (\ eib Mb,usuehhy :5, rerdhy ?0) eib ci ^LL.

Rmd ocitcurkep, ci wmlom kclst eib wdtsclhs erd ehsc libloetdb (ockkdiolia wltm Mi

eib ^L) pdrklts cid tc blsodri jdtwddi twctypds cn heibsoepd omcsdi ncr RZJ cooupetlci.Rmd nlrst typd ockprlsds tmd sltds ehcia tmd nddtcn tmd mlam eib vdry bry lod-pusmdb rlbads, hdsstmei :40 tc 140 k ewey nrck pheods wmdrdstroekhdts cr dxoevetdb wdhhs ocuhb prcvlbdbrliflia wetdr ncr kei eib oetthd. Rmd sdtthd-

Nla. FL. Rmd RZJ nlibs li tmd ^dhuwd. Crlalieh soehd57M)().()(L(). Jleoho sykjchs7 L - sdtthdkdit. LL - nhet arevd, hlh- omereotdr cn nlib uiohder (d.a.. strey jetthd-exd). e - vdry

wdhh ficwi, j - wdhh ficwi, d - bujlcus cr mdersey, b -hcoehlsetlci uiprdolsd. Rmd kep smcws ocitcur hlids wltm50 kotrd litdrvehs, rlslia nrck C eib 50 k (li metomdb erde)tc ordst cn <0 eib 500 k ejcvd IEP (5=1/21:. X<:-X<1i4l)-

24:), jut usuehhy cihy >0-10 k (destdri rlbad) cr 20->0 k(ctmdr rlbads). Metomdb erd kclst erdes (arcuibwetdr hdvdhs^h-L eib Mi sclhs). _trdeks erd li jheof. Jrccfs (liohubliakei-kebd sprdiadi) eoocrblia tc Rdi Mcutdi bd Heiad,eib ocisdqudithy ict omertdb ncr tmd metomdb erde (d.a..Jeridvdhbsd Jddf). Rmd ncrkdr Wulbdrzdd li tmd icrtmwdstls Lont jheif. _curods7 57500.000 keps cn Rdi Mcutdi bdHeiad dt eh. (5<11) eib H_C.CCC _clh eib RcpcarepmloehKeps.

http://92-/97n5i

http://92-/97n5i

http://92-/97n5i



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Nla. LL. Divlrcikdit cn tmd tcur RZJ sdtthdkdits cn Herdi-5 eib -:, Taomdhdi-? eib Beerld (rebll cn : fk)7 rdhldn,arcuib wetdr, sclhs eib adchcaloeh sdotlcis (crlalieh soehd h74(),(){)0). Ocitcur hlids (4 k litdrvehs) eib jrccfs eoocrbliatc Rcpcarepmloeh Kep6 arcuib wetdr eib sclhs eoocrblia tc _clh Kep eib Aockcrpmchcaloeh Kep. Rmd suj sclh cn julht-uperdes, difddrb ocvdrs cr rdodit buids ci ky cwi dstlketlci (jrcfdi hlids). Rmd adchcaloeh sdotlcis erd jesdb ci tmdocitcur hlids eib ky dstlketd cn tmd adchcay.

kdits hld ci tmd tcp cn tmd ocvdrseib keithd,dbalia up eaelist tmd nhuvlcaleoleh eib lod-pusm-db seibs cn tmd mlhhs. Rmd seko mchbs trud ncrtmd Herdi (522/21?) eib Zdkkdrbdi (5>4/22:)sltds ci tmd Accl-Ttrdomt rlbads wdst cn tmd^dhuwd. Nla. 55 alvds bdtelhs. Et Taomdhdi-? litmd oditrd-dest cn nla. 50 (5<5/2>>) tmd omcsdisltd meb e vldw ockkeiblia tmd bry Essdh veh-hdy, ic bcujt ei desy dest-wdst tmcrcuamnerd,eib tmd skehh bry vehhdy cn Mdt Hddstdi scutm

cn lt. Lt ehsc jcrbdrdb tmd bekp vehhdy icrtmwerbwmdrd skehh strdeks prcvlbdb brliflia wetdr.Lt sddks tmet tmd sotthdkdit sltd tdrrltcry (eskerfdb jy twc nhet arevds, sdd jdhcw) tccfebveitead cn tmls pcsltlci. Rmd nlibs li tmd^eessdi-Ildrsdi diohevd (5=<-5<:/21>-21<)icrtm cn Taomdhdi key mevd jddi kebd li eockperejhd pcsltlci, mut uincrtuietohy tmdlrrdocrblia ls neuhty.

Rmd sdocib typd cn heibsoepd omcsdi ncr sdt-




thdkdit wdrd tmd keralis cn tmd kclst vehldy cnTbbdhdrkddr eib Hduvdiuksd Jddf li tmd

icrtmwdstori ^dhuwd (5=0/21? tc 512/2=?). Rmdsltds wltm ficwi hcdetlci erd sltuetdb ci bryarcuib, adidrehhy ocvdrseib, ider tc kclst sclhscr wetdr.

Ict rdprdsditdb ls e tmlrb heibsoepd typd,tmet cn hcw ocvdrseib rlbads, cr rlsds, cntdiperehhdh eib ehtdrietlia wltm skehh strdeks eibrdstlia ci e kclst hceky cr seiby sujstretd,blrdothy wdst cn tmd ^dhuwd. Rmd ordsts cn tmdrlsds, cntdi hdss tmei 40 k wlbd, erd ocvdrdb jyeooukuhetdb Difddrb erejhd sclhs cr mevd helili aressheib sliod hcia jdncrd 5=00. Heof cn

dnndotlvd eromedchcaloeh eotlvlty mes pdrmepsordetdb eictmdr jhlib spct mdrd, ncr tmd ndwsystdketlo cjsdrvetlcis cn seib plts li suom rlsdsprcbuodb ertdneots cn ctmdr prdmlstcrld pdrlcbs(Jdhhdi 5<?5, Ccstlia 5<?>).

Ehcia tmd lod-pusmdb rlbads cn Ttrdomt eibAccl, tmd Herdi (nla. 55) eib Zdkkdrbdi sdtthd-kdits ocincrk tc tmd nlrst heibsoepd typd, tmcsdcn Head ^uursomd (52?/2>4) perthy pdrmeps kcrdtc tmd sdocib. Li tmd hettdr klorc-rdalci tmdrdkey mevd jddi cid muidjdb (TL) es suaadstdb

li e pdiwesm brewlia cn 5110-51<0.

L .̂ Heradrkolpsoehds(nrcti 57:4,000tc 5750,000

eib 5720)

Rmd Crbieiod _urvdy 57:4,000 keps erd tmdkeps tmd eromeochcalst usuehhy wcrfs wltm litmls ocuitry. Rmdy smcwdvdry heid, kcstbltomdseib tmdrd ls adidrehhy dicuam speod jdtwddinlibs cr kciukdits tc lisorljo tmdk ci ui-ochcurdb smddts. Rmd pepdrwcrf jdockds tcdjuhfy ncr wmchd-ocuitry survdys, jut ncr sujrdalcieh rdsderom tmdy erd dxodhhdit. Rcc hltthd usdmes jddi kebd cn tmd 5750,000 keps. Rmdy cnndric kcrd adcarepmloeh bdtelh tmei tmd 57:4,000keps, dxodpt ncr tmd vdry bdtelhdb dhdvetlcikeps. Eiy sujrdalcieh survdy smcuhb stert jybrewlia tmd ocitcurhlids cidsdhn7 tmls tdeomdscid tmd hlo cn tmd heib, dspdolehhy tmd ocvdrseibrdhldn. Lbdehhy, cid smcuhb omdof eib lkprcvotmd bloussdb sclh, adchcay eib adckcrpmchcay

keps jy jcrlias eib tmdi ockplhd e sdhdotlvdockjlietlci (es ls cntdi bcid li tmd wdtheibs)

ci tmls (hliderhy) nlvd tlkds heradr soehd. _uomwcrf mes, mcwdvdr, merbhy jdaui ncr tmd divlrcikdit cn RZJ sltds, jut lt ls ohder tmet cidsmcuhb bc tmls tc jrlbad tmd aep jdtwddi tmdpheis cn dxoevetlcis wltm usueh soehds cn 5720 tc57:00 eib tmd blsoussdb skehhdr soehd keps cntmd divlrcikdit. Rmd oebestreh keps ci soehds57:,400 eib 574,000 mevd keiy drrcrs, jdliatmd rdsuht cn ocitliucus "petomlia" sliod tmdlrlitrcbuotlci ercuib 5=?0, wmdi tmdlr adcbdsywes ict qultd setlsneotcry.

_tuby cn klorc-rdalcis cn RZJ sdtthdkdit

sddks vdry prcklslia (nla. 55). Mersoke (tmlsvchukd) eib Wlkkdrkeii smcwdb mcw nrultnuhtmls key jd ncr aelilia lislamt li tmd hcdetlcieib divlrcikdit cn odrteli jdttdr-ficwi sdtthd-kdits cr sdtthdkdit odhhs (_ldbhuiasfekkdri).

L̂ . Omrcichcaloeh espdots

L wlhh ociohubd jy kditlcilia tmrdd espdotssc ner idahdotdb li tmls ertlohd7 omrcichcaloeh,

scoleh eib jlchcaloeh.RZJ ertdneots erd qultd usdnuh ncr typcomrc-

ichcaloeh betlia - dvdi skehh smdrbs oei cntdijd lbditlnldb es tc ncrk eib styhlstlo pmesd. Rmdblstrljutlci keps (Jeffdr 5<1<e, nlas. ?1-20)smcw e arebueh dxpeislci nrck tmd Brditd Phetdeu tcwerbs tmd scutm eib scutmwdst, jut tmdiukjdr cn wdhh hcoehlsdb eib typcomrcichcalo-ehhy slailnloeit nlibs eppoers sckdwmet tccskehh tc blsodri tlkd trdibs li tmd omclod cntdrreli cutslbd Brditd. Dvdi tmd stuby cn suomtrdibs ci tmd Brditd Phetdeu ls prcjhdketloeh.Li e rdvldw (5<=5) _mdrrett ociohubdb nrckskehh-soehd blstrljutlci keps cn pmesds E-h-J,O-MB5-MB:, DM-D:, eib A (Jeffdr 5<1<e,nlas. ?1-20)7 "Rmd blstrljutlci keps cn tmdsdpmesds smcw ei lkpcrteit ocitrest jdtwddi eiderhy, rlvdr-jesdb pettdri, e klbbhd pettdri cnlitdrnhuvleh dxpeislci, eib e hetd pettdri, wmlomls eaeli rlvdr-jesdb... Rmd hetd pettdri smcuhbjd put tcadtmdr wltm ei derhy Ocrbdb Qerd blstrljutlci, wmlom 5 suspdot wcuhb smcw e ockphd-



55: GE. JEFFDZ

koitery ocioditretlci li tmd litdrthuvds, wltmlkpcrteit lkphloetlcis tcr tmd litdrprdtetlci cn

tmdsd ocitdkpcrery styhds li scoleh tdrks".Mcwdvdr stlkuhetlia tmdsd rdkerfs erd, tmdybc ict ydt qultd ocivliod kd. Lf wlh rdstrlot kyeraukdit tc tmd Butom sltuetlci jut ic bcujtlt wlhh, kutetls kuteibls, jo ehsc vehlb tcr tmdebgclilia perts cn Adrkeiy, et hdest es ner estmd rlvdrs Muitd eib Qdsdr.

Epert nrck tmd ^dhuwd, tmd Butom RZJocuitry ls vdlidb jy jrccfs eib strdeks, eibkeiy kcrd cn tmdk tmei tmd Muizd, Blifdheib ^domt ci ky sukkery keps kust mevdjddi oeicdejhd (on. nlas. >-=7 tmdrd erd jrccfsli ehkcst ehh vehhdys). _c, cid oei ict prcpdrhyspdef cn mejltejhd litdrnhuvds cn kcrd tmei ncurtc tdi flhckdtros wlbd. Kcst sltds ci tmd rlvdrbuids ehcia tmd ^domt eib tmd Blifdh betd nrcktmd klbbld pmesds. Rmd evelhejhd keps cn RZJblstrljutlci erd stlhh bcklietdb jy tmd muidjdbdxoevetlcis, eib, es wd mevd sddi ejcvo (nla.=) , kcst kdaehltms ociardaetd ci tmd Mcibsruaeib Zlbad cn Zchbd, ehcia tmd soerps cn tmdjcuhbdr ohey phetdeu drcbdb jy prlkdveh vehhdys.Jdoeusd tmd dxoevetlcis ocioditretdb ci tmd

smcrtdst eib derhldst muidjdbs, kcst derhy pct-tdry bdrlvds nrck tmd Mcibsrua. Rmd Muizdstrdek wes kerfdb ci keps jdoeusd lt jcuibstmd Mcibsrua muidjdbs tc tmd oest.

Nurtmdrkcrd, tmd rdocailsejlhlty cn tmd pct-tdry bleaicstlo ncr deom pmesd ls ict ocislstdit.Zcuamhy stetdb, tmd E. J eib A pmesds erd, litmd keli, rdprdsditdb jy heradr pct nreakditsnrck tmd muidjdbs. _kehh smdrbs cn tmd spersdhyboocretdb A pcttdry erd ehkcst liblsodriejhdncrk tmd hetdr urinldhb werd, cr dvdi nrck Zul-

ioi-Qckkdhs tdrp pcttdry. E ndw ficwi"pdrlpmdreh" A sdtthdkdits eib nhet arevds hlfdJcriwlrb, _tooidibek, Ccstruk, eib Bdid-fekp (:>4/2==) eib _omcfheib (5=5/451, on.Pcstsorlpt) bdkcistretd, mcwdvdr, tmet cur blstrljutlci kep kust jd dxtrdkdhy liockphdtd.Rmd tvoldrstlf bdocretlci, ci tmd ctmor meib,wmlom ls bleaicstlo ncr pmesds Bh, B: eib Dh,ls rdeblhy lbditlnldb ci skehh smdrbs, eib sc erd,tc e hdssdr dxtoit, tmd bdocretlcis cn pmesds Oeib D:. Rmd blstrljutlci kep cn tmd klbbld

pmesds kust tmdrdncrd jd kuom kcrd ockphdtdtmei tmcsd cn tmd derhy eib hetd pmesds.

_tlhh, jy ner tmd ardetdst ekcuit cn RZJ pcttdry ficwi nrck kdaehltmlo tckjs eib nhetarevds jdhcias tc pmesds Bh, B:, Dh eib D:.Rmls ls cntdi rdaerbdb es e slai cn pcpuhetlciliordesd, wmlom key libddb jo ocrrdot, jut tmdehtdrietlvd dxpheietlci cn e hciadr flstliapdrlcb ls blnnlouht tc ruhd cut.

Rmd chb tmdcry cn ei derhy Ocrbdb Qerd blstrljutlci ockphdkditery tc tmd nlieh RZJ blstrljutlci wes hest bdndibdb jy ^ei bdr Qeehs eibAhesjdradi (5<44), jut rdnutdb jy ^ei bdrQeehs (5<>2. p. ::). E arcwliaiukjdr cn derhy

Ocrbdb Qerd nlibs li muidjdbs eib RZJ sdtthdkdits ci tmd Mcibsrua eib dhsdwmdrd ci tmdBrditmd Phetdeu ocinlrk tmd hest vldw. Li neot,tmd Ocrbdb Qerd lkklareits - L nelh tc uibdr-steib tmdsd dvdits blnndrdithy - eppder tc mevdesscoletdb wltm tmd hcoeh pmesd A RZJ pcpuhetlci, es tmdy blb wltm tmd ^heerbliadi pdcphdli tmd wdtheibs.

Ky prcvlslcieh ocuitdrcjgdotlcis tc _mdrret'slkprdsslcis cn ocursd hdevd mls keli pclitsteiblia tmet bdtelhdb pmesd keps cn RZJ eib

jctm Jdefdr ouhturds erd iddbdb tc schvd suomqudstlcis, eib tmet tmdy key tdeom tmlias wmlomwd et prdsdit bc ict dvdi dxpdot. Qmet erd wdtc tmlif, ncr dxekphd, cn tmd muidjdbs B:0-Brcuwdi eib B:>-Brcuwdidrvdhb hylia5:40 k epert ci tmd sekd seiby "lsheib" li tmdJcradr erde (:2=/445-44:)3 B:()ocitelidb heradqueitltlds cn A pcttdry, jut tmd sdrlds cn RZJpct litdrkdits li B:> jrcfd cnn wltm pmesd D:.Rmd RZJ ertdneots heydr sddkdb tc mevd jddiocvdrdb jy e hccsd pevdkdit cn mdevy stcidsupci wmlom cid eib e mehn jetthd-exd cn tmdOcrbdb Qerd kust mevd heli. Nreakdits cn twc,mehn e kdtrd wlbd derhy Ocrbdb Qerd _trlommlli-

bdh ekpmcred wdrd ncuib li ei chb plt outtliatmcuam tmd uppdr pevdkdit. Jdoeusd RZJ HetdMevdhtd (A) eib derhy Ocrbdb Qerd wdrd ocitdkpcrery, tmls ls pdrmeps suaadstlvd cn e flibcn kcbus vlvdibl cn jctm pcpuhetlcis et nlntddikliutds' wehflia blsteiod.

Bleomrcilo rdsderom, ncr dxekphd nrck tmdKdschltmlo tc tmd prdsdit pdrlcb, cjvlcushy



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ 55?

wcuhb smcw strlflia tlkd trdibs. Tincrtuietdhymerbhy eiy ockperejhd wmchd-ocuitry survdys

mevd jddi uibdrtefdi.Kcbbdrkei's plciddr wcrf ci tmd prdmlstcrld jerrcws eib Idchltmlo nlibs cn tmd ^dluwd(5<42, 5<44, 5<>.'Y) eib tmet jy tmd ^dhllwd Prc

gdot : (ncrtmdcklia) ci sdvdreh cddupetlci pme-sds jdtwddi tmd RZJ eib EB 5=40 smcws wmetkey jd oxpddtdb. Kcbbdrkei (5<44) dciohubdbnrck e vdry bdtelhdb 57:4,000 sclh kep cn tmd^eessdi-Ildrsdi erde (^ei Hldrd eib _tdur5<44) tmet tmd 54: jerrcws wdrd ocinlidb (liprdsdit tdrks) tc a\?()-^LL, jut evclbdb aMb?()-^LL eib aMb:?-^LL ln tmdy wdrd hcoetdb ci tmdlod-pusmdb rlbad7 jut tmet tmcsd li tmd kchstdrheibsdepd ehcia tmd nheifs cn tmd mlhls wdrdjcuib tc tmd brldr ocvdrseib rlbads.Md dhdaeithy dxphelidb tmd strlfliahy blsperetdjerrcw blstrljutlci ci tmd ^dluwd mlhhs jy tmdprdsdiod cn a\?() eib tmd ejsdiod cn Mb sclhs,eib vlod vdrse (5<42). Tincrtuietdhy blstrljutlci keps rdkelidb uipujhlsmdb et tmls stead.Hetdr. Kcbbdrkei (5<>?) rdsderomob tmd blstrljutlci cn Ocrbdb Qerd eib Jdhh Jdefdr nlibsli jerrcws eib (ndw) nhet arevos li tmd

scutmwdstdri eib tmd icrtmwdstdri ^dluwd citmd jesls cn tmd 57:00,000 Idjc sclh kep. Rmdtmrdd RZJ sdtthdkdits ficwi tc mlk (Tbbdhdr-kddr (5=0/21?). Dhspdot (5=5/21<), eib Jddf-mulzdrzeib (512/2=?)) smcwdb e prdndrdiod ncrbrliflia wetdr iderjy, eib tmd hettdr twc sltdswdrd sltuetdb ci vdry pccr (vlz. hcekhdss) dcvdr-seib eib nhuvlcaheoleh seib (ljlb., p. 5?). Rmdprdsdit stuby smcws tmet tmls ls e adidreh trdib.

Rmdrd wes e strlflia ocitrest li tmd hcoetlcicn Ocrbdb Qerd eib Jdhh Jdefdr arevds. Hlfd

tmd prdmlstcrld jerrcws - li wmlom tmdy wdrdadidrehhy ncuib - tmdy blspheydb e prdbdhdotlcincr hcekldr sclhs. Ocrbdb Qerd arevds wdrd oci-oditretdb li tmd vlolilty cn kclst pheods, jut tmdhetdr ^dluwd Jdhh Jdefdr arevds dxpeibdb tctmd hceky sclhs nurtmdr ewey nrck tmd brlifliawetdr (Kcbbdrkei 5<>2, p. 55-5?).

E rdodit blstrljutlci kep cn tmd ehkcst cidtmcuseib jerrcws cn tmd ^dluwd ci tmd crlaliehsoeho cn 5740,000 (Fhcf 5<1=, p. 5>-51) suaadstdbe stetlstloeh ockperlsci cn tmd jerrcw hcoetlcis

wltm tmd 5740,000 sclh keps jy tmd ^dluwd Prc

gdot : G.K.E.Q. Kcrdh ncuib mdrd eaeli tmd

bdsorljdb rdhetlci jdtwddi jerrcws eib \?0 citmd lod-pusmdb rlbads, jut strdssdb tmd neot (pdr-scieh Lincrketlci) tmet tmls ls e rcuam rdhetlcili wmlom tmd blsteiod jdtwddi sliahd jerrcwscr jerrcw ohustdrs eib tmdsd sclhs key ekcuittc sdvdreh tdis cn kdtrds. Nurtmdrkcrd merbhyeiy RZJ sltds erd ficwi nrck erdes bdvclb cnjerrcws. Ei dssditleh blstliotlci smcuhb jdkebd jdtwddi tmd sltds cn sdtthdkdits, jerrcws,nlolbs, pesturds eib arezdb wccbs (cn wmlom tmdhettdr tmrdd erd vdry blnnlouht tc lbditlny). Rmd^dluwd Prcgdot : ehsc sujsteitletdb (jy jerareps) sujsdqudit smlnts li tmd sdtthdkdit mlstc-ry, cn wmlom tmd trdibs wdrd bdtdotdb jy Jhck-kdstdlgi dt eh. (5<11).

.̂ _coleh espdots

L oeiict ydt sey kuom ejcut tmdsd. Butom RZJsdtthdkdit rdsderom ls stlhh li lts lineioy. Ic sltdmloreromy cr sltd typchcay ls ydt epplloejhd tctmd vdry rdstrlotdb iukjdr cn jdttdr-ficwi sdt

thdkdits. Rmd strlflia blvdrslty cn tmd soerodmcusd pheis ficwi dhsdwmdrd (on. _omlrila, db.,5<1<) bdkcistretds ciod kcrd tmet lt ls tcc derhyncr adidrehlsetlci. Rmd RZJ rdnusd ocioditre-tlcis cn tmd Herdi sdtthdkdit wmdrd ic mcusdpheis wdrd vlsljhd wdrd sekphdb ci e kdtrdsquerd jesls, jut es ydt ic ockperejhd kepserd evelhejhd ncr sltds wltm mcusd pheis. Qmetnchhcws erd "e ndw libladstdb ictds".

"Idlamjcurs esslsteiod" li muidjdb ocistruotlci nrck limejlteits cn tmd wlbd surrcuib-

lias key dxpheli tmd rdhetlvdhy uilncrk omereo-tdr cn RZJ ertdneots cvdr herad rdalcis.Dhsdwmdrd L mevd sfdtomdb tmd pctditleh cn

sujrdalcieh styhlstlo rdsderom, ncr dxekphd tmdJcradr erde (ercuib :2</445) ci tmd oditrehMcibsrua (Jeffdr 5<=0). Rmls kuilolpehlty mesdhdvdi dxlstlia muidjobs (B5<-B:<) cn wmlomB5< eib B:0 et Brcuwdi, B:5-:: et Jrciidadr, B:> li Brcuwdidrvdhb eib B:= et Julidimevd jddi systdketloehhy dxoevetdb. Rmd mui-brobs cn nreakditdb pcts pdrklt cid, li prlio-



552 GE. JEFFDZ

lphd, tc blsoori jdtwddi "sdrvlods" (_ommomt5<>=), vlz. tmd prcbuots kebd ncr cid sliahdcooeslci jy tmd sekd (ndkehd) pcttdr (ci tmdjesls cn bdocretlci craeilsetlci, usdb lkpho-kdits eib toomilquo) eib pct arcups cn dvor-hdssdilia bdarods cn slklherlty, stertlia wltmprcjejhd prcbuots cn cid cr twc ndkehds eibdiblia wltm suj-rdalcieh styhds. Jdoeusd oheyeib ohey tdkpdr (areiltd, dto.) wdrd icrkehhybdrlvdb nrck tmd jcuhbor ohey, pdtrchcay eibohey klidrehcay erd usdhdss ncr treolia pcttdrydxomeiao. jut styhlstlo eiehysls kust mdhp usmdrd. Rmd hltthd tmet ls ficwi suaadsts tmet kcstpcttdry wes hcoehhy-kebd, eib usdb. _tyhlstlo

eiehysls key tdlh us li wmlom muidjdb tmd prcbuots nrck ei liblvlbueh pcttdr (cr et hdest pcttdry wltm vdry hcoeh bdocretlci ndeturds) erdncuib. Jdoeusd tmd rdnusd cn sdtthdkdit sltdsehsc ocitelis skehh ekcuits cn bdocretdb pcttdry cn tcp quehlty, sckd roslbdiods cn pcttdrskey dvdi jd treodb tmet wey. Rmd sdtthdkditsltds adidrehhy smlntdb tc idw pheods li tmd ocursocn tlkd, wmdrdes tmd usd cn tmd kdaehltmlotckj(s) ocitliudb. Rmus lt key, li prliolphd,jd pcssljhd ovdituehhy tc kep tmd "tdrrltcry"jdhcialia tc tmd ockkuilty tmet dxohuslvohyusdb cid cr kcrd tckjs. Li tmet oesd, tmd stlku-hetlia Zdinrow pchyaci kcbdh (nla. 1) ocuhb jdomdofdb, eib pdrmeps kcrd ociohuslvdhy tmeili tmd Lrlsm, Jrltlsm, Kehtdsd, eib Destdr Lsheiboesds stubldb jy mlk, wmdrd bdocretdb pcttdryeib ficwi sdtthokdits erd rerd cr ejsdit (Zdi-nrdw 5<1?, 5<12. 5<1>, 5<=06 Bervlhh 5<1<). Cidwcibdrs, mcwdvdr, wmdtmdr RZJ sdtthdrs mosl-tetdb tc limejlt ctmdrwlsd ettreotlvd rdalciswltmcut jcuhbdrs dicuam ncr muidjdb ocistruotlci. Ocuhb tmdy smerd tckjs dhsdwmdrd3 (On.

rdndrdiods eib blsousslci cn tmd Zdinrdw eibKdrlie kcbdhs li Jeffdr 5<=0)Y. Cjvlcushytmdsd eib slklher stublds oeiict rdnreli nrckstyhlstlo eiehysds cn Fiþhh's oehljrd (5<4:, 5<4<).Zdndroiod oei ehsc jd kebd tc ockputdr-elbdbstyhlstlo eiehysds wltm e ouhtureh eitmrcpchcaloehsocpd, wmlom L smehh mdrd ict eitlolpetd (^css,li prdss).

Ci tmd ^dhuwd, sckd rdhdveit bdtelhs wdrdcjsdrvdb. Rmd pcttdry nrck tmd Dhspddt (5=5/

21<) sdtthdkdit (pmesds J-O) ls uilqud ncr ltstmlof wehhs, eib tmet nrck tmd Jodfmulzdrzeib(512/2=?) sdtthdkdit (pmesd D:, Kcbbdrkei dteh. 5<1>) eib ebgclilia Merbdrwlgf (51?/2=?3)ookdtdry (Keissdi 5<=0) ls ocisploucus ncr tmdocersd quertz tdkpdrlia cn tmd ardetdr pert cntmd pcttdry (Keissdi 5<=0). Rmls lkphlds tmettmd pcttdry wes hcoehhy kebd, eib tmet (li kycplilci) quertz wes kcrd rdeblhy evelhejhd etJodfmulzdrzeib tmei tmd usueh pldb rcofs suomes areiltd. Qmlhd wd wdrd prdperlia tmd Jodfmulzdrzeib pujhloetlci. Prcndsscr Kcbbdrkeimeb tmd lkprdsslci tmet herad zlazeas wdrd kcrdockkci tmdrd tmei li tmd pmesd D: sltd cn

Tbbdhdrkddr wmdrd smcrt, cid-besm zlazeasprdvelhdb. 5 blb ict dkpmeslzo tmls li tmd pujhloetlci (Kcbbdrkei dt eh. 5<1>, p. 4?), jdoeusdet hdest twc slklher pcts coourrdb et Tbbdhdrkddr (5=0/21?6 Jeffdr 5<1<e, nlas. J:07>e, <).Entdrwerbs Keissdi ncuib (5<=0, i. 4) tmet tmdkcst ocivliolia perehhdh et Tbbdhdrkddr westmd cihy pct nrck tmet sltd wltm ocersd quertztdkpdrlia. hts nlibspct bdkcistretds lts oci-tdkpcreidlty wltm ctmdr D: pcttdry ci tmd sltd.Rmus wd klamt mevd mdrd ei listeioo cn shlamthyblnndrdit testds cn pct bdocretlci li twc sdtthokdits 5:.4 fk epert , eib cn liolbditehdxomeiao cn pcttdry jdtwddi tmdk.

Rmrdd pcts (Jeffdr 5<1<e, nla. J:0) nrck twcblnndrdit hcoehltlds oest eib wdst cn tmd Taomd-hdi-? sdtthdkdit (5<5/2>>6 nla. 55) prcjejhyrdprdsdit nhet arevds. Rmd esykkdtrloeh nrliadbdocretlci ci cid pct nrck deom nuidrery sltdsuaadsts tmd sekd pcttdr eib tmd cvdrehh slklherlty wltm tmd smdrbs nrck tmd sdtthdkdit eraudstmet smd hlvdb tmdrd. Rmd nhet arevds erd sltuetdbet 5 eib 5.? fk blsteiod nrck tmd sdtthdkdit,es lt wdrd ci stretdald pcsltlcis ehcia tmd nrliadscn tmd "sltd tdrrltcry". Ln tmls wdrd trud, pcstscr nheas key mevd kerfdb tmd arevds, jdoeusdic dertmdi RZJ jerrcws ctmdr tmei tmcsd cvdrkdaehltmlo tckjs erd ficwi nrck tmd ocuitry.Rmd ocitcur hlids suaadst tmet tmd odkdtdrldswdrd vlsljhd nrck tmd sdtthdkdit, shlamthy jdhcwtmd sfyhlid, pdrmeps li skehh ncrdst ohderlias citmd shcpds.

Rmd hltthd tmet ls ficwi ejcut tmd hcoetlci cn




tmd Merbdrwlgf odkdtdry eaeli suaadsts e bls-teiod cn oe 5 fk nrck tmd ocitdkpcrery Jddf-

mulzdrzeib sdtthdkdit (Keissdi 5<=0, nla. 5).Eictmor typd cn nhet arevd odkdtdry kustmevd jddi tmcsd lkkdbletdhy idxt tc tmd sdtthdkdit, es et Tbbdhdrkddr (Mchwdrbe 5<5:, nla.5-i libloetlia nhet arevds, eib f, 5, k rdnusd pltseib pehlsebds). E pcssljhd nhet arevd es Dhspddt,et e slklher smcrt blsteiod nrck tmd sdtthdkdit,key ehsc jd essukdb (Jeffdr 5<1<e, p. 5=<).

^L. ^dadtetlci

Lbdehhy e rdocistruotlci cn tmd vdadtetlci cn eheibsoepd eib mukei linhudiod tmdrdci smcuhbmliad ci7

e. pchhdi eiehysls cn pdet sdotlcis - blvlsljhdlitc (eh) hcia sdotlcis prcvlblia kestdr bleareks bdplotlia tmd adidreh vdadtetlcieh mlstc-ry, eib (e:) sdotlcis es ohcsd tc tmd sdtthdkditses pcssljhd, cntoi liockphdtd, jut smcwlia pchhdi hlfd Odrdehle tmet merbhy dvdr coour et eiyblsteiod nrck tmd erejhd nldhbs,

j. eiehysls cn pchhdi spdotre prdsdrvdb li chb

arcuib surneods cr turvds cn eioldit jerrcwsd t o , libloetlia tmd vdadtetlci li tmd lkkdbletdsurrcuiblias cn tmd jerrcw cr tmd pheod cn scbouttlia et tmd kckdit cn kcuib ocistruotlci(Qetdrjchf 5<42),

o. sddbs ochhdotdb jy wdt sldvlia cr nhctetlcinrck rdnusd plts,

b. sddb lkprlits ci pcttdry, eib ctmdr pheitrdkelis hlfd omeroceh,

d. eiehysls cn tmd sclh keps.Butom rdsderom rdhdveit tc RZJ qudstlcis

mes tmus ner suoodssnuhhy ocioditretdb ci (eh)eib (j). E ockprdmdislvd stuby jy Oesperldeib Arcdikei-vei Qeetdrliad (5<=0) sukke-rlzds eib rdlitdrprdts tmd wcrf bcid ci (j) eib(eh) jy Qetdrjchf, êi Wdlst eib tmd eutmcrstmdksdhvos ci tmd Brditd Phetdeu eib tmdôhuwd eib tmd Accl-Ttrdomt mlhhs. Zdndrdiodoei ehsc jd kebd tc ei dxodhhdit litrcbuotlcitc tmd adidreh prcjhdks livchvdb (Arcdikeivei Qeetdrliad 5<1=).

Ncurtddi spdotre nrck muidjdb kcuibs li

dest eib oditreh Brditd erd evelhejhd6 nurtmdr,iukdrcus Ocrbdb Qerd eib hetdr spdotre nrck

jerrcws li Brditd eib li tmd oditreh Idtmdr-heibs, li ebbltlci tc tmd kestdr pdet blearekslibloetd tmd hetdr ocursd cn heibsoepd bdvdhcp-kdit. Tincrtuietdhy tmd tmcuseibs cn pliacseib ctmdr skehh hefds rlbbhlia tmd ocvdrseibheibsoepd cn tmd Brditd Phetdeu mevd usuehhyhcst tmdlr _uj-Jcrdeh pdet bud tc turn dxphclte-tlci. Rmdrd erd, mcwdvdr, dxodptlcis (d.a. Phcdadr eib Arcdikei-vei Qeetdrliad 5<>2). Nurtmdr stuby cn sddbs (êi Wdlst 5<>=) eib sclhkeps wcuhb jd rdwerblia.

Ci tmd vdry bry ^dhuwd eib tmd Accl-Ttrdomtmlhhs (wmdrd Ocrbdb Qerd jerrcw spdotre eibe ndw 'kestdr bleareks prcvlbd tmd lincrketlci,es RZJ kcuibs erd heoflia) Arcdikei-veiQeetdrliad roocistruots "ei cpdi wccbheibwltm omlonhy cef, hlkd, jlrom, eib mezdh, eib eockpertlvdhy wdhh bdvdhcpdb uibdrarcwtm, prcvlblia sunnlolæit ncbbdr ncr hlvdstcof". Rmls westmd prdbdodsscr cn tmd prdsdit Neac-Uudrodtuk

wltm hlkd listdeb cn jddom. Es e rdsuht cn arezlia, tmd wccbheib jdoekd liordesliahy cpdijut tmls wes e vdry arebueh prcodss, li ocitrest

wltm Brditd, eib tmdrd erd icslais cn wmchdsehdncrdst jurilia. Rmd RZJ pcpuhetlci suppcsdbhykebd skehh ohdereiods li tmls heibsoepd, es tmdbete nrck Brditd suaadst (Arcdikei-veiQeetdrliad li Oesperld eib Arcdikei 5<=0).

Eoocrblia tc Oesperld (ljlb.) tmd muidjdbspdotre li Brditd smcw tmet tmdsd arevds wdrdocistruotdb li skehh cpdi erdes li tmd Uudrod-

tuk klxtuk cef ncrdst. Rmdsd wdrd erejhdnldhbs, sckdtlkds stlhh uibdr ouhtlvetlci cr arezlia, jut cntdi ejeibcidb. _ckd smcwdb ncrdst

rdadidretlci, jut mdetm dxpeislci tccf pheodmdrd eib tmdrd (dvdituehhy lt wcuhb hdeb tc heradmdetmheibs li tmd Jrcizd eib Lrci Eads). Rmdmuidjdb spdotre smcw ic rdalcieh cr omrcichc-aloeh trdibs. Lt wcuhb, mcwdvdr, jd rdhetlvdhydesy tc liordesd tmdlr iukjdr.

Oesperld blsoussds tmrdd typds cn ncrdstjdtwddi ?000 eib ::00 jo li êi Wdlst's keiypdet bleareks blroothy dest cn tmd scutm-destdritlp cn tmd Mcibsrua (h.o, p. 41->0). Nrck tmdicrtmwdst tc tmd scutmdest tmd hcoetlcis erd



55> GE. JEFFDZ

Dkkdi, Jeradrccstdrvdhb eib Ilduw-Bcr-brdomt, 5.4 eib :.4 fk epert. Li tmd blrdot vloli-

lty cn tmd hcoetlci cn tmd kestdr bleareksjdtwddi Dkkdi eib Jeradrccstdrvdhb Idchl-tmlo kei blb ict enndot e wccb rlom li Nrexlius

(esm). jut ider Dkkdi e wccb rlom li dhk (Th-

kus) wes ardethy rdbuodb jy Idchltmlo ohderlias,es wes e wccb wltm keiy hlkd trdds (Rlhle) iderJeradrccstdrvdhb eib Ilouw-Bcrbrdomt. Oes-perld trldb tc hcoetd tmdsd ncrdst typds li eilitdrprotetlci cn tmd 57:()(),()00 Idjc sclh kep(Ethes 5, pl. L^-L) jy G. Qldrliae (5<4=, oltdbli Jeffdr 5<1>, nla. 50). Lt ls blnnlouht, mcwdvdr,tc treishetd Oesperld's ociohuslcis li tdrks cn

tmd prdsdit 574(),()(K) sclh kep. Rmd bekp tc wdtNrexlius-r'lom wccbs wmlom rdkelidb liteotkust tmdi mevd arcwi ci prdsdit Mi :hx-^LLli e slbd-vehhdy cn tmd Muizd jdtwddi Dkkdi-Eiadhshc eib Jeradrccstdrvdhb. Oesperld's sur-klsd tmet Rlhle nhcurlsmdb ci Qldrliae's sykjchs> eib dspdolehhy 2 (wmlom jcrbdr tmd pdet jcatmdrd) wcuhb lkphy Mi:?x-^ eib pdrmeps F]-^ci tmd heradr soehd sclh kep. Nurtmdr omdofliamdrd eib et ctmdr pheods jy muidjdb spdotreeib pdet rdkieits li pliacs cr jcas ls idodsse-

ry, jut lt ls ohoer tmet wd mevd mdrd e nlrst stdptcwerbs e rdocistruotlci cn e kep cn tmd ncrdstocvdr eib ctmdr vdadtetlci li tmd RZJ pdrlcb.

Ei ebbltlcieh prcjhdk ls tmet RZJ ls ficwieromedchcaloehhy cihy nrck :1(F)/:>()0 jociwerbs, wmlho tmd Thlills bdohlio sterts ?00yders derhldr. ^ei bdr Qeehs (5<1:) esslaidb Zþssdidr Jrdltfdlhd tc tmls prd-RZJ (3) pdrlcb.Rmdy erd ncuib ci wdt seiby sclhs ehcia strdek,vehhdys, dto. Mersdke (5<14) rdklibs us tmetQehzdijl'lhd (quertzltlo exds wltm olrouher cr cveh

orcss-sdotlci) smcuhb ehsc jdhcia tc tmls pdrlcb.Rmdy mevd ict jddi stubldb systdketloehhy litmd Idtmdrheibs sliod Ejdra (5<5>, 5<5=), juterd ockkci li tmd seiby rdalcis. Bc wd mevdmdrd ei earerlei _wlntdrjeit (3) ouhturd, cr lstmd dhk bdohlio kelihy bud tc ietureh oeusds,es sdvdreh eutmcrs essukd3

F.D. Jdmrd wcrfs li I.Q. Adrkeiy ci tmdsekd prcjhdks ci tmd Nhþadhi seiby "lsheib"(pdrscieh Lincrketlci Jdmrd6 Wlkkdrkeii tmlssykpcsluk). Md wes ejhd tc hcoetd RZJ ohder

lias cn skehh Rlhle arcvds ncr erejhd phctstmrcuam tmd eiehysls cn pdet sdotlcis nrck skehh

pliac-hlfo pcchs idxt tc tmdk (e:), wmlom smc-wdb suom bete kuom jdttdr tmei tmd kestdr bleareks (eh) nrck tmd herad pdet jcas ehcia tmd"lsheib". Rmd RZJ pdcphd "out dspdolehhy tmdhlkd ncrdsts ci tmd sckdwmet jdttdr eib brldrsclhs. Rmls ls kerfdb jy e smerp bdordesd li tmdRlhle pchhdi ourvd. Et tmd sekd tlkd tmd wccbwes tmliidb cut (adhlomtdt) jy arezlia eib ndlhlia, wmlom rdsuhtdb li tmd dxpeislci cn mdrjs(dspdolehhy aressds) eib hcoehhy mdetmdr" (Jdmrddt eh. 5<=:). E ockperlsci wltm tmd RZJ nlibsblstrljutlci (Wlkkdrkeii, hco. olt.) eib sclh

keps (d) ls icw jdlia uibdrtefdi eib lt wlhhjd cn ardet litdrdst tc sdd wmet pchhdi spdotretmd chb arcuib surneods (j) cn tmd hcoeh kdae-hltmlo tckj kcuibs wlhh smcw wmdi ockperdbwltm Brditd.

vlh. Nlieh rdkerfs

Rmet ei litdaretlci cn "dertm"" eib "jlchcaloeh"'oldiods eib eromedchcay ls idodssery, ls, cn

ocursd, tmd cplilci cn Butom eromedchcay sliodQcrhb Qer L cr jdncrd. Rmd idw 5740,000 "dertmsoldiod" keps alvd idw lkpdtus tc suom rdsderomli tmd seiby rdalcis. Cid mcpds tmet tmd ock-plhetlci cn aezdttddrs cn "ehh" rdkelis cn cid crkcrd eromeoclcaloeh ouhturds cr mcrlzcis ncr tmdwmchd cn tmd ocuitry wlhh icw jdockd e kettdrncr uradit ocislbdretlci.

"_dtthdkdit pettdris" key jd reibckjdoeusd crlaliehhy reibck blstrljutlcis erdlivchvdb, cr jdoeusd tmd blstrljutlci wes sujsd-

qudithy reibcklsdb jy hetdr nlhtdrlia prcodssds.Li tmd RZJ oesd, tmd Butom blstrljutlci kepsblsphey, mcwdvdr, blrdot linhudiods nrck tmddivlrcikdit. Nuturd rdsderom key blsohcsdwmdtmdr (jdslbds kcrd jeslo iddbs hlfd bry nddteib brliflia wetdr) RZJ sdtthdkdit pettdriswdrd kcrd aulbdb jy tmd prdsdiod cn cpdiwccbheib tmei jy tmd hlamtidss cr tmd ndrtlhltycn tmd sclhs. Rmd ncrkdr sddks kcrd prcjejhdtmei tmd hettdr, jut tmd ocinhlotlia prcvlslciehociohuslcis kditlcidb ejcvd ociodrilia tmd




sclhs omcsoi ncr sdtthdkdit li Brditd eib tmd^dhuwd, eib ncr tmd wccb ohderlias li Brditdeib Nhþadhi smcw tmet lt ls stlhh tcc derhy ncr eioxpheietcry syitmdsls.

Mukei sdtthdkdits ettreot eib rdpdh deomctmdr jdoeuso cn scoleh, docickld eib psyomchc-aloeh neotcrs wmlom erd perthy bdtdrklidb jy ouhturd eib toomichcaloeh hdvdh. Hltthd ls ficwi ydtejcut suom pettdris cn RZJ sdtthdkdit li tmdQdst Arcup, wmdtmdr linhudiodb jy tmd divlrcikdit cr ict. Nuturd rdsderom smcuhb ehsc jdblrdotob tc tmd strlothy ocitokpcrery cooupetlcierdes (hlfd tmd Jcradr cr tmd Dkkdi rdalci)wltm e mlam sltd bdislty, eib tc tmcsd (suom es

tmd ^dhuwd) wltm e hcw bdislty.Y

^LLL. Pcstsorlpt

_mcrthy joncrd 52 Guhy 5<=: tmd JEL blsocvdrdbe muidjdb jdhcw tmd liteot pdet eib ohey heydrsupci wmlom tmd tdrp cn Mdvdsfdsfhccstdr (:>0/4<5), ider Bdhnzlgh wes rdstlia. Rmd muidjdb("A4") stccb ci e tejuher ocvdrseib rlbad (tcp5.<0 tc :.50 k jdhcw IEP). Jdncrd tmd pdet

arcwtm ci tcp cn tmd kciukdit (5400-400 jo3)sckd slbdstcids mevd jddi blshcoetdb. Rmrddpelrs cn slbdstcids, twc dibstcids eib ei li-tdrlcromekjdrslzdcn ?.>jy 5 k ocuhb jd rddca-ilsdb. Rmd oepstcids wdrd klsslia eib tmd tcpcn tmd tckj kcuib (5.:4 k jdhcw IEP) blbict roeom es mlam es tmd tcp cn tmd crtmcstets(0.=0 tc 0.14 k jdhcw IEP).

Nurtmdr rdsderom mes jddi pheiidb. Kytmeifs erd bud tc brs. G.Q. Jcdrske eib Prcndsscr M.R. Qetdrjchf ncr tmdlr pdrklsslci tcpujhlsm tmdsd prcvlslcieh bete. Wlkkdrkeiikoitlcidb (tmls sykpcsluk) ockperejhd pdet-ocvdrdb muiojobs ider Nhþadhi. Rmd tckjkcuibs cn sdvdreh cn tmdsd erd "liockphdtd" eswdhh. Dxoevetlci cn suom "liockphdtd muid-jdbs" wltmcut eiy pcst-Iochltmlo blsturjeiodkey oherlny sdvdreh uischvdb qudstlcis ejcutkcrd ockphdtd ltdks dhsdwmdrd.

Ciod kcrd tmls nlib bdkcistretds, breketlo-ehhy, tmet oicrkcus perts cn tmd Phdlstcodidseibs wmlom erd icw ocvdrdb jy pdet eib ohey

kust mevd prcvlbdb dxodhhdit sdtthdkdit erdesli RZJ tlkds. Keralieh rlbads kust mevd jddinevcurejho jdoeuso tmdy wdrd wdhh brelidb eibsultejhd ncr earlouhturd, jut ehsc aevd eoodss tctmd muitlia, nlsmlia eib arezlia arcuibs cn tmdsurrcuiblia wdtheibs. Rmd kdei sde hdvdh tmdihey ejcut ?.4 tc ? k jdhcw IEP eib RZJ sltdserd ficwi nrck e kexlkuk bdptm cn ejcut :.4tc : k jdhcw IEP. Rmd ocitcur hlid cn ?.4 kjdhcw IEP cn tmd Phdlstcodid surneod ls rdibdr-db li nla. > es e rcuam libloetlci cn tmd kexlkukdxtdit cn cutorcpplia Phdlstcodid li RZJ tlkds(Zcdhdvdhb 5<156 Arldbd 5<1=6 smddts hCQ-D cntmd Adchcaloeh Kep 5740,0006 Pcis dt eh. 5<>?).

Jdycib tmet hlid klidrctrcpmlo pdet arcwtm eibocesteh sdblkditetlci tccf pheod6 wltmli lt wdrdherad erdes ocvdrdb jy ckjrctrcpmlo pdet.**

Rmd RZJ nlibs et Mdvdsfdsfhccstdr, _lbbd-jurdi eib Mdhluk oekd tc hlamt entdr tmd ock-plhetlci cn nla. :. Rmd sekd ls truo ncr e nlrstlibloetlci cn ^heerbliadi cooupetlci li tmd ncr-kdr Wulbdrzdd erde. Uuertz tdkpdrdb ^heerbliadi smdrbs wdrd rdocailsdb ekcia tmcsdnrck _omcfheib-P52, e Phdlstcodid cutorcp litmd wdtheibs lkkdbletdhy scutmwdst cn tmd kcst

lkpcrteit strdek cn tmd Iccrbccstpchbdr (5=5/4516 on. ictd =6 pdrscieh Lincrketlci G.Q.M.Mcadstlgi). Rmd RZJ smdrbs nrck tmls sltd icwockprlsd ei Dh , e A eib e jdhhy-nrliadb nuiidhjdefdr smdrb (pmesd B: cr derhldr). Pdrkeiditcr sdescieh RZJ cooupetlci cn tmls sltd burliae hcia pdrlcb cn tlkd ls tmus suaadstdb. Dxoevetlci wcuhb sddk rdwerblia, ehsc jdoeusd RZJ-^heerbliadi ocitedts key mevd coourrdb mdrd,es ci tmd Mezdibcif.

Rmls idw nlib suaadsts e ^heerbliadi cooupetlci ehcia tmd hcwdr rlvdrocursds, heaccis eibdstuerlds cn tmd Wulbdrzdd erde. Rmls jeslirdeomdb es ner liheib es tmd "^heerbliadi erde"bcwistrdek cn Ilgkdadi. Rmd soerolty cn nlibseib tmd adchcay key pdrmeps eraud ncr e spersdrsdtthdkdit cn tmd Wulbdrzdd erde, jut hetdr sdblkditetlci eib drcslci key mevd jddi e blstur-jlia neotcr mdrd.

Bud tc slklher ocibltlcis, tmdrd ls ic rdehprccn tmet ^heerbliadi iovdr pdidtretdb tmdocestheibs icrtmdest cn Rdxdh wmdrd seib jer-



55= GE. JEFFDZ

rldrs erd prdsukdb tc mevd jddi prdsdit rcuamhynchhcwlia tmd hlid cn tmd prdsdit Nrlslei Lsheibs

li tmd Iotmdrheibs eib Adrkeiy. Rmd ejsdiodcn ^heerbliaoi pcttdry li tmd Ocrbdb Qerd sdt-thdkdit sltds cn Eertswcub eib Fchmcri (5:>/4:= eib 5::/4?26 ^ei Ltdrsci _omchtdi eib Bd^rlds-Kdtz (5<=5) eib pdrscieh Lincrketlcinrck Prcndsscr G.B. vei bdr Qeehs) eib li tmdprdmlstcrld ochhdotlcis nrck tmd Dks, Qdsdr-Muitd, eib Dhjd dstuerlds erauds li nevcur cntmd icirdslbdiod cn ^heerbliadi jdycib tmd(icw kelihy drcbdb) seibrlbads cn Nrldsheib-Qldrliadi-Rdxdh (on. nla. >, ocitcur hlid cn?.4 k jdhcw IEP).

Rmus tmd ^heerbliadi ouhturd sddks tc mevdcooupldb tmrdd wdtheib jeslis7 tmd Zmlid-Kdusd erde wdst cn Ilgkdadi, tmd Wulbdrzddjesli, eib tmd _omdhbd jesli wmoro ^heerbliadils cihy sukkerlhy ficwi.

Bdbloetlci. L ncuib lt e ardet prlvlhdad eibphdesurd tc ocitrljuto tc tmls _ykpcsuk limcicur cn Prcndsscr Kcbbdrkei, wmc teuamtkd mcw tc dxoevetd gust ?0 yders eac (Dhspddt5<4:, _ltterb 5<4?. _peigeerbsjdra 5<44) eib

li wmcso ncctstdps L cntdi nchlcwdb wmlhd stu-bylia tmd Idchltmlo nlibs cn tmd seiby sclhs eibtmd wdtheibs cn tmls ocuitry. L mcpd tmet md,wmc mes mlksdhn bdvctdb sc kuom tlkd eibdidray burlia mls lkprdsslvd oerrddr tc tmd ock-plhetlci cn eromedchcaloeh blstrljutlci keps eib

tmdlr ockperlsci tc sclh keps (Iccrbccstpchbdr, rlvdr erde, ^dhuwd, Ethes 5, pls. ^LLL/5-:,

dto.) key epprdoletd tmd prdodblia stuby.

Eoficwhdbadkdits. Ky tmeifs erd bud tc qultde iukjdr cn eketdurs, ochhdeauds eib listltu-tlcis ncr tmd Lincrketlci ci wmlom ky sltd aezdttddr ls jesdb, cr ncr ctmdr livehuejhd Lincrketlci6 tc tmd Blrdotcr cn tmd _clh _urvdy ListltutdQeadiliadi ncr prcvlblia tmd evelhejhd ociodptsmddts cn tmd _clh Kep 574(),()00 eib ncr pdrkls-slci tc usd cid cn tmdk ncr nla. 556 tc PrcndsscrD.E. Fcstdr, Pmysloeh-Adcarepmloeh Hejcre-tcry cn tmd Tilvdrslty cn Ekstdrbek, ncr prcvl

blia tmd ocitcur kep jesd ncr nla. 506 tc Kr Z.Zdlibdrs, Zlgfsbldist LGssdhkddrpchbdrs, ncrordetlia tmd pcssljlhlty cn e idw stuby cn _omcf-heib-P526 tc Br. Q.M. Weawlgi, Zlgfs Adchcalsomd Bldist Meerhdk, tc Br. P. Juurkei, _clhseib Adchcay Bdpt. HeibjcuwmcadsomcchQeadiliadi, tc Br. C. vei bd Phessomd, Listltuut vccr Eerbwdtdisomeppdi ^rlgd Tilvdrsltdlt Ekstdrbek, eib tc Prcndsscr Q. Arcdikei-vei Qeetdrliad, LPP, ncr tmdlr ebvlod6 tcKr G. Filamt, Krs O. vei Brldh-Kurrey, LPP,

eib dspdolehhy tc Br. N. Prycr, Pdtdrjcrcuam,ncr ocrrdotlia ky Diahlsm tdxt6 nliehhy tc Kr E.^lssdr eib Kr J. Bcifdr, LPP, ncr brewlia tmdlhhustretlcis. Icid cn tmdk cn ocursd key jdmdhb rdspcisljhd ncr tmd drrcrs cn tmls ertlohd.

ICRD_

5. E herao-soeho kep smcws e skehhdr erde li ardetdr bdtelhtmei e skehh-soehd kep. Rmls hcia-dstejhlsmdb usead cntmd tdrk "herad soehd" li adcarepmy eib soehd-kcbdhocistrudtlci ls ocitrery tc tmd ourrdit usead cn lts nlaur-etlvd bdrlvetlvd es li "soehd diheradkdit". "Herad-soehderomedchcaloeh ditdrprlsds" wlhh tdib tc usd skehhor-soehdkeps es tmdy dxpeib li erde.

:. F. Gezbzdwsfl eib A. Fcssliie sujblvlbdb tmd "RZJouhturd" cr "RZJ Fllhhurfrdls" ("ouhturd oyoho") litc"Arc ups", li wmlom "_ujarcups" key jd blsodridb. Rmlsls ourrdit usead li Ocitliditeh Durcpd. Bevlb Oherfdusdb e blnndrdit mldreromloeh tdrklichcay7 "Rdomicock-phdx", "Ouhturd Arcup". "Ouhturd", "_ujouhturd".

"_ltd" (5%=, nla. >5), sc tmet tmd "RZJ ouhturd" wcuhbmevd jddi iekdb tmd "RZJ Rdomicockphdx" tmd "RZJ

Qdst Arcup" wcuhb mevd jddi iekdb tmd "RZJ Rdomicockphdx". tmd "RZJ Qdst Arcup" wcuhb mevd rokel-idb uiomeiadb. eib lts "sujarcups" wcuhb mevd jddiiekdb "ouhturds".

?. Rmls erde wltm lts shuaalsm jrccfs kust mevd jddi eilbdeh mejltet ncr jdevors. Rmdlr ohcaalia cn suom brelieadsystdks ls, ncr listeiod, vlsljhd li tmd wetdrsmdb vehhdyscn tmd Oeieblei Zcofy Kcuitelis. Rmd bdtrlkditehdnndot cn tmd litrcbuotlci li 5<4> cn Oeieblei jdevdrslitc Rldrre bdh Nudac tc tmd pessejlhlty cn vehhdy trelhsls bdsorljdb jy Ometwli (5<=5, p. 5?:).

2. Li jcrborhlio oesds tmd "jdst" pcssljlhlty wes omcsoi.Ocvdrs cn erejhd Difddrb sclh cr cn rdodit buio ncrke-



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ 55<

tlcis wdrd "cklttdb" eib tmd prcjejhd crlalieh sclh typdwes rdocistruotdb . _uom oesds erd e kricrlty li tmd mlamdrperts cn Brditd, jut rdibdr tmd soeroor bete trck ctmdr,

hdss bdisdhy coouplob rdalcis kcrd prcjhdketloehjddeusd suom ocvdrs erd tmord kcrd ockkci ci RZJsltds.

4. Lt ls es somdrlia es setlsneotcry tc roeb tmet Freuso eib_omcdtoiseof (lsy.5) wdrd elroeby ewerd cn slklher prli-olphos cn muidjdb hcoetlci wmdi tmdy stubldb tmd blstrl-jutlci cn tmd kdaemtmlo arevds li tmd Ehtkerf, li tmdprdsdit scutmwdstdri BBZ7 "Rmd kdaehltmlo arevdswdrd cntdi ocistruotdb ci seiby, storlhd sclhs, ic bcujtjddeusd tmls ketdrleh wes hlamtor tc meibld wmlhd tmdjerrcw wes jdlia kebd. Rmdlr prdsdit prdsdrvetlci lscntdi buo tc tmls olrouksteiod. Rmd adchcaloeh kepbdkcistretds tmet suom seiby erdes cntdi cihy ncrklsheibs li e Tlraor jcuhbdr ohey phetdeu, cr tmet tmdy

nroqudithy jcrbdr ci heradr jcuhbdr ohey erdes" (nrddeib ejjrovle tdb treishetlci nrck p. 555. on. ehsc p. 55:-52).

>. Ky sditdiod (5<=0, p. ._._)7 "Zdinrdw (5<1>) dxphe lidbtmd ocistruotlci cn kdaehltmlo arevds es e jrlhhleit livdi-tlci tc rdbuod strdss li Idchltmlo scoldtlds wmlom wdrdmdkkdb li tmdlr dxpeislci jy tmd Etheitlo Codei" lsliscner illshoeblia es lt prosuppcsos e ner-slamtob livoi-tcr wmc litdibdb tc rdbuod heib-muiadr nrustretlcis litmls wey. Listdeb strdss rdbuotlci key mevd jddi eiuidxpdotdb slbd-dnndot cn wmet stertdb es e sdrlds cn bdol-slcis ncr "icrkeh" nuidrery rdescis - libuodb, pdrmeps,jy e surphus cn hejcr ncrdd. Jut eoocrblia tc Zdinrdw'shlid cn tmcuamts lt ls prdolsdhy tmls jdilnlodit slbd-dnndot

wmlom key mevd disurdb lts eao-hcia liocrpcretlci litmd Idchltmlo ouhtureh systdks litc tmd "Etheitlo Neaebd".

1. Ln L meb sddi Rrlaadr's ohder litrcbuotlci tc tmd rdsderomcn sdtthdkdit pettdris (5<>=) jdncrd tmls ertlohd wes wrlt-tdi, lts ockpcsltlci klamt mevd jddi shlamthy blnndrdit.Rrlaadr phdebdb li nevcur cn wmet erd liordesliahy prdsditlia tmdilsdhvos es twc tctehhy blnndrdit eib sdperetdepprceomds cn sdtthdkdit pettori stublds. Rmd nlrst, "escrt cn dochcaloeh bdtdrklilsk" "eppders tc jd jesdb citmd essukptlci tmet tmd sdtthdkdit pettori ls e prcbuotcn tmd slkpho litdreotlci cn twc verlejhds - divlrcikditeib tdomichcay". Rmd sdocib epprceom ls ocinlidb tc"tmd strlothy scoleh espdots cn sdtthdkdit pettdrilia".wmlhd keflia lindrdiods ejcut tmd scoleh, pchltloeh, eib

rdhlalcus craeilsetlci cn ouhturds. Prcndsscr Blbdrlf veibdr Qeehs rdardttob li mls sukklia up ei ehkcst tcteh

idahdot cn tmd sdocib epprceom et tmls ctmìrwlsd sc stlku-hetlia _ykpcsluk. Rmls kust. li ky cplilci, jd bud tctmd prdndrdiods eib dbuoetlci cn tmd craeilsdrs eib

sdvdreh cn tmd livltdb spdefdrs.Rmdrd ls ei eiehcacus ohdevead jdtwddi scolcarepmlo

eib pmyslcarepmlo adcarepmy li tmls ocuitry. Hlfd Butomdtmichcalsts, scolcarepmdrs cntdi aheiod et scolchcaloehepprceomds. wmdrdes pmyslcarepmdrs liohlid tcwerbsadchcay. E kelistrdek cn nrultnuh prdmlstcrld rdsderommes li tmls ocuitry ncr sdvdreh bdoebds jddi bdtdrklidbjy Rrlaadr's nlrst typd cn epprceom, ic bcujt bud tc tmdjlchcaloeh eib pmyslcarepmloeh jeslo trelilia cn kcst prd-mlstcrleis, eib tmd replb ebeptetlci tc lt jy tmd klicrltydbuoetdb li scolcarepmy. otmichcay, cr ctmdr nldhbs.Rmdrd erd icw sckd slais cn e turilia wlib, mcwdvdr.

=. Rmd kexlkuk bdptm cjsdrvetlcis ncr hcw RZJ sltds ciPhdlstcodid seibs erd 0.=0 tc cvdr 5.>0 k jdhcw IEP

ncr tmd Jcriwlrb phcuamkerfs, wmdrdes Ccstruk eib_tddidibek hey mlamdr tmei 5 .."lC k jdhcw IEP (Ncf-fdis 5<=0). Rmd _lbbdjurdi RZJ sdtthdkdit (:.'l.'l/.'l=2)ci tmd nrliad cn tmd _hcomtdrdi-Mdvdsfhccstdr seibrlbadhlds et 5.1 tc :.0 jdhcw IEP (pdrscieh Lincrketlci G.I .Heitlia. Kerom 5<=:). Rmd jesd cn tmd Mdvdsfdsfhccstdrmuidjdb hlds et 5.<0 k jdhcw IEP, jut tmd kexlkukbdptm cn cooupetlci eib phcuamlia - jctm cn wmlom keyjd dxpdotdb tmdrd - mes ict ydt jddi esodrtelidb. Epdet-ocvdrdb phcuamheib wltm tmrdd RZJ smdrbs eib^heerbliadi, ^dhuwd Jdhh Jdefdr, Pct Jdefdr eib Jerjdb Qlrd smdrbs ci tmd ocvdrseib-ocvdrdb jcuhbdroheyrlbad cn _omcfheib-P52 (5=5/.'lh=) hey et :.._(L k jdhcwIEP (dxoevetlci 5<.'l1), pdrscieh lincrketlci A.B. vei

bdr Mdlbd eib G.Q.M. Mcadstlgi). RZJ smdrbs eib nhlitshey ci ocvdrseib jdhcw pdety ketdrleh et :..'ã k jdhcwIEP (;II) et Icrtkccr-Mdlksomhcct, desl cn Hddr,Cstnrldsheib, Adrkeiy (_omklb 5<>.")). Lt ls ict ficwiwmdtmdr rdnuso bukps li e bdprdsslci cr tmd trud hdvdhcn cooupetlci erd ociodridb mdrd.

^ei bd Phessomd (5<=:, nla. >1) rdocistruots e Kdei_de Hdvdh cn ejcut ?7? tc ._ k jdhcw IEP ncr tmd RZJporlcb eib e Kdei Mlam Qetdr sde hdvdh cn gust 5 kejcvd tmet, jut strdssds tmd neot tmet tmd arcuibwetdrhdvdh cn hcoehltlds hlfd cur RZJ sltds wes kuom linhudiodbjy hcoeh neotcrs suom es tmd tcpcarepmy cn tmd seibysurneod, reli eib rlvdr wetdr nrck tmd mlitdrheib, blst-eiod nrck tmd cpdi jdeom, eib tmd hcoeh tlbeh ekphltubd

li sde lihdts (on. ehsc Hcuwd Fcclgkeis 5<1>j).

ZDNDZDIOD_

Ejdra, I. (5<5>), Bld _tdlizdlt li bdi Ildbdrheibdi, Tppsehe.Ejdra, I. (5<5=), Bes icrblsomd Fuhturadmldt li Klttdhdurcpe wemrdib bdr gøiadrdi _tdlizdlt,

Tppsehe-Holpzla.Jeffdr, M. bc (5<1<), Kegcr sclhs eib sclh rdalcis li tmd Idtmdrheibs, Qeadiliadi.



5:0 G.E. JEFFDZ

Jeffdr, G.E. (5<1?), Bd Qdstarcdp vei bd Rrdomtdrjdfdrouhtuur, Blssdrtetlci Ekstdrbek.Jeffdr, G.E. (5<1>), Ci tmd pcssljlhlty cn rdocistruotlia rcebs nrck tmd RZJ pdrlcb. Jdrlomtdi

vei bd Zlgfsbldist vccr mdt Cubmdlbfuibla Jcbdkcibdrzcdf :>, p. >?-<5.

Jeffdr, G.E. (5<1<e), Rmd RZJ Qdst Arcup (Oliauhe ^), Ekstdrbek.Jeffdr, G.E. (5<1<j), Diquçtd sur hds "meomds-kertdeu e jcutci iodrheibelsds" eu sub bu Zmli,

MdTiluk 5<, p. 525-524.Jeffdr, G.E. (5<=0), Dlilad Jdkdrfuiadi øjdr bld Ildbdrheiblsomdi Arcsstdliarejdr uib bdrdi

Drjeudr, Ieomrlomtdi eus Ildbdrseomsdis Tradsomlomtd 2<, p. ?5-4<.Jeffdr, G.E., eib G.N. vei Zdatdroi Ehtdie (5<>:), Blstrljutlci cn tmd ^heerbliadi Ouhturd, p.

:20-:2? li7 ^ei Zdatdroi Ehtdie dt eh. 5<>:->?.Jeffdr, G.E., eib G.B. vei bdr Qeehs (5<1?), Bdidfekp-Eiadhshc7 drdketlcis, ocTerdb nhesfs

eib e Ocrbdb Qerd smdrb li Butom nlieh RZJ ocitdxts, p. 51-40 li7 A.D. Beildh eib P. Fgedruk(dbs.) KdaeTtmlo arevds eib rltueh (Gutheib Eromeoch. _co. Pujh. ]L).

Jdofdr, O.G. (5<4:), Bld icrsomwdblsomdi Nhlitbdpcts, Eote Eromedchcaloe :?, p. ?5-1<.

Jddf, J.H. vei (5<11), Pcttdry cn tmd ^heerbliadi Ouhturd, p. =>-500 li7 J.H. vei Jddf dt eh.(dbs.). Dx Mcrrdc, LPP 5<45-5<1> (Oliauhe L^), Ekstdrbek.

Jddf, Z. vei (5<10), RZJ di eibdrd idchltmlsomd vlibpheetsdi heias bd Cvdrlgssdhsd ^domt,Qdstdrmddk 5<, p. 1>-500.

Jomro, F.D., dt eh. (5<=:), Klt bdk _petdi li bld ^draeiadimdlb, _CCCGemrd _ldbhuia uib Qlrtsoment

lk Dhmd-Qdsdr-Brdldof, Qlhmdhksmevdi.Jdhhdi, M.G. (5<?5), Mdt vddi bdr Adhbdrsd ^ehhdl di bd predmlstcrld, Rlgbsomrlnt FcilifTgf

Idbdrheibsom Eerbrlgfsfuibla Adicctsomep 2=, p. >41->=0,Jhckkostolgi, O.K. dt eh. (ob.) (5<11), Bd ^dhuwd7 eromdchcalsom-mlstcrlsomd vdrfdiiliadi vei

bd jdwciliasadsomldbdils tct 5:00 (LPP-wcrflia pepdr 26 Mlstcrlsom _dklierluk-wdrfsomrlnt526 ; ^dhuwd Prcgdot 5), Ekstdrbek.

Jreibt, F.M. (5<>1), _tdlidrid Extd uib Jdlhd bdr Gøiadrdi _tdlizdlt uib bdr _tdli-Fupndrzdlt

Icrbwdstbdutsomheibs, Mlhbdsmdlk.Jurrlomtdr, D. (5<=0), Pchhdieiehytlsomd uib vdadtetlcisfuibhlomd Jdnuibd zur _ldbhuiasad-

somlomtd lk wdsthlomdi uib zditrehdi Kuistdrheib, Nømrdr zu vcr- uib nrømadsomlomtTomdi

Bdifiulhdri 24, p. 20-45.Oesperlo, Q.E., eib Q. Arcdikei-vei Qeetdrliad (5<=0), Pehyichcaloeh eiehysds cn Butom

Jerrcws, Pehedcmlstcrle ::, p. 1->4.Oeto, G.E.K, tdi, K.N. vei Ccstdi eib K.Q. tdr Qdd (5<=5), ^dradhlgflia vei bd ilduwd

adchcalsomd feert, bd adckcrnchcalsomd feert di bd jcbdkfeert, someeh 5740.000, tcdadhlomtkdt ddi nreakdit vei jheb 51 ccst, F.I.E.A.-Adcarenlsom Rlgbsomrlnt 54, p. ?4-44.

Ometwli, J. (5<=5), Li Peteacile, Hcibci (Lst dbltlci 5<11).Oherfd, B.H. (5<>=), Eiehytloeh Eromedchcay, Hcibci.

Bervlhh, R.O. (5<1<), Ocurt oelris, pessead arevds eib scoleh omeiad li Lrdheib, Kei 52, p. ?55-?:1.Bevlbsdi, F. (5<1?), Idchltlsfd hdrsflvdr jdhyst en Beisfd nuib, Eerj0adr 5<1?, p. 4-1:.Ncffdis, M. (5<=0), Effdrheib di jdwciliasspcrdi ult mdt Idchltmlouk7 rdsuhtetdi vei mdt eromdc

hcalsom cibdrzcdf iejlg Jcriwlrb, adkdditd Qdstbciadrebddh, Nrldsheib, 5<>1, Arciliadi{sorlptld JEL6 ertlohd ncr Pehedcmlstcrle li prdperetlci).

Alnndi, E. D. vei (5<25), Bd tlgb vei vcrklia vei mdlbdpcbschprcnldhdi eei bd meib vei eromedc-hcalsomo weeridkliadi. Jdsprdfliadi cvdr mdt Mdlbdpcbschprcnldh (...), Arciliadi, p. 5:-:?.

Alnndi, E.D. vei (5<41), Ddi trdomtdrjdfdr vei bd muidjdbbdiouhtuur ult Hutgdseefsuk, Arcili

adr ^chfsehkeief 5<41, p. 52=-545.Arldbd, G.Q. (5<1=), Mdt citsteei vei Nrldsheibs Iccrbmcdf, Ekstdrbek.



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ 5:5

Arcdikei-vei Qeetdrliad (5<1=), Rmd lkpeot cn Idchltmlo kei ci tmd heibsoepd li tmd Idtmdr-heibs, OJE Zdsderom Zdpcrt :5, p. 5?4-52>.

Meerdi, M.K.D. vei, eib P.G.Z. Kcbbdrkei (5<1?), Dli klttdhidchltmlsomdr Nuibcrt uitdr

Fciliasjcsom, Prcv. Hlkjura, Eiehdote Predmlstcrloe Hdlbdisle >, p. 5-2<.Merof, C. (5<1?), _tolizdltnuibo lk Hlstheib uib eun bdr Mþriukor Mehjlisdh eun _yht, Cnne :<,

p. 4-5<.Merof, C. (5<=0), Heibsomentadsomlomtd uib Eromechcald ei bdr Qdstføstd bdr Gøtlsomdi Mehjli

sdh. p. ?:->? li7 Fcsseof dt eh. (dbs.) (5<=0).Merof, C. , B. Mcnnkeii eib A. _omendr (5<12), Arcsstdliarejdr ek _yhtdr Qdststreib, Cnne

?5, p. 5:>-5?:.Mersdke, C.M. (5<14), Frcildf vei cparevliadi di vcibstdi li Brditmd li 5<1?, Ilduwd Brditsd

^chfsemieief <:, p. 52?-52=.Mersdke, C.M. (5<1<), Mdt iochltmlsomd vuurstddipct, advcibdi li 5<20, jlg Ddi, adk. Icra,

Ilduwd Brditsd ^chfsehkeief <>, p. 551-5:=.

Mcbbdr, L. (5<12), Zdardsslci eiehysls cn sckd trebd eib kerfdtlia pettdris, Qcrhb Eromedchcay>, p. 51:-5=<.

Mcnnkeii, B. (5<=0), Føstdimchczlli zwlsomdi _yht uib Nþmr, p. =2-5?0 li7 Fcsseof dt eh. (dbs.)(5<=0).

Mchwdrbe. G.M. (5<5:), Cparevlia eei mdt Tbbdhdrkddr, Cubmdlbfuiblad Kdbdbdhliadi vei mdt

Zlgfsiilsduk vei Cubmdbdi td Hdlbdi >, Rmd Meaud.Mchwdrbe, G.M. (5<:2), Cubmdlbfuiblad feert vei Idbdrheib, Adsomldbfuiblad Ethes vei Idbdr

heib, Rmd Meaud.Mchwdrbe, G.M. (5<:4), Idbdrheib's vrcdastd adsomldbdils, Ekstdrbek, :ib rdv. ob.Mccn, B. (5<10), Bld _tdlijdlhd uib _tdliextd lk Adjldt bds Ildbdrrmdlis uib bdr Kees (Eitlqultes

:), Jcii.Mcclgdr, OZ. (5<>:), Hltmlsom ketdrleeh bdr Idchltmlsomd idbdrzdttlia td ^heerbliadi, uipujhlsmdb

bcotcreeh sorlptld, LPP, Ekstdrbek.Mcutd bd Heiad, _.K. tdi (db.) (5<11), Zeppcrt vei mdt ^dhuwd-cibdrzcdf, Qeaoiliadi.Ltdrsci _omchhdi, N.Z. vei (5<=5) Hetd Idchltmlo nhlit treispcrt li tmd Idtmdrheibs, p. 554-551

li7 Rmlrb Litdrietlcieh _ykpcsluk ci Nhlit 5<1< (_terliale >) (db. N.M.A. vei Diadhdi).Ltdrsci _omchhdi, N.Z. vei, eib Q.M. bd ^rlds-Kdtz (5<=5), E Hetd idchltmlo sdtthdkdit et

Eertswcub, L, Mdhliluk :5 , p. 504-5?4.Fhcf, Z.M.G. (5<1=-5<1<), Citkcdtliadi kdt cizd vrcdastd ouhtuurmlstcrld7 prdmlstcrlsomd aren-

mduvdhs cp bd ^dhuwd, Rlgbsomrlnt vei bd Fcilifhlgfd Idbdrheibsd Mdlbd Keetsomepplg =<, p.224-2>46 <0, p. 5=-?:, 5:0-5:1, 5>1-512, ?5<-??5, ?>4-?11 (ZCJ-cvdrbruffdi ir. 5:4).

Fiþhh, M. (5<4:), Qeibdruiadi, Meibdh, Lbddieusjrdltuia uib Rþpndrworfstettdi jdl bdr icrb-wdstbdutsomdi Rldnstlomfdreklf, Eromedchcale Adcarepmloe ? (:), p. ?4-20.

Fiþhh, M. (5<4<), Bld icrbwdstbdutsomd Rldnstlomfdreklf uib lmrd _tdhhuia lk icrb- uib klttdh-durcplllsomdi Iochltmlfuk. Kuistdr.

Fcsseof, A., dt eh. (dbs.) (5<=0), Eromsuk eun _yht, vch. 5 {Zþklsom-Adrkeilsomd Ncrsomuiadi

?<), Keliz.Freusd, D., eib C. _omcdtdiseof (5=<?), Bld kdaehltmlsomdi Arlljdr (_tdlifekkdr) Bdutsomheibs,

L7 Ehtkerf, Wdltsomrlnt nør Dtmichcald 5=<?, p. 504-510.Heitlia, E.D. (5<11), Ddi idchltmlsomd "bujjdhmekdr'" ult Qchtdrsuk, Arciliasd ^chfsehkeief

X<1j-i , p. 5?1-540.Hldrd, Q.G. vei, eib A.A.H. _tdur (5<44), Ddi jcbdkfertdrlia vei bd adkdditd Dpd di ddi

jcbdkfuiblad vdrfdiilia vei ddi bddh vei bd adkdditd Mddrbd (Bd Jcbdkfertdrlia vei

http://97b-n/

http://97b-n/

http://97b-n/



5:: G.E. JEFFDZ

Idbdrheib 5>), Rmd Meaud.Hcuwd Fcclgkeis, H.P. (5<1>e), Hcoeh bdvohcpkdits li e jcrbdrheib, Cubmdlbfuiblad Kdbdbd

hliadi ult mdt Zlgfskusduk vei Cubmdbdi td Hdlbdi 41, p. 555-:<5.

Hcuwd Fcclgkeis, H.P. (5<1>j), Premlstcrlsomd Jdsldbhuia lk Zmdli-Kees-Bdhteadjldt uib bldJdstlkkuia dmdkehladr Qessdrmþmdi, Prcjhdkd bdr Føstdincrsomuia lk søbhlsomdi Icrbsdd-

adjldt 55, p. 55<-5>5.Hcuwd Fcclgkeis, H.P. eib H.J.K. ^drmert (li prdp.), Ddi klbbdiidchltmlsom idbdrzdttliastdr

rdli di ddi fulhvuhhlia vei bd _tdli-ouhtuur cp bd Freeldijdra jlg Arcct-Hlibdi, adk. Mddrs(I.-Jr.).

Kehkdr, K.P. (5<>:), Guiaidchltmlsomd _tublæi, Jcii-Huib.Keissdi. Q.G. (5<=0), E nhet arevd odkdtdry cn tmd Nuiidh Jdefdr Ouhturd ider Merbdrwlgf,

Mdhliluk :0, p. 504-55?.Kerldi, K. (5<=5), Oulhhlírds di cs bd typd Mei-sur-Hdssd (Iìchltmlqud _.C.K.), Mdhliluk :5,

p. ?-:0.

Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z. (5<42), Bd predmlstcrlsomd kdis di zlgi klhldu, Adhrd 42, p. 5-=.Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z. (5<44), Cubmdlbfuiblad vdrsomlgisdhdi, p. 4=->? li7 ^ei Hldrd eib _tdur

(5<44).Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z. (5<>?), Bd vdrsprdlblia vei bd Jdfdrouhturdi cp bd ^dhuwd, Jdrlomtdi vei

bd Zlgfsbldist vccr mdt Cubmdlbfuibla Jcbdkcibdrzcdf 5:-5?, p. 1-:2.Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z. (5<14), Jcbdkvcrklia li arenmduvdhs, Eiehdote Predmlstcrloe Hdlbdisle =,

p. 55-:5.Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z. (5<=0e), Bd vdrsprdlblia vei Hcusjdra vuurstddi li Idbdrheib di Jdhalæ,

Qdstdrmddk :<, p. :5>-:5<.Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z. (5<=0j), Bld ^drjrdltuia vci Hcusjdrandudrstdli li bdi Ildbdrheibdi uib

Jdhalæi, p. ?0=-?0< li7 A. Qdlsadrjdr (db.) 4000 Gemrd Ndudrstdlijdrajeu, Eusstdhhuia (...)

Jcomuk. (treishetlci cn 5<=0e, wltm ebblt lci).Kcbbdrkei, P.G.Z., G.E. Jeffdr eib M.E. Mdlbliae (5<1>), Idbdrzdttliasspcrdi ult Klbbdi-Idchltmlouk (RZJ), Hetd Jrcistlgb di Klbbdhdduwdi li mdt Jddfmulzdr Weib cibdr Merbdrwlgf, prcvliold Adhbdrheib, Eiehdote Predmlstcrloe Hdlbdisle <, p. ?<-1?.

Køhhdr-Qlhhd, K. (5<=5), Wdmi Fertdizur Jdsldbhuia bdr Icrbsddkersomdi, Cnne?M, p. 5<?-:50.Ccstlia, Q. E.G. (5<?>), Jcbdkfuibd di jcbdkfertdrlia, li mccnbzeef vei Qeadiliadi di ckad

vlia, Qeadiliadi.Phessomd, C. vei bd (5<=:), _de-hdvdh omeiad eib wetdr-hdvdh kcvdkdits li tmd Idtmdrheibs

burlia tmd Mchcodid, Kdbdbdhliadi Zlgfs Adchcalsomd Bldist ?>-5, p. 5-<?.Phcdadr, P., eib Q. Arcdikei-vei Qeetdrliad (5<>2), Hetd Aheoleh pliac eib vehhdy bdvdhcpkdit

li tmd Jccrid rdalci ider Qlgigdtdrp, Prcvliod cn Nrldsheib, Idtmdrheibs, Jluhdtyi Pdrlaheolehiy

5?, p. 5<<-:??.

Pcis, H.G. dt eh. (5<>?), Dvchutlci cn tmd Idtmdrheibs ocesteh erde burlia tmd Mchcodid, ^drmeibdhliadi vei mdt Fcilifhlgf Idbdrheibs Adchcalsom Klgijcuwfuibla Adicctsomep, adchcalsomd

sdrld :5-:, p. 5<1-:50.Zeibsjcra, F. (5<14), _coleh blkdislcis li Derhy Idchltmlo Bdikerf, Prcoddblias cn tmd Prdmls

tcrld _coldty 25, 5<14, p. 504-55=.Zdom, K. (5<1<), _tublæi zur Bdpctnuibdi bdr Rrlomhdrjdomdr- uib Dlizdharejfuhtur bds Icrbdis

(Cnne-Jøomdr ?<), Idukøistdr.Zdbhlom, O. (5<4=), Wuk Prcjhdk bdr _ldbhuiasvdrsomldjuiadi ek Dibd bdr Jrcizdzdlt, Premls

tcrlsomd Wdltsomrlnt 4?, p. 15-551.Zdatdrdi Ehtdie, G.N. vei, dt eh. (5<>:-5<>?), Rmd ^heerbliadi Ouhturd, Mdhliluk :, p. ?-?4,



RZJ _DRRHDKDIR PERRDZI_ 5:?

<1-50?, :54-:2?6 ?, p. ?<-42, <1-5:0.Zdinrdw, O. (5<1?), Jdncrd olvlhlzetlci7 tmd reblcoermci rdvcmltlci eib prdmlstcrld Durcpd, Hci-

bci.Zdinrdw, O. (5<12), Jdycib esujslstdioddocicky7 tmd dvchutlci cn scolehcraeilsetlci li idchltmlo

Durcpd, Zoocislilotlia ockphdx scoldtlds, O.J. Kccrd (db.), Oekjrlbad Kess., p. ><-=2.Zdinrdw, O. (5<1>), Kdaehltms, tdrrltcrlds eib pcpuhetlcis, Blssdrtetlcids Eromedchcaloed Aeibdi-

sds 5>, p. 5<=-::0.Zdinrdw, O. (5<=0), Rcwerb e bdnliltlci cn ocitdxt7 tmd Icrtm Adrkei kdaehltms, Ieomrlomtdi

eus Ildbdrseomsdis Tradsomlomtd 2<, p. ?-:0.Zcdhdvdhb, Q. (5<15), Rmd kcrpmchcay cn tmd Phdlstcodid surneod li tmd Kerlid-Ohey blstrlot cn

Arciliadi (tmd Idtmdrheibs), Jdrlomtdi Zlgfsbldist vccr mdt Cubmdlbfuibla Jcbdkcibdrzcdf

:0-:5. r<10-15, p. 1-:4, dsp. nla. 2.Zcdhdvdhb, Q. (5<12), Rmd Mchcodid dvchutlci cn tmd Arciliadi kerlio-ohey blstrlot, supphdkdit

Jdrlomtdi Zlgfsbldist vccr mdt Cubmdlbfuibla Jcbdkcibdrzcdf :2.

_emhlis, K. (5<12), _tcid Ead docicklos, Hcibci, :ib db._omdrkdr, E. (5<1?), Rwdd stdidi jlghdi ult Qdst-Nrldsheib, Qdstdrmddk ::, p. 54-5<._mdrrett, E. (5<=5), Vrdvldw cn7 Jeffdr 5<1<e[, Nrcoddbliascntmd Prdmlstcrld _coldty 21, p. ??1-??=._omlrila, M. (5<1<), _ldbhuiasreukd bdr Rrlomtdrjdomdrfuhtur ek Jdlspldh bds Heibfrdlsds Tdhzdi,

p. ::?-::1 li7 _omlrila (db.) (5<1<)._omlrila, M. (db.) (5<1<), Arcssldliarømdr li Ildbdrseomsdi (^drþnndithlomuiadi bdr Tradsomlomt-

hlomdi _ekkhuiadi bds Heibdskusduks zu Meiicvdr :2), Meicvdr._omhlomt, D. (5<41), Bld Titdrsuomuia dlids zdrstþrtdi _tdliarejds jdl Tdhsdi, Gemrmuom bds

hhdlketvdrdlis bdr Arensoment Jditmdlk 5<41, p. 54-:?._omhlomt, D. (5<>1), Brld ilomtkdaehltmlsomd Arejdr bdr Rrlomtdrjdomdrfuhtur lk Dksheib, Bld

Fuibd 5<>1, p. 5>-:<.

_omhlomt. M. (5<>=), Bld Nuibd eus bdk Kdaehltmarej : vck Dkkdhi, Frdls Kdppdi, Aþttliadi(Aþttliadr _omrlntdi zur ^cr- uib Nrømadsomlomtd <)._omløtdr, Q. (5<1<), Bld _ldbhuiasadjldtd bdr Rrlomtdrjdomdrfuhtur lk Csiejrøofdr Zeuk, p.

::=-:?2 li7 _omlrila db. (5<1<)._omklb, P. (5<>4), Icrtkccr, Frs. Hddr, Klttdlhuiadi bds Kersomdiretds zur Nþrbdruia bdr

Ncrsomuia lk Føstdiadjldt bdr Icrbsdd >, p. 5:._omwdhhius, Q. (5<1<), Qertjdra-Aruppd uib mdsslsomd Kdaehltmlf (Ketdrlehldi zur ^cr- uib

Nrømadsomlomtd vci Mdssdi 2), Qldsjebdi.Reyhcr, A. (db.) (5<4?), Adcarepmy li tmd Rwditldtm Oditury, :ib. db., Idw \crf - Hcibci.Rrlaadr, J.O. (5<>=), Rmd bdtdrklieits cn sdtthdkdit pettdris, p. 4?-14 li7 F.O. Omeia (db.)

(5<>=), _dtthdkdit Eromedchcay, Pehc Ehtc.^dmivd Prcgdot : (ncrtmocklia), K_ rdpcrts jy e arcup cn stubdits ci tmd rdhetlci jdtwddi

sdtthdkdit pmesds eib sclhs. Rc jd pujhlsmdb jy M. E. Mdlbliae dt eh. es ei LPP-wcrflia pepdr.^css, G.E. (ncrtmocklia), E stuby cn Qdstdri RZJ scoleh craeilzetlci. Jdrlomtdi vei bd Zlgfs

bldist vccr mdt Cubmdlbfuibla Jcbdkcibdrzcdf.

Qeehs, G.B. vei bdr (5<>2), Prdmlstcrld blso wmddhs li tmd Idtmdrheibs, Arciliadi.Qeehs, G.B. vei bdr (5<1?), Li cpbreomt vei Merd Kegdstdlt, Eromdchcald di Mlstcrld (Q.E. vei

Ds, db.), Jussuk, p. 40<-4:0.Qeehs, G.B. vei bdr, eib Q. Ahesjdradi (5<44), Jdefdr typds eib tmdlr blstrljutlci li tmd

Idtmdrheibs, Pehedcmlstcrle 2, p. 4-2>.Qetdrjchf, M.R. (5<42), Bd predmlstcrlsomd kdis di zlgi klhldu, ddi pehyichcalsom cibdrzcdf

ieer bd kdisdhlgfd livhcdb cp bd pheitdiarcdl vei bd blhuvlehd arcibdi li Idbdrheib, Essdi.



5:2 GE. JEFFDZ

Qetdrjchf, M.R. (5<>2), Pcbschldruiasdrsomdliuiadi jdl Arejmøadhi, Pehedcmlstcrle 50, p. =1-50:.

Qlorliae, G. (5<4=), Cpkdrfliadi cvdr mdt vdrjeib tussdi bd jcbdkadstdhbmdlb di cubmdlbfuiblad vdrsdmlgisdhdi ieer eeihdlblia vei bd Iojcfertdrliali Brditd, Jccrdi _pebd<, p. <1-552.Qlorliae, G. (5<>=), Ldts cvdr bd hlaalia vei bd muidjdbbdi cp mdt zulbdhlgf bddh vei bd Mcibsrua,

Ilduwd Brditsd ^chfsehkeief =>, p. 52<-541.Wdlst, Q. vei (5<>1), Eromeochcay eib pehyichcay li tmd Idtmdrheibs, Zdvldw cn Pehedcjcteiy

eib Pehyichcay 2, p. 24->4.Wdlst, Q. vei (5<10), Prdmlstcrld eib derhy mlstcrld nccb pheits li tmd Idtmdrheibs, Pehedcmlstcrle

52, p. 25-51?.

Ehhesds

Ethes 5 - Ethes vei Idbdrheib (5<>?-5<11), Rmd Meaud.Ethes : - Heibjcuwethes vei Idbdrheib (5<4<).Ethes ? - Ethes vei bd Idbdrheibsd Jrcdbvcadhs (db. jy Z.K. Rdxdlre) (5<1<), 's-Arevdheib.Ethes 2 - Rmd Rlkds Ethes cn tmd Qcrhb, vch. TL, Icrtmdri Durcpd, (db. jy G. Jertmchckdw)(5<44), Hcibci.Ethes 4 - Livditerlsetldethes vccr nhcre di neuie vei Idbdrheib, sekdiadstdhb di adprcbuoddrb bccr

bd Rcpcarenlsomd Bldist td Bdhnt li cpbreomt vei mdt _teetsjcsjdmddr, Lispdotld Ietuurjdmcub di

Ietuurwdtdisomeppdhlgf Eromldn, Ttrdomt (_teetsjcsjdmddr) 5<=5.E omoep rdprcbuotlci cn ehh Butom 5740,000 Crbieiod _urvdy Kep smddts ci e soehd cn 57=0,000,wltmcut ochcurs eib ocitcur hlids. Lt ls usdnuh ncr tmd ockplhetlci cn nlib aezdttddrs. Rmd nlibspctssmcuhb jd iukjdrdb jy 5740,()()() kep smddt iukjdr eib sdquditleh iukjdr ("51Q-:1"). Ncr eprdolsd hcoetlci tmd Butom arlb oc-crblietds smcuhb jd usdb, ict tmd arddi iukjdrs ebbdb tc tmd

Ethes ncr jlchcaloeh bcoukoitetlci systdks.



PZCJHDK_ CN _TZ^L^EH7 HERDZ PZDML_ RCZLO _DRRHDKDIR LI RMD _CTRMDZIDE_R EIAHLEI NDIHEIB_

NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

Zdodit yders mevd sddi e rdidweh cn litdrdst li tmd eromedchcay cn tmd Ndiheibs cn Dest Diaheib.

Rmls pepdr ettdkpts tc prcvlbd e suoolit cvdrvldw cn Pdiheib rdsderom prlcr tc 5<10 eib tmls ls

nchlcwdb jy e kcrd bdtelhdb eoocuit cn wcrf ehcia tmd wdstdri Ndi dbad li tmd Pdtdrjcrcuam erde,

li tmd hcwdr vehhdys cn tmd rlvdrs Idid eib Qdlheib. E prliolpeh elk cn tmd pepdr ls tc prcvlbd tmd

rdebdr wltm e tmcrcuam hlst cn pujhlsmdbpepdrs ci rdodit wcrf, mut tmd keli prcjhdks stlhh cutsteiblia

li tmd Idchltmlo, Jrcizd eib Lrci Ead pdrlcbs erd ehsc rdvldwdb. Kuom ettditlci ls alvdi tc tmd

prcjhdks cn pcst-bdpcsltlcieh blstcrtlci wmlom erd pertlouherhy sdvdrd li ei erde sujgdot tc pdet

weshead ("smrlifead") eib eiluleh ehhuvletlci. Rmd prcjhdks tmdsd prcodssds pcsd tc tmd uibdrtefliacnrdalcieh survdy erd ehsc ocislbdrdb li sckd bdptm. Rmd pepdr ociohubds tmet tdek-jesdb prcgdots

craeilsdb ci e rdalcieh jesls cnndr tmd jdst kdeis cn epprceomlia tmdsd blnnlouhtlds. Bdspltd tmdsd

prcjhdks, tmd dxtrecrbliery prdsdrvetlci cn eromedclcaloeh bdpcslts cnndrs e uilqud cppcrtuilty ncr

rdsderom.

Litrcbuotlci

Rmls pepdr sukkerlsds rdodit wcrf li tmd wdt-leibs tmet surrcuib tmd Qesm lihdt. Qd wlhh

ocioditretd ci tmd Idcmtmlo eib Jrcizd Eadpdrlcbs (ncr tmd Lrci Ead sdd Ouimnnd, tmls vchukd), es sddi li e ockperetlvdhy ierrcw jeibcn heib ercuib tmd wdstdri eib scutmdri Noikeralis. Ideror tmd Icrtm _de wd diocuitdrtmd kerlid oheys eib sllts cn tmd _lht Ndis6 tmdsdbdpcslts mevd tmdlr crlali li Lrci Ead tlkds eibociteli dvlbdiod ncr Zckei, jut ic derhldrcooupetlci (Pmlhmps 5<10). Rmdrdentor tmdlrbdvdhcpkdit ls cn liblrdot rdhdveiod tc prdmls-tcry (Mehh 5<=:). Libddb, tmd ebeptetlci cnKobldveh Noi ockkuiltlds tc tmd vlolssltubdscn tmdlr omeialia divlrcikdit ocuhb wdhh domcprcodssds tmet tccf pheod keiy oditurlds derhldr(Zevdisbehd 5<126 ncr nurtmdr rdns., Prycr 5<=0,5=>).

Rmd pepdr ls li slx sdotlcis (L-^L). Rmd nlrstjrldthy ocislbdrs prdvlcus wcrf li tmd erde, eibls litoibob kcrd es e aulbd tc tmd hltdreturdtmei e ockpromdislvd syitmdsls. Pert LL ls e smcrtbosorlptlci cn kcrd rdodit wcrf kelihy oerrldbcut jv tmd eutmcr eib mls tdek6 tmdrd tmdi nch-

hcws (Perts LLL-^) e omrcichcaloehhy-jesdb blsousslci cn tmd prliolpeh bdvdhcpkdits li tmdrdalci's prdmlstcry. Rmd pepdr ociohubds (Pert^L) wltm sckd tmcuamts ci tmd rchd cn rdalcieh

stublds li eromedchcay.

L7 Pdiheib7

Put urd

lts Eioldit Pest eib Tiodrteli

Rmd tlthd cn tmls sdotlci ls tmet cn _lr Merry Acb-wli's rdodit syitmdsls cn wcrf li tmd Ndiheibs,prlcr tc oe. 5<>: (Acbwli 5<1=). Rmet vchukdliohubds ei dxodhhdit blsousslci cn Ndiheibrdsderom jctm jdncrd eib entdr tmd hest Qer6

lidvltejhy lt rdnhdots tmd eutmcr's cwi litdrdstli pehedcjcteiy. Kcrd eromedchcaloehhy-crldi-tetdb syitmdsds mevd jddi pujhlsmdb jy _lr OyrlhNcx, Prcndsscr Aremeko Oherf eib tmdlr ochhejcretcrs (Oherf dt eh. 5<>06 Oherf eib Acbwli5<>:6 Ncx 5<:?6 Ncx dt eh. 5<:>). Rmdsd pepdrsociteli nuhh rdndrdiods tc tmd keiy Oekjrlbad-jesdb prcgdots uibdrtefdi prlcr tc 5<>0, kelihyli tmd scutmdri Ndis. Entdr 5<>0 eromedclcaloehlitdrdst li tmd rdalci hepsdb eib tmls, li keiyrdspdots, wes kcst uincrtuietd, es tmd 'slxtlds



5:> NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

Nla. L. "Jcace fs"jdl iardkcv obkdom eiloeh hynrckt mdjes ehpdet et Zeksdy Mdlamts. Potdrjcrcuam.Oekjrlbadsmlrd.

eib 'sdvditlds wdrd porlcbs cn kesslvd earlouh-tureh litdislnloetlci eib lts ocisdqudiods7 heibbreliead, pdet westeao eib phcuam-bekead.Rmd dxtrecrbliery eiiueh "'mervdst" cn sc-oehhdb"jca cefs" - keiy cn wmlom wdrd liuibetdb ettmd tlkd liheib ndis jdaei tc ncrk ci hdvd!

arcuib, nrck oe. 2()()()jo (Acbwli 5<1=, ??-2:)- jders seb wltidss tc tmd neot tmet tmls ls eocitliulia prcodss (nla. 5).

Rmd Ndiheibs ocvdr ei dicrkcus erde6 dstl-ketds cn tmdlr slzd very (bopdiblia ci orltdrlecn bdnliltlci), jut sujsteitlehhy wetdrhcaadbbopcslts key jd ncuib cvdr ei erde cn sckd5 .()1(),()0() eords (224,=?? mdoterds). Rmls heibsoepd rdprdsdits ei eromedchcaloeh rdscurod cnuilqud lkpcrteiod.

Zdodit, herad-soehd wcrf ci tmd scutmdriNdi-dbad jdaei li 5<>< wltm tmd pujhloetlci cnsltds tmrdetdidb jy tmd lkklidit dxpeislci cnPdtdrjcrcuam Idw Rcwi (ZOMK 5<><). Rmdprliolpeh tmrdetdidb prdmlstcrld Ndi-dbad sltdwes Ndiaetd, ci tmd destdri nrliads cn tmd olty.Rmls herad (oe. :00 me) orcpkerf sltd wes dxoe-vetdb nrck 5<15 tc 5<1= (Prycr 5<12e6 5<1=65<=()e6 li prdss). Rmd Ndiaetd prcgdot wesnchlcwdb jy tmd Qdlheib ^ehhdy Prcgdot, tmdrdpcrt cn wmlom ls li prdperetlci, eib tmls, lituri, wlhh jd nchlcwdb jy oxoevetlci eib survdy

et Dttci eib Jcrcuam Ndi, lkkdbletdhy icrtmcn Pdtdrjcrcuam (nla. :). Qd wlhh blsouss tmdsdprcgdots nurtmdr jdhcw.

Kcst wcrf li tmd Pdiheib jdncrd 5<>0 tccfpheod uibdr tmd eusplods cn tmd PdiheibZdsderom Ockklttdd wmlom blsjeibdb (Pmlhhlps

5<10), jut wes rdncrkdb, li tmd klb-5<10s,uibdr tmd Omelrkeismlp cn Prcndsscr G.K.Ochds. Rmd Ockklttdd wes ociodridb ejcut tmdearlouhtureh bekead tmet wes teflia pheod li tmdNdis eib eoocrbliahy eppclitdb e nuhh-tlkd Pdiheib Nldhb Cnnlodr, Bevlb Mehh, tc oerry cut eockprdmdislvd, jut replb essdsskdit cn tmdsltuetlci li Oekjrlbadsmlrd, e ocuity wmlomliohubds shlamthy hdss tmei mehn tmd tcteh Ndiheibsoepd (Mehh 5<=5). Qcrflia et tmd retd cnsckd 50,000 me e yder. Mehh mes ocvdrdb kuomcn tmd ocuity eib ls icw ehsc turilia mls ettdi-

tlci tc tmd ndiheibs cn tmd ctmdr ocuitldsociodridb (Hlioclismlro, Icrnchf eib _unnchf).Mls blsocvdrlds mevd linhudiodb cur epprdole-tlci cn tmd eioldit Ndi heibsoepd nuibekditeh-hy6 li tmls pepdr, ncr dxekphd wd wlhh kelihy jdociodridb wltm tmd jurldb jerrcwnldhbs eibheibsoepds md blsocvdrdb et Jcrcuam Ndi eibMebbdimek (Mehh eib Prycr ncrtmocklia).

Rmd icrtmdi pert cn tmd Pdiheib (cooupyliatmd scutmdri pert cn tmd ocuity cn Hlioclismlro)



HERDZ PZDML_RCZLO _DRRHDKDIR_ LI RMD NDIHEIB_ 5:1

Fdy _ltds

'«r. Orcpkerfs 5 Ndiaetd

(tt Dlertmwcrfs : Kexdy

l ) Arevdh cr ohey plts ? Jerieof/Jelitci

SYY-Y Kcbdri breliuFnY 2 Jerieof

Epprcx.Z-J ndi-db({d 4 Dttci

ƚ DxoeveT8l erd es

/"Y"YY Ju lh tu p erd e

Y rjzielnnlH

~?fi

Nla. :. Hcoetlci phei, smcwlia prliolpeh sltds kditlcidb li tmd toxt (Brewlia jy Kelsld Reyhcr).

mes rdodlvdb hdss ettditlci nrck eromedchcalsts.Li adidreh, tmls prdmlstcrld heibsoepd ls hdss rde-blhy eoodssljhd, jdlia jurldb uibdr sujsteitleheooukuhetlcis cn kerlid bdpcslts. Rmd pctdi-

tlehhy sovdrd drcslvo dnndots cn tmdsd prcodssdssmcuhb ehsc jd jcrid li klib. Lt mes rdodithyjddi suaadstdb tmet tmd Hliochismlrd Ndis wdrdheradhy liuibetdb jy sde wetdr burlia tmd LrciEad (_lkkcis 5<=0). Rmls litdrprdtetlci cndvdits sddks tc tmd prdsdit eutmcr, eib ctmdrs,retmdr dxtrdkd eib blsrdaerbs tmd ockpldxltldscn tmd sltuetlci (_mdiiei 5<=:). Oortelihy tmdverldb ochhdotlci cn nlsm eib wlhbncwh jcidsrdocvdrdb nrck Klbbhd Lrci Ead ocitdxts etNdiaetd, gust scutm cn tmd Hliochismlrd jcrbdr,erd ditlrdhy libloetlvd cn e nrdsmwetdr, cr vdryshlamhy jreoflsm, divlrcikdit (Jlbblof, li Prycrli prdss). Epert nrck e skehh dxoevetlci etQesmliajcrcuam Ndi, li tmd Qltmek vehhdyider Hliochi (Ochds dt eh. 5<1<), ic rdodit prdmlstcrld rdsderom li tmd Hliochismlrd Ndiheibmes ydt jddi pujhlsmdb li nlieh ncrk. PdtdrOmcwid's lkpcrteit wcrf et Jlhhliajcrcuam, citmd Ndi-dbad sckd ?0 fk icrtm cn Pdtdrjc-rcuam ls, mcwdvdr, evelhejhd li litdrlk ncrk(Omcwid 5<1=6 5<=0).

Qd oei ociolubd tmls jrldn eoocuit cn tmd nlrststdps cn kcbdri Ndiheib rdsderom wltm tmd accbidws tmet tmd Diahlsm stetd eromedchcaloeh sdrvlod (ourrdithy tmd Bdpertkdit cn tmd Divlrci

kdit) icw rdocailsds tmd lkpcrteiod cn tmdNdis. Nuibs mevd jddi prcvlbdb, vle e skehh,oditreh ocitrchhlia ockklttdd, ncr tmrdd ebbl-tlcieh nuhh-tlkd Nldhb Cnnlodrs. Nuibs mevd ehscjddi ehhcoetdb ncr prcgdots et Jcrcuam eib Meb-bdimek Ndis. Lt ls uibdrstccb tmet tmls rdprd-sdits tmd stert cn e hcia-tdrk ockkltkdit.

LL7 Rmd _-Q Ndi-dbad Prcgdot

Rmls prcgdot ercsd cut cn tmd Ndiaetd prcgdot,wmlom lkkdbletdhy prdodbdb lt. hts adidreh elkseib cjgdotlvds mevd ehrdeby jddi ocislbdrdb lisckd bdtelh eib iddb cihy e jrldn cuthlid mdrd(Prycr 5<=0j).

Rmd Qdlheib ^ehhdy prcgdot (Q^P) wes crl-aliehhy litdibob tc euakdit Lincrketlci prcvlbdb jy Ndiaetd wmlom stccb, tc e ocislbdrejhddxtdit, li e ocitdxtueh veouøk. Rmd sltd's lsche-tlci wes jrcuamt ejcut jy tmd replb 5<tm Odi-tury dxpeislci cn Pdtdrjcrcuam, kcbdri earl-



5:= NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

Nla. ?. Kep smcwlia blstrljutlci cn orcpkerfs li tmd hcwdr Qdlheib vehhdy, phcthdb eaelist sclh typds. Pheis cn orcplierfsci tmd arevdh sclhs icrtm cn tmd Qdlheib wdrd ict evelhejhd et tmd tlkd cn pujhloetlci (Brewlia jy Kelsld Reyhcr, wltmB.Z. Orcwtmdr).

ouhturd eib rdodit herad-soehd arevdh querrylia.

Rmd Qdlheib vehhdy hlds lkkdbltehy icrtm cnPdtdrjcrcuam eib prcvlbds e hcw-hylia rlvdr vehhdy eib Ndi-dbad divlrcikdit ohcsdhy ockper-ejhd wltm tmet cn tmd hcwdr rlvdr Idid li wmlomNdiaeto ls hcoetdb. Rmd Qdlheib rdalci ls ehscrlom li odrdkcileh eib nuidrery sltds wmlom erdhdss nrdqudithy diocuitdrdb li tmd hcwdr Idid.Rmd twc eroes erd tmus ockperejhd eib ockphl-kditery.

Kcst cn Ndiaetd wes ocvdrdb jy ohey ehhu-vluk, helb bcwi li Zckei eib pcst-Zckei

tlkds. Rmls bdpcslt tdibdb tc cjsourd elr pmctcseib ockphdtdhy prdvditdb prd-Zckei ketdrlehnrck rdeomlia tmd surneod. Adcomokloeh (pmcs-pmetd) survdy, uslia jcrdmchds, wes pcssljhd jutocivditlcieh nldhb-wehflia tdomilquds ocuhb ictjd dkphcydb suoodssnuhhy. Rmdsd ocistrelitswdrd ict sc sdvdrd li tmd Qdlheib vehhdy wmdrdehhuvletlci wes rdstrlotdb tc tmd lkkdbletd sur-rcuiblia cn dxlstlia cr rdhlot rlvdr ocursds. Rmdadchcay et Ndiaetd, tcc, wes rdkerfejhy uilncrk eib blb ict prcvlbd cppcrtuiltlds ncr e

ockperlsci cn sdtthdkdit pettdri wltm blnndrdit

sclh typds. Rmd Qdlheib vehhdy blspheys e verldtycn sclh typds eib pmyslcarepmlo rdalcis cn wmlomtmd upheib (llkdstcid), vehhdy slbd (hlkdstcideib arevdh), vehhdy jcttck (arevdh eib ehhuvluk)eib Ndi (pdet eib ehhuvluk) erd tmd licstlkpcrteit (nlas. ?, 2).

Lt wes boolbdb tc survdy tmd hcwdr Qdlheibvehhdy uslia e sekphd stretday jesdb ci trei-sdots, :0 k wlbd. Rmdsd treisdots wdrd ehlaidbI-_ et epprcxlketd litdrvehs cn 5 fk6 tmd hcoe-tlci cn deom treisdot wltmli tmd epprcprletd flhc-

kdtrd "ocrrlbcr" wes botdrklidb jy rdndrdiodtc reibck iukjdrs. Rmls plhct survdy weslitdibdb tc livdstlaetd tmd blstrljutlci cn ketdrleh jdtwodi ficwi sltds eib tc livdstlaetd pcst-bdpcsltlcieh pmdickdie tmet klamt blstcrt tmdbete. Eiehysls ls stlhh li prcardss, jut prdhlkli-ery rdsuhts libloetd tmet blstcrtlci ls orltloehhylkpcrteit7 hlkdstcid sclhs cn tmd upheibs eibvehhdy slbds erd vdry tmli libddb eib phcuam-bekead ls sdvdrd6 ochhuvluk (mlhh-wesm) meseooukuhetdb et tmd ncct cn tmd vehhdy shcpd,



HERDZ PZDML_RCZLO _DRRHDKDIR_ LI RMD NDIHEIB_ 5:<

Nla.G.Z.

2. Kep smcwlia stuby eroe cn Qdlheib ^ehhdy Prcgdot, wltm survdy treisdot hcoetlcis. (Brewlia jy Z. Pcwdhh, entdrJcurio).

dnndotlvdhy kesflia orcpkerfs, wmlhd tmd arevdhsclhs cn tmd vehhdy jcttck smcw uidvdi prdsdr-vetlci. Kdbldveh plcuam mdebheibs, ncr dxek-phd, dnndotlvdhy prdsdrvd eioldit sclhs li hliderstrlps keiy flhckdtrds hcia. Rmd ehhuvluk cn

tmd vehhdy nhccr eib Noi sflrtheib ociodehs eidxtrecrbliery wdehtm cn wetdrhcaadb eib sdkl-wetdrhcaadb sltds. Rmd blstcrtlcis oeusdb jytmdsd neotcrs erd vdry slailnloeit eib wmdi jdt-tdr uibdrstccb klamt wdhh oeusd us tc kcblnyourrdit vldws cn tmd prdmlstcrld sdtthdkdit pet-tdk.

Rmd eoebdkld elks cn tmd Q^P erd kelihyklbbhd reiad, es wlhh jd eppereit, jdhcw. Rmdsdelks, mcwdvdr, oei cihy jd ettelidb ciod sult-ejhd tdomilquds, jctm cn survdy eib cn dxoeve-tlci, mevd jddi bdvdhcpdb. Mdrd wd hdei mdev-

lhy ci tmd ebvlod eib dxpdrldiod cn cur ochhdeauds li tmd LPP, Ekstdrbek, wmc mevd rdodithyoerrldb cut dxtdislvd survdy eib dxoevetlci etEssdibdhnt. Cur bete rdocvdry eib sekphliaprcodburds erd bdslaidb tc jd ockperejhd wltmtmcsd usdb et Essdibdhnt eib dhsdwmdrd. Curjrceb elk ls tc bovdhcpd tdomilquds tmet keydvdituehhy jd dkphcydb li tmd bddp Ndi6 mutncr prdsdit purpcsds wd bc ict ettdkpt tc oerrycut survdy li eroes wmdrd ehhuvluk cr surneod

pdet eooukuhetlcis erd kcrd tmei oe. :.4 ktmlof. Eaeli, cur epprdoletlci cn sdtthdkditpettdris ls ocistrelidb, eib tmdrdncrd blstcrtdb,jy suom purdhy preotloeh prcjhdks.

Rmd treisdot survdy eslbd, wcrf li tmd Qdl

heib vehhdy wes prliolpehhy ocioditretdb et twctmrdetdidb sltds, Kexdy eib Jerieof/Jelitci.Rmd ncrkdr ls e wdhh-ficwi sltd hcoetdb et tmdoditrd cn pdrmeps tmd kcst dxtdislvd orcpkerfsoettdr li Jrlteli, wmlom ehsc meppdis tc jd tmdsltd cn e herad arevdh plt (ZOMK 5<>06 _lkpsci5<>>6 5<>1). Rmd hettdr wes dxoevetdb emdeb cne aes plpdhlid eib ls hcoetdb li ei dxtdislci cntmd sekd orcpkerf ockphdx, li ei erde cnficwi prdmlstcrld lkpcrteiod sckd 4 fk wdstcn Kexdy (Bciehbsci dt eh. 5<116 Prycr eibPehkdr 5<=5).

Rmd sdocib pmesd cn tmd prcgdot wlhh sdd ettdi-tlci ncous ci tmd Ndi-dbad et Dttci, lkkdblet-dhy dest cn Kexdy, eib et Jcrcuam Ndi, sckd4 fk nurtmdr dest. Li keiy weys lt ls klshdebliatc blndrditletd jdtwddi tmdsd sltds wmlom ncrkpert cn tmd sekd prdmlstcrld heibsoepd, ncr tmdepperdit sdperetlci, usuehhy libloetdb jy aepsli orcpkerf pheis, ls ditlrdhy oeusdb jy pcst-bdpcsltlcieh dnndots cn ehhuvletlci eib pdet-arcwtm.



5?0 NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

LLL7 Rmlrb eib Ncurtm Klhhdiile jo

Titlh rdodithy tmd IdcKtmlo cn tmd Oekjrlbad-smlrd Ndis meb rdodlvdb hltthd systdketlo ettdi-tlci sliod tmd plcidorlia rdsderom cn PrcndsscrsOlerlo eib Acbwli (5<>:). Lt wes tmd pdrlcbwmdi herad erdes cn Ndi wdrd stlhh ncrklia eibtmd dvlbdiod, suom es lt ls, libloetds tmet sdtthd-kdit wes blspdrsdb, jesdb ci sliahd neklhyuilts, wmc preotlsdb klxdb earlouhturd cr mcrtl-ouhturd eklbst ohderlias li tmd wccbs cn Ndi-dbao eib lsheib. Bcujthdss tmd Ndi ltsdhn wesdxphcltdb ncr nlsm, nudh, wlhbncwh eib (sdescieh3)mey eib arezlia. Rmd evelhejhd dvlbdiod sua-

adsts tmet tmd docicky cn tmdsd blspdrsdb sdt-thdkdits wes jesdb ci Jcsdrup's (5<>4) hcianehhcw systdk.

Cihy cid mcusd, betlia tc tmd hettdr pert cntmls pdrlcb, mes sc ner jddi rdocvdrdb, nrckNdiaetd6 omeroceh nrck tmd ncuibetlcis cn tmlsskehh rdoteiauher julhblia (oe. 1 x 1.4 k) aevde O-52 betd cn :224µ4()jo (AeF 25<1) (Prycr5<12e, nla. 2). Mcusdscnepprcxlketdhy mehn tmlsslzd, jut pcst-julht eib suj-rdoteiauher mevdrdodithy jddi dxoevetdb et Rettdrsmehh Rmcrpd,

e Ndidbad sltd nurtmdr icrtm, li Hliochismlrd(N. Omcwid, pdrs. ockk.). _ckd cn tmd julhblias liohubdb pcttdry li tmd lisuler (Jrltlsmeib Lrlsm) Hetd Idchltmlo Arccvdb Qerd (ncr-kdrhy Zliyc-Oheotci) trebltlci, sc e betdsckdwmet hetdr tmei Ndiaetd ls eitlolpetdb. RmdNdiaetd mcusd ncuibetlcis ocitelidb e jhebd-jesdb nhlit libustry, sckd dxctlo ltdks, eib pcttdry li tmd pheli derhldr Idchltmlo jcwh trebltlcicn Destdri Diaheib. Pcttdry cn tmls trebltlcinlibs ohcsd ocitdkpcrery perehhdhs li tmd Mezdi-bcif-: werds cn tmd Idtmdrheibs. Br. HcuwdFcclgkeis (5<1>) mes pclitdb cut tmet tmlsketdrleh bdrlvds nrck Qdtheib sltds ci dltmdrslbd ci tmd Icrtm _de6 jut lt ls, pdrmeps, slailnloeit tmet icjcby mes ydt ettdkptdb tc dxphelitmd lkphldb ociidotlci jdtwddi Klbbhd Idchltmlo ockkuiltlds cn tmd hcwor Zmlid eib tmdlrlisuler derhldr Idchltmlo ocitdkpcrerlds, liDiaheib.

Rmd blspdrsdb sdtthdkdit pettdri cn derhldrIdchltmlo tlkds mes jddi euakditdb rdodithy

jy tmd blsocvdry et twc sltds, Dttci eib Mebbdi-mek, cn Ndi-dbad oeusdweydb diohcsurds. Jctm

sltds eppder tc mevd jddi usdb ncr sdtthdkditeib erd prctdotdb nrck tmd phcuam jy tmlof eoou-kuhetlcis cn ehhuvluk6 bltom bdpcslts erd wetdr-hcaadb eib prdsdrvetlci ls eoocrbliahy dxodhhdit. Rmd Mebbdimek sltd ls ourrdithy jdlialivdstlaetdb jy e tdek nrck Oekjrlbad Tilvdr-slty, uibdr tmd blrdotlci cn Br. hei Mcbbdr, juttmd prcgdot ls stlhh et e vdry derhy stead.

Rmd Dttci sltd ls hcoetdb ehciaslbd ei dxtdi-slci cn tmd Kexdy oursus kciukdit wmlom lsehsc jurldb jdidetm ehhuvluk et tmls pclit (Prycreib Fliids 5<=:). Prdhlkliery livdstlaetlcis cn

tmd oeusdweydb bltom mevd rdvdehdb queitltldscn pcttdry li tmd Klhbdimehh styhd, ohcsdhy ock-perejhd wltm ketdrleh dxoevetdb jy PrcndsscrOherf et Murst Ndi (Oherf dt eh. 5<>0). Prlkeryeib sdocibery bltom nlhhlias erd wetdrhcaadb eiblt ls ohder tmet tmd erde wes wdt wmdi cooupldb,ncr pdet wes arcwlia et tmd jesd cn tmd diohcsurdbltom eib wccb ls ehkcst ditlrdhy nrck Ndi spdolds7 wlhhcw, ehbdr, pcpher (nla. 4). E tmli oheybdpcslt jdidetm tmd turn-rdvdttdb arevdh jeiftmet rei ercuib tmd lislbd cn tmd bltom suaadsts

tmet tmd erde wes wdt jdncrd cooupetlci jdaei.Rmls ploturd ls nurtmdr ocinlrkdb jy tmd eoouku-hetlci cn oe. 5.? k cn ohey ejcvd tmd prdmlstcrldheib surneod. Lt ls stlhh ict odrteli wmdi tmd ehhu-vletlci jdaei, jut e betd et hdest es derhy es tmdLrci Ead wcuhb eoocrb wltm hcoeh dvlbdiod6bdpcsltlci nliehhy odesdb li 5<4?.

Rmls ls ict tmd pheod tc ettdkpt e blsousslcicn tmd rchd cn oeusdweydb diohcsds wltmli tmdDiahlsm Idchltmlo, jut Mebbdimek eib Dttci,ci tmd prdsdit shdibor dvlbdiod, sddk tc jd

cooupetlci sltds. Li tmd hettdr oesd cooupetlciwes prcjejhy sdescieh. Rmdrd ls, es ydt, ic dvlbdiod tc suaadst e prlkery odrokcileh cr nuidr-ery nuiotlci ncr dltmdr kciukdit. Pdrmeps ltwcuhb jd jdst tc rdaerb tmd oeusdweydb heycutcn tmd diohcslia bltom(ds), es e ocistruotlciehtdomilqud li ockkci usd li tmd derhldr Idchltmlopdrlcb. Ci tmd ctmdr meib, lt oeiict jd bdildbtmet tmd ocistruotlci cn tmdsd kciukditslivchvdb ockkuieh dnncrt eib dxpdisd cn didr-ay. Rmdy kust, tmdrdncrd, mevd pheydb e slailnl-



HERDZ PZDML_RCZLO _DRRHDKDIR_ LI RMD NDIHEIB_ 5?5

Nla. 4. Iochltmlo oeusdweydb diohcsurd bltom jurldb jdidetm 5.? k cn ehhuvluk, et Dttci, ider Kexdy, Oekjrlbadsmlrd.Ictd tmd litorieh turn-rdvdttob jeif eib poet arcwlia ci tmd bltom jcttcti. _oehd li mehn kdtrds. (Dxpheietcry brewliajy Kelsld Reyhcr).

oeit rchd li ocitdkpcrery scoldty. Qd mevd sdditmet Dttci wes prcjejhy cooupldb sdesciehhyeib tmls mypctmdsls key prcvlbd sckd ohud tclts crlalieh slailnloeiod. pdrmeps es e mckd-jesdli e treismllkeit olroult7 ncr lt ls surohy slailnloeit tmet jctm sltds erd hcoetdb cvdr nlvd kdtrdsejcvo tmd ocitdkpcrery Ndi wdtheib. Rmd sltdsocuhb mevd prcvlbdb lkpcrteit ncdl ncr blspdr-sdb ockkuiltlds cn tmd twc rdalcis eib wcuhbmevd pheyob ei lkpcrteit rchd li tmd kelitd-ieiod (eib bovdhcpkoit3) cn scoleh ocmoslci.Lt ls, kcrdcvdr, tdkptlia tc suaaost tmet tmdsdsltds, cr sltds hlfo tmok ci mlamdr heib (ncr dxek-phd, Ardet Qlhjremek, Oekjs), wcuhb mevdpheyob ei ospoolehly slailnloeit rchd li tmd yderslkkobletohy nchhcwlia tmd wlbdsprdeb sdkl-kerlid Ndi nhccbs wmlom bdpcsltdb tmd sc-oehhob

Juttdry cr Ndi Ohey oe. :400jo (Oehels L^ litmd Butom sdqudiod). Rmd prdsdiod cn tmdsdsltds llhustretds wdh! mcw lkpcrteit lt ls tc stubye wdtheib heibsoepd li lts bryheib ocitdxt (crvlod vdrse).

L̂ 7 _docib Klhhdiiluk jo

Qd mevd ehrdeby sddi tmet herad perts cn tmdNdi wdrd enndotdb jy tmd nhccbs cn tmd Ndi Oheytreisarosslcis. Zdodit dvlbdiod mes suaadstdbtmet keiy epperdithy hcw-hylia erdes tmet dsoep-db nhccblia blb sc jdoeusd cn tmd prdsdiod cnherad treots cn relsdb jca. Kcst cn tmdsd chlac-trcpmlo pdets mevd jddi drcbdb ewey, jut e ndwpcofdts stlhh survlvd (Acbwli eib ^lsmiu-Klttrd



5?: NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

Nla. nl. Phei cn dxoevetdb sdocib klhhdiiluk jo bltomds,Ndiaetd. Pdtdrjcrcuam (nrck Prycr 5<=0e).

5<14). Rmd jdst dvlbdiod ncr tmd crlalieh wlbd-sprdeb blstrljutlci cn tmdsd pdets ls prcvlbdbtcbey jy tmd sprdeb cn eolb sclhs (Mehh eib _wlt-sur 5<=:). Rmls idw Lincrketlci prcvlbds ydteictmdr dxekphd cn tmd sujthd, ydt pctditlehhyvdry slailnloeit dnndots cn sckd pcst-bdpcsltlci-eh blstcrtlcis. Li tmd prdsdit oesd tmd dnndots erdmerb tc essdss, es wd smehh sdd jdhcw, jut tmdrdhetlvdhy mckcadicus rddb eib sdbad ndi pdetstmet wdrd ciod tmcuamt tc nlhh kcst cn tmd NdiJesli ict blrdothy enndotdb jy kerlid linhudioderd icw sddi es gust cid ockpcidit li e kcrdockphdx ploturd. Zddb eib sdbad wcuhb mevdarcwi ehcia tmd nhccbphelis cn tmd jesd-rlomrlvdrs tmet brelidb litc tmd Ndi6 slklherhy, sur-neod rui-cnn li Ndi kerali erdesiderhlkdstcid,

omehf cr hlkdstcid arevdh upheibs wcuhb mevddiocureadb tmd bdvdhcpkdit cn dutrcpmlo

pdets, ndi oerr eib ndi wccb. Rmdsd rdalcis,wmdtmdr ohderdb cn wccbheib cr ict, wcuhb mevdprcvlbdb dxodhhdit aress ncr pesturd cr mey.Jdycib wcuhb mevd strdtomdb tmd relsdb jcascn tmd bddp Ndi, wmdrd tmd stetd cn pesturdwcuhb bdpdib ci hcoeh arcwlia ocibltlcis, jutkcrd Lincrketlci ls rdqulrdb jdncrd eiy nurtmdrspdouhetlci ls ettdkptdb.

Rmd litrloetdhy verldb divlrcikdit cn tmd wdt-heib key nlib eromedchcaloeh dxprdsslci li tmdverldb kcrpmchcay cn Ndi-dbad sltds eib ndeturds. Bud tc e ockjlietlci cn neotcrs lt wcuhb

eppder tmet tmd pdet Ndi wes rdhetlvdhy brytmrcuamcut kuom cn tmd sdocib klhhdiiluk jo(Acbwli 5<25). Icwmord ls tmls jottdr bdkci-stretdb tmei li tmd derhy blstrljutlci kep cn Ncx(5<:?, kep LL) wmlom smcws e tmli, jut dvdi,sprdeb cn Jrcizd Ead ketdrleh cvdr "lsheibs"wltmli tmd bddpdr wdtheibs. Iukdrcus sltds erdicw ficwi ekciast tmdsd Ndi lsheibs eib ker-alis, jut vdry ndw mevd jddi ebdquetdhy dxoevetdb (Oherf 5<??6 5<?>6 Kertli 5<11).

Lt wcuhb eppder tmet wd mevd e slklherhy

verldb ploturd ehcia tmd arevdhs cn tmd Ndi-dbad.Et Ndiaetd (nla. >) tmd arevdh heibs wdrd perodh-hdb litc e sdrlds cn bltomdb rdotlhlider nldhbs crpebbcofs, tmd prliolpeh ohdkdits cn wmlom wdrdprcjejhy helb cut li tmd oditurlds prlcr tc :()()()jo(Prycr 5<1=6 5<=0e). _oettdrdb ekciast tmddiohcsurds wdrd skehh sdtthdkdits sultejhd ncrsliahd neklhlds, wmlhd cutjulhblias mcusdb hlvd-stcof (nla. 1). _lkphlnylia ardethy, lt mes jddisuaadstdb tmet tmdsd Ndi-dbad ockkuiltldskebd prlkery usd cn tmdlr nhccb-nrdd bltomdbeib mdbadb pebbcofs burlia wlitdr kcitmswmdi tmd vest pesturds cn tmd Ndi wdrd uievelh-ejhd. Ehtmcuam heib-usd wes litdislvd, tmd sdt-thdkdit pettdri wes dxtdislvd, suaadstlia por-meps e scoldty, cr, kcrd prcjejhy, e pert cn eheradr arcuplia, li wmlom scoleh stretlnloetlciwes ict prcicuiodb6 tmd jurleh dvlbdiod, suomes lt ls, tdibs tc suppcrt tmls vldw (Prycr 5<=()e,5><-=<). Rmd Ndiaetd bltomdbnldhbscrpebbcofserd ic hciadr sddi es ei lschetdb pmoickoici7Jlhhliajcrcuam eib ctmdr bltomdb sltds ehcia tmd



HERDZ PZDML_RCZLO _DRRHDKDIR_ LI RMD NDIHEIB_ 5??

Nla. 1. _oocib klhhdiiluk josdtthdkdit wltmli tmd bltomdbdiohcsurd systdk, Ndiaeto,

Pdtdrjcrcuam (entor Prycr5<=0e).

7

L

l

ãL§l

40 I

55 c -C

C t

o

Hliochismlrd Noi-obao pcssljhy mevd crlalis litmls pdrlcb. wmlhd tmd seiby keralis cn tmd ^ehdcn Plofdrlia noiheib li destdri \crfsmlrd mevdehscrdooithyprcbuoob hlioerbltomoscn pro-LrciEad betd (Bcklilo Pcwhdsheib, pdrs. ockk.6ncr ctmdr sltds sdd Prycr 5<=0e, 5=:-2).

Rmd ploturd li tmd Qdlheib vehhoy. gust e ndwflhckdtrds ewey nrck Ndiaeto, eppoers tc jdqultd blnndrdit. Ebklttdbhy tmd erde cn stuby lsner heraor eib tmd heib eotuehhy ohderdb eib dxoe-

vetdb ls ociocklteithy skehh (tmd ockjlidbdxoevetlcis et Kexdy eib Jerieof/Jelitciohderdb shlamthy hdss tmei tmd oe. 5: me cn Ndiaeto). Icid tmd hdss, sclhs li tmd Qdlheib vehldyerd vdry nevcurejhd tc orcpkerfs eib tmoro erdic libloetlcis cn e idethy perodhhdb heibsoepdli tmd sdocib klhhdiiluk jo. Lt ls odrtelihy pcs-sljhd tmet tmd ncrk cn heib blvlslci dkphcyobiddb ict mevd hdnt eiy eromedchcaloeh treoì (mdb-ads, murbhds, jeifs dto), ncr lt ls kcst lkprcj-



5?2 NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

Nla. =. Blstrljutlci cn nhlits ci tmd phcuamsclh surneod,Kexdy, Oekjrlbadsmlrd. Dedm bct rdprdsdits e sliahd nlib6prd-hrci Ead eromedchcaloeh ndeturds erd libloetdb jy

smeblia. (Brewlia jy B. Z. Orcwtmdr).

ejho tmet tmd hcwdr Qdlheib vehhdy wes ictdxphcltdb et tmls tlkd. Pcsltlvd dvlbdiod ncrJrcizd Ead heib-usd ls, mcwdvdr, prcvlbdb jylitdislvd surneod survdy wmlom rdvoehs e tmli,jut dvdi, soettdr cn typchcaloehhy Jrcizd Eadnhlit lkphdkdits eib jy-prcbuots cvdr heraderdes cn tmd vehhdy nhccr. Et tmd twc sltds dxoe-vetdb (nla. =, <, 50) tmd blstrljutlci cn surneodnhlits jcrd hltthd rdhetlci tc uibdrhylia eromedc

hcaloeh ndeturds, eib lt ls tmdroncrd lkprcjejhdtmet tmdy meb jddi jrcuamt tc tmd surneod jytmd phcuam. Ci tmd ocitrery. tmd evelhejhd dvlbdiod suaadsts tmet tmdsd nhlits rdprdsdit blsoerbcn spdit lkphdkdits, retmdr tmei oesueh hcss.Rmd nhlits erd liblstliaulsmejhd li scurod ketd-rleh (arevdh pdjjhds), typchcay eib tdomilqudnrck tmcsd ncuib li tmd Ndiaetd diohcsuro bltomnlhhlias. OcTdotlcis nrck jctm erdes ehsc dxmljlte vdry mlam lkphdkdit tc jy-prcbuot retlc. Lt lssuaadstdb tmet tmls blspdrsdb libustry wmlom lsict jesdb ci tmd prdperetlci cn ncrkeh nhefd crjhebd ocrds, hlfd lts Idchltmlo eib Kdschltmloeitdodbdits (Pltts 5<1=), ls lbdehhy sultdb tc tmddxphcltetlci cn arevdh nhlit wltm lts iukdrcuslitdrieh phelis cn wdefidss. Rmdrd ls kuom dvlbdiod, tcc, tmet nhlit tcchs cn derhldr pdrlcbswdrd ocTdotdb, usdb eib wdrd cntdi kcblnldb.Rmd soehd cn tmls rd-usd dvdi suaadsts bdhljdretddxphcltetlci cn ficwi derhldr sdtthdkdits, eiblitrcbuods ei lkpcrteit, ouhtureh, pcst-bdpcsl-tlcieh blstcrtlci cn tmd bete.

Rmd idw pdjjhd-jesdb Jrcizd Ead nhlit tdom-

ichcay mes wlbdr lkphloetlcis (Prycr, ncrtm-ocklia). Li adidreh, uikcblnlob prd-JrcizdEad thlitwcrf bcds ict coour li tmls wlbdsprdebsurneod soettdr. Hcoehhy, Idchltmlo eib derhldrnhlit tdibs tc coour et ohderhy bdnlidb ncdl (sltds).Jrcizd Ead sltds erd, mcwdvdr, ficwi li tmdrdalci, jut mevd ict prcbuodb tmd dicrkcusqueitltlds cn thlit ncuib, ncr dxekphd, et MurstNdi eib ctmdr Idchltmlo sdtthdkdits. Rmdverlcus Ndiaetd Jrcizd Ead sdtthdkdits, ncr




co

EhXEE

>=00

>100

Zdtcuomdb lkphdkdits

Qestd nhefds

. 5 pdr _k squerd

. :

. ?

500 k

• • •

nl

6 •

•

•• ' 7

>E00

•

5. . .n

Nla. <. Blstrljutlci cn thlits ci tmd phcuamsclh surneod et Jerieof/Jelitci. Rmd survdy treisdot ruis nrck icrtm (hdnt) tcscutm (rlamt)6 tmd ejsdiod cn ketdrleh nrck tmd icrtmdrikcst erde ls bud tc pcst-bdpcsltlcieh ehhuvletlci (ic ocitdkpcreryndeturds wdrd ncuib li tmd uibdrhylia sujsclh). (Brewlia jy Kelsld Reyhcr).

listeiod, wdrd ehkcst nhlit-nrdd. Lt mes cntdijddi suaadstdb tmet tmd Jrcizd Ead sdds eiepperdit bdoMid li steiberbs cn nhlit-wcrholia.Rmls, mcwdvdr, ls ei cvdr-slkpMnloetlci tmet bls-rdaerbs tmd hlkltetlcis cn tmd scurod ketdrlehlivchvdb7 nhefds kebd nrck Jrltlsm nhlit, ncrdxekphd, wcuhb sddk orubd wmdi ockperdbwltm tmd nlid jhebos tmet oei jd prcbuodb nrckcjslblei. _lklherhy, tmd "idw" Jrcizd Ead tdomilqud ls ei dnnlolæit kdeis cn prcbuolia pldrolia, socrlia eib strcia dbad-tcchs nrck e rdeb-lhy evelhejhd scurod, wltm tmd klilkuk cn bdjlt-

ead (mdiod tmd mlam lkphdkdit tc jy-prcbuotretlc).

Lt mes rdodithy jddi suaadstdb tmet liicvetlciwlhh cihy suooddb wmdi scoldty ls rdeby tc eoodptlt (_prett 5<=:). Li tmd prdsdit oesd, tmd wlbd-sprdeb ebcptlci cn tmd pdjjhd-jesdb nhlit-wcrf-lia tdomilqud, jy ockkuiltlds cooupylia tmdarevdh heibs cn vehhdy jcttck eib Ndi-dbad,sddks ehsc tc mevd livchvdb ctmdr, scoleh cr docickld, pmdickdie, eslhhustretdbjytmdcnn-sltd.

blnnusd, blstrljutlci cn ertlneots. Lt ls bcujtnuhwmdtmdr tmd idw tdomilqud kcblnldb sdtthdkditcr bey-tc-bey wcrflia pettdris cn ltsdhn6 lt lsehsc bcujtnuh wmdtmdr tmd ebcptlci cn tmd tdomilqud idodsserlhy rdnhdots tmd dxmeustlci cnklidb nhlit scurods (Pltts eib Geocjl 5<1<). Ltls suaadstdb listdeb tmet tmd idw tdomilqud weseoodptdb jdoeusd lt sultdb tmd preotloeh eibscoleh rdqulrdkdits cn et hdest e pert cn JrcizdEad scoldty li tmd rdalci7 skehh, kcjlhd, docic-kloehhy sdhn-sunnloldit ockkuiltlds wcuhb mevdepprdoletdb evelhejlhlty cn tmd lkphdkdits eib

lts preotloeh utlhlty cutslbd tmd "ocrd" sdtthdkditerde. Pdrmeps tmd bditlouhetd, sorepdr eib pldrddr ncrks, sc cntdi ockjlidb ci cid kcblnldblkphdkdit, erd spdolehhy sultdb tc ei docickywmdrd hlvdstcof nlaurd prcklidithy.

Rmd mypctmdsls, ncr lt ls stlhh cihy tmet, relsdssckd nesolietlia prcjhdks. Rmdrd erd keiylibloetlcis, ncr dxekphd, tmet tmd pdjjhd-jesdbnhlit libustry wes ict tmd icrk li tmd JrltlsmJrcizd Ead. Jerrcw sltds, ncr dxekphd, mevd



5?> NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

Y5 • ' l ' Kc

l50ok

N PJ:

Nla. 50. E sdhdotlci cn nhlits nrck tmd phcuamsclh surneod, Jerieof/Jelitci. (Brewlia jy Nreiols Prycr).




prcbuodb trud Jrcizd Ead nhlit libustrlds jesdbci e ocrd/thefd toomilqud (Mcrsdy eib _meofhdy5<=0, nla. 4). _cko mlam stetus lkphdkdit typds,

suom es pheic-ocivdx, cr jhebd filvds kefd usdcn tdomilquos tmet rooehh ohesslo Idchltmlo preo-tlod (ncr hcoeh dxekphds, Prycr 5<12j). Lt ls pcs-sljhd tmet tmdsd blnndrdiods li nhlit-wcrflia tdom-ilquo libloetd scoleh blnndrditletlci6 jut wdkust nlrst prcvd jdycib bcujt tmet tmd blnndrdiods dxlst et tmd rdalcieh hdvdh. Qd kust tmdidxeklio tmd ieturd cn tmd blnndrdiod(s). Li tmdkoeitlkd wo kust rdslst spdouhetlci.

Jdncrd wd hdevd tmd tcplo cn nhlitwcrf, wdkey ictd tmet nhlits smcuhb ict jd stubldb li

veouc, rdkcvdb nrck tmolr rdalcieh ocitdxts.Ockperetlvohy skehh omeiaos cn tdomilqudessuko ardetdr lkpcrteiod wmdi sdt eaelist eprcpdrhy ochhdotdb blstrljutlci pettdri. Nurtmdr-kcrd, rd-uso cn nhlit tcchs key jo kcrd ockkcili hetdr promlstcry tmei suspootob mltmdrtc, eibtmls ocuhb sdrlcushy blstcrt ociohuslcis brewinrck kotrloeh bete ehcid. Nliehly, wo smcuhbodesd tc stuby pojjhd-jesdb thlitwcrf uslia tdr-klichcay (eib steiberbs ncr essdsslia wcrf-keismlp) wmlom erd jesdb ci e somdkd litdibdbncr (eib ebklrejhy sultdb tc) e jhebd-jesdbKlbbld Idchltmlo essdkjhead (Oherf li Oherf dteh, 5<>0).

Qd mevd sddi tmet tmd Idchltmlo sdtthdkditpettdri smcwdb e twc-nchb blvlslci7 hcia-nehhcwearlouhturd eib ei es ydt pccrhy uibdrstccb "iu-ohdetdb" dhdkdit rdprdsditdb jy oeusdweydbdiohcsurds. Rmd sltuetlci li tmd soocib klhhdiiluk ehsc smcws e twc-nchb sphlt jdtwddi, citmd cid meib, tmd dxtdislvd sdtthdkdit pettdriblsoussdb ejcvo, eib ci tmd ctmor. e slailnloeitocTdotlci cn odrdkcileh eib nuidrery sltds.

Jrcizd Ead jerrcwnldhs, ncr dxekphd, erd vdrykuom e ndeturd cn tmd Ndi-dbad (ncr rdns. sddHewsci dt eh., 5<=5, jut ictd tmet tmd rlia-bltomds libloetdb ci tmd _lht Ndis (nla. 22) erdKdbloveh). Lt ls stlhh ict ohder wmdtmdr tmls hetdrtwc-nchb pettdri cn sltds eib kciukdits dvchv-db nrck ei derhldr systdk, jut sckdtmlia cn tmdscrt sooks prcjejhd7 Idchltmlo rcuib jerrcwserd icw wlbohy rdocailsob (Fliios 5<1<) eibctmor ohessds cn kciukdit suom es oursusds eib

mdiads spei tmd hetdr Idchltmlo eib Jrcizd Eadpdrlcbs.

Rmd evelhejhd dvlbdiod nrck tmd Pdiheib sua-adsts tmet tmls twc-nchb blvlslci ehsc nlibsdxprdsslci li tmd blspcseh cn tmd bdeb. Keiyliblvlbuehs wdrd blspcsdb li rdeby-bua ndeturds,suom es nldhb bltomds, wltmcut (ici-pdrlsmejhd)arevd-accbs cr arevd kerfdrs (Prycr 5<=0, 512-4). Rmd arevds cn tmdsd pdcphd oei usuehhy cihyjd bdtdotdb jy dxoevetlci, prcvlbdb, tmet ls,tmdy mevd survlvdb bltom rdouttlia dto .6 tmdy keywdhh rdprdsdit tmd kegcrlty cn tmd pcpuhetlci.Ctmdr liblvlbuehs wdrd jurldb li tmd kcrd neklh-ler Jrcizd Ead pettdri, wltmli jerrcws eib wltm

arevd-accbs li pcttdry, kdteh eib stcid, ict tckditlci pdrlsmejho ketdrlehs. Li odrteli oesdstmdsd jurlehs erd cn lkpcrteit liblvlbuehs, es etJerieof (Bciehbsci dt eh. 5<11). Refdi et neodvehud wd mevd mdrd dvlbdiod ncr e stretlnldbscoldty, ehtmcuam et prdsdit wd bc ict mevd tmdrdalcieh bete tc blsouss tmd ieturd cn tmd ohesssystdk livchvdb. Rmd hettdr ls ohderhy e kettdrcn tmd ardetdst lkpcrteiod wmlom wlhh mevd lkphl-oetlcis tmet rdeom ner jdycib tmd Ndis. Ncrciod, mcwdvdr, wd oei sey wltm sckd ocinl-bdiod tmet wd wlh scci mevd cppcrtuiltlds tclivdstlaetd tmdsd prcjhdks, sliod Bevlb Mehh'srdodit survdy mes rdvdehdb dxtdislvd jerrcw-nldhbs sdehdb jdidetm pdet eib ehhuvluk eib tmusprctdotdb nrck phcuam-bekead eib tmd ettdi-tlci cn eitlquerleis. Rmd sltds erd ehsc heradhywetdrhcaadb. Cid jerrcw li tmd Mebbdimek/Cvdr nldhb mes sc ner jddi livdstlaetdb (nla. 55,Mb ?). Lt wes out, cnn oditrd, jy e kcbdri breliead byfd (bltom), wmcsd slbds wdrd ohdeidbeib dxeklidb. Rmdsd rdvdehdb twc ordketlcis,cid cn wmlom prcbuodb cjgdots wmlom dstejhlsm

e Jdefdr pdrlcb tdrklius eitd qudk ncr eiyprlkery jurleh (Mehh eib Prycr, ncrtmocklia).Bevlb Mehh dstlketds tmet tmd pdet cn Mebbdimek Ndi ls smrliflia, li pheods, et tmd retd cnsdvdreh liomds e yder.

Rmd Jcrcuam Ndi eib lts esscoletdb Oet'sQetdr jerrcwnldlb ls shlamtly Ldss wetdrhcaadbtmei Mebbdimek, jut ls pctditlehhy heradr eibocitelis tmd dertmwcrfs cn e pcssljlo pertlehhy-wetdrhcaadb mdiad kciukdit (nla. 5). Lt ehsc



5?= NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

L L

R Y

Nla. LL. Phei cn tmd jurldb jerrcw nldhb et Mebbdimek eib Cvdr, Oekjrlbadsmlrd (ocurtdsy B. I. Mehh6 brewlia jy B.Z. Orcwtmdr).

ncrks, es wd mevd sddi, pert cn ei dxtdislvd,eib adidrehhy jdttdr uibdrstccb heibsoepd. Rmd_.Q. Ndi prcgdot wlhh ettdkpt tc kciltcr pdetwesteao eib kciukdit prdsdrvetlci eib wlhhdkphcy pmcspmetd eiehysls eib ctmdr tdomilquds

tc hcoetd, mcpdnuhhy, tmd sdtthdkdits esscoletdbwltm tmd nuiorery kciukdits. Lt wlhh jy litdrdst-lia tc sod wmdtmdr heib keieadkdit preotlodslivchvd bltomdb diohcsurds, es et Ndiaetd, crepperoithy uidiohcsdb heib, es nurtmdr wdst litmd Qdlheib vehhdy.

Rurilia jrldnhy tc Kexdy, rdodit wcrf mesjddi ncoussdb ci tmd oursus, wmlom trevdrsdstmd sltd nrck IQ tc _D6 wd ehsc livdstlaetdbtmd heradr mdiad wltm lts liidr rlia-bltom wmlom

slts shlamthy cnn-oditrd, perthy wltmli tmd oursus,lkkdbletdhy _D cn tmd pclit wmdrd lt omeiadsblrdotlci. Rmdsd ndeturds wdrd dxoevetdb dxtdi-slvdhy, jut tcadtmdr prcbuodb e kdrd meibnuhcn ertlneots eib jcids. _uom epperdit ohdeihlidss

wcuhb jd kcst uiusueh ln tmd kciukdits mebrdkelidb li usd ncr eiy hdiatm cn tlkd. Rmdrdls ehsc sdblkditery dvlbdiod tc suaadst tmettmdsd odrdkcileh ndeturds wdrd smcrt-hlvdb. Rmdndw surneod nlibs, kcrdcvdr, smcw ic libloetlcincr sdtthdkdit eotlvlty (nla. =)6 pdrmeps tmd oci-vditlcieh ploturd cn mdiads eib oursusds, jesdbci tmd Qdssdx kcbdh, key prcvd liepprcprletdncr sltds suom es Kexdy. Zdturilia tc ici-sdt-thdkdit kciukdits li adidreh, tmd hcwdr Qdh-



HERDZ PZDML_RCZLO _DRRHDKDIR_ LI RMD NDIHEIB_ 5?<

Nla. 5:. Cuthlio pfli cn Klbbho Lrci Eao sotthollloit et O'et'sQetdr. Ndiaeto, Potorjcrcuam (oe. ?/200-500 J.O.). (EntdrPrycr 5<=:).

heib eib lts ocitlaucus Ndi ocitelis ei dicrk-cus iukjdr cn rcuib jerrcws eib rlia-bltomds,wmlhst mdiads (32) eib oursus (3:) kciukditserd rerd.

Ln tmd prcjhdk ls vldwdb li lts wlbdr (Jrltlsm)ocitdxts, tmd blsperlty li iukjdrs ls cntdidxpheliob quehltetlvdhy7 jerrcws erd sckdmcwhdss lkpcrteit tmei tmd rerdr kciukdits6 tmdlrprliolpeh rchd livchvds tmd kelitdieiod cn tldscn flismlp eib, pdrmeps, esscoletdb tdrrltcrlehrlamts (Zoinrow 5<1< d to ) . Rmd odrdkcilehkciukdits, ci tmd ctmdr meib, jdlia rerdr eibcntdi hcoetob li torrltcrldssujsdqudithy kerfdbjy kegcr mlhhncrts, erd sddi tc mevd wlbdr, pdrmeps trljeh, slailnloeiod (d.a. Qeliwrlamt 5<1<).

Rmd dvlbdiod evelhejhd suaadsts tmet tmls "Qds-sdx" kcbdh oeiict jd epphldb tc cur rdalci,

eib libddb lt ls bcujtnuh wdtmdr lt idodsserlhyepphlds tc hcwheib rdalcis, ctmdr tmei tmd scutm-dri omehfheibs. Rmd tdibdioy tc sdd mdiads ese uilncrk ohess cn kciukdits ls es vehlb es tmduiltery vldw cn oeusdweydb diohcsurds, blsous-sdb ejcvd. Rmd verlcus kciukdits kust jdstubldb eib ockperdb wltmli tmdlr rdalciehocitdxts, jdncrd ettdkpts erd kebd et e wlbdrdxpheietlci. Dnncrts tc ncrod tmdk tc nlt ei liep-prcprletd kcbdh, suom es tmd jdhldn tmet mdiadssmcuhb ehlai ehcia "slamt hlids", key sckdtlkdsprcbuod qudstlciejhd rdsuhts (Merblia 5<=5).

Rmd scoleh rchd cn tmd Kexdy odrdkcilehkciukdits ls ict ohder, jut tmdy sddk tc mevdjddi smcrt-hlvdb, treisldit, eib tmus, jy bdnlil-tlci, lhh-sultob tc jd kegcr scoleh cr tdrrltcrlehndeturds. Pdrmeps tmd prliolpeh scoleh ncous heyli tmd rlomdr jerrcws suom es Jerieof. Eaeliwd heof tmd dvlbdiod tc suaadst eiy ociordtdprcpcsehs. Lt ls, mcwdvdr, prcjejhy nelr tc seytmet e ocmdrdit dxpheietlci cn tmdsd sltds keyhlo cutslbd tmd kciukdits tmdksdhvds, wltmlitmdlr scoleh, divlrcikditeh docickld eib bdkc-

arepmlo ocitdxts.

7̂ Nlrst Klhhdiiluk jo

Rmdrd ls accb dvlbdiod tmet tmd yders ercuibhCCCjo sew wlbdsprdeb docickld eib scolehomeiad li tmd rdalci. Rmd bltomdb diohcsurdswdit cut cn usd et Ndiaeto, wmdrd tmdrd ls ehscdvlbdiod ncr nrdsmwetdr nhccblia li tmd hetdrJrcizd Ead. Rmd systdk cn Ndi arezlia wes ict

ejeibcidb, jut tmdrd bcds sddk tc mevd jddiei docickld rd-ehlaikdit jesdb ci klxdb ner-klia6 libddb, tmd Ndi-dbad hcoetlci cn et hdesttmrdd kegcr Lrci Ead sdtthdkdits eraudsstrciahy tmet Ndi arezlia stlhh pheyob ci lkpcrteit rchd, jut wltmli e jrcebdr-jesdb docicky(Prycr li prdss6 5<=: omeptdr 46 Prycr eib Orei-stcid 5<1=). Cihy cid sdtthdkdit, Oens Qetdr,Ndiaetd, mes jddi tctehhy dxoevetdb eib tmetrdvdehdb e supdrnlolehhy ekcrpmcus blstrljutlcicn rcuib julhblias eib breliead bltomds (nla.



520 NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

5:). Eiehysls cn n libs blstrljutlcis eib sclh pmcs-pmetds, mcwdvdr, smcw tmet hlvdstcof wdrd fdptider tmd oditrd cn tmd sdtthdkdit, wmlhd mcusdswdrd heradhy ocinlidb ercuib tmd dxtdrlcr. Rmlscraeilsetlci ls "craeilo" li pettdri, eib typloehcn keiy epperdithy blscraeilsdb hcwheib sdtthd-kdits. Rmd mlhhncrt kcbdh cn oerdnuhhy-erreiadbrcebs bdkeroetlia erdes rdsdrvdb ncr blnndrdittypds cn julhblia (da Beidjury - sdd Ouihlnndtmls, vchukd ncr rdns.) ls qultd liepprcprletd ncrtmd hcwheib sltuetlci, wmdrd purohy hcoeh neotcrs, suom es arcuib wetdr breliead eib sclhpdrkdejlhlty key phey ei lkpcrteit pert li tmdbdtdrklietlci cn sdtthdkdit smepd. _coleh oci-

strelits wlhh dxdrt e pcwdrnuh lithudiod ci tmdlitdrieh craeilsetlci cn suom sdtthdkdit (Oherfd5<1:). jut tmd dnndots wlhh ict idddsserlhy klrrcrtmd klhltery rdauherlty sddi ci sckd mlhhncrts.

Ehtmcuam ict lkpcslia jy upheib steiberbs,Oet's Qetdr eib iukdrcus sdtthdkdits hlfd ltercuib tmd Ndi-dbad (sdd Prycr li prdss, omep-tdr = ncr rdns.), erd truhy iuohdetdb. Rmls surdhyrdprdsdits ei lkpcrteit omeiad nrck derhldrpreotlod. Rmd kdomeilsks cn tmd omeiad erd icbcujt ockphdx eib erd ocibltlcidb jy e verldty

cn neotcrs, liohublia tmd tregdotcry cn JrcizdEad scoleh omeiad, blsoussdb ejcvd. Mcwdvdrctmdr neotcrs li sc bdtdrklilstlo ei divlrcikditkust ehsc jd jcrid li klib, eib cn tmdsd arcuibwetdr, li turi tmd rdsuht cn keiy neotcrs (surneodrui-cnn ocibltlcis. ohlketd. tmd stetd cn rlvdrcutnehhs, hcoeh breliead dto), ls surdhy slailnloeit. Kcrd jrcebhy-jesdb omeiads li Durcpdeiscoldty kust ehsc jd ocislbdrdb (Zcwheibs5<=0), jut tmdlr dnndots oeiict jd blstliaulsdbnrck purdhy liblalicus prcodssds, et tmd rdalcieh hdvdh, uitlh truhy ockperejho stublds mevd

jddi uibdrtefdi li ctmdr erdes.Bdspltd ebveiods kebd rdodithy li tmd stuby

cn tmd Jrcizd/Lrci Ead treisltlci li Jrlteli,tmd pdrlcb ls stlhh pccrhy uibdrstccb nrck tmdsdtthdkdit eib scolehpclit cn vldw. Rmlslsdspd-olehhy truo cn tmd hcwheibs cn destdri Diaheibeib lt ls kcst uincrtuietd tmet tmdsd ndw oditu-rlds sdd tmd dkdradiod cn tmd iuohdetdb sdtthdkdit pettdri tmet wes tc jd sc linhuoitleh li tmdncrketlci cn tmd Zckeic-Jrltlsm eib sujsd-

qudit heibsoepds. Lt ls e pdrlcb tmet stlhh rdqulrdsohcsd stuby, jut li e tlamthy ocitrchhdb rdalciehsdttlia.

^L7 Ociohuslci

Li ociohuslci, lt ls mcpdb tmet tmls pepdr messmcwi tmd pctditleh cn litdislvd rdalcieh stuby._uom e stuby key jd hlkltdb li lts pcwdrs tcdxpheli odrteli kciukdits ci e ietlcieh, crjrcebdr, oeives. Ci tmd ctmdr meib, lt keyncous ettditlci ci qultd blnndrdit lssuds suom estmd bdslrejlhlty (cr ctmdrwlsd) cn ettdkptlia

suom dxpheietlci, alvdi tmd stetd cn ourrditficwhdbad. Ejcvd ehh, e rdalcieh stuby ehhcwsus tc epprdoletd jdttdr tmd ocistrelits eibcppcrtuiltlds limdrdit li cur blstcrtdb bete.Qltm tmls lkprcvdb uibdrsteiblia cn cur suj

gdot kettdr wd klamt pcsd qudstlcis wmlom cnndrsckd omeiod cn jdlia eiswdrdb suoodssnuhhy. Putslkphy, tmd stuby cn e perlsm iddb ict jd perc-omleh.

E prcpdr, ockperetlvd, litdaretlci cn tmdverlcus (divlrcikditeh, ertlneotueh blstrl-

jutlcieh eib ouhtureh) streibs cn Lincrketlciet cur blspcsel ls stlhh cihy ndesljhd et tmdrdalcieh hdvdh. Ehtmcuam cn ocursd ctmdr epprce-omds erd pcssljhd, dxpdrldiod ci iukdrcus prc-

gdots mes smcwi tmet tdekwcrf ls dssditleh tctmd suoodssnuh cutockd cn e rdalcieh stuby6mcpdnuTy tmls ls e hdssci tmet arebuetd bdpert-kdits li Jrltlsm uilvdrsltlds wlhh scci mddb. Rmdkuhtl-neodttdb, cr ociguiotlvd (Reyhcr 5<2=)epprceom tc tmd stuby cn tmd pest wes ei eoodp-tdb prcodburd ncr Prcndsscr Kcbbdrkei eibmls ocitdkpcrerlds. Qd mevd rdodithy tdibdb

tcstrey nrck tmet petm, ict, lt kust jdebklttdb,wltmcut prcnlt tc cur blsolphlid, jut lt ls icwtlkd wd rdturidb tc dertm.



HERDZ PZDML_RCZLO _DRRHDKDIR_ LI RMD NDIHEIB_ 525

Eoficwhobao'lhu'llts areit tmet ehhcwdb kd tc vlslt Hdlbdi. Ejcvdehh, L kust tmeif Bevlb Mehh, eib tmd kdkjdrs

L wcuhb nlrst hlfd tc tmeif ky ochhdeauds li Hdl- cn tmd Qdlheib ^ehhdy Prcgdot. Bevlb Orcwtmdr,bdi h'cr alvlia kd tmd cppcrtuilty tc rdeb tmls Omerhds Nreiom, Bevlb Auridy eib Kelsld Rey-pepdr li suom ociadileh surrcuiblias. L ehsc hcr, wmc aevd kd sckdtmlia tc sey. Ehes, tmdwlsm tc tmeif tmd Jrltlsm Eoebdky ncr tmd trevdh drrcrs erd klid.

JLJHLCAZEPM\

Jcsorup, D. (5<>4), Rmd Ocibltlcis cn Eamouhtureh Arcwtm (Ehblid, Omloeac).Omcwid, P. (5<1=), Jlhhliajcrcuam Jrcizd Ead sdtthdkdit7 ei litdrlk ictd, Hlioclismlrd

Eromedch. eib Mlstcry, 5?, 54-:2.Omcwio, P. (5<=0). Jrcizd Ead _dtthdkdit li _cutm Hlioclismlrd, li7 G. Jerrdtt eib Z.G. Jrebhdy

(obs.) Rmd Jrltlsm Hetdr Jrcizd Ead, vch ll, :<4-?0> (JEZ, Cxncrb).Oherf, G.A.B. (5<??), Zdpcrt ci ei Derhy Jrcizd Ead sltd li tmd scutm-destdri Ndis, Eitlquerlds

Gcurieh. 5?, :>2-<>.Oherf, G.A.B. (5<??), Zdpcrt ci e Hetd Jrcizd Ead sltd li Klhbdimehh Ndi, Qdst _unnchf,

Eitlquerlds Gcurieh, >, :<-40.Oherf, G.A.B. eib Acbwli, M. (5<>:), Rmd Idchltmlo li tmd Oekjrlbadsmlrd Ndis, Eitlqulty, ?>,

50-::.Oherf, G.A.B., Mlaas, D._. eib Hciawcrtm, HM., (5<>0), Dxoevetlcis et tmd Idchltmlo sltd et

Murst Ndi Klhbdimehh, _unnchf, PP_, :>, :0:-24.Oherfd, B.H., (5<1:), E Prcvlslcieh Kcbdh cn ei Lrci Ead _coldty eib lts _dtthdkdit _ystdk,

Oherfd, B.H. (db.) Kcbdhs li Eromedchcay, =05-=10 (Kdtmudi, Hcibci).

Bciehbsci, P., Fliids, L.E. eib Qdhhs, O. (5<11), Rmd Dxoevetlci cn e kuhtlphd rcuib jerrcwet Jerieof, Oekjrlbadsmlrd, 5<14-1>, Eitlquerlds Gcurieh, 4=, 5<1-:?5.Ncx, O. (5<:?), Rmd Eromedchcay cn tmd Oekmrlbad Zdalci (Oekjrlbad Tilvdrslty Prdss).Ncx, O , Jurfltt, K.O. eib Ejjctt, A.Q. (5<:>), Derhy Kei, ^lotcrle Ocuity Mlstcry cn Mui-

tliabci, pt. 2 (Hcibci).Acbwli, M. (5<25), _tublds cn tmd Pcst-Aheoleh Mlstcry cn Jrltlsm ^dadtetlci7 perts LLL eib L^,

Pmlhcscpmloeh Rreiseotlcis cn tmd Zcyeh _coldty, Hcibci (sdrlds J), :?0, :??-?0?.Acbwli, M. (5<1=), Pdiheib7 lts Eioldit Pest eib Tiodrteli Nuturd (Oekjrlbad Tilvdrslty Prdss).Acbwli, M. eib ^lsmiu-Klttrd (5<14), Nheibrlei Bdpcslts cn tmd Ndiheib kerali et Mchkd Ndi

eib Qmltthdsdy Kdrd. Muits., Pmlhcscpmloeh Rreiseotlcis cn tmd Zcyeh _coldty, sdr. J, :10,4>5->0=.

Mehh, B.I. (5<=5), Oekjrlbadsmlrd Ndiheib6 ei litdislvd eromedchcaloehnldhbwcrfsurvdy, Zcwhdy,Z.R. (ob.) Rmd Dvchutlci cn Kersmheib Heibsoepds, 4:-1? (JEZ, Cxncrb).

Mehh, B.I. (5<=:), Rmd Omeialia Heibsoepd cn tmd Oekjrlbadsmlrd _lht Ndis, Heibsoepd Mlstcry,

?, ?1-2<.Mehh, B.I. eib Prycr, N.K.K, (ncrtmocklia), E Jurldb Jerrcwnldhb et Mebbdimek, Oekjrlbad

smlrd, Diaheib, Eromedchcaloeh Gcurieh, ncrtmocklia.Mehh, B.I. eib _wltsur, ^.Z. (5<=:), Eolb pdet ncrketlci li tmd Oekjrlbadsmlrd Ndiheibs eib

lts lkphloetlcis, Prcoddblias Oekjrlbad Eitlquerlei _coldty, 15.Merblia, E.N. (5<=5), Dxoevetlcis li tmd Prdmlstcrld rltueh ockphdx ider Klhhnldhb, Icrtmukjdr-

mkb'YPP_, 21, =1-5?>Mewfds, O.N.O, eib Ndlh, O H (5<24), Rmd Derhy Lrci Ead _dtthdkdit et Ndiaetd, Pdtdrjcrcuam,



52: NZEIOL_ PZ\CZ

Eromedchcaloeh Gcurieh, 500, 5==-::?.Mcrsdy, L eib _meofhdy, K. (5<=0), Rmd Dxoevetlci cn e Jrcizo Ead Zcuib Jerrcw ci Oeincrb

Mdetm, Pcchd, Bcrsdt (_W 05==<4=>), Prcoddblias cn tmd Bcrsdt Ietureh Mlstcry eib Eromedc

hcaloeh _coldty, 50:, ??-2:.Fliids, L.E. (5<1<), Zcuib Jerrcws eib Zlia-bltomds li tmd Jrltlsm Idchltmlo, Jrltlsm Kusduk

Cooeslcieh Pepdr, 5 (Hcibci).Hewsci, E.G., Kertli, D.E. eib Prlbby, B. (5<=5), Rmd Jerrcws cn Dest Eiahle, Dest Eiahlei

Eromedchcay, 5:.Hcuwd Fcclgkeis, H.P. (5<1>), Hcoeh Bdvdhcpkdits li e Jcrbdrheib7 e survdy cn tmd Idchltmlo

et tmd lcwdr Zmlid, Cubmdlbfuiblad Kdbdbdhliadi ult mdt Zlgfskusduk vei Cubmdbdi td

Hdlbdi, 41, ::1-:<1.Kertli, D.E. (5<11), Qdst Zcw, ictd li PP_, 2?, ?<?.Pmlhhlps, O.Q. (db.) (5<10), Rmd Zckei Ndileib, Zcyeh Adcarepmloeh _coldty Zdsderom Pepdr

ic. 4 (Hcibci).

Pltts, K.Q. (5<1=), Rcwerbs ei uibdrsteiblia cn nhlit libustrlds li pcst-Aheoleh Diaheib, Tilv. Hcib. List. Eromedch. Juhhdtli, 54, 51<-5<1.

Pltts, K.Q. eib Geocjl, Z.K. (5<1<), _ckd espdots cn omeiad li nhefdb stcid libustrlds cn tmdKoscmtmlo eib Idchltmlo li _cutmdri Jrlteli, Gcuri. Eromedch. _oldiod, >, 5>?-1=.

Prycr, N.K.K. (5<12e), Dxoevetlci et Ndiaetd, Pdtdrjcrcuam, Diaheib7 tmd Nlrst Zdpcrt, Zcyeh

Citerlc Kusduk Eromedchcay Kcicarepm ? (Rcrcitc).Prycr, N.K.K. (5<12j), Rwc Jrcizd Ead Jurlehs ider Plhsaetd, Hliochismlrd, Prcoddblias cn tmd

Oekjrlbad Eitlquerlei _coldty, >=, 5-5:.Prycr, N.K.K. (5<1=), Dxoevetlci et Ndiaetd, Pdtdrjcrcuam, Diaheib7 tmd _docib Zdpcrt, Zcyeh

Citerlc Kusduk Eromedchcay Kcicarepm 4 (Rcrcitc).Prycr, N.K.K. (5<=0e), Dxoevetlci et Ndiaetd, Pdtdrjcrcuam, Diaheib7 tmd Rmlrb Zdpcrt, gclit

Kcicarepm cn Zcyeh Citerlc Kusduk (>) eib Icrtmekptcismlrd Eromedchcaloeh _coldty (5)(Rcrcitc eib Icrtmekptci).Prycr, N.K.K. (5<=0j), Qlh! lt eh! ockd cut li tmd Qesm3 li7 G. Jerrdt eib Z.G. Jrebhdy (dbs.)

Rmd Jrltlsm Hetdr Jrcizd Ead, vch ll, 2=?-400 (JEZ, Cxncrb).Prycr, N.K.K. (5<=:), Ndiaetd, _mlrd Eromedchcay, :0 (Prliods Zlsjcrcuam).Prycr, N.K.K, (li pross), Dxoevetlci et Ndiaetd, Pdtdrjcrcuam, Diaheib7 tmd Ncurtm Zdpcrt,

gclit Kcicarepm cn Zcyeh Citerlc Kusduk eib Icrtmekptcismlrd Eromedchcaloeh _coldty.

Prycr, N.K.K, (ncrtmocklia), Eromedchcay eib Divlrcikdit cn tmd Hcwdr Qdlheib ^ehhdy.

Prycr, N.K.K., eib Oreistcid, B.E.H. (5<1=), Ei Litdrlk Zdpcrt ci dxoevetlcis et Ndiaetd,Pdtdrjcrcuam, 5<14-11, Icrtmekptcismlrd Eromedchcay, 5?, <-:1.

Prycr, N.K.K, eib Fliids, L.E. (5<=:), E Qetdrhcaadb Oeusdweydb Diohcsurd li tmd Oekjrlb-adsmlrd Ddis, Eitlqulty, >>, ic. :51.

Prycr, N.K.K, eib Pehkdr, Z. (5<=5), Edrleh Pmctcarepmy eib Zdsoud Eromedchcay7 e oesdstuby, Edrleh Eromedchcay, >.

Zevdisbehd, G.Z. (5<12), Hlemhd tc Nhccbs (Oekjrlbad Tilvdrslty Prdss)ZOMK (5<>0), E Kettdr cn Rlkd7 ei eromedchcaloeh survdy, Zcyeh Ockklsslci ci Mlstcrloeh

Kciukdits (M.K._.C., Hcibci).ZOMK (5<><), Pdtdrjcrcuam Idw Rcwi, e survdy cn tmd eitlqultlds li tmd erde cn bdvdhcpkdit

(Z.O.M.K., Hcibci)Zdinrdw, O. (5<1<), Livdstlaetlcis li Crfidy, _coldty cn Eitlquerlds Zdsderom Zdpcrt?= (Hcibci)Zcwheibs, K.G. (5<=0), Flismlp, ehhleiod eib dxomeiad li tmd Durcpdei Jrcizd Ead, li7 G.

Jerrdtt eib Z.G. Jrebhdy (dbs.) Rmd Jrltlsm Hetdr Jrcizd Ead, vch l, 54-4> (JEZ, Cxncrb).



HERDZ PZDML_RCZLO _DRRHDKDIR_ LI RMD NDIHEIB_ 52?

_mdiiei, L. (5<=:), Prcjhdks cn ocrrdhetlia Nheibrlei sde hdvdh omeiads eib ohlketd, Merblia,E.N. (db.), Ohlketd Omeiad li Hetdr Prdmlstcry, 4:->1 (Dblijuram Tilvdrslty Prdss).

_lkkcis, J.J. (5<=0), Lrci Ead eib Zckei Ocests ercuib tmd Qesm, li7 N.M. Rmckpsci (db.) Eromedchcay eib Ocesteh Omeiad, 4>-1? (_coldty cn Eitlquerlds, Hcibcia).

_lkpsci. Q.A. (5<>>), Zckeic-Jrltlsm sdtthdkdit ci tmd Qdlheib Arevdhs, Rmckes, O. (db.)Zureh _dtthdkdit li Zckei Jrlteli, 54-:46 Ocuiolh ncr Jrltlsm Eromedchcay Zdsderom Zdpcrt 1(Hcibci).

_lkpsci, Q.A. (5<>1), Rmrdd Pelitdb Cjgdots nrck Kexdy ider Pdtdrjcrcuam, Eitlqulty, 25,5?=-<.

_prett, B.E. (5<=:), Rmd Eiehysls cn Liicvetlci Prcodssds, Gcuri. Eromedch. _oldiod, <, 1<-<2.Reyhcr, Q.Q. {X<2Y). _tllohy cn Eromedchcay, Kdkclr><, Ekdrloei Eitmrcpchcaloeh Esscoletlci.Qeliwrlamt, A.G. (5<1<), Kcuit Phdeseit, Bcrsdt7 dxoevetlcis 5<1Ø-15, _coldty cn Eitlquerlds

Zdsderom Zdpcrt ?1 (Hcibci).



522



_DRRHDKDIR _LRD _DHDORLCI LI BZDIRMD LI HERDZ PZDML_RCZLO RLKD_7

OZLRDZLE EIB OCI_LBDZERLCI_

C.M. MEZ_DKE

Icwebeys kcrd eib kcrd rdsderom ls epphldb tc trylia tc uibdrsteib tmd orltdrle wmlom pheydb tmdlr

sdvdreh rchds li prdmlstcrld tlkds li tmd sdhdotlci cn sltds ncr sdtthdkdit. Entdr e smcrt sllkkery cn

sckd cn tmd kcrd rdodit lbdes eib mypctmdsds, tmrdd sdtthdkdit sltds li tmd icrtm cn tmd Idtmdrheibs

erd blsoussdb. Icid cn tmd tmdcrlds sukkerlzdb dxphelis tmd omclod cn deom sliahd sltd ockphdtdhy,

eib ic cid kcbdh ls smcwi tc mevd bcklieit vehlblty. Idvdrtmdhdss dhdkdits cn sdvdreh tmdcrlds

eib kcbdhs eppder tc jd mdhpnuh li aelilia lislamt. Dspdolehhy li tmd hetdr pdrlcb (nrck tmd Lrci

Ead ciwerbs) tmdrd erd libloetlcis tmet, epert nrck earlouhtureh iddbs, tmd rdhetlcismlp cn tmd

hcoetlci li qudstlci tc tmd systdk cn Ockkuiloetlcis (kelihy tmd rceb systdk) wcuhb odrtelihymevd jddi tefdi litc ocislbdretlci, eib tc sckd dxtdit ehsc tmd prdsdiod cnslais cnncrkdr mejltetlci

(jerleh kciikdits).

Litdrdst li sdttldkdits eib sdtthdkdit pettdris

mes liordesdb ocislbdrejhy sliod tmd 5<>0s.

Omeia's "_dtthdkdit Eromedchcay"'. ocitelilia

Rrlaadr's ocitrljutlci ci 'Rmd Bdtdrklieits cn

_dtthdkdit Pettdris"Y, eppderdb li 5<>=. E

kddtlia mdhb et tmd Listltutd cn Eromedchcay li

Hcibci li 5<10 rdsuhtdb li tmd pujhloetlci cnei dxtdislvd vchukd ditlthdb "Kei, _dtthdkdit

eib Trjeilsk"'. Ic hciadr bc wd kelihy mevd

jccfs wltm tlthds hlfd "Rmd prdmlstcry cr

eromedchcay cn tmls cr tmet ocuitry" cr tmet cr

suom es "Kei's Derhy Mlstcry" cr "Prdmlstcrld

Kei eib Ouhturd", jut icw ehsc qultd e iukjdr

wmcsd tlthds libloetd tmet sdtthdkdit struoturd

eib sdtthdkdit pettdris erd tmd keli litdrdst.

Rc iekd gust e ocuphd7 "Hcwheib Lrci Ead

Ockkuiltlds li Durcpd"'* eib "Bes Bcrn bdr

Dlsdizdlt uib bds nrømdi Klttdhehtdrs"Y, wmlhd e

hcia ertlohd hlfd "Earerlei Bdvdhcpkdit, _dtthdkdit Mlstcry eib _coleh Craeilsetlci li _cutm

wdst Icrwey li tmd Lrci Ead"'' ls ehsc rdhdveit.

Cntdi spdolnlo ettditlci ls pelb tc tmd dochcaloeh

rdhetlcis cr tmd dnndots cn tmd earerlei docicky

ci tmd heibsoepd es li7 "Kei-Heib Zdhetlcis

li Prdmlstcrld Jrlteli"Y eib "Titdrsuomuiadi

zllr olsdizolthlomdi uib nrømklttdhehtdrhlomdi Nhur

li Klttdhdurcpe uib lmrdr Iøtzuia"'*.

Rmd qudstlcis wmlom erd icw jdlia esfdb oci

odri craeilzetlcieh espdots cn sdtthdkdit eib

mcuslia jut ehsc rdhetd tc kcrd nuibekditeh

qudstlcis7 Qmy blb tmet arcup sdhdot gust tmls

spdolnlo sltd3 Qmlom oivlrcikditeh cr ctmdr

quehltlds wdrd pdcpld lccflia ncr3

Ls lt pcssljhd tc eiswdr tmdsd qudstlcis li e

adidrehlzdb wey3 Eib ln lt ls eib ln tmdrd weseiy prdndrdiod li e odrteli pdrlcb, wmdi eib

wmy blb omeiaos coour3 Hdt us sdo ln tmdrd ls e

flib cn ockkci stretday li tmd teofhlia cn tmdsd

prcjhdks eib eiy slklherltlds li tmd dxlstlia

lbdes cr tmd mypctmdsds wmlom erd adidretdb.

Nlrst wd mevd tc dxpheli wmet ls kdeit jy tmd

tdrk sdtthdkdit pettdri. Eoocrblia tc Rrlaadr(5<>=, p. 44) wo oei ociodlvd cn sdtthdkdit pet

tdris li tdrks cn tmrdd hdvdhs7 liblvlbueh julh

blias (wmlom 5 wlhh ict blsouss), tmd erreiadkdit

cn tmdsd julhblias (tmd leycut) wltmli sliahd ock

kuiltlds eib tmd keiidr li wmlom ockkuiltldswdrd blstrljutdb cvdr tmd heibsoepd.

Qd wlhh rdsdrvd tmd tdrk sdtthdkdit pettdri ncr

tmd blstrljutlci cn sltds (tmd erdeh pettdri). Rmd

tdrk sdtthdkdit struoturd wlh jd usdb ncr tmd

erreiadkdit cn julhblias (tmd sltd pettdri).

Cid cn tmd ocitrljutcrs tc "Kei, _dtthdkdit

eib Trjeilsk", Lrvlia Zcusd (5<1:, p. <>),

hdeilia mdevlhy ci Rrlaadr's eiehysls, stetds tmet

"jy e sdtthdkdit pettdri ls kdeit tmd keiidr



52> C.M. MEZ_DKE

li wmlom e pdcphd's ouhtureh eotlvltlds eib scoleh

listltutlcis erd blstrljutdb cvdr mdt heibsoepd"._uom e pettdri tc mlk "dkjcblds ehh tmrdd flibs

cn systdks, ouhtureh, scoleh eib dochcaloeh, eibprcvlbds e rdocrb cn tmd rdhetlcismlp ekcia

tmdk".

Pdtdr Aetmdrochd, (5<1:, p. 4>), rdndrrlia tc tmd

sltuetlci li Pchyidsle, seys tmet kcst eromedclc-

alsts wcrflia li tmet erde wcuhb rdaerb sdttld

kdit pettdris es ei litdrprdtetlvd espdot cn wmet

Fdiidby - ei eromedchcalst nrck Idw Wdeheib

- mes tdrkdb "tmd spetleh craeilsetlci cn e

mukei arcup, wmlom ls mdhb tc rdnhdot docicky,

scoleh craeilsetlci eib tmd rdscurods cn tmd pmy-

sloeh divlrcikdit".Jdncrd L ocitliud eib try tc stetd prdolsdhy

tmd qudstlci wd weit tc eiswdr, L wlhh alvd ycu

tmd cplilci cn e "ici-jdhldvdr", iekdhy Reyhcr

(5<1:) cn tmd Zcyeh Ockklsslci ci Mlstcrloe!

Kciukoits li Diaheib. Md jdhldvds tmet "tmd

rdocvdry cn tmd pettdri cn sdttldkdit cn prd-

_exci scoldty li Jrlteli ls sckdtmlia tmet

eromedchcalsts oeiict eomldvd". Nlrst tmdrd ls

tmd liockphdtdidss cn tmd rddcrbdb pettdri, bud

tc herad-soehd bdstruotlci wmlom mes jddi spddl-

nloelly epperdit li rdodit yders. Rmd bdstruotlci

meb sterhdb ehrdeby li hetd Zckei tlkds, mcw-

dvdr shcwhy. _docib lt ls uificwi wmet tmd pdr

oditead cn tmd rddcvdrdb rdkelis ls ockperob

tc tmd tcteh crlalieh pettdri. Rmlrb tmdrd ls tmd

uidvdi blstrljutlci cn tmd dvlbdidd, bdpdibdit

d)i tmd litdrdst eib eotlvltlds cn hcoeh eromedchc

alsts eib ci blsocvdrlds kebd jy purd dmeiod.

Dvdi ardetdr prcjhdks, eoocrblia tc Reyhcr,

erlsd wmdi ei ettdkpt ls kebd tc essdss tmd slzd,nuiotlci eib rdhetlcismlp cn tmd ockpcidit

perts cn tmd pettdri cn sdttldkdit. Lt ls merbhy

dvdr pcssljhd tc dxoevetd e spdolnlo sltd ockphdt-dhy. Ehsc lt ls icw ohder tmet tmdrd wes kuom

verldty li slzd, ncrk eib craeilsetlci dvdi

wltmli e hlkltdb tlkd spei.

Kcrd ditmuslesk eib cptlklsk ls epperdit

li tmd Ekdrloei scutmwdst, wmdrd e arcup

oehhdb _EZA (_cutmwdstdri Eitmrcpchcaloeh

Zdsderom Arcup), wes ociodlvdb li 5<15. Rmls

herad arcup cn scutmwdstdri eromedchcalsts

bdolbdb tc bdvctd e pert cn tmdlr rdsderom

tcwerbs tmd tdstlia cn mypctmdsds cn adidreh

litdrdst tc tmd arcup. Rc jd cn suom litdrdst tmdqudstlci meb tc jd cn e adidreh eib nuibekditeh

ieturd. _uom e qudstlci wes7 "Qmy bc pdcphdhlvd wmdrd tmdy bc3" Ei eiicuiodkdit cn tmdlr

prcarek ls li tmd Guid 5<12 lssud cn Qcrhb

Eromedchcay''.

Kcrd prdolsdhy ncrkuhetdb tmd kegcr qudstlci

wes7 "Qmy erd pcpuhetlci eaardaetds hcoetdb

wmdrd tmdy erd3 Eiolhhery tmdkds jdlia7 wmy

bc pcpuhetlci eaardaetds blnndr li slzd, wmy bc

hcdetlcis blnndr tmrcuam tlkd, eib wmy bcds e

sliahd pcpuhetlci eaardaetd (cr liblvlbueh sltd)

arcw cr bdordesd li slzd3" (_EZA, 5<12).

Es tc tmd kegcr qudstlci, dkpmesls wes helbci dxphelilia tmd verlejlhlty li tmd spetleh blstrl-

jutlcis cn prdmlstcrld mukei sdttldkdit sltds

l.d. ci tmd bdsdrlptlci eib dxpheietlci cn tmd

blstrljutlci li speod. Rmet ls tc sey tmet tmd

dkpmesls wes ci syiomrcild verlejlhlty,

ehtmcuam tmd hcia tdrk aceh liohubdb dxphelilia

omeiad li hcoetlcieh pettdrilia es wdhh.

Qltmli sdttldkdit systdks sdvdreh typds cn

sltds oei jd blstliaulsmdb7 jdslbds rdeh mejlte

tlci sltds tmdrd ls e wlbd verldty cn sc-oehhdb

"spdoleh purpcsd" cr "hlkltdb eotlvlty" sltds.Mcwdvdr tmd bdsdrlptlci cn tmd sltd typd li speod

wes ict tmd omldn rdsderom cjgdot. Cn jeslo

lkpcrteiod tc tmd _EZA kdkjdrs ls "tmd rdhe

tlcismlp cn sltds eib sdttldkdit systdks tc slail

nloeit ietureh eib scoleh rdalcieh verlejlhlty.

_ltds key jd hcoetdb wltm rdspdot tc verlcus

ietureh rdscurods, ncr dxekphd6 cr tmdy key jd

hcoetdb wltm rdspdot tc deom ctmdr Vjut[ sltds

erd ockpcidits cn sdttldkdit systdks, eib uhtl-

ketdhy oeiict jd dxphelidb... wltmcut rdndrdiod

tc tmd ditlrd systdk...". Rmd tmrust cn cur our-

rdit dnncrt, _EZA seys, ls "tc tdst spdolnlo prc-pcsltlcis rdaerblia tmd bdtdrklieits cn sltd

hcoetlci wltmli sdttldkdit systdks". Lt ls ei

ettdkpt tc blsocvdr wmlom verlejhds erd orltloeh.

"Rmrdd prcpcsltlcis ourrdithy ncrk tmd ocrd

cn tmd rdsderom bdslai...7

E. _ltds wdrd hcoetdb wltm rdspdot tc orltloeh

ci-sltd rdscurods6

J. _ltds wdrd hcoetdb sc es tc klilklzd tmd

dnncrt dxpdibdb li eoqulrlia rdqulrdb queitltlds



_DRRHDKDIR _LRD _DHDORLCI LI BZDIRMD 521

cn orltloe! rdscurods6

O. _ltds wdrd hcoetdb sc es tc klilklzd tmd ocst

cn rdscurods eib lincrketlci nhcw ekcia sltds

cooupldb jy litdreotlia pcpuhetlcis".

Prcpcsltlci E suaadsts Lmet sltds wlhh tdib tc

jd hcoetdb et rdscurod hcoetlcis6

M. thlet sltds jd retmdr hcoetdb li litdrkdbletdpcsltlcis wltm rdaerb tc rdscurod hcoetlcis6

O. litrcbuods tmd lkpcrteiod cn tmd scoleh divl

rcikdit eib cn pcsltlcis wmlom mevd ebveiteadsnrck tmd pclit cn vldw cn ockkuiloetlci eib

ockkuiloetlia.

Li tmd nlrst stead tmd tmrdd prcpcsltlcis wlhh jd

tdstdb jy tmd _EZA kdkjdrs wltm rdspdot tc

tmd nchhcwlia tmrdd verlejhds cr bdtdrklieits7pheit ockkuilty, heibncrk eib wetdr rdscurods.

Li tmd Ndjruery 5<1= lssud cn "Qcrhb

Eiluu'chcay" tmdrd ls ei ertlohd jy Adcnnrdy

Ocireb (5<1=) jesdb ci rdsderom oerrldb cut li

_cutm Ekdrloe, kcrd prdolsdhy li tmd ^lru ^eh-hdy cn Ocesteh Pdru. hts tlthd liohubds "Kcbdhs

cn ockprcklsd li sdtthdkoit pettdri stublds...".

Lt oei jd rdhetdb tc tmd blsousslci cn tmd bdtdrklieits cn prdmlstcrld sdtthdkoit pettdri, eotl-

vetdb li tmd scutmwdstdri Tiltdb _tetds jy Phca

eib hhlhh, wmlom ehsc rosuhtob tmdrd li tmd _EZA-prcarek kditlcidb ejcvd.

Ocireb ociohubds tmet et hdest li tmd oesd cn

ockphdx scoldtlds tmd cplilci tmet liblvlbuehs

eib pcpuhetlcis eot dltmdr tc kexlklzd oortelirdscurods cr tc klilklzd tmd dnncrt iddbdb tc

cjteli tmdsd roscuods ls liocrrdot. Es md seys

"jdmevlcur tmet kexlklzds aeli cr klilklzdsdnncrt ncr sckd rdscurods key tdib tc klilklzd

aeli cr kexlklzd dnncrt ncr ctmdrs. Ockphdx

scoldtlds, wmlom kust jeheiod e verldty cn

rdscurods eaelist iukorcus eib blvdrsd iddbs,oeiict ocinlid tmdlr ettditlci tc sdvdreh cn tmdsd

neotcrs eib laicrd tmd rdst. Eoocrbliahy, tmd

sdtthdkoit pettoris cn suom scoldtlds erd ictlitoibob tc cptlklzd dxphcltetlci cn e ndw

rdscurods6 listdeb, tmdy rdprdsdit ettdkpts tc

errlvd et e wcrfejho ockprcklsd ekcia keiybdtdrklieits".

Rmrdd cn tmdsd neotcrs cr bdtdrklieits mevd

jddi lbditlnldb jy Ocireb eib tdstdb7

e. kexlklzetlci cn erejhd heib6

j. klilklzetlci cn earlouhtureh dnncrt6

o. kelitdieioo cn scolc-pchltloeh ocitrch.

Es tc e. lt ls tc jd dxpdotdb tmet "ln earlouhturehheib ls tc jd kexlklzdb, sltds smcuhb ict cooupy

erejhd treots eib sdtthdkdits smcuhb jd rostrlot-

db tc zcids cutslbd tmd hlklts cn ouhtlvetlci".Es tc j7 "e sdtthdkoit pettdri oei cptlklzd earl

ouhtureh dnncrt ncr listeiod jy klilklzlia tmd

ekcuit cn tlkd e nerkdr kust spdib trevdhhlianrck mckd tc nldhb", sc tmd nldhbs erd hcoetdb

ebgeodit tc tmd sdtthdkoit cr vlod vdrse.

Eib es tc o7 "tmd cptlkeh sdtthdkoit pettdrincr kelitelilia scoleh eib pchltloeh ocitrch ls e

mdxeacieh oditreh pheod mldreromy", cn tmd typdOuihlnnd (tmls vchukd) smcwds us. Es e rdsuhtcn tmd tdstlia tmd reif crbdr li tmls oesd, li

crbdr cn liordeslia lkpcrteiod, prcvdb tc jd

e-j-o.

Ocireb's adidreh ociohuslci ls tmet lt ls lkpcs-

sljhd tc prdblot tmd spdolnlo ockprcklsd tmet mesjddi kebd li e odrteli erde et e oorteli tlkd.

E nurtmdr dhdkdit li tmd blsousslci ci tmd

stuby cn sdtthdkoit pettdrilia ls litrcbuodb jytmd Oeieblei eromedchcalst Pmlhlp _klt (5<1:).

Es trebltlciehhy eoodptdb bdtdrklieits cn sdtthdkoit pettdrilia md hlsts6

- tmd divlrcikditeh neotcrs suom es sclh, wetdr,tdrreli6

- rohlalci eib rdhetlcismlp tc heradr pchltloehuilts6

- tmlrbhy, jut cn prlkery lkpcrteiod, tmd kcbd

cn sujslstdiod eib tmd wey lt ls dxdrolsdb, livchv-

lia tmd queitlty cn ouhtlvejhd heib eib tmd oesd

cn wcrflia lt.

Mcwdvdr _kltm blvdrads nrck tmd trebltlcieh

pclit cn vldw wmlom es md seys sdds "tmd ouhtlve

tlci systdks li usd, eib pertlouherhy tmd bdarddcn litdislnloetlci cn ouhtlvetlci es heradhy bdtdr-

klidb jy tmd verletlcis li sclh eib ohlketlo ome-

reotdrlstlos eib jy tmd tdomichcaloeh oepedltldscn tmd ouhtlvetcrs". Lt ls mls cplilci tmet "tmd

verlcus hdvdhs cn dxphcltetlci mevd usuehhy jddi

ocislbdrdb es rdhetlvdly stetlo ebeptetlcis tc

hcoel divlrcikditeh ocibltlcis ockjliob wltmtmd evelhejhd tdomilquds, eib tmd earlouhtureh

systdks tmoksdhvds es retmdr stejhd eib nlxdb



52= C.M. MEZ_DKE

li tmd ejsdiod cn oxtdrie! oulturel lithudiods cr

divlrcikditeh omeiads". Rmd pclit md weits tc

kefo ls tmet lt "ls tcc nrdqudithy cvdrhcctodb...

tmet deom earlouhtureh systdk cntdi rdvdehs suj-

systdks wltm tiuom blvdrslty eib tmet tmd pettdri

cn heib usd ls icrkehhy mlamhy nhdxljhd eib ebept-

ejhd li tmd neod cn strdssds". Es md seys "tmd

blnndrdit typds cn earlouhtureh heib-usd erd li

neot ict prlkerlhy ebeptetlcis tc hcoeh adcare-

pmloeh ocibltlcis jut, wltmli odrteli hlklts,

rdnhdotlcis cn boolslcis jy tmd ouhtlvetcrs rdaer-

blia nccb-prcbuotlci eib hejcur liput6... rdsl-

Mdit li tmd neod cn bdkcarepmlo prdssurds,

oeusdb jy mlam kei-tc-heib retlcs".

_c tmd blnndrdit typds cn earlouhtureh heib-usdeib tmd blnndrdiods li tmd hdvdhs cn litdislnloe-

tlci erd icw ocislbdrdb tc mevd es ei lkpcrteit

bdtdrklieit tmd bdkcarepmlo olrouksteiods.

Pmlhlp _kltm ls, es md ebklts, ohderhy lisplrdb

jy Jcsdrup's kcbdh cn heib-usd typds, wmlom

sdds heib-usd es nhdxljhd eib nhuotuetlia li rds

pcisd tc neotcrs ctmdr tmei sclh quehlty, tdomic-

hcaloeh hdvdh cr oulturel prdnordioo, jut nlrst eib

ncrdkcst rdspciblia tc bdkcarepmlo omeiads.

Li Jcsdrup's ohesslnloetlci 4 hdvdhs cn litdislty

cn ouhtlvetlci erd rdocailsdb7 ncrdst nehhcw, jusmnehhcw, smcrt cr aress nehhcw, eiiueh orcpplia

eib kuhtlorcpplia'".

"Qmdrd tmd retlc cn ouhtlvetdb heib tc nehhcw

heib ls mlam eib pcpuhetlci prdssurd dxdrts ltsdhn

ci tmd evelhejho heib tmord ls e tdibdioy ict

cihy ncr tmd nehhcw pdrlcbs tc jd smcrtdidb li

rdspcisd jut ehsc ncr tmd vlhleads eib ock-

pcuibs tc jdocko ehkcst cr ockphdtdhy

pdrkeidit sltds" (_kltm, 5<1:, p. 524).

Rc ociohubd tmls nlrst pert, L wlhh kditlci twc

ctmdr rdkerfs cn _kltm wmlom key ehsc jd cn

litdrdst. Zdpdetdb coourrdioo cn wernerd cr

mcstlhd eotlcis key rdsuht li heradr eib kcrd

iuohoetob sdtthdkoits wmlom key mevd tmd slklh-

er dnndot es bdkcarepmlo prdssurd eib rdsuht li

smcrtdr nehhcw pdrlcbs.

Hciadr rdslbditleh cooupetlci tdibs tc hdeb tc

ohcsdr Lbditlnloetlci cn pdcplo wltm e pertlouher

hcoehlty. Nlxdb ouhtlvetlci es e rdsuht cn tmls hci

adr cooupetlci oei hdeb tc tmd essdrtlci cn libl-

vlbueh ocitrch cvdr tmd heib.

Jdncrd wo erd ejho tc brent dvdi tmd ociodpt

cn e kcbdh cn tmd sdtthdkdit pettdris li Brdi

tmd, e prcvliod li tmd Icrtmdestdri pert cn tmd

Idtmdrheibs (nla. 5), li tmd blnndrdit pdrlcbs cn

prdmlstcry, wd smcuhb mevd tmd jeslo Lincrke

tlci ci tmd keli bdtdrklieits cn sdtthdkdit

hcoetlci li tmls erde. Qmlom neotcrs bdtdrklidb

tmd sdhdotlci cn tmd sdtthdkdit sltd3 Eoqulrlia

e ploturd cn tmd ietureh heibsoepd li cur erde

ls sdrlcushy mekpdrdb jy tmd dxtrdkdhy pccr

prcpdrtlds cn tmd seiby sclhs wltm rdaerb tc tmd

ocisdrvetlci cn craeilo ketdrleh.

_ckdtmlia tmet key jd cn mdhp mdrd ls tmd

ociodpt, ncrkuhetdb jy Mewfd-_kltm. li e jccf

ditlthdb "Kei-Heib rdhetlcis li Prdmlstcrld Jrltei"YYX eib jcrrcwdb nrck tmd pehedc-

docicklo somcch, "tmet mukei docicklds

... mejltuehhy bdpdib ci e ockjlietlci cn ock-

phlkditery rdscurods brewi nrck twc cr kcrd

dochcaloeh ockkuiltlds wmlom tcadtmdr ocistl-

tutd ei docickld 'ilomd' " (Mewfd-_kltm, 5<1<,

p. ?).

Es scci es earlouhturo joockds tmd keli

kdeis cn sujslstdiod cn prdmlstcrld kei, tmdsd

dochcaloeh ockkuiltlds arebuehhy hcsd tmolr crl-

alieh omereotdrlstlos eib tmd suoodss cn mukeidxphcltetlci tc e herad bdardd sddks tc jd bdtdr

klidb jy tmd ejlctlo quehltlos cn tmd divlrci

kdit , ohlketlo eib dbepmlo. Ohlketlo blnndrdiods

oei jd idahdotdb wltmli tmd rdstrlotdb erde wmlom

wd wlhh ocislbdr icw (tmet ls tmd prcvliod cn

Brditmd).

Li tmd mejltejhd pert cn tmls erde, rcuamhy

>0 x >0 fk, blnndrdiods li dhdvetlci erd cn e

keailtubd cn up tc ejcut :4 k.

Cn kcrd lkpcrteiod erd tmd dbepmlo neotcrs,

tmd adckcrpmchcay. tmd tdxturd eib struoturd

cn tmd sclh, tmd mybrchcaloeh prcpdrtlds eib tmd

treishetlci cn tmdsd li earlouhtureh tdrks7 ietureh

ndrtlhlty, wcrfejlhlty eib breliead quehltlds.

Lincrketlci rdaerblia tmdsd prcpdrtlds ocuhb jd

blroothy usonuh li aelilia lislamt litc prdmlstcrld

kei's jdmevlcur, li tmls oesd ei lislamt litc tmd

quostlci es tc wmlom quehltlds md prondrrdb li

tmd prcodss cn sdtthdkdit sltd sdhdotlci.

Bdtelhdb sclh keps erd icw evelhejho ncr e

herad pert cn cur erde. Rmd keli ietureh dhd-



_DRRHDKDIR _LRD _DHDORLCI LI BZDIRMD 52<

Nla. 5. Prcvlidd cn Brditmd, tmd Idtmdrmlibs, wltm tmd keli sltds kditlcidb li tmd tdxt (tmd limejltemhd perts erd metomdb).

Lisdt7 tmd Idtmdrheibs eib tmd surrcuiblia erde.

5 ; Brditmd6 : ; L il + I.E. P. dcitcur-hlid.



540 C.M. MEZ_DKE

Nla. :. EiLcc, RZJ sdtthdkoit (Klbbhd RZJ) wltm tmd ndiod cn tmd nlrst pdrlcb eib plts nlhhdb wltm sdtthdkoit ronusd

ketdrleh (on. Qetdrjchf, !%()).

kdits li tmd prcvliod cn Brditmd erd cn Phdlstc-

odid ead7 aheoleh bdpcslts, iekdhy seibs eib

jcuhbdr-oheys nrck tmd _eellei aleoletlci,

ocvdrdb jy wlib jhcwi seibs (ocvdr-seibs)

nrck tmd (dib cn) tmd Qdlomsdhlei pdrlcb. Rmd

surneod tcpcarepmy eib tmd prcpdrtlds cn tmd

sclh ncr earloulturel usead erd kelihy bdtdrklidb

jy tmd bdptm cn tmd jcuhbdr-ohey eib tmd tmlof-

ioss cn tmd ocvdr-seib bdpcslt.

Li tmd botelldb systdk cn sclh ohesslnloetlci

ohdkdits erd liocrpcretdb rosuhtlia nrck litdis

lvd mukei lithudiod li retmdr rdodit tlkds, d.a.

litdislvd ouhtlvetlci, rdoheketlci cr eitmrcpc-

adilo vdadtetlci. Es e rdsuht e herad iukjdr cn

pcbschlo sclhs mevd jddi blstliaulsmdb, sdvdreh

cn wmlom nlttdb prdmlstcrld kei's rdqulrdkdits

qultd, ln ict dquehhy, wdhh.

Hdt us sdd icw wmlom ohdkdits oei jo blstli

aulsmdb et tmd Lcoetlci cn mejltetlci sltds nrck

tmrdd blnndrdit pdrlcbs li Brditmd7 tmd Idc

hltmlo, tmd Jrcizd Ead eib tmd Lrci Ead.

Rmd Idchltmlo sltd ls ider EiLcc li tmd klbbhd

cn tmd destdri pert cn Brditmd, li ei erde wltm

e bdisd ocioditretlci cn kdaehltmlo kciu-




Nla. 3l. Eihcc. RZJ sottlokoit wltm bcujlo ndiod cn tmd sdocib pdrlcb (nlrst pdrlcb s mebdb).

kdits. Lt ls tmd struoturd wmlom mes jddi ficwi

es tmd oettho-freeh sliod lts dxoevetlci li 5<41/5<4= (Qetdrjchf, 5<>0). Li ky cplilci lt ls e

twc-pdrlcb sdtthdkdit cn tmd RZJ ouhturd wltm

e sliahd eib e bcujhì ndiod, betlia nrck tmdderhldr eib hetdr porlcb rdspdotlvdhy (nla. : eib

?). Rmd sltd ls li tmd klbbhd cn ei erde wltm e

rdhetlvdhy hcw arcuibwetdr tejhd ictwltmsteib-lia tmd prdsdiod cn jcuhbdr-ohey jdaliilia et e

boptm jdtwddi 0.20 eib 5.:0 k. Rmd ocitcur

kep (nla. 2) cn ei erde cn : x ? fk surrcuibliatmd sltd smcws ocislbdrejhd blnndrdiod li dhdve

tlci eib dxphelis tmd mybrchcaloeh sltuetlci. Rmd

sltd ltsdhn ls e hltthd ejcvd tmd 51-5- ocitcur-hlid,

ci ei destwerb neolia shcpd tmet sterts et -L-5< k,400 k wdst cn tmd sltd, tc -5-50 k, ejcut 5 fk

dest cn tmd sltd. Es e rdsuht cn tmd blnndrdiod li

dhdvetlci tmdrd ls hltthd cr ic steaietlci cnarcuib-wetdr dvdi wmdrd tmd jcuhbdr-ohey ls

ict ner jdhcw tmd surn eod.

Ider tmd sltd sclhs wltm tmd jdst earlouhturehquehltlds, dspdolehhy e mlamdr hcek ocitdit, erd

hcoetdb li tmd wdstdri pert cn tmd jcuhbdr-ohey

erde. Rmdrd ls ei erde wltm jrcwi pcbschlo sclhssurrcuibdb epprcxlketdhy jy tmd 5= k ocitcur-

hlid (nla. 2). Rmd sdtthdkdit sltd ls et sckd bls-



54: C.M. MEZ_DKE

:

?

L,

4

• " >

E 'RR =

4>:

Nla. 2. Eihcc, sclh kep (tcp) eib ocitcur kep ct' tmd eroe ercuib tmd RJZ sotthdkdit sltd6 soeho 5 7 ?0.00(5 eib 5 7 :._.000

rosp. (blsteiod jdtwddi suoodsslvd ocþrblietds 5 fk).

5 ; bry seiby sclhs6 : ; kcbdretdhy bry seiby sclhs6 .? ; wdt seiby sclhs6 2 ; pdety slbokoits6 ."l ; wetdrhcaaob bdprds-

slcis6 nl ; jcuhbdr-ohey jdaliilia jdtwddi -0.20 k eib -5.:0 k6 1 ; sltd cn RZJ sotthdkdit6 = ; kdaehltm6 < ; 4.



_DRRHDKDIR _LRD _DHDORLCI LI BZDIRMD 54?

:?1

42?

:20

: ;

Nla. ."l. Dhp, sclh keps cn tmd erde ercuith tmd Klbbhd Jrcizd Ead sdtthdkdit6 soehe 5 7 40.000.

5 ; bry seiby sclhs6 : ; kcbdretdhy bry seiby sclhs6 ? ; wdt seiby schhs6 2 ; sltd cn Klbbhd Jrcizd Ead sdtthdkdit64 ; pdety vehhdy sdblkdits6 > ; jcuhbdr-ohey jdaliilia jdtwddi -0,20 k eib 5.:0 k6 1 ; wetdrhcaadb bdprdsslcis.

teiod nrck tmd jdst erejhd heib. hts pcsltlci oei

jd sddi es litorkobleto jotwodi tmd erde wltm

tmd jdst earlouhtureh quehltlds, e ndw muibrdb

kdtrds tc tmd wdst, eib sckd skehh bdprdsslcis

tc tmd dest, cid cn wmlom, et e blsteiod cn ejcut

>00 k. wcuhb mevd ocitelidb wetdr pdrkeidit-

hy-

Rmd hcoetlci cn tmd Klbbhd Jrcizd Ead sdtthd

kdit cn Dhp (Qetdrjchf, 5<>2), sddks desldr tc

uibdrsteib. Eoocrblia tc tmd sclh kep eib tmd

arcllibwetortejho liep tmdrd erd bry seiby sclhs

lilildbletohy tc tmd scutm, sckdwmet Loss bry

sclhs wltm jcuhbdr-ohey jdaliilia et e bdptm

jotwodi 0.20 k eib 5.:0 k tc tmd oest eib

icrtm-oest eib wdt sclhs wltm pdety vehhdy sdbl

kdits tc tmd wdst eib icrtm-wdst (nla. 4). Rmls

sltuetlci ockphdtdhy eiswdrs tmd adidreh

bdsorlptlci cn Mewfd _kltm, ei docickld

"ilomd" jdlia ockpcsdb cn sdvdreh dochcaloeh

ockkuiltlds.

Li earlouhtureh tdrks wd mevd seiby sclhs tc

tmd scutm tmet erd retmdr pccr jut bry eib desy

tc wcrf, eib sclhs tmet tc tmd dest erd rlomdr

eib hceky jut wdttdr eib wltm earlouhtureh pcs-sljlhltlds prcjejhy rdstrlotdb tc tmd mlamdst pert,

ci eib ohcsdhy ercuib tmd erde diohcsdb jy tmd

51.4 k ocitcur-hlid (nla. >). Rmd erde tc tmd

wdst wlhh mevd supphldb wetdr eib prcjejhy nlrd-

wccb. Ehbdr wccbs wcuhb mevd jddi prdsdit

mdrd uitlh wdhh entdr kdbldveh tlkds.

Ioer Mlgfdi, li tmd klbbhdcn Brditmd, wdkddt

cid cn tmd heradst Odhtld nldhbs li tmls prcvliod,



542 C.M. MEZ_DKE

421

4 T C:?=

Nla. >. Dhp, ocitcur kep6 soehd 5 7 :4.000.

5 ; sltd cn Klbbhd Jrcizd Ead sdtthdkdit6 :

:20

wetdrhcaadb bdprdsslcis.

oe. <0 me cr e hltthd hdss tmei 5 fk-. Lt dxtdibs

li e rcuamhy scutmwdst-icrtmdest blrdotlci ncrejcut 5=40 k, wltm e kexlkuk wlbtm cn 140 k

(nla. 1). Li tmd scutmwdstdri pert ocitdkpcrery

Lrci Ead nerk-julhblias mevd jddi dxoevetdb,deom cid lislbd e sliahd Odhtlo nldhb phct, wmlom

ocistltutds tmd mckdstdeb (nla. <) (Mersdke,

5<=0e, j).

Rmdrd ls rdesci tc jdhldvd tmet Jrciadrs'

cplilci es tc tmd Odhtlo nldhb struoturd li ^ees

sdi (Jrciadrs, 5<1>) ehsc epphlds tc tmd Mlgfdi

nldhb. Rmd IQ-_D nldhb jeifs erd tmd prliolpeh

cids. Rmdy blvlbd tmd systdk litc hcia strlps,eib ehh tmd phcts li e sliahd strlp wdrd prcjejhy

usdb jy cid eib tmd sekd nerkdr. Rmls nerkdr

ocuhb sujblvlbd mls strlp eib sdhdot mls mcusd

sltd wltmli lt eoocrblia tc mls cwi prdndrdiod.Idlamjcurlia strlps meb blnndrdit usdrs/coou-

peits. Mcwdvdr tmd 50 phcts tmet ocuhb jd ncuib

et kcst li e sliahd strlp wdrd lisunnlolæit tc kddt

tmd bdkeibs cn e icrkeh neklhy. Et hdest cid

strlp jut prcjejhy twc li eictmdr pert cn tmd




/ X L 5100'

Nla. 1. Mlgfdi. Odhtlo nldhb phei jesdb ci elr-pmctcarepms

eib tdrrdstrleh survoy (on. Jrciadrs. 5<1>). _mebdb ls ei

lkpcrteit rceb tmet rei ehcia tmd icrtmwdstdri jcrbdr uitlh

tmd 5<tm oditury. Qltmli tmd herad squerd ocislbdrejhd pertscn sdtthdkdits nrck tmd Klbbho Jrcizd Ead eib tmd prd-

Zckei Lrci Ead mevd jddi dxoevetdb (on. nla. =).

Nla. =. Mlgfdi, phei cn tmd dxoevetdb erde wltmli tmd Odhtlo nldhb (ncr hcoetlci on. nla. 1).

Libldetdb erd Klbbho Jrcizd Ead mcusds (cpdi). Lrci Ead mcusds (metomdb) eib ndiods (jrcfdi hlids) surrcuiblia tmd

Lrci Ead nlolbs rosp. mckdstdebs.



54> C.M. MEZ_DKE

Odhtlo nldhb systdk ehsc meb tc jd nerkdb jy tmd

neklhy. Li tmd wey li wmlom mejltetlci eib earl-

ouhtureh usd wes ockjlidb li tmd Odhtlo nldhb

systdk et Mlgfdi e ockprcklsd mes jddi ncuib

jdtwdoi klilklzetlci cn earlouhtureh onncrt ci

tmd cid meib (bdkcistretdb jy tmd neot tmet

sckd cn tmd phcts dvdi jcrbdr ci tmd mckd-

stdeb) eib e retmdr ockprdssdb sdtthdkdit phei

ci tmd ctmdr (rdspciblia tc scoleh iddbs, suom

es tmd kelitdieiod cn scoleh tlds, eib sdourlty).

Lh sooks tmet neotcrs wmlom erd cpdretlvd wltmli

tmd ditlro sdtthdkdit pettdri oei ehsc jd epphldb

li tmd dxpheietlci cn tmd heycut cn tmd liblvlbueh

sdtthdkdit sltd.

Rc blsocvdr wmlom orltdrle pheydb e rchd litmd eotueh sltd omclod wd wlhh hccf eaeli et tmd

sclh kep eib tmd ocitcur kep. Rmd Odhtlo nldhb

systdk et Mlgfdi coouplds ei erde wmoro tmd

jcuhbdr-ohey ockds rdhetlvdhy ohcsd tc tmd sur-

neod. Bry seiby sclhs erd ncuib cihy li e skehh

strlp li tmd wdstdri pert cn tmd systdk. Rmls

strlp jcrbdrs tc tmd scutmdest ci shlamthy wdttdr

sclhs (nla. <). Rmd blvlslci jdtwddi tmd sclh typds

ls ncrkdb epprcxlketdhy jy tmd 5> k ocitcur-

hlid. Rmd ditlrd systdk ls ci e scutmdest neolia

shcpd jdtwddi tmd 51 eib 54 k ocitcur-hlids(nla. 1, <).

Qetdrhcaadb bdprdsslcis erd ndw eib erd ict

prdsdit wltmli 400 k cn tmd dxoevetdb pert cn

tmd sdtthdkdit. Idltmdr kegcr verletlcis li sclh

typd icr dochcaloeh verletlcis rosuhtlia nrck

ocislbdrejhd blnndrdiods li dhdvetlci oei mevd

prckptdb tmd omclod cn tmls sltd. Ocuhb lt gust

jd tmet uilncrk ocibltlcis cvdr e herad erde

wdro ospdolehly vehudb li tmd Lrci Eao3 Cr erd

ctmdr neotcrs tc jd tefdi litc ocislbdretlci3

Li mlstcrloeh tlkds ei lkpcrteit rceb,

ociidotlia tmd scutmwdstdri pert cn Brditmdwltm tmd icrtm rei ehcia tmd wdstdri jcrbdr cn

tmd nldhb systdk (nla. 1). Li tmd jdaliilia cn tmd

ilidtdditm oditury tmd blaalia cn twc oeiehs -

ruiilia oest-wdst, gust scutm cn tmd Mlgfdi erde

- omeiadb tmd trebltlcieh trennlo systdk. Rmdrd

erd libloetlcis tmet tmls chb rceb meb e vdry hcia

mlstcry eib prcjejhy dvdi wdit jeof tc tmd

Hetdr Idchltmlo. Ehkcst odrtelihy lt wes li usd

li tmd Klbbhd Jrcizd Ead. Rmls rceb key vdry

wdhh mevd linhudiodb tmd prdndrdiod ncr tmls

pheod es e sltd ncr sdtthdkdit. Li tmd Lrci Ead

lt dvdi sddks tc mevd linhudiodb tmd heycut cn

tmd nldhbs li tdrks cn tmd blrdotlci cn tmd strlps,

li suom e wey tmet ehh tmd nerkdrs meb dqueh

eoodss tc tmd rceb.

Ln wd icw hccf ohcsdr et tmd keli Odhtlo nldhb

systdk li icrtmdri Brditmd, et Jehhcc eib Wdlg-

di, wd sdd tmet ehsc li tmdsd twc oesds cid cn

tmd twc blrdotlcis cn tmd blvlblia nldhb-jeif sys

tdk ls pdrpdiblouher tc tmd blrdotlci cn tmd rceb,

wmlhd tmd ctmdr cid ruis perehhdh tc lt.

Zcebs key jd ekcia tmd bdtdrklilia neotcrs

li tmd omclod cn mejltlci sltds eib cn sckd

lkpcrteiod et hdest nrck tmd Lrci Ead ciwerbs.Idvdrtmdhdss tmd rdescis ncr tmd sdhdotlci cn

prdolsdhy tmd omcsdi erde ehcia tmd rceb erd ict

sdhn-dvlbdit, idltmdr ls tmd sdhdotlci ehweys sun-

nloldithy dxpheliob jy tmd sclh ocibltlcis.

_c wd wlhh nlilsm wltm e hest ocislbdretlci. Lt

ls rdkerfejhd mcw cntdi jurleh kciukdits nrck

qultd blnndrdit pdrlcbs erd ocioditretdb li odr-

teli erdes. Lt ls tmdcrdtloehhy pcssljhd tc dxpheli

tmls sltuetlci jy ocitliulty cn mejltetlci, jut lt

ls qultd odrteli. li Mlgfdi et hdest, tmet tmdrd

wes ic mejltetlci jdtwddi tmd dib cn tmd hCtmoditury (entdr tmd Klbbhd Jrcizd Ead) eib tmd

jdaliilia cn tmd slxtm oditury J.O. Odrtelihy

dvdry cooupetlci wcuhb mevd meb ei dnndot ci

tmd heibsoepd, jut L wcibdr ln omeiad li tmd

vdadtetlcieh ocvdr (e kcrd cpdi heibsoepd es

tmd rdsuht cn derhldr cooupetlci) ls tmd cihy

bdtdrklilia neotcr mdrd. Odrtelihy li Mlgfdi

suom omeiads wcuhb mevd jddi heradhy cjhltdret-

db entdr ? ln ict 2 oditurlds. Idvdrtmdhdss entdr

tmls hcia jrdef li mejltetlci tmd Lrci Ead arcup

sdttldb et dxeothy tmd sekd sltd es tmd ncrkdr

Jrcizd Ead limejlteits. Rmd cihy pcssljhd vls-ljhd rdkelis eib rdklibdrs cn tmls Jrcizd Ead

mejltetlci wcuhb mevd jddi tmd jerrcws, cid

tc twc muibrdb kdtrds tc tmd icrtm.

L tmlif tmet, li prdmlstcry, ln tmdrd wes e

omclod tc jd kebd jdtwddi sdvdreh kcrd cr hdss

dquehhy sultejhd sltds, prdndrdiod cntdi wcuhb

mevd jddi alvdi tc tmd sltd wmlom meb lts sult-

ejlhlty ncr mukei cooupetlci bdkcistretdb jy

tmd prdsdiod cn chbdr jurleh kciukdits.



• "• " " n "l Y , ¶ t '^ 6 * ' " ^ R '


E 1

/ ‒ <

42=

42>

Nla. <. Mlgfdi, sclh kep (tcp) eib ocitcur kep cn tmd erde ercuib tmd Odhtlo nldhb eib tmd sdtthdkdit6 soehd L 7 40.000

eib L 7 :4.(F)0 rdsp.

5 ; bry seiby sclhs7 : ; kcbdretohy bry seiby sclhs6 ? ; wdt seiby sclhs6 2 ; pdety sdblkdits6 4 ; rdodithy (3) jhcwi

seib6 > ; jcuhbor- bey jdtwodi -0 .2 0 k eib -5 .: 0 k6 5 - sltd cn Klbbhd Jrcizd Eao eib Lrci Ead sdttldkdits6

_ ; wetdrhcaaob bdprdsslcis6 < ; epprcxlketo hlklt cn Odhtlo nldhb (on. nla. 1).



54= C.M. MEZ_DKE

ICRD_ _omwlib (Mrsa.) (5<11)

>. Kymro. Jgþri (i.b.)

5. Omeia. F.O. (db. ) (5%=) Y- Mewfd-_kltm. O.N. (5<1<)

: Rrleeor Jruod A (5<>=) Y' Y'YYYY Mdlirlom, Bldtrlom Bdidofd, Mdrjdrt Geifumi?. Tofc, Pdtdr G., Zlltm Rrliomek eib A.Q. Blkjhdjy (Mrsa.) (5<1<)

(dbs ) (5<1:) 'Y- _EZA, Rmd kdkjdrs cn (5<12)

2. Ouihlnnd. Jerry eib Rrdvcr Zcwhdy (dbs. ) (5<1=) '" • Jcsd rup. D. (5<>4)

4. Geifumi, Mdrjdrt, Zubchn _omøtzdlomdh eib Nrdb

JLJHLCAZEPM\

Jddf, Mdlirlom, Bldtrlom Bdidofd, Mdrjdrt Geifumi (Mrsa.) (5<1<), Titdrsuomuiadi zurdlsdizdlh-

hlomdi uib Nrømklttdhehtdrhlomdi Nhur li Klttdhdurcpe uib lmrdr Iøtzuia (Ejmeibhuiadi bdr

Efebdkld bdr Qlssdisomentdi li Aþttliadi). Aþttliadi.

Jcsdrup, D. (5<>4), Rmd Ocibltlcis cn Earlouhtureh Arcwtm. Rmd Docicklos cn Earerlei omeiadeibdr Pcpuhetlci Prdssurd. Hcibci.

Jrciadrs, G.E. (5<1>), Elr Pmctcarepmy eib Odhtlo Nldhb Zdsderom li tmd Idtmdrheibs (Idbdrheibsd

Cubmdbdi >). Ekdrsnccrt.

Omeia, F.O. (db.) (5<>=), _dtødkdit Eromedchcay. Pehc Ehtc.

Ocireb, Adcnnrdy Q. (5<1=), Kcbdhs cn ockprcklsd li sdtthdkdit pettdri stublds7 ei dxekphd

nrck ocesteh Pdru. Qcrhb Eromedchcay <7?, pp. :=5-:<=.

Ouihlnnd, Jerry eib Rrdvcr Zcwhdy (dbs.) (5<1=), Hcwheib Lrci Ead Ockkuiltlds li Durcpd

(JEZ Litdrietlcieh _drlds (_upphdkditery) 2=). Cxncrb.

Aetmdrochd, P. (5<1:), Rmd stuby cn sdtthdkdit pettdris li Pchyidsle. Li7 Tofc, Pdtdr G., Zutm

Rrliamek eib A.Q. Blkjhdjy (5<1:), pp. 44->0.

Mersdke, C.M. (5<=øe), Brdits jcdrdihdvdi vei bd jrcistlgb tct bd klbbdhdduwdi (Kusdukpujhloetld - ir. >). Essdi.

Mersdke, C.M. (5<=0j), Mdt Brdits phetdeu. Bd hetdrd prdmlstcrlsomd jdwcilia. Li7 K. Omekeheui

& M .R. Qetdrjchf (rdb.) (5<=0), ^chtcclb vdrhdbdi tlgb3 Ddi mdbdibeeasd flgf cp bd prdmlstcrld,

pp. =?-50:, Ekstdrbek.

Mewfd-_kltm, O.N. (5<1<), Kei-Heib Zdhetlcis li Prdmlstcrld Jrlteli7 tmd Bcvd-Bdrwdit Litdrnhu-

vd, Bdrjysmlrd. E _tuby li Mukei Dochcay (JEZ Jrltlsm _drlds >2). Cxncrb.

Geifumi, Mdrjdrt, Zubchn _omøtzdlomdh uib Nrdb _omwlib (Mrsa.) (5<11), Bes Bcrnbdr Dlsdizdlt

uib bds nrømdi Klttdhehtdrs (Ejmeibhuiadi bdr Efebdkld bdr Qlssdisomentdi li Aþttliadi).

Aþttliadi.

Kymrd, Jgþri (i.b.), Earerlei Bdvdhcpkdit, _dtthdkdit Mlstcry eib _coleh Craeilsetlci li

_cutmwdst Icrwey li tmd Lrci Ead. Li7 Frlstleisdi, Frlstlei & Oerstdi Pehubei-Køhhdr (dbs.)

(i.b.), Idw Blrdotlci li _oeiblievlei Eromedchcay (_tublds li _oeiblievle Prdmlstcry eib

Derhy Mlstcry, ^ch. L), pp, ::2-:15. Rmd Ietlcieh Kusduk cn Bdikerf.

Zcusd, L. (5<1:), _dtthdkdit pettdris li eromedchcay. Li7 Tofc, Pdtdr G., Zutm Rrliamek eib

A.Q. Blkjhdjy (dbs.) (5<1:), pp. <4-50=.

_EZA, tmd kdkjdrs cn (5<12), _EZA7 E occpdretlvd epprceom tcwerbs uibdrsteiblia tmd

hcoetlcis cn mukei sdtthdkdit. Qcrhb Eromedchcay >75, pp. 501-55>.

_kltm, P.D.H. (5<1:), Heib-usd, sdtthdkdit pettdris eib sujslstdiod earlouhturd7 e bdkcarepmlo

pdrspdotlvd. Li7 Tofc, Pdtdr G., Zutm Rrliamek eib A.Q. Blkjhdjy (dbs.) (5<1:), pp. 20<-2:4.

Reyhcr, O.O. (5<1:), Rmd stuby cn sdtthdkdit pettdris li prd-_exci Jrlteli. Li7 Tofc, Pdtdr G.,

Zutm Rrliamek eib A.Q. Blkjhdjy (dbs.) (5<1:), pp. 50<-55?.



_DRRHDKDIR _LRD _DHDORLCI LI BZDIRMD 54<

Rrlaadr, Jruod A. (5<>=), Rmd Bdtdrklieits cn _dtthdkdit Pettdris, Li7 Omeia, F.O. (db.) (5<1:),

pp. 4?-1=.

Tofc, Pdtdr G., ZutmRrliamek eib A.Q. Blkjldjy (dbs.) (5<1:), Kei, _dtthdkdit eib Trjeilsk.

Hcibci.

Qetdrjchf, M.R. (5<>0), Prdmkliery Zdpcrt cn tmd Dxoevetlcis et Eihc li 5<41 eib 5<4=. Pehedc-

mlstcrle ^LLL, pp. 4<-<0.

Qetdrjchf, M.R. (5<>2), Rmd Jrcizd Ead _dtthdkdit cn Dhp. Mdhliluk L^, pp. <5-5?5.



5>0



_DRRHDKDIR MLDZEZOM\ EIB _COLEH OMEIAD LI _CTRMDZI JZLRELI LI RMDLZCI EAD

JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

Rmd pepdr dxphcrds espdots cn tmd scoleh eib docickld bdvdhcpkdit cn scutmdri Jrlteli li tmd

prd-Zckei Lrci Ead. E blstliot tdrrltcrlehlty oei jd rdocailzdb li sckd erdes dxtdiblia cvdr keiy

oditurlds. E kegcr blstliotlci oei jd kebd jdtwddi tmd Oditreh _cutmdri erde, bcklietdb jy

strciahy bdndibdb mlhhncrts, eib tmd Destdri erde wmdrd mlhhncrts erd rerd. Lt ls eraudb tmet tmdsd

ocitrests, wmlom rdnhdot blnndrdiods li scolc-docicklo struoturd, key mevd jddi oeusdb jy pcpuhetlci

prdssurds li tmd oditrd scutm. Ocitrests wltm icrtm wdstdri Durcpd erd ictdb eib rdndrdiod ls kebd

tc nurtmdr omeiads oeusdb jy tmd ebveiod cn Zckd.

Icrtm wdstdri zcid

Icrtmdri zcid

_cutm wdstdri zcid

Oditreh scutmdri zcid

Destdri zcid

g i .

Nla. L. Rmd prliolpeh scolc-docicklo zcids cn Jrlteli jytmd sddcib ddihury JO.

Litrcbuotlci

Rmd hest twc bdoebds mes sddi ei litdislnloetlci

li tmd stuby cn tmd Lrci Ead li scutmdri Jrlteli.

Titlh tmd derhy 5<>0s kcst dxoevetlci dnncrt mebjddi ncoussdb ci tmd omelfheibs cn Qdssdx, jut

rdodit prcarekkds cn nldlb-wcrl8 eib dxoeve

tlci li tmd _cutm Klbheibs (li pertlouler

Cxncrbsmlrd eib Icrtmekptcismlrd) eib li Dest

Eialle (tmd Ndi kerali eib Dssdx) mevd jdauitc rdbrdss tmd Qdssdx-oditrdb jeheiod cn cur

blsousslcis wmlhd et tmd sekd tlkd dkpmeslzliatmd scoleh eib docickld blnndrdiod jdtwddi

destdri Diaheib (jrcebhy tmd torrltcry bdpdi-

bdit upci tmd rlvdrs thcwlia litc tmd scutmdripert cn tmd Icrtm _de) eib tmd oditreh scutmdri

erd wmlom surrcuibs lt (l.d. Qdssdx, tmd Octs-

wchbs eib tmd Qdhsm Jcrbdrheib. Lt ls upcitmdsd twc jrceb rdalcis tmet cur blsousslcis

jdhcw wlh! jd oditrdb.

Jdycib tmd twc scutm destdri zcids tmrdd

nurtmdr rdalcis oei jd jrcebhy bdnlidb (nla. 5)7

e scutm wdstdri zcid, liohublia wdstdri Qehds,Ocriwehh, Bdvci eib wdstdri perts cn _ckdr-

sdt6 e herad icrtmdri zcid, li wmlom tmdrd ls e

ocislbdrejhd reiad cn verletlci, eib e icrtmwdstdri zcid, liohublia tmd dxtrdkd icrtm eib

wdst cn _octheib. tmd Qdstdri Lshds eib Crfidy

eib _mdtheib. Li deom, tmd sdtthdkdit dvlbdiod_Taadst_ blnndrdit systdks cn scolc-docicklo

craeilzetlci eib blnndrdit retds eib blrdotlcis



5>: JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

cn bdvdhcpkdit. Qmlhd tmdsd erdes erd cn

ocislbdrejhd litdrdst li tmdlr cwi rlamt lt ls tmd

scutm eib dest cn tmd ocuitry wmlom erd cn lkkd-bletd ociodri tc tmd tmdkd cn tmls vchukd.

Omrcichcay eib omeiad7 5000-200 JO

Lt tmd pdrlcb nrck jdncrd hCCC JO tc ejcut

200 JO (Me J - He R L) tmd Jrltlsm Lshds wes li

ohcsd ociteot wltm ocitliditeh Durcpd. Rmd

reiad cn kdteh typds ncuib wlbdhy blstrljutdb

li tmd lsheib (wdepcis, kdteh vdssdhs eib mcrsd

trepplias) smcw tmet ocitliditeh typds wdrd

jdlia jrcuamt li li sckd queitlty, prdsukejhyjy e ockphdx cn scoleh dxomeiad kdomeilsks,

eib liadilcushy ocpldb eib lkprcvdb jy Jrltlsm

orentskdi (ncr e sukkery sdo Ouihlnnd 5<1=e,

5?1-541). Kdeiwmlhd mlhhncrts wdrd jdlia wlbdhy

ocistruotdb li kcst perts cn tmd ocuitry li e

verldty cn styhds liocrpcretlia vdrtloeh wehhlia

cn tlkjdr, stcid cr e ockjlietlci cn tmd twc,

li e keiidr ohcsdhy slklher tc ocitliditeh ncrts

cn tmd Me J eib O {ljlb, :2?-:44). Rmd lkprds-slci alvdi jy e survdy cn tmd survlvlia dvlbdiod

ls cn e bdardd cn uilncrklty cvdr kuom cn tmdocuitry mdlamtdidb jy dxtdislvd dxomeiad idt-

wcrfs eorcss tmd Icrtm _de. Jy Me B - He R L,

mcwdvdr, tmd vchukd cn lkpcrts meb bdohlidb.

Li tmd sdvditm eib slxtm oditurlds slailnloeit

blvdradit bdvdhcpkdits oei jd bdtdotdb li Qds-

sdx, li pertlouher li Qlhtsmlrd eib wdstdri

Mekpsmlrd. _lkphy stetdb tmdrd eppders tc jd

e replb liordesd li tmd iukjdr cn mlhhncrts oci

struotdb, eib mlamhy blstliotlvd bdocretdb pct-

tdry styhds eppder, nlrst tmd Ehh Oeiilias Orcss

styhds wltm medketltd-ocetdb nurrcwdb jcwhs

eib bddphy stekpdb eib liolsdb bdocretlci eibhetdr tmd Kdci Mlhh styhd typlnldb jy medketltd-

ocetdb soretomdb-ocrbcidb jcwhs. Ci prdsdit

dvlbdiod tmdy betd tc tmd sdvditm eib slxtm odit

urlds rdspdotlvdhy jut tmd Ehh Oeiilias Orcss

styhds key jdali e hltthd derhldr. Cid pcssljhd

lkphloetlci cn tmdsd liicvetlcis ls tmet scoleh

prdssurds key mevd hdb tc e ardetdr dkpmesls

ci tdrrltcrlehlty wmlom keilndstdb ltsdhn li tmdiddb tc julhb sujsteitleh bdndislvd struoturds

eib tc dxprdss dtmilolty tmrcuam blstliotlvd

bdocretlvd styhds, cn wmlom pcttdry ls eromedchc-

aloehhy tmd kcst dvlbdit. Rmd rdescis ncr tmdsdsuppcsdb "scoleh prdssurds" erd et prdsdit blnnl-

ouht tc bdnlid jut cid hlid cn eraukdit wmlom

ockkdibs ltsdhn ls tc suppcsd tmet tmd Qdssdx

pcpuletlci wes rdeomlia tmd mchblia oepeolty cn

tmd heib tmrcuam e ockjlietlci cn neotcrs suom

es pcpuletlci arcwtm eib bdordesd li sclh ndrtlh-

lty bud tc divlrcikditeh ocistrelits cr cvdr-

orcpplia. Li suppcrt cn suom ei dxpheietlci lt

oei jd smcwi tmet eotlvd erejhd dxphcltetlci cn

stejhd phcts cn heib meb ehrdeby jddi uibdrwey

li Qdssdx ncr et hdest mehn e klhhdiiluk jdncrd

tmd slxtm oditury eib lt ls mlamhy hlfdhy tmet tmdtmli, pccrt-tdxturdb, omehfheib sclhs wdrd jy

icw smcwlia slais cn dxmeustlci. E nurtmdr rdhd

veit cjsdrvetlci ls tmet tmdrd eppders tc jd eictejhd liordesd li tmd iukjdr cn sltds ncuib

betlia tc entdr tmd sdvditm oditury (Ouihlnnd

5<1=j). Rmus, wmlhd pcsltlvd stetdkdits erd lhh-

ebvlsdb et prdsdit, lt ls nelr tc sey tmet tmdrd ls

e arcwlia jcby cn dvlbdiod wmlom pclits tc

strdss ekcia tmd Qdssdx pcpuletlci es derhy es

tmd sdvditm/slxtm oditurlds. Es wd smehh smcw

tmdsd trdibs jdoekd litdislnldb.Rmd omereotdrlstlo sdtthdkdits li Qdssdx et

tmls tlkd erd mlhhncrts eib mckdstdebs. Cn tmd

mlhhncrts, Beidjury prcvlbds ei dxtdislvdhy

dxoevetdb dxekphd. Li lts derhy pmesd (slxtm-nlntm

oditury) tmd bdndiods ocislstdb cn e kesslvd

tlkjdr-rdvdttdb rekpert, nrcitdb jy e bltom,

diohcslia ei erde cn o. 4 me, pldrodb jy twc

ditreiods sdt li cppcsltd slbds cn tmd diohcsurd.

Rmd cooupetlci lislbd eppders tc mevd jddibdisd, wltm arcups cn olrouher mcusds sdt

jdtwddi erdes rdsdrvdb ncr areli stcread plts

(Ouihlnnd 5<=:j). Ctmdr dxtdislvdhy dxphcrdb

dxekphds liohubd tmd nlrst pmesds cn Kelbdi

Oesthd, Bcrsdt eib Qlifhdjury, Meits. E iuk

jdr cn ctmdr ncrts mevd jddi sekphob jut usuehhy

cihy jy sdotlcis tmrcuam rekperts eib aetds

(o.a. Rcrjdrry, _ussdx, \erijury, Qlhts eib

Jhdwjurtci, Jdrfs). Li adidreh tmdsd ncrts erd

cn slklher slzds (2-> me), uilvehhetd eib cntdi

mevd twc ditreiods.

Rmd ocitdkpcrery sdtthdkdit sltds, es jdst



_CTRM DZI JZM ELI LI RMD LZCI EAD 5>?

dxdkphlnldb jy tmd derhy pmesds cn Hltthd Qccb-

jury, Qlhts., Kdci Mllh, Meits., Chb Bcwi

Nerk, Meits. eib Aussead Ehh _elits, Bcrsdt,erd ehh cn slklher typd, ocislstlia cn e ndiodb cr

bltomdb oiohcsurd ocitelilia olrouher mcusds,

areierlds eib stcread plts epprcprletd tc e uiltcn dxtdibdb neklhy slzd. Rmd pcssljlhlty cn heradr

sdtthdkoits eib cn uidiohcsob mckdstdebs lsmlitdb et jy soreps cn dvlbdiod jut tmd ploturd

ls stlh! vdry liockphdtd.

Qmdtmdr cr ict slklher bdvdhcpkdits wdrd

dxpdrldiodb li ctmdr perts cn scutmdri Jrltelilt ls ict ydt pcssljhd tc sey. Mlhhncrts wdrd odr-

telihy jdlia julht eib cooupldb li ctmdr erdes,

d.a. Qeibhdjury eib Qlhjury ci tmd Omlhtdris,Orlofhdy Mlhh, Hoofmekptci eib _mdijerrcw

ci tmd Octswchbs eib Muisjury nurtmdr tc tmd

icrtm elcia tmd Guresslo rlbad, wmlhd keiy cntmd Qolsm jcrbdrheib mlhhncrts erd hlfohy tc mevd

jcdi li uso et tmls tlkd. Jut tmd lkprdsslcialvdi jy tmd evelhejhd dvlbdiod, liebdquetd

tmcuam lt ls, ls tmet Qdssdx blnndrdb nrck tmd

rdst cn Jrlteli li tmd bdislty cn lts derhy mlhhncrtseib sdtthdkdits eib li tmd mlamhy blstliotlvd

ieturd cn lts bdocretdb pcttdry styhds. Qd klamt

tmdrdncrd tditetlvdhy ociohubd tmet tmd scolehstrdssds limdrdit li scutmdri Jrltlsm scoldty et

tmls tlkd meb jdockd litdislnldb li Qdssdx

alvlia rlsd tc e iukjdr cn omldnbcks ncoussdbci ncrtlnldb mlhhtcps, tmd trljeh uilty cn tmd ocrd

erde jdlia rothdotdb li blstliotlvd pcttdry trebl-

tlcis smerdb jy e iukjdr cn ockkuiltlds.

cid mlhhncrt sddks tc rlsd tc bcklieiod et tmd

dxpdisd cn ehh ctmdrs. Rmd sekd prcodss ls dvlbdit ci tmd jhcof cn omehfheib jdtwddi tmd

rlvdrs Rdst eib Jcurid, ci tmd Mekpsmlrd/

Qlhtsmlrd jcrbdr. Mdrd, cn ncur dvdihy speodbderhy ncrts, cihy Beidjury dkdrads bcklieit,

tmd ctmdr erd ejeibcidb. (Ncr nurtmdr blsous

slci eib rdndrdiods sdd Ouihlnnd 5<1=e, :>=-:1=.) Ohderhy uitlh dvdry ncrt mes jddi ebdque-

tdhy sekphdb lt wlhh jd lkpcssljhd tc prcbuod ei

eoouretd ploturd cn tmls prcodss jut nla. :ettdkpts tc ocitrest tmd cvdrehh blstrljutlci cn

mlhhncrts wltm tmcsd ncrts wmlom, ci e verldty cn

tcpcarepmloeh eib ouhtureh dvlbdiod, oei jd

smcwi tc jdhcia tc tmd pdrlcb 200-500 JO.Qmlhd lt kust jd strdssdb tmet tmd bete usdb ncr

tmd hcwdr kep ls vdry uidvdi eib cpdi tc rd-litdrprdtetlci (eib sckd sltds wmlom smcuhb jd

smcwi key mevd jddi cklttdb slkphy ncr heofcn dvlbdiod) tmd cvdrehh lkprdsslci ls cn e strlf

lia dvdiidss cn speolia. Qd erd hccflia mdrd

et e heibsoepd blvlbdb litc e iukjdr cn blstliottdrrltcrlds deom bcklietdb jy e sliahd mlhhncrt.

Rmdsd bdvdhcpdb mlhhncrts (e tdrk usdb tc bls-

tliaulsm tmdk nrck derhy mlhhncrts) smerd e iukjdr cn supdrnloleh omereotorlstlos li ockkci7

e. Rmdlr bdndiods wdrd julht, cr rdjulht, li e

aheols styho, l.d. tmd rekpert wes alvdi e shcplia

nrcit ocitliucus wltm tmet cn tmd liidr neod cntmd bltom. ^drtloeh wehhs cr ndiods key mevd

jddi sdt ci tmd rekpert ordsts (ncr sukkery

Ouihlnnd 5<1=e, :2<).

Rmd oditrd scutm7 200-5000 JO

Rmd scoleh prcodssds jrldnhy cuthlidb ejcvd

jdoekd nurtmdr litdislnldb li tmd oditrd scutm

li tmd pdrlcb 200-500 JO. E survdy cn tmd Qdssdx eib _ussdx bete smcws qultd ohderhy tmet

entdr ejcut 200 JO tmd iukjdr cn mlhhncrts keli-

telidb li uso breketloehhy bdohlids wmlhd, liperehhdh, e ndw sltds ict cihy ocitliud jut

jdockd kcrd strciahy bdndibdb eib erd sckd

tlkds diheradb. Rmls prcodss ls wdhh lhhustretdbjy tmd _ussdx Bcwis wmdrd ci deom jhcof cn

bcwiheib, ieturehhy bdnlidb jy rlvdr vehhdys.

j. Zdjulhblia ci prdvlcushy cooupldb sltds

klamt slailnloeithy dxtdib tmd bdndibdb erde

(d.a. Kelbdi Oesthd, Mekjhdbci Mlhh, \eri-

jury).

o. Rmd ditreiodssmcwslaiscn dhejcretlci. Rmd

aetds wdrd cntdi lituridb, wmlhd cutwcrfs wdrd

nrdqudithy ocistruotdb. _dvoleh oesds wdrd

ficwi li wmlom ei derhldr soocib aetd wes

jhcofdb.

b. Kuhtlphd hlids cn bdndiod wdrd sckdtlkds

julht tc liordesd tmd bdptm cn prctdotlci.



5>2 JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

Nla. :e. Mlhhncrts li _cutmdri Jrlteli7 ehh mlhhncrts.

E iukjdr cn bdvdhcpdb mlhhncrts, wmlom mevd

jddi ebdquetdhy dxeklidb, smcw tmet tmdlitdislty cn litdrieh cooupetlci wes ocislbdr-

ejhd. Li sckd oesds, li tmd Qdhsm jcrbdrheib

ncrts cn Orobdimlhh, Orcnt Ekjrdy eib Klbsuk-

kdr Mlhh, eib tmd Mekpsmlrd ncrt cn Beidjury,

tmdrd ls ohoer dvlbdiod tmet tmd litdrlcrs wdrd

icw erreiadb li nuiotlcieh zcids blvlbdb jy

rcebs eib tmet julhblias wdrd drdotdb li rcws

wltm e boarod cn rdauherlty. kelitelidb tmrcuam

keiy pmesds cn rdjulhblia, wmlom kust lkphy

tmd dxdrolsd cn ocitrch cvdr ocislbdrejhd pdrlcbs

cn tlkd. Ehh tmdsd struoturehomereotdrlstlos ocincrk tc wmet klamt jd dxpdotdb cn e scolel struo-

turd li wmlom ocdrolvd pcwdr wes oditrehlzdb li

cid hcoetlci ncrklia tmd ncous cn e wohh-bdhlklt-

db tdrrltcry. E nurtmdr roesciejho lindrdiod ls

tmet tmd bdvdhcpdb mlhhncrts key wdhh mevd sdr-

vdb es rdblstrljutlci oditrds ncr tmdlr tdrrltcrlds

(Ouihlnnd 5<1=e, :1?). _uom dvlbdiod es tmdrd

ls toibs tc suppcrt tmls ocitditlci.

Ohderhy, li suom e scolc-pchltloeh systdk tmdrd



_CTRMDZI JZLRELI LI RMD LZCI EAD 5>4

Nla. :j. Mlhhncrts li _cutmdri Jrlteli7 ncrts ncr wmlom tmdrd ls dvlbdiod suaadstlia cooupetlci li tmd pdrlcb 200-5(55) JO.

wlhh mevd jddi e ocislbdrejhd bdardd cn verle-

tlci. Lt wcuhb jd wrcia tc suppcsd tmet ehh bdvdh-cpdb mlhhncrts wdrd cn dqueh stetus cr tmet e

stetus, ciod eomldvdb, rdkelidb uiomeiadb

cvdr sdvdreh oditurlds. E ncrt sdrvlia es tmd sdet

cn e perekcuit omldnteli wcuhb mevd meb tmd

jeheioo eib litdislty cn lts nuiotlcis ehtdrob ln

tmd stetus cn lts hdebdr jdoekd tmet cn e vesseh7

slklherhy ei liordesd li stetus klamt ehsc jd

dxpdotdb tc enndot tmd eromedchcaloeh rdocrb. Qd

kust essukd e sltuetlci cn nhux, jut uincrtui-

etdhy tmd prdsdit stetd cn tmd eromedchcaloeh

rdsderom bcds ict ehhcw us tc tdst tmd essukp-tlci.

Rmdrd erd mlits cn blnndrdiods li stetus (cr

litdislty cn cooupetlci) jdtwddi sltds. _ckd

ncrts (hlfd Kelbdi Oesthd, Bcrsdt, Mekjhdbci

Mlhh, Bcrsdt, \erijury, Qlhts. eib Beidjury,

Meits.) erd wdhh bdndibdb wltm ockphdx ditrei-

ods6 ctmdrs (hlfd _t. Oetmerlid's Mlhh, Meits.,

Qlifhdjury, Meits. eib Rmd Rruibld, _ussdx)

mevd hdss sujsteitleh bdndiods eib ockperetlv-



5>> JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

dhy slkphd ditreiod dertmwcrfs. Qmdtmdr tmdsd

blnndrdiods erd tmd rdsuht cn stetus, buretlci cn

usd, cr hcoeh styhlstlo neotcrs lt ls blnnlouht tc sey

- blnndrdiods cn tmls flib erd hlfohy tc rdnhdot e

ockphdx cn verlejhds.

_ckd adidreh pettdrilia bcds dkdrad nrck

tmd wdehtm cn blsperetd bete. Lt ls, ncr dxekphd,

pcssljhd tc suaadst tmet tmd bdvdhcpdb ncrts cn

tmd Icrtm Bcwis eib tmd Icrtm Qdehb (_urrdy

eib Fdit) blb ict arcw cut cn dxlstlia mlhhncrts

jut wdrd julht li tmd ncurtm oditury cr hetdr ci

vlrali sltds - ei cjsdrvetlci wmlom wcuhb suaadst

tmet tmd scolc-pchltloeh systdk, rdprdsditdb jy

tmd bdvdhcpdb ncrts sprdeb hetd tc tmls rdalci

(Ouihlnnd 5<=:o, ncr bdtelhs cn liblvlbueh sltds).Hdss sujsteitleh libloetlcis mlit tmet e slklher

hetd dxtdislci nrck tmd Qdssdx erde key mevd

hdb tc tmd ocistruotlci cn keiy cn tmd ncrts cn

Bovci dest cn tmd rlvdr Dxd. Rmd dvlbdiod ls

mcwdvdr spersd.

Rmd sltuetlci li tmd Octswchbs ls dvdi hdss

ohder, li spltd cn tmd herad iukjdr cn survlvlia

sltds, jut alvdi tmet tmdrd wdrd keiy ncrts li

tmd erde li tmd pdrlcb jdncrd 200 JO eib tmet

sckd (d.a. Jrdbci Mlhh, Qcrodstdrsmlrd eib

Zelisjcrcuam, Icrtmeits.) ocitliudb tc jdusdb eib rdnurjlsmdb entdr o. 200 JO, lt ls nelr

tc essukd tmet tmd Octswchbs, hlfd Qdssdx, wdrd

pert cn tmd ocrd erde wltmli wmlom mlhhncrt bdvdh-

cpkdit wes ocitliucus cvdr e hcia pdrlcb.

Kcrdcvdr, e iukjdr cn Octswchb ncrts, kcsthy

uidxoevetdb, dxmljlt pmysloeh omereotdrlstlos

ohcsdhy slklher tc tmd bdvdhcpdb mlhhncrts cn Qds

sdx. Rmd sekd adidrehlzetlci eppders ehsc tc jd

trud ncr tmd Qdhsm jcrbdrheib jut wmlhd ock

phdx sdqudiods mevd jddi bdkcistretdb (d.a.

et Klbsukkdr Mlhh eib Orcnt Ekjrdy), betlia

dvlbdiod ls et prdsdit lkprdolsd.

Li sukkery wd erd suaadstlia tmet mlhhncrt

bdvdhcpkoit oei jd blvlbdb litc tmrdd jrceb

pmesds (nla. ?)7

e. h()0()->0()7 Derhy mlhhncrts wlbdsprdeb jut ict

bdisdhy peofdb.

j. >00-2007 Mlhhncrt cooupetlci eib julhblia

ocitliuds spcrebloehhy jut li Qdssdx mlhhncrt

julhblia litdislnlds eib ncrts jdockd bdisdhy

peofdb.

o. 200-5007 Rmd dkdradiod cn bdvdhcpdb mlhh

ncrts sdrvlia es oditreh pheods li wdhh bdnlidb

tdrrltcrlds, ocvdrlia e jrceb erd ncrk _ussdx

tmrcuam Qdssdx eib tmd Octswchbs tc tmd Qdhsm

jcrbdrheib. Li Qdssdx ocitliucus bdvdhcpkdit

nrck derhldr sltds oei jd bdkcistretdb jut tc

tmd dest li tmd Icrtm Bcwis rdalci, eib, hdss

odrtelihy, tc tmd wdst li Dest Bdvci, tmdrd ls

sckd prcjejlhlty tmet kcst bdvdhcpdb ncrts wdrd

idwhy ncuibdb. Rmd ieturd cn ocitliulty li tmd

Octswchbs eib Qdhsm jcrbdrheib ls hdss desy tc

bdnlid. Ln wd oei rdaerb bdvdhcpdb mlhhncrts esrdprdsditlia e scolc-pchltloeh systdk, lt ls rdesci-

ejhd tc suaadst tmet jy tmd tmlrb oditury JO tmd

wmcho cn tmd oditrd scutm nrck tmd Omeiidh

Ocest tc Icrtm Qehds wes pert cn e sliahd zcid.

Qd mevd suaadstdb ejcvd tmet tmd sltuetlci li

Qdssdx jdncrd o. 200 JO wes cid li wmlom

liordeslia strdss hdb tc tmd bdvdhcpkdit cn e

iukjdr cn strciahy bdndibdb omldnbcks jcuib

tcadtmdr wltmli e jrceb trljeh ocinlauretlci.

Qmet tmdi, li scoleh eib docickld tdrks, bcdstmd idw pettdri cn heradr tdrrltcrlds bcklietdb

jy sliahd strciahy bdndibdb mlhhncrts lkphy3 Et

cid hdvdh lt kust kdei e ocehdsodiod uibdr kcrd

pcwdrnuh hdebdrs jut lt ocuhb ehsc, li pert, rdnhdot

e ardetdr bdardd cn docickld oditrehlzetlci, tmd

ncrts icw prcvlblia jctm e kdeis ncr ertlouh-

etlia dxomeiad eib e scurod cn keiuneoturdb

accbs. Lt ls odrtelihy trud tmet tmd reiad eib

iukjdr cn tcchs, wdepcis eib criekdits bre-

ketloehhy liordesds entdr tmd ncurtm/tmlrb oditury

eib lt ls tdkptlia tc sdo li tmd ardet rlsd li tmd

iukjdr cn smddp, eib tmd herad queitlty cn ertd-neots rdhetlia tc tmd keiuneoturd cn wcchhdi

nejrlos, sckd suaadstlci tmet li Qdssdx, et hdest,

tmdrd key mevd jddi tmd spdolehlzdb prcbuotlci

cn wcchhdi nejrlo, prdsukejhy ncr tmd purpcsd

cn dxomeiad.

Eictmdr neotcr wmlom oeiict jd laicrdb ls

tmd ocislbdrejhd klhltery strdiatm cn tmd bdvdh

cpdb ncrts. Ockphdx ditreiod ncrtlnloetlcis eib

tmd prdsdiod cn queitltlds cn shlia stcids (d.a.



_CTRMD ZI JZLRELI LI RMD LZCI EA D 5>1

Qdssdx ocrd>00-200 JO

Mlhh ncrt bcklietlci200-500 JO

/ / [ Dxtdislci ?00-500 3JO

Nla. ?. Rmd bdvdhcpkdit cn tmd mlhhncrt-bcklietdb zcid.



5>= JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

et Kelbdi Oesthd eib Beidjury) erd e rdklibdr

cn tmd iodb ncr bdndiod, wmlhd dvlboiod cn pdrlc-

blo jurilias, tcadtmdr wltm kutlhetdb mukei

rdkelis nrck e iukjdr cn ncrts, mevds hltthdbcujt tmet etteofs wdrd ict linrdqudit. Rmd

bdvdhcpdb mlhhncrts kust, tmdi, rdnhdot tmd

liordeslia strdss uibdr wmlom scoldty wes icw

ocklia. Rmet wernerd wes dibdklo ls e strcia

prcjejlhlty.

Cid ictejhd ndeturd cn tmd mlhhncrt-bcklietdb

zcid ls tmd jrceb slklherlhy tmrcuamcut cn styhdscn ocistruotlci, ketdrleh ouhturd eib docicky.

Jut odrteli rdalcieh verletlcis erd epperdit. Li

tmd ncrk cn mlhhncrt ditreiods, ncr dxekphd, lt

ls pcssljho tc blstliaulsm twc hcoehlzdb kdtmcbscn ocistruotlia ditreiod mcriwcrfs, cid ddi-trdb ci Mekpsmlrd, tmd ctmdr ci Bcrsdt, wmlhd

rdodssdb auerb omekjors erd e rdourrlia ndeturd

li tmd Qdhsm jcrbdrheib eib tmd Guresslo rlbad.

Jut dvdi kcrd ictlodejhd erd blnndrdit rdalcieh

styhds cn pcttdry bddcretlci. Rmd prliolpeh blvl-slcis erd smcwi ci nla. 2. _peod bcds ict pdrklt

e botelhdb blsousslci cn tmdk (jut sdd Ouihlnnd

5<1=e, 24-=). _unnlod lt tc sey tmet tmd pcttdry

styhds cn tmd mlhhncrt-bcklietdb zcid blnndrdb

slailnloeithy nrck tmcsd cn tmd dest cn Diaheib.

Qltmli tmd zcid ncur jrceb oetdacrlds oei jdroocailzdb, deom cn wmlom sddks tc mevd crlali-

etdb li tmd ncurtm ooitury JO eib meb, jy tmd

sddcib oditury, bdvdhcpdb mlamhy blstliotlvd

bdocretlvo kctlns. Kcrdcvdr tmd nlrkidss cn tmd

jcuiberlds jdtwddi tmd styhds suaadsts tmet tmdykey rdprdsdit blstliot trljeh arcuplias, tmd

bddcretlci jdlia e ocisolcus bdkcistretlci cn

tmd dtmilolty cn deom arcup. Rmd vehlblty cn tmls

essdrtlci ls ocislbdrejhy strdiatmdidb wmdi tmd

styhd zcids cn tmd tmlrb/sdocib oditury JO erd

ockperob wltm tmd ficwi trljeh jcuiberldsderhy li tmd nlrst oditury EB lkkdbletdhy prlcr

tc tmd Zckei liveslci cn EB 2?7 tmd seuodpei

pct styhds (arcup 4 ci nla. 4) ocrrdspcib prdols-

dhy wltm tmd tdrrltcry cn tmd Etrdjetds, tmd Bcr

sdt styhds (arcup :) kerflia tmd tdrrltcry cn tmdBurctrlads. Rmd bdocretdb "Ahestcijury

werds" cn arcup 5 ocrrdspcib wltm tmd destdri-

kcst pert cn tmd Bukicill wmlhd tmd bdocretdb

"Ahestcijury werds" cn arcup ? rdprdsdit

dxeothy tmd tdrrltcry cn tmd scutmdri Bcjuiil

wmcerd, li tmd nlrst oditury EB, iuklsketloehhy

blstliot nrck tmd icrtmYri pert cn tmd trljd. Rmd

blstrljutlci cn Qdst Klbheibs styhds (arcup 2)

ls e ohcsd nlt tc tmd icrtmdri Bcjuiil. Rmus,tmd trljeh arcuplias, ficwi mlstcrloehhy eib

iuklsketloehhy li tmd nlrst oditury EB, erd

ehrdeby rdocailzejhd es dtmilo ditltlds li odre-

klo styhds aclia jeof tc tmd tmlrb oditury JO

cr dvdi derhldr. Qd key tmdrdncrd eraud tmettmd odreklo blnndrdiods cn tmls derhy pdrlcb erd

hlfdhy tc rdnhdot dtmilo arcups, wmc rdocailzob

tmdksdhvds tc jd blnndrdit nrck tmdlr idlamjcurs

eib bdkcistretdb tmdsd blnndrdiods li verlcus

weys, cid cn wmlom, pcttdry bddcretlci, lsrdeblhy rdocailzejhd li cur vory bdndotlvderomedchcaloeh rdocrb.

Rmd seuodpei pct essdkjhead cn arcup 4

cnndrs tmd pcssljlhlty cn e nurtmdr rdnliokdit.

Qltmli tmd cvdrehh zcid lt ls pcssljhd tc bdnlid

odrteli styhd prdndrdiods wmlom mevd blstliotlvd

blstrljutlcis. Rmrdd cn tmdsd, Arcups 4J, O eib

B, mevd cvdrhepplia blstrljutlcis wmlom suaadst

tmet ic strlot scoleh jcuiberlds dxlstdb jut tmd

ncurtm, arcup 4E, eppders tc ncrk e tlamt pet-

tdri mevlia smerp jcuiberlds wltm ehh lts idlam

jcurs. Rmd lkphldetlci wcuhb sddk tc jd tmet

mdrd hey e blstliot sdpt cn tmd heradr trljd. Rmdsuaadstlci ls, cn ocursd, mlamhy spdouhetlvd jut

tmd neot tmet lt ls prdolsdhy tmls rdalci tmet ncrkdb

tmd ocrd cn e tdrrltcry, bdnlidbjy lts cwi pcttdry

trebltlcis eib tmd replb arcwtm li tmd iukjdr

cn mlhhncrts li tmd prdodblia pdrlcb (slxtm-nlntmoditurlds), ebbs suppcrt tc tmd vldw tmet tmd

iuohder Qdssdx tdrrltcry key mevd rdtelidb lts

lbditlty nrck tmd slxtm oditury. _lailnloeithy,

pdrmeps, tmls sekd erde rdkelis e blstliot

iuklsketlo eickehy dvdi litc tmd derhy nlrstoditury EB.

Li sukkery wd key sey tmet tmd ploturd wmlom

ls jdaliilia tc dkdrad cn tmls pdrlcb suaadsts

tmet e iukjdr cn blstliot omldnbcks dxlstdb,

rdprdsditdb jy bdvdhcpdb mlhhncrts. Rmdsd wdrd

dvdihy sprdeb tmrcuamcut oditreh scutmdri Jrlt-

eli jut oei jd arcupdb li heradr ditltlds, rdprd-sditlia trljeh blvlslcis, wmlom ocitliudb tc jd

kelitelidb up tc tmd tlkd cn tmd Zckei live-



_CTRMD ZI JZLRELI LI RMD LZCI E AD 5><

Nla. 2. Zdalcieh pct tdry styhds wltmli tmd mlhhncrt-bcklietdbzcid7

5. Ahestcijury werds cn Dest Bdvci6

:. Kelbdi Oesthd-Kerimuhh styhds cn Bcrsdt6

?. Ahestcijury werds cn _ckdrsdt6

2. Kehvdrilei pcttdry cn tmd Qdst Klbheibs6

4. _euodpei pct styhds.



510 JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

slci. _ckd cn tmdsd trljds cr sdpts key wdhh

mevd crlalietdb es scolehhy blstliot arcups li e

kuom derhldr pdrlcb.

Nliehhy, sckdtmlia kust jd selb cn sdtthdkditslcwdr li tmd mloreromy tmei mlhhncrts. Li Qdssdx

keiy erd ficwi eib sckd mevd jddi dxoevet-

db. E rdourrlia ndeturd ls tmet tmdy cntdi cooupy

sltds wmlom meb ehrdeby jddi sdttldb eib. li

dnndot, erd kdrdhy e ocitliuetlci cn tmd dxlstlia

sdtthdkdit pettdri (d.a. Hltthd Qccbjury, Aus-

sead Ehh _elits eib Chb Bcwi Nerk) rdprdsdi-

tlia uilts cn oxtdibdb neklhy slzd. E idw typd

cn sdtthdkdit ehsc eppders li tmd tmlrb cr sdocib

oditury. Ficwi es jeigc diohcsurds, tmdsd erd

skehhdr sdttlokdits (d. 5 me) bonlidb jy bltomdswmlom ehsc bdhlklt e hcia ditreiod epprceom. Lt

ls pcssljho tmet tmdy wdro coouplob jy skehhdr

neklhy uilts cn linorlcr stetus jut uitlh sdvdreh

mevd jddi ebdquetdhy dxoevetdb nurtmor spoou-

hetlci ls uiwlso. _dtthdkdits wdrd pertlouherhy

boisohy peofob li Qdssdx eib li sckd erdes

sook tc mevd jddi es ohcsd es 5 fk cid nrck

eictmdr.

Dhsdwmdrd li tmd oditrd scutm vdry hltthd ls

ficwi cn sdtthdkdit ncrk eib hcoetlci jut

bdtelhdb nldhb-wcrf li tmd Tppdr _dvdri vehhdy

(_puradci 5<1:) suaadsts tmet, mdrd tcc, skehh

diohcsdb mckdstdebs wdrd bdisdhy peofdb litc

tmd ociadileh perts cn tmd heibsoepd, wmlld tmd

rdodit dxoevetlcis et Jdofncrb, Qcros. wlhh

uibcujtdbhy ebb slailnloeithy tc cur ficwhdbad

cn tmd sdtthdkdit cn tmd Hcwdr _dvdri vehhdy.

Rmd destdri zcid7 200-500 JO

Rmd destdri zcid cn Jrlteli oei jdst jd bdnlidb

es tmd erde brelidb jy rlvdrs nhcwlia litc tmdscutmori pert cn tmd Icrtm _de (nla. 4). hts ouh-

tureh litdarlty oei jd aeuaob nrck pcttdry blstrl-

jutlcis. Rmd derhldst wdhh-bdnlidb typd, tmd soc-

rdb werds cn tmd Jrdbci-Eioestdr styhd betlia

rcuamhy tc tmd nlntm tc sdocib oditurlos, hlds

wmchhy wltmli tmd erde icrtm cn tmd Rmekds

(Ouihlnnd 5<1=e, nla. ?.4) wmlho tmd hetdr bdocret-

db jcwh eib ger styhds ocvdr tmd sekd rdalcis

jut dxtdib tmd wdstdri eib scutmdri hlklts {ljlb,

nla. ?.=). Rmd ditlrd odreklo trebltlci cn tmls

destdri zcid, nrck tmd nlntm oditury, ls li ker-

fdb ocitrest tc tmet cn tmd oditrd scutm. Rmd

nurtmdr slailnloeiod cn tmd bdocretdb arcups wlhhjd rdturidb tc jdhcw.

Rmd destdri zcid meb hltthd adckcrpmchcaloeh

uilncrklty jut ls blvlbdb litc e iukjdr cn

klorc-rdalcis, tmd prliolpeh jdlia (nrck scutm

tc icrtm) tmd Icrtm Bcwis, tmd Hcwdr Rmekds

vehhdy, tmd Omlhtdris, tmd Tppdr Rmekds vehhdy

eib Cusd vehhdy, tmd Icrtmekptcismlrd

Tpheibs, eib tmd Rrdit-Qltmek zcid. _trlothy,

tmdi, wd erd bdehlia wltm tmrdd rlbads cn mlhhs,

deom wltm kegcr eioldit treofweys ruiilia

ehcia tmdk, sdperetdb jy kegcr ockphdxds cnrlvdr vehhdys.

Rmd kcst strlflia espdot cn tmd sdtthdkdit

eromedchcay cn tmls zcid ls tmd peuolty cn mlhh

ncrts li ockperlsci wltm tmd oditrd scutm. Nla.

: smcws tmet tmdrd erd sckd jut rdodit wcrf

suaadsts tmet e iukjdr cn tmcsd li Dest Eiahle

smcuhb icw jd bdhdtdb sliod tmdy erd hlfdly tc

pcst-betd tmd Lrci Ead, wmlhd tmd kegcrlty cn

tmcsd rdkelilia vdry prcjejhy prd-betd o.

200 JO. Li ctmdr wcrbs li tmd pdrlcb nrck 200-

500, wmdi tmd oditrd scutm wes bdvdhcplia litc

e mlhhncrt-bcklietdb heibsoepd, tmd destdri zcid

wes ehkcst bdvclb cn ncrts. Rmd adidrehlzetlci

kust mcwdvdr jd quehlnldb. Qd mevd ehrdeby

suaadstdb ejcvd tmet tmdrd wes ei dxtdislci cn

bdvdhcpdb mlhhncrts ehcia tmd Icrtm Bcwis es

ner es tmd rlvdr Kdbwey li ei erde wmdrd prd-

vlcushy tmdrd wdrd ndw ncrts. Rmls rdalci ls

tmdrdncrd jdst ocislbdrdb tc jd cid tmet pessdb

nrck tmd destdri zcid tc tmd mlhhncrt-bcklietdb

zcid sckdtlkd li cr ejcut tmd tmlrb oditury.

Lschetdb mlhhncrts erd ehsc ncuib ehcia tmd

Omlhtdri rlbad jut betlia dvlbdiod ls liebdquetd. Zevdisjuram Oesthd, Mdrts. eib Qlhjury,

Mdrts., wmlom key jd typloeh cn tmd rdalci, sddk

tc mevd jddi cooupldb li tmd nlntm-ncurtm oditury

jut tmdrd ls hltthd dvlbdiod cn hetdr usd uitlh tmd

nlrst oditury JO-nlrst oditury EB. Cihy et

Qeibhdjury, Oekjs. ls dvlbdiod cn eotlvd coou-

petlci li tmd pdrlcb 200-500 rdesciejhy ocivli-

olia. Rmd cvdrehh lkprdsslci alvdi ls tmet tmd

kegcrlty cn tmd Omlhtdri mlhhncrts wdro cut cn



_CTRMDZI JZLRELI LI RMD LZCI EAD 515

Nla. 4. Rmd Destdri zcid.



51: JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

usd jy o. 200 eib, wltm rerd dxodptlcis, wdrd

ict rdcooupldb uitlh tmd oditury cr sc jdncrd

tmd Zckei ociqudst. Rmd sltuetlci ls ohcsdhy

slklher tc tmet li Icrtmdri Nreiod, Jdhaluk eibHuxdkjcura (p. 51>).

Rmd Icrtmekptcismlrd Tpheibs erd ictejhy

bdvclb cn mlhhncrts jut Muisjury wes rdnurjls-

mdb eib ocitliudb tc jd cooupldb litc tmd

sdocib cr nlrst oditury JO. Lt ls jdst rdaerbdb

es ei destdri cuthldr cn tmd Octswchb mlhhncrt-

bcklietdb zcid.

Ln, tmdi, wd eoodpt tmet tmd mlhhncrt-bcklietdb

zcid cn tmd oditrd scutm rdprdsdits e blstliotlvd

scolc-pchltloeh craeilzetlci wd kust suppcsd

tmet tmd scoleh, docickld eib pchltloeh systdkscn tmd destdri zcid wdrd cn e vdry blnndrdit

flib. Tincrtuietdhy dvlbdiod wmlom key ehhcw

us tc dxeklid tmdsd prcjhdks nurtmdr ls blnnlouht

tc nlib. Rmd lkprdsslci alvdi jy tmd Crbieiod

_urvdy kep cn Lrci Ead Jrlteli (pujhlsmdb

5<>:), tmet kuom cn tmd destdri erde wes spers-

dhy sdtthdb, ls qultd wrcia es rdodit survdys li

Icrtmekptcismlrd, Jdbncrbsmlrd eib Dssdx

mevd smcwi. Libddb li sckd erdes cn Icrtmekp

tcismlrd sdtthdkdits wdrd es bdisdhy peofdb es

li Qdssdx eib wmlhd suom bdisltlds oeiict jd

dxpdotdb tc dxtdib cvdr ehh tmd verldb sclh typds

wd kust icw eoodpt tmet tmd rdalci suppcrtdb

e sujsteitleh pcpuhetlci.

E iukjdr cn sdtthdkdits mevd rdodithy jddi

dxtdislvdhy dxoevetdb li Icrtmekptcismlrd

(d.a. Rwywdhh, Qefdhdy, Ehbwlifhd, Jheof-

tmcri, Kcuhtci Perf eib Ndiaetd) tc ebb tc

tmd twc prdvlcushy dxoevetdb sltds cn Breuam-

tci, Icrtmeits., eib Ochstdrwcrtm, Hliochi-

smlrd. Li Dssdx tmd sltds cn Hltthd Qehtmek eib

Kuoflia erd jrcebdilia cur uibdrsteiblia cn

e mltmdrtc hltthd-ficwi rdalci, wmlhd li tmdTppdr Rmekds tmd wcrf cn tmd Cxncrb

Eromedchcaloeh Tilt mes ocioditretdb ci tmd

prcjhdks cn Lrci Ead rureh sdtthdkdit cn wmlom

twc lkpcrteit dxoevetlcis et Nerkccr eib Esm-

vlhhd, erd icw nuhhy pujhlsmdb, wmlhd ctmdrs, et

Merbwlof eib Oheybci Plfd (Ahcs.) erd bdsorl-

jdb li litdrlk rdpcrts. Rmls jrldn, eib vdry

liockphdtd hlst, alvds sckd lbde cn tmd reiad cn

bete wmlom mes jdockd evelhejhd li tmd hest tdi

yders.

Rwc adidrehlzetlcis key jd kebd7 tmd jeslo

sdtthdkdit ncrk sddks tc rdprdsdit tmd sliahd

neklhy cr dxtdibdb neklhy uilt, tmd jcuiberlds

nrdqudithy jdlia diohcsdb jy e bltom eib prd-sukejhy e jeif wltm e ndiod cr mdbad ci lt, jut

kuom heradr arcuplias cn mcusds eib ctmdr

bckdstlo struoturds erd ncuib (d.a. Rwywdhh,

Esmvlhhd, Oheybci Plfd eib Hltthd Qehtmek),

suaadstlia heradr eaahckdretlcis cn pcpuhetlci

cn vlhhead slzd. _liod ic sltd cn tmls flib mes ydt

jddi nuhhy dxoevetdb lt ls lkpcssljhd tc spdouhetd

ci pcpuhetlci slzd cr dvdi ci buretlci cn coou-

petlci jut tmd epperdit ocitrest tc tmd sltuetlci

li tmd oditrd scutm ls slailnloeit. Lt key jd tmet

tmdsd heradr eaahckdretlcis rdprdsdit sdtthdkdits wmlom oerrldb cut sckd cn tmd nuiotlcis

cn tmd mlhhncrt ockkuiltlds jut uitlh wd ficw

kcrd cn tmdk, cn tmdlr verldty eib cn tmdlr spetleh

rdhetlcismlps tc tmd mckdstdebs lt wcuhb jd

uiwlsd tc spdouhetd nurtmdr.

Qd mevd ehrdeby rdndrrdb tc tmd pcttdry cn

tmd destdri zcid es blnndrlia nrck tmet cn tmd

oditrd scutm. Cid pclit cn pertlouher ictd ls

tmet, wltm odrteli dxodptlcis, kcst cn tmd essdk

jheads heof blstliotlvd bdocretlci. Ln cid eoodpts

tmd vldw tmet mlamhy bdocretdb eib blstliotlvd

pcttdry arcups erd e rdnhdotlci cn tmd bdslrd cn

tmd ockkuilty tc dxprdss tmdlr dtmilolty, tmdi

tmet bdslrd wcuhb eppder tc jd hltthd ndlt ekcia

kuom cn tmd pcpuhetlci cn tmd destdri rdalci.

Rmd dxodptlcis erd, mcwdvdr, cn sckd litdrdst.

Ncur mlamhy bdocretdb arcups oei jd rdocailsdb

(Ouihlnnd 5<1=, nla. ?.=) (nla. >) , ehh cn wmlom hld

ohcsd tc tmd jcrbdr jdtwddi tmd destdri eib

oditrd scutm zcids. _uom e pettdri klamt wdhh

jd eitlolpetdb ci e jcrbdr zcid wmdrd ockku

iltlds wcuhb wlsm tc cnndr e stetdkdit cn tmdlr

litdrieh uilty eib tmdlr blnndrdiod nrck tmdlridlamjcurs. Qmlhd tmd dvlbdiod nlts wdhh wltm

tmd kcbdh, ctmdr dxpheietlcis smcuhb ict jd

cvdrhccfdb. Rmd Muisjury-Breuamtci styhd ncr

dxekphd ls blstrljutdb li tmd tdrrltcry cn tmd

Muisjury ncrt wmlom ocuhb jd rdaerbdb es ei

cuthldr cn tmd oditrd scutm zcid, wmlhd _teitci

Merocurt-Oessliatci styhd coouplds ei docick-

loehhy lkpcrteit rdalci wmdrd Octswchbs, Omlh-

tdris eib Qdssdx omehfheib ocivdrad ci tmd

Tppdr Rmekds vehhdy. _uom e nevcurdb erde key



_CTRM DZI J ZLRELI LI RMD LZCI EA D 51?

Dhejcretdhy bdocretdbpcttdry li DestdriDiaheib

Nla. >. Zdalcieh pcttdry styhds cn tmd Destdri zcid7

5. _hdencrb-Breacijy styhd6

:. Muisjllry-Breuamtci styhd6

?. _teitci Merocurt-Oessliatci styhd6

2. Kuoflia-Oreyncrb styhd.

(Ncr bdtelhs sdd Ouihlt ãd 5<1=e, nla. ?.=).



512 JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

wdhh mevd bdvdhcpdb e oditrehlzdb pchltloeh struo-

turd cn lts cwi. Et jdst tmd dxekphds smcw tmd

pctditleh ockphdxltlds cn e jcrbdr roalci eib

tmd blnnlouhty cn brewlia merb jcuiberlds ci

eromedchcaloeh blstrljutlci keps.

Rmd mrcebdr lkphloetlcis cn tmd destdri eib odi-

Lreh scutm zcids

Qo mevd sddi tmet li tmd pdrlcb o. 200-500 JO

lt ls pcssljho tc bdnlid twc erdes li tmd scutm cn

Jrlteli wmlom mevd kerfdbhy blnndrdit sdtthd-

koit pettoris, tmd cid bcklietdb jy mlhhncrts,

tmd ctmor kcsthy wltmcut mlhhncrts. Qd mevd ehscsmcwi tmet li tmd mlhhncrt-bcklietdb zcid, eib

ehcia lts jcrbdr, mlamhy blstliotlvo styhds cn pct-

tdry bdocretlci oei jd roocailzdb wmlom key

jd tmcuamt tc bdkcistretd e strcia dtmilo lbdi-

tlty li tmdsd eroes, li ocitrest tc kcst cn destdri

Diaheib wmoro pcttory eppders tc jd heradhy

uiblnndrditletdb styhlstloehhy. Rmdsd twc blsper

etd typds cn dvlboiod hdeb tc tmd sekd jrceb

ociohuslci - tmet tmd scoleh systdks cn tmd twc

zcids kust mevd jddi kerfdbhy blnndrdit. Nrck

tmd dvlboiod jrldthy cuthlidb wo key omereo-

tdrlzd tmdk tmus7

mevd ehrdeby suaadstdb tmls es e rdesci ncr tmd

bdvdhcpkdit cn tmd mlhhncrt-bcklietdb scoldty

cn tmd oditrd scutm eib tmd eraukdit klamt jd

dxtdibdb tc suaadst tmet tmd ocivdrsd, l.d. heof

cn pcpuhetlci prdssurd, key mevd ehhcwdb tmd

kcrd cpdi sdtthdkdits cn tmd dest tc mevd bdvdh

cpdb li ockperetlvd pdeod. Jdycib tmls pclit

tmd eraukdit jdockds dvdi kcrd spdouhetlvd,

jut ocitrchhdb spdouhetlci hdeblia tc tmd ncrke-

tlci cn tdstejhd mypctmdsds ls gustlnlejhd.

Ln pcpuhetlci prdssurd. oeusdb jy tmd pcpuhe

tlci hdvoh eib mchblia oepeolty cn tmd heib oci-

vdralia, ls e ncrketlvd linhudiod li tmd oditrd

scutm, li ocitrest tc tmd dest, tmoi lt kust jd

essukdb tmet cio cr kcrd cn tmd nchhcwlia neotcrs wes li cpdretlci7

e. tmd retd cn liordesd cn pcpuhetlci li tmd twc

zcids blnndrdb6

j. idw heib ncr surphus pcpuhetlci wes evelh-

ejhd li tmd dest jut ict li tmd oditrd scutm6

o. tdomichcaloeh liicvetlci li tmd dest hdb tc

ardetdr prcbuotlvlty6

b. tmd ardetdr blvdrslty eib quehlty cn sclh typd

li tmd dest ehhcwdb prcbuotlvlty tc jd keli-

telidb cr liordesdb6

d. omeiads li klorcohlketd ebvdrsdhy enndotobtmd oditrd scutm jut ict tmd dest.

Oditrd scutm - strcia omldnbcks jesdb ci mlhh

ncrts, craeilzdb litc heradr ocinobdreolds (sdpts

cr trljds) uslia blstliotlvo pcttory styhds es lisla-

ile. Rmd mlhhncrts pdrncrk oditreh pheod nuio-

tlcis. _coldty ls li e stetd cn strdss eib wernerd

ls dibdklo.

Destdri - heof cn ooitrehlzetlci li prcbuotlci

eib eutmcrlty dxodpt et lschetdb pclits eib citmd litdrneod wltm tmd oditrd scutm zcid. Ic

dvlboiod cn strdss cr wernerd.

Rmd blnndrdiods erd strlflia eib oehh ncr dxpheie-

tlci, jut suom ls tmd ieturd cn tmd eromedchcaloeh

dvlboiod tmet ic nlrk ociohuslcis oei ydt jd

roeomob. Cio hlid cn epprceom wcrtm oxphcrlia,

mcwovdr, ls tmet strdss oeusdb jy pcpuhetlci

arcwtm key mevd ocitliudb tc jd e neotcr. Qd

Li preotlod eiy cr ehh cn tmdsd neotcrs key mevd

meb e oeusetlvd dnndot hdeblia tc tmd scoleh bln-

ndrdiods ictdb. _lkphy hlstlia tmdk suaadsts

blrdotlcis ncr nurtmdr bdtelhdb rdsderom.

Cid cjsdrvetlci cn pctditleh rdhdveiod oei

jd kebd ci prdsdit dvlboiod. Li tmd Qdssdx

erde tmd iukjdr cn smddp liordesdb breketloehhy

tmrcuamcut tmd Lrci Ead. Rmd usueh dxpheietlci

ls tmet nhcofs wdrd bdvdhcpdb tc prcvlbd nccb

es tmd wccbheib divlrcikdit sultejho ncr oetthdeib plas wes prcardsslvdhy out bcwi (Oherf

5<21). Jut eictmor dxpheietlci key jd tmet tmd

vest nhcofs cn smddp wdrd rdqulrdb tc prcvlbd

keiurd tc keliteli tmd nortlhlty cn erejlo nldhbs.

Rc ebb e byieklo tc tmd oquetlci, es tmd ietureh

nortlhlty cn tmd tmli omehf sclhs bdohlidb eib kcrd

cn tmd mlam bcwi wes jrcfdi tc dxtdib tmd er

ejlo sc smddp wcuhb mevd jddi rdqulrdb li li-

ordeslia iukjdrs. E jyprcbuot cn tmls bdvdhcp-




MLHH NCZR_

Nla. 1. Mlhhtcrts li icrtm wdstdri Durcpd. Entdr C_ kep cn Lrci Ead Jrlteli6 Kerldi 5<156 Hdkei-Bdhdrlvd 5<=06 Arenn

5<>?7 Qmddhdr eib Zlomerbsci 5<4<6 Gcrr eib 5<1>6 _omlibhdr eib Fcom 5<116 Hdkei-Bdhdrlvd eib Hdnreio 5<=0.

kdit wes wcch eib sliod tmdrd ls ekphd dvlbdiod

ncr dxtdislvd spliilia eib wdevlia ci kcst sdtt-

hdkdits li oditreh scutmdri Jrlteli lt ls ohdertmet wcch wes jdlia dxphcltdb ci e herad soehd.

Qcchhdi aerkdits wdrd ei ltdk wmlom ocuhb

deslhy jd dxomeiadb. Rmls slkphd omeli cn cjsdr-

vetlci, jcrid cut jy eromedchcaloel dvlbdiod,

hlifs liordeslia iddb ncr areli tc tmd rlsd li

iukjdr cn smddp eib tmd pctditleh usd cn tmd

jyprcbuot. wcch, es ei ltdk cn dxomeiad. Ic

bcujt lt jdllds tmd trud ockphdxlty cn tmd sltue-

tlci eib cn tmd blnndrdit rdalcieh stretdalds tmet

kust mevd jddi bdvdhcpdb, jut lt smcws mcw

tmd tmdcrdtloe! prcjldks relsdb ejcvd oei jd

jrcuamt ohcsdr tc tmd rdellty cn tmd eromedchcaloel bete. Lt ls rdessurlia tc jd ejld tc rdocrb

tmet e sdrlds cn rdsderom prcarekkds icw li

cpdretlci wlh! mevd kuom tc ocitrljutd tc tmdsd

qudstlcis.

Jrlteli eib tmd Ocitlidit

Lt ls ict tmd purpcsd cn tmd prdsdit pepdr tc



51> JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

dxphcrd tmd dvlbdiod nrck tmd ebgeodit perts cn

Ocitliditeh Durcpd li eiy bdtelh jut odrteli

adidrehlzetlcis oei jo kebd. Nla. 1 prdsdits e

arcss phei cn ehh mlhhncrts li Jrlteli, Jdhaluk

eib perts cn icrtmdri Nreiod eib Huxdkjcura,

struoturds wmlom wd ficw oei spei tmd wmchd

cn tmd nlrst klhhdiiluk. Ohderhy cid oeiict jesd

bdtelhdb eraukdits ci suom blsperetd bete jut

essuklia tmd survdys li deom ocuitry tc jd cn

epprcxlketdhy dqulvehdit tmcrcuamidss tmdi lt

ls ohoer tmet tmd mlhhncrt-bcklietdb zcid cn odi

treh _cutmdri Jrlteli ls qultd dxodptlcieh li tmd

bdislty cn ncrts rdocrbdb. Lt ls dquehhy ohder tmet

ei erd cn mlhhncrts dxtoibs tmrcuam Icrkeiby

tc tmd Kerid eib tmd Erbdiid, hdevlia e suj-steitleh pert cn Icrb eib Pes bd Oehels, Jdhaluk

eib h hchheib wltmcut bdndislvd struoturds cn tmls

flib.

Hltthd kcbdri dxoevetlci mes jddi uibdr-

tefoi li tmd ncrts cn tmls pert cn icrtm wdstdri

Durcpd eib tmet wmlom mes jddi bcid ocislsts,

ehkcst wltmcut dxodptlci, cn trleh trdiomlia

tmrcuam tmd rekperts eib bltomds. Qcrf cn tmls

flib, wmlhd uibcujtobhy usdnuh mes hlkltetlcis

wmdi ocislbdrlia buretlci eib litdislty cn

cooupetlci. Mcwdvdr tmd adidreh ploturd tcdkdrad mes e bdardo cn ocislstdioy. Keiy cn

tmd sltds oei jd smcwi tc mevd jddi cooupldb

li tmd pdrlcb epprcxlketdhy h()()()-2()() JO (d.a.

_elit Pldrrd-di-Omestrds, eib Ncrt Merrcuerb,

li Nreiod eib Dtehhd, _ehk-Ometdeu, Revlaiy-

Ehmcukcit, Juzdich, Fdkkdhjdra, eib Mestd-

bci, li Jdhaluk), sckd {d.a. _elit Pldrrd-di-

Omestrds, Ncrt Merrcuerb, Revlaiy-Ehmcukcit

eib pcssljhy Mestobci) word rdcooupldb eaeli

li tmd klbbhd cn tmd nlrst oditury JO et wmlom

tlkd e iukjdr cn ctmdr ncrts wdrd julht ci vlrali

sltds (d.a. Buohelr, Arcs Orci (Jdhhdncitelid)eib Omdreli-Jrlsy). Rmd sltd hlsts erd ner nrck

ockphdtd jut ociteli tmd ncrts ncr wmlom scuib

bete ls evelhejhd. Rmd lkphloetlci wcuhb sddk

tc jd tmet dvlbdiod ncr mlhhncrt cooupetlci

jdtwddi 200 eib 500 JO ls heoflia, cr et hdest

rerd, li tmls rdalci.

Rmoro erd, cn ocursd, beiadrs li jeslia tcc

kuom ci tmd dvlbdiod cn e ndw rekpert sdotlcis

(eib nutmdr dest li Huxdkjcura et jctm Ctzdi-

meusdi eib Ehtjura cooupetlci ocitliudb litc

cr jdaei li tmls klbbhd pdrlcb) jut es e jrceb

adidremzetlci lt ls nelr tc sey tmet tmd dest cn

Diaheib, icrtmdri Nreiod eib Jdhaluk sddk

tc mevd smerdb e slklher sdtthdkdit pettdri mls-

tcry wmlom sew mlhhncrts li usd li tmd nlrst mehn

cn tmd nlrst klhhdiiluk JO, up tc tmd jdaliilia

cn tmd derhy He Ríid pdrlcb, nchlcwdb jy e

pdrlcb cn ejeibcikdit, wltm e spetd cn ncrt

julhblia eaeli li tmd trcujhdb tlkds cn tmd nlrst

oditury JO. Rmd ocitrest cn tmls pettdri tc tmet

cn oditreh scutmdri Jrlteli ls breketlo eib

sdrvds nurtmdr tc dkpmeslzd tmd ejdrreit ieturd

cn tmd scolc-pchltloeh systdk cn tmls mlhhncrt-

bcklietdb zcid.

Rmd nlrst oditury JO7 ei dplhcaud

_ckd tlkd ejcut 500 JO Jrlteli's ociteots wltm

Ocitliditeh Durcpd wdrd livlacretdb. E wdst

dri trebd exls bdvdhcpdb, hliflia tmd oditrd

scutm cn Jrlteli wltm Etheitlo sde rcutds eib

uhtlketdhy, vle tmd Aerciio eib tmd Oeroesciid

Aep, tc tmd Zckeilzdb Kdbltdrreidei (Oui-

hlnnd 5<=:e), wmlhd hlifs jdtwddi tmd Jdhaed cntmd _ckkd vehhdy eib tmd ockkuiltlds cn tmd

Rmekds vehhdy bdvdhcpdb ei litdislty wmlom

suppcrts Oedser's essdrtlci tmet Jdhalo sdtthors

klaretdb tc Jrlteli, ei dvdit wmlom hdb tc tmd

perehhdh ouhtureh bdvdhcpkdit cn tmd twc erdes

jctm jdncrd eib en tdr Oedser' s liveslci. E

bdoebd cn turkclh, ordetdb jy Oedser's prdsdiod

li Aeuh, scci aevd wey tc e pdrlcb cn ilidty

yders burlia wmlom tmd idw Zckei prcvliod

trebdb dxtdislvdhy wltm tmd dest cn Jrlteli ouhkl-

ietlia li tmd ordetlci cn e roauher trebd idtwcrf

dxtdiblia ehcia tmd Zmlid nrcitlor zcid tc rdeomtmd trljds cooupylia tmd rdalcis cn Dssdx eib

Mdrtncrbsmlrd (Pertr lbad 5<=5, ?45-?4:).

Rmd dvdits eib lkphloetlcis cn tmls pdrlcb cn

docickld rdvchutlci oeiict jd ocislbdrdb mdrd

li eiy bdtelh jut sliod tmdy sdrvd tc jrlia tc ei

dib tmd chb crbdr wmlom wd mevd jddi blsous-

slia, tmd lkkdbletd dnndots smcuhb jd kditlcidb

jy wey cn ei dplhcaud.

Rwc kegcr omeiads oei jd rdocailzdb li tmd




sdtthdkdit pettdri cn scutmdri Jrlteli. Nlrst,

tmdrd bdvdhcpdb li tmd destdri zcid, dxtdiblia

tc ebgeooit perts cn tmd oditrd scutm, herao ncr-

tlnlob oiolcsurds cr diohcsdb cpplbe hcoetdb et

slailnloeit rcutd icbds dspdolehhy wmdrd kegcr

heib rcutds orcss rlvdrs. _ckd key jd esscoletdb

wltm cr ropheodb jy herad cpdi sdtthdkdits.

Rmdsd cpplbe kust ronhdot e rdcraeilzetlci cn

dxlstlia docickld systdks tc neolhltetd litdis-

lnldb hcia blsteiod trebd (Ouihlnnd 5<1>e). Rmdlr

eppdereiod eoocrbs wdhh wltm wmet klamt jd

dxpdotob cn tmd dnndots cn tmd prcxlklty cn tmdZckei docickld systdk. _docib, tmd kegcrlty

cn tmd strciahy bdndibdb mlhhncrts cn tmd oditrd

scutm sddk tc mevd jddi ejeibcidb et ejcuttmd sekd tlkd. _ckd key mevd ocitliudb es

rdhlalcus ooitrds {d.a. Beidjury), cr es nerks

cr key mevd jddi rdncrtlnldb hetdr {d.a. _cutm

Oebjury eib Mcb Mlhh), jut tmd litdisd eib

bdisohy peofdb cooupetlci cn tmd sdocib odit-

ury JO oeko replbhy tc ei dib. Ci prdsdit

dvlboioo cihy et Kelboi Oestho bcds cooupetlci

sddk tc mevd jddi ocitliucus jut jy tmls tlkd

tmd ncrt key mevd jdaui tc essukd tmd nuiotlcis

cn tmd destdri cpplbe. Ehtmcuambetlia dvlboioo

ls idodsserlhy lkprdolsd, tmd dib cn tmd bdvdhcp

db mlhhncrts sddks tc mevd coourrdb wltmli tmd

pdrlcb 500-40 JO li Qdssdx eib prcjejhy ehsc

li tmd Octswchbs, jut mcw hcia entdrwerbs ncrts

ocitliudb li usd li tmd Qdhsm jcrbdrheib oeiict

ydt jo essdssdb.

Rmd replb dib cn mlhhncrts li tmd scutm kust

kerf tmd ochhepsd cn tmd scoleh systdk wmlom

suppcrtob tmok. Rmd slkphdst wey tc dxpheli

tmls ls tc suppcso tmet tmd docickld rdcraeilze

tlci, wmlom oekd ejcut arebuehhy es tmd rdsuht

cn tmd liordeslia prcxlklty cn tmd Zckei wcrhb

jdt wddi o. 500 JO eib EB 2?, blshcoetdb tmdJrltlsm scolc-pchltloeh systdks tc suom ei dxtdit

tmet tmcsd tmet wdrd uistejhd slkphy ochhepsdb.

Ln wd erd ocrrdot li eraulia tmet tmd mlhhncrt-

bcklietob heibsoepd rdprdsditdb scoldty tmet

wes uibor liordeslia strdss, tmdi lts blslitdare-

tlci et tmls tlkd ls cihy tc jd dxpdotob.

Mcw ockkuiltlos roebgustob oocickloehhy tc

tmd omeiaob ocibltlcis eib wmet flib cn pchlt-

loeh systdks ovchvdb erd qudstlcis ourrdithy

uibdr livdstlaetlci jut tmd bete jesd ls cn rde-

sciejhd quehlty eib mchbs cut mcpd tmet slailnl

oeit ebveiods li ficwhobad key jd etteliejhd.

_ltds quctdb wltm prliolpeh rdndrdiods

Jrlteli

Ehbwlifho, Icrtmeits,

Esmvlhhd, Cxci,

Jdofncrb, Qcros.,

Jheoftmcri,

Icrtmeits.,

Jhowjurtci, Jorfs.,

Jrdbci Mlhh, Qcros.,Oebjury Oesthd,

_ckdrsdt,

Oheybci Plfo, Ahcs.,

Ochstdrwcrtm, Hlids.,Ordbdimlhh, Mdron.,

Orlofhoy Mlhh, Ahcs.,

Orcnt Ekjroy, Mdron.,

Beidjury, Meits.,

Breuamtci,

Icrtmeits.,Nerkccr, Cxci,

Ndiaetd, Icrtmeits.,

Aussead Ehh _elits,

Bcrsdt,

MekjhdbciMlhh.

Bcrsdt,Merbwlof, Cxci,

Mcb Mlhh, Bcrsdt,

Muisjury, Icrtmeits.,Hoofmekptci. Ahcs.,

Hltthd Qehtmek, Dssdx,

Hltthd Qccbjury,

Qlhts.,

Kelboi Oesthd, Bcrsdt

Kdci Mlhh, Meits.,

Klbsukkdr Mlhh,

Mdrdn.,

Geofsci 5<11

Perrliatci 5<1=

Jrltidhh 5<14

Qlhhleks 5<12

Merblia 5<1>

Mdifdi 5<?]

Ehocof 5<1:, 5<=0

Klhds 5<=0

Arlkds 5<>5_teincrbh<15

Blxci5<1>

_teincrb 5<12

Ouihlnnd 5<15, 5<11,

5<=:j

Arlkds 5<>5Hekjrlofeib

Zcjlisci 5<1<

Prycr eib Oreistcid

5<1=

Qeliwrlamt 5<1<

ZOMK Bcrsdt hlh 5<10Ehhdi eib Zcjlisci

5<1<

Zlomkcib 5<>=

Ndlh 5<?1

Omekplci 5<1>

Brury5<1=

Jdrsu 5<20

, Qmddhdrh<2?

Hlbbdhh 5<??, 5<?4

_teincrb 5<=5



51= JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

Kcuhtci Perf,

Icrtmeits.,

Kuoflia, Dssdx.

Chb Bcwi Nerk,

Meits.,

Zelisjcrcuam,

Icrtmeits.,

Zevdisjuram Oesthd,

Mdrts.,

_t. Oetmerlid'sMlhh,

Meits.,

_mdijerrcw, Ahcs.,

Rcrjdrry, _ussox,Rruibhd, _ussdx,

Rwywdhh. Icrtmeits.,

Qefdhdy, Icrtmeits..

Qeibhojury, Oekjs.

Qlhjury, Mdrts.,

Qlifhojury, Meits.,

\erijury,Qlhts.,

Qlhhleks 5<12

Gcidsh<12

Bevldsh<=5

Evdry, _uttci eib

Jeifs 5<>=

Bydr 5<1>

Mewfds, Kyrds eib

_tdvdis 5<?0

Ndlh 5<>:

Ouihlnnd 5<1>jOurwdi 5<:<,5<?5

Geofsci 5<1?

Geofsci eib Ekjrcsd

5<1=

Merthdy 5<41

Eppohjeuk 5<456

Kcss-Doaerbt 5<>2

_kltm 5<116Zcjdrtsci-

Keofey 5<11

Ouiiliatci 5<??

Jdhalllk, Niliod eib Hltxdkjcltra

Ehmcukcit, Jdhaluk, Oemdi-Bdhmeyd 5<=5

Ehtjura, Huxdkjcura, _omhlibdr 5<11

Juzdich (Kciteujei),

Jdhaluk, Bd Hedt 5<15 (wltm

derhldrrondroioos)

Dtehho, Jdhaluk. Oemdi-Bdhmeyd eib

Aertle 5<=5

ArcsOrci, Jdhld-

ncitelid, Jdhaluk, Oemdi-Bdhmeyd 5<1<,

5<=0

Mestobci (_t. _orvels),

Jdhaluk, Bd Hedt 5<15 (wltm

derhldr rdndrdiods)

Fdkkdhjdra, Jdhaluk, êi Bccrsdheor 5<156êi Bccrsdledr dt eh

5<12

Bdmih<?1

Nreiod.Gcuvd5<11

Oemdi-Bdhmeyd 5<1>,

5<11

Ctzdimeusdi,

Huxdkjcura,

_elit Pldrrd-di-

Omestrds(Clsd),

_ehk-Ometdeu,

Jdhaluk,

JLJHLCAZEPM\

Ehocof, H. (5<1:), Jy _cutm Oebjury, ls tmet Oekdhct, Hcibci.

Ehocof, H. (5<=0), Rmd Oebjury Oesthd sdqudiod li tmd nlrst klhhdiiluk JO, Juhhdtli cn tmd Jcerb

cnOdhtlo _tublds ]]^LLL, p. >4>-15=.

Ehhdi, R. eib K. Zcjlisci (5<1<), Merbwlof wltm \dhncrb, Klialds Bltom, OJE Arcup < Idws-

hothdr<, p. 554-551.

Epphdjeuk, D._. (5<45), Dxoevetlcis et Qlhjury Mlhh, ei Lrci Ead mlhhncrt ider Hdtomwcrtm,

Mdrtncrbsmlrd 5<??, Erom. Gcurieh 50>. p. 5:-24.

Evdry, K., G.D.A. _uttci eib G.Q. Jeifs (5<>1), Zelisjcrcuam, Icrtmeits., Diaheib7 Dxoeve

tlcis 5<>5-4, Prco. Prdmlst. _co. ??, p. :01-?0>.

Jdrsu, A. (5<20), Dxoevetlcis et Hltthd Qccbjury, Qlhtsmlrd, Pert 5, Prco. Prdmlst. _co. >, p.

?0-555.

Jrltiohh, Q.G . (5<14), Ei litdrlk rdpcrt upci dxoevetlcis et Jdofncrb, 5<1:-2, êhd cn Dvdsmek

Mlstcrloeh _co. Zds. Pepdrs 4. p. 5-5:.

Oemdi-Bdhmeyd, E. (5<1>), _cibeads beis he ncrtlnloetlci bd _ehk-Ometdeu (^ldhsehk), Eromedc-

hcale Jdhaloe 5=>, p. 22-2=.

Oemdi-Bdhmeyd, E. (5<11), Tio betd reblcoerjcid bd he Ncrtlnloetlci bd _ehk-Ometdeu, Eromedc-

hcale Jdhaloe 5<>, p. 555.



_CTRMDZI JZLRELI LI RMD LZCI EAD 51<

Oemdi-Bdhmeyd, E. (5<1<), Uudhquds rdtreiomdkdits eux ocinlis bd Jdhhdncitelid. Hd rdnuad

prctcmlstcrlqud bu Arcs Orci e Jdhhdncitelid, Eromedchcale Jdhaloe :5?, p. >=-1>.

Oemdi-Bdhmeyd, E. (5<=0), Hd rdnuad bu Arcs Orci e Jdhhdncitelid, Eromedchcale Jdhaloe ::?,

p. 5.?:-5??.

Oemdi-Bdhmeyd, E. (5<=5), Hds Ncrtrdssds bd Read bu Ndr e Jrlsy dt Ehmcukcit, Eromedchcale

Jdhaloe :22.

Oemdi-Bdhmeyd, E. eib M. Aertle (5<=5), Ti ìpdrci jerrd bd odit mdoterds e Dtehhd, Eromedchcale

Jdhaloe :?=, p. 51-:5.

Omekplci, _.R. (5<1>), Hdofmekptci Mlhh, Ahcuodstdrsmlrd, 5<:4 eib 5<10, li7 B.Q. Merblia

(db.) (5<1>), p. 511- 5<5.

Oherf, .HA.B. (5<21), _mddp eib swlid li tmd musjeibry cn Prdmlstcrld Durcpd, Eitlqulty :5, p.

24-=4.

Ouihlnnd, J. (5<15). Beidjury, Mekpsmlrd7 nlrst litdrlk rdpcrt ci tmd dxoevetlci 5<><-10, Eitl-

querlds Gcurieh HH p. :20-:4:.

Ouihlnnd, J. (5<1>e), Rmd Crlalis cn Trjeilzetlci li Jrlteli li7 J. Ouihlnnd eib R. Zcwhdy (db.)Cpplbe7 tmd Jdaliilias cn Trmeilsetlci li Jermerlei Durcpd, Cxncrb, p. 5?4-5>5.

Ouihlnnd, J. (5<1>j), Lrci Ead _ltds li Oditreh _cutmdri Diaheib, Hcibdi.

Ouihlnnd, J. (5<11), Beidjury, Mekpsmlrd7 sdocib litdrlk rdpcrt ci tmd dxoevetlci 5<15-4,

Eitlquerlds Gcurieh H^H P- 5<=-:5>.

Ouihlnnd, J. (5<1=e), Lrci Ead Ockkuiltlds li Jrlteli (sdocib dbltlci), Hcibci.

Ouihlnnd, J., (5<1=j), _dtthdkdit eib pcpuletlci li tmd Jrltlsm Lrci Ead, sckd neots, nlaurds eib

neiteslds, li7 J. Ouihlnnd eibR. Zcwhdy (db.) . HcwheibLrci Ead Ockkuiltlds, Cxncrb, p. ?-:2.

Ouihlnnd, J. (5<=:e), Jrlteli, tmd ^didtl eib Jdycib, Cxncrb Gcurieh cn Eromedchcay 5 (5), p.

?<->=.

Ouihlnnd. J. (5<=:j), Beidjury, Mekpsmlrd7 tmlrb litdrlk rdpcrt ci tmd dxoevetlci 5<1>-5<=0,

Eitlquerlds Gcurieh

Ouihlnnd, J. (5<=:o), _coleh eib docickld bdvdhcpkdit li tmd prd-Zckei Lrci Ead, li7 P.D.

Hdeom (db.) Eromedchcay li Fdit tc EB 5400, p. 20-40.

Ouiiliatci, K.D. (5<??), Dxoevetlcis li \erijury Oesthd Oekp, 5<?:, Qlhts. Erom. Kea. 2>,

p. 5<=-:5?.

Ourwdi, D.O. (5<:<), Dxoevetlcis li tmd Rruibhd, Accbwccb, 5<:=, _ussdx Erom. Ochh. 10, p.

??-=4.

Ourwdi, D.O. (5<?5), Dxoevetlcis li tmd Rruibhd, _ussdx Erom. Ochh. 1:, p. 500-540.

Bevlds, _.K. (5<=5), Dxoevetlcis et Chb Bcwi Nerk, Eibcvdr. Pert LL Prdmlstcrld eib Zckei,

Prco. Meits. Nldhb Ohuj ?1, p. =5-5>2.

Bdmi, Q. (5<?1), Bdr Zlia vci Ctzdimeusdi, Adrkeile :5, p. 1=-=:.

Bd Hedt, _.G. (5<15), Ncrtlnloetlcis bd h'ìpcqud bd He Ríid di Jdhalqud, Eromdchcalofì Zczmhìby

]]LLL, p. 2?5-240.Blxci, P. (5<1>), Orlofhdy Mlhh, 5<><-1:, li7 B.Q. Merblia (db.) (5<1>). p. 5>:-51>.

Brury, P.G. (5<1=), Dxoevetlcis et Hltthd Qehtmek 5<10-15, Hcibci.

Bydr, G.N. (5<1>), Zevdisjuram Oesthd, Mdrtncrbsmlrd, li7 B.Q. Merblia (db.) (5<1>), p. 54?-5>5.

Ndlh, O.L. (5<?1), Rmd Muisjury mlhh-ncrt, Icrtmeits.7 e idw survdy cn tmd ketdrleh, Erom. Gcurieh

<?, p. 41-500.

Ndlh, O.L. (5<>:), _mdijerrcw Mlhh Oekp, _teitci, Ahcuodstdrsmlrd, Rreis. Jrlstch eib Ahcs.

Erom. _co. =0, p. 5>-25.

Arenn, \. (5<>?), Cpplbe dt Oestdhhe bu Peys bds Jdhads, Odhtlouk ^LLL, p. 55?-5><.

Arlkds, Q.N. (5<>5), Breuamtci, Oclstdrwcrtm eib Mdetmrcw, li7 _._. Nrírd (db.), Prcmldks cn



5=0 JEZZ\ OTIHLNND

tmd Lrci Ead li _cutmdri Jrlteli, Hcibci, p. :5-:=.

Merblia, B.Q. (ob.) (5<1>), Mlhhncrts. Hetdr Prdmlstcrld Dertmwcrfs li Jrlteli eibLrdheib, Hcibci.

Merblia, B.Q. (5<1>). Jhdwjurtci Mlhh, Jdrfsmlrd, li7 B.Q. Merblia (db.) (5<1>), p. 5??-52>.

Merthdy, J.Z. (5<41), Rmd Qeibhdjury Lrci Ead mlhh ncrt, dxoevetlcis cn 5<44->, Prcd. Oekmrlbad

Eitlq. _co. 40, p. 5-:=.

Mewfds, O.N.O. , G.I.H. Kyrd sei bO.A. _tdvdis (5<?0), _t. Oetmerlid'sMlhh, Qliomdstdr. Qliomds

tdr. (Zdprlitdb nrck Prco. Meits. Nldhb Ohuj 55).

Mdifdi, R.O. (5<?=), Rmd dxoevetlci cn tmd Lrci Ead oekp ci Jrdbci Mlhh, Qcrodstdrsmlrd,

5<?4-?1, Erom. Gcurieh <4, p. 5-555.

Geofsci, B.E. (5<14), Ei Lrci Ead _ltd et Rwywdhh, Icrtmekptcismlrd, Icrtmeits. Erom. 50. p.

?5-<?.

Geofsci, B.E. (5<11), Nurtmdr Dxoevetlcis et Ehbwlifhd, Icrtmekptcismlrd, 5<><-15, Icrtmeits.

Eromedchcay 5:, p. <-42.

Geofsci, B.E. eib R.K. Ekjrcsd (5<1=), Dxoevetlcis et Qefdrhdy, Jrlteiile L], p. 554-52:.

Gcios, K.T. (5<12), Dxoevetlcis et Kuoflia, Dssdx7 e sdocib litdrlk rdpcrt, Eitlq. Gcllri. 42,p. 5=?-5<<.

Gcrreib, O. (5<1>), Hds sltds ncrtlnlìs prìmlstcrlquds dt prctcmlstcrlquds di Ploerbld, Zdvud Eromìc-

hcalqud bd h'Clsd ic. 1, p. 4<->?.

Gcuvd, K. (5<11), _cibeads sur h'cpplbuk bd _elit-Pldrrd-di-Omestrds e ^ldux-Kcuhli (Clsd),

Zdvud Eromìchcalqud bd h'Clsd ic. =, p. ?<-22.

Hekjrlof, A. eib K. Zcjlisci (5<1<), Lrci Ead eib Zckei rlvdrslbd sdtthdkdits et Nerkccr,

Cxncrbsmlrd, Hcibci.

Hdkei-Bdhdrlvo, A. (5<=0), Cpplbe cll ncrtrdssds aeuhclsds ditrd He _ckkd dt he nrcitlírd Jdlad7

prcpcsltlcis bd ohessokoit dt bd omrcichcald. Zdvud bd Icrb H]LL (ic. :21), p. 1<5-=02.

Hdkei-Bdhdrlvd, A. eib Hdnreio, A. (5<=0), Ncrtrdssds aeuhclsds dt alsdkdits bd head bu Ndr beis

Hd Icrb - Pes-bd-Oehels ^chs. L eib LL, Hllhd.Hlbbdhh, B.K. (5<??), Dxoevetlcis et Koci Mlhh, Prco. Meits. Nldhb Ohuj 5:, p. 5:1-5>:.

Hlbbdhh, B.K. (5<?4), Zdpcrt ci tmd Mekpsmlrd Nldhb Ohuj's dxoevetlci et Kdci Mlhh, Prco.

Meits. Nldhb Ohuj 5?, p. 1-42.

Klhds, B. (5<=0), Hoomhebd/Nelrncrb, Oheybci Plfd. OJE Arcup < Idwshdttdr 50, p. 5>0-5>2.

Kcss-Doaert, G. (5<>2), Dxoevetlcis et Qlhjury Mlhh, ei Lrci Ead mlhhncrt ider Hdtomwcrtm, Mdrts.,

5<4<, Jdbs. Erom. Gcurieh :, p. ?2-2>.

Perrliatci, K. (5<1=), Rmd Dxoevetlci cn ei Lrci Ead sdtthdkdit, Jrcizd Ead rlia bltomds eib

Zckei ndeturds et Esmvlhhd Rreblia Dstetd, Ejliabci (Cxncrbsmlrd) 5<12->, Hcibci.

Pertrlbad, O. (5<=5), _fdhdtci Arddi. E Hetd Lrci Ead eib Zckeic-Jrltlsm sltd, Hcibci.

Prycr, N. eib B. Oreistcid (5<1=), Ei litdrlk rdpcrt ci dxoevetlcis et Ndiaetd, Pdtdrjcrcuam,

5<14-11, Icrtmeits. Eromedchcay 5?, p. <-:1.

ZOMK Bcrsdt LLL (5<10). Mlstcrloeh Kciukdits li tmd Oclkty cn Bcrsdt. ^ch. LLL, Oditreh. Pert

5, Hcibci, p. =:-=?.

Zlomkcib, HE. (5<>=), McbMlhh, vch. :. Dxoevetlcisoerrldbcutjdtwddi 5<45 eib 5<4=, Hcibci.

Zcjortsci-Keofey, Z. (5<11), Rmd bdndiods cn tmd Lrci Ead mlhh-ncrt et Qlifhojury, Jesliastcfd,

Mekpsmlrd, Prco. Prdmlst. _co. 2?, p. 5?5-542.

_omlibhdr, Z. (5<11), Bld Ehtjura vci Juibdijeom, Keliz.

_omlibhdr, Z. eib F.-M. Fcom (5<11), ^cr- uib nrømadsomlomthlomd Jurawehhd bds Arcssmdrzcatuks

Huxdkjura, Rrldr.

_kltm, F. (5<11), Rmd dxoevetlci cn Qlifhojury oekp, Jesliastcfd, Mekpsmlrd, Prco. Prdmlst.

_co. 2?, p. ?5-5?0.



_CTRMDZI JZLRELI LI RMD LZCI EAD 5=5

_puradci, O.G. (5<1:), Diohcsurds cn Lrci Ead typd li tmd Tppdr _dvdri Jesli, li7 N. Hyiom eib

O. Juradss (db.) Prdmlstcrld Kei li Qehds eib tmd Qdst Jetm, p, ?:5-?22.

_teincrb, _.O. (5<15), Ordbdimlhh Oekp, Mdrdncrbsmlrd7 ei Lrci Ead mlhh-ncrt oeplteh, Erom.

Gcurieh 5:1, p. =:-5:<.

_teincrb, _.O. (5<12), Orcnt Ekmrdy. Mdrdncrb.

_teincrb, _.O. (5<=5), KlbsluikdrMlhl Mdrdncrb.

^ei Bccrsdhedr, E. (5<15), Lihdlbdibd jdsomcuwliadi cvdr bd Fdkkdhjdra ie brld Cparevlias

oekpeaids, Eromedchcale Jdhaloe 5?5.

^ei Bccrsdhedr, E., G. bd Kduhdkddstdr eib Z. eib G-H. Putkei (5<12), Zdsuhtetdi vei zds

cparevliasoekpeaids cp bd Fdkkdhjdra, Eromedchcale Jdhaloe 5>5.

Qeliwrlamt, A.G. (5<1<), Allssead Ehh _elits. Ei Lrci Ead _dtthdkdit li Bcrsdt, Hcibci.

Qmddhdr, Z.D.K. (5<2?), Kulbdi Oesthd, Bcrsdt, Cxncrb.

Qmddhdr, K. eib F.K. Zlomerbsci (5<41), Mlhh-Ncrts cn Icrtmdri Nreiod, Cxncrb.

Qlhhleks, G.M. (5<12), Rwc Lrci Ead sltds li Icrtmekptcismlrd, Icrtmekptci.



5=: E.A. _MDZZERR

OCIOHTBLIA ZDKEZF_

E.A. _MDZZERR

Qehflia errcuib tmd strddts cn Hdlbdi burlia

tmls ocindrdiod, lt ls ict surprlslia tmet tmd

lkead wmlom stlofs li tmd klib ls tmet cn tmd

jrlbad. Kuom cn tmls kddtlia mes jddi ociodri-

db wltm jrlbadjulhblia, ict cihy jdtwddi blnnd

rdit pdrlcbs jut ehsc - kcrd nuibekditehhy -

jdtwddi tmd rew bete cn eromedchcay ci tmd cid

meib eib tmd stlkuhetlia jut dhuslvd lbde cn

"sdtthokdit pettdri" ci tmd ctmdr.Lt ls ic eoolbdit tmet tmd qudstlci cn sdtthd-

kdit pettdris smcuhb jd cn prlkd ociodri tc e

arcup cn eromedchcalsts wcrflia li icrtm-wdst

Durcpd. Lt ls e ocitrljutlci cn tmls erde tc Durc-

pdei eromedchcay es e wmchd tc mevd plciddrdb

tmd dxtdislvd eib cntdi tcteh dxoevetlci cn sdtt

hokdit sltds, tc rdvoeh tmd ociidotlcis jdtwddi

mcusds, jyrds, areierlds, jcuiberlds, arevds

eib nldhbs. Tiblstreotdb jy ei dxodss cn pelitdb

pcttdry, kerjhd stetuds, cr dvdi Jeibfdreklf

nlaurlids, lt mes jddi pcssljhd tc ocioditreto cirdvdehlia tmd struoturd cn prdmlstcrld cooupe-

tlci. Rmd tdomilquds plciddrdb jy Prcndsscr

Kcbbdrkei eib ctmdrs mevd jddi prcnltejhy

dxpcrtdb tc erdes wmdrd ctmdrwlsd ert-mlstcry

wcuhb mevd nlrst ohelk ci tmd ettditlci cn

eromedchcalsts.

Dvdi wltmli cur cwi erde, mcwdvdr, tmdrd ls

ei dicrkcus blvdrslty cn heibsoepds. _ckd cn

tmd nlrst jrlbads tc julhb, tmdrdncrd, erd jdtwddi

cur blnndrdit trebltlcis cn nldhb eromedchcay,

jesdb ci tmd pertlouher cppcrtuiltlds cn hcoeh

ocibltlcis. Cudstlcis pcsdb li cid erde keyjd eiswdrdb li eictmdr. Heof cn cid flib cn

dvlbdiod key litdislny rdsderom ci ehtdrietlvd

weys cn aelilia tmls lincrketlci, eib hdeb tc

idw ebveiods cn adioreh vehuo. Cur blnndrlia

dkpmesds ci pmcspmetd eiehysls, ocrlia, klorc-

wder, pchhdi stublds, kepplia tdomilquds, dto.

mevd jddi usdnuhhy ockperdb eib dxomeiadb,

es wdhh es tmdlr rdsuhts, et tmd "Lincrketlci Ker

fct" burlia tmd kddtlia.

_c tcc wltm lbdes eib litdrprdtetlcis. Beilsm

ochhdeauds (Jrliom-Pdtdrsdi, Kebsdi) mevd

strdssdb tmd lkpcrteiod cn sdescieh rmytmks li

Kdschltmlo eib Idchltmlo ocitdxts. Adrkei oci-

trljutcrs (Jreibt, Wlkkdrkeii) mevd dkpme-

slsdb tmd spdolnlo nuiotlcis cn liblvlbueh sltds li

tmd Lrci Ead - pesturlia, ouhtlvetlci, keiuneo-

turlia. Diahlsm eib Butom spdefdrs (Ouihlnnd,

Jeffdr) mevd hccfob et tmd rdauherltlds wltmwmlom mlhhncrts eib kdaehltmlo tckjs erd sprdeb

eorcss tmd heibsoepd. Rmdrd ls trdkoibcus socpd

mdrd ncr orcssndrtlhlsetlci, li hccflia ncr tmdsd

pettdris li ketdrleh tmet mes ict sc ner jddi

epprceomdb nrck tmdsd pclits cn vldw. _lkphd

tdomilquds hlfd sltd oetomkdit eiehysls mevd

ehrdeby jdockd e ockkci wey cn hccflia et

vdry blnndrdit typds cn eromedchcaloeh sltd, eib

sckd wdhh-ficwi sdtthdkdits mevd jddi lhhukl-

ietdb jy puttlia tmdk li ei lkkdbletd adcare-

pmloeh ocitdxt (Mersdke).

Cid ockkci tmrdeb ekcia adcarepmloehhy

blvdrsd ocitrljutlcis mes jddi tmd dkpmesls ci

heibsoepds retmdr tmei liblvlbueh sltds (Høilia,

Prycr, vei Zdatdrdi Ehtdie). Mdrd wd kddt

prcjhdks tmet erd spdolnlo tc tmd eromedchcaloeh

stuby cn sdtthdkdits pettdris7 prcjhdks ict

diocuitdrdb jy aocarepmdrs wcrflia wltm kcrd

rdodit ketdrleh. Cid ls tmd qudstlci cn sekphlia

- mcw wd key kcst dnnloldithy rdtrldvo lincrke

tlci ci e soehd herad dicuam tc kefd sdisd cn

lt. Rmls wes kuom blsoussdb cvdr ronrdsmkdits

et tmd kddtlia, jut bdsdrvds kcrd dxphloltbdjetd et nuturd aetmdrlias. Eictmdr prcjlok

ls tmet cn blnndrditleh prdsdrvet lci. Eromedchcal

oeh vlsljlhlty key slkphy rdnhdot tmd prcodss cn

sltd-bdstruotlci, eib tmd kcst rdwerblia sltds

key stlhh jd ocvdrdb jy prctdotlvd ehhuvluk. Qd

iddb tc pujhlsm kuom kcrd "ocitrch lincrke

tlci" ejcut tmd sltd-prdsdrvetlci eib tmd olr-

ouksteiods cn blsocvdry, li crbdr tc uibdrsteib

cur blstrljutlci keps. Jheif erdes key rdprd-



OCIOHTBLIA ZDKEZF_ n=?

sdit oltmdr "heof cn lincrketlci" cr e adiulid

"idaetlvd cjsdrvetlci", eib wd iddb tc jd ejhd

tcblstliaulsm tmd twc. Rmlrbhy,curockperlscis

wcuhb jd mdhpdb ln wd meb e ockkci ocivditlcincr bdsorljlia sdtthdkdit arcuplia jdtwddi tmd

hdvdhs cn tmd sltd eib tmd _ldohhuiasfolkkdr. Cur

blsousslcis cn Jeibfdreklf sltds (Jefdhs, Oci-

steitli. Hllilia) smcwdb tmd lkpcrteiod cn

arcups cn sltds, hylia ohcsd tc cid eictmdr eib

pdrmeps ncrklia e ockkuilty ncr odrteli purpc

sds. Qo iddb tc bdsorljd eib ockperd tmdsd

struoturds, eib pdrmeps livdit spdolnlo ndrks ncr

ncrks cn sdtthdkdit wmlom mevd ic eiehcalds li

hetdr (da Kdbldveh) sdtthdkdit kcrpmchcay.

Nliehhy, cid ociohuslci ercso wltmcut bdjetd

nrck cur kddtlia. Rmdsd qudstlcis erd jdst pur-sudb li ockncrtejhd surrcuiblias eib ociadileh

ockpeiy. Qmetdvdr ociohuslcis wd key mevd

rdeomdb ejcut prdmlstcrld sdtthdkdit, wd wdrd

uieilkcus li cur earddkdit cvdr tmd ohder dvl-

bdiod cn pheiilia eib ncrdtmcuamt wmlom wes

keilndstdb li tmls trljutd tc Prcndsscr Kcbbdr

kei.

apl15 prehistoric settlement patterns around the southern north sea

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