AP World History

World War I

Chapter 34

Differing ViewpointsDiffering Viewpoints

“ “Family Feud”Family Feud”

“ “Fall of the Eagles”Fall of the Eagles”

“ “The War to End All Wars”The War to End All Wars”

“ “The War to ‘Make theThe War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’” World Safe for Democracy’”

Colonial

Rivalries:

Africain

1914

Colonial

Rivalries:

Africain

1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

The British Empire in 1914The British Empire in 1914

The Balkans in 1878The Balkans in 1878

The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

The Balkans in

1914

The Balkans in

1914

Cause #1: MilitarismCause #1: Militarism

• Belief that one’s country needs a Belief that one’s country needs a strong and large militarystrong and large military

• Includes belief in build-up of naviesIncludes belief in build-up of navies– Britain had best navy in the world in Britain had best navy in the world in

19001900– Germany began building up their navy Germany began building up their navy

to compete with Britainto compete with Britain– Britain responds with even greater Britain responds with even greater

productionproduction

Cause #2: AlliancesCause #2: Alliances

• Europe’s major powers entered into Europe’s major powers entered into manymany alliances with one-another. alliances with one-another.

• Designed to keep the peace and Designed to keep the peace and fulfill obligationsfulfill obligations

• In reality: the network of alliances In reality: the network of alliances meant an attack on meant an attack on one nationone nation could could bring bring all of its alliesall of its allies to its aid to its aid

• Small conflicts could escalate quicklySmall conflicts could escalate quickly

Cause #3: ImperialismCause #3: Imperialism

• European countries competed with one European countries competed with one another for colonies around the worldanother for colonies around the world

• Rivalry between Germany-France & Rivalry between Germany-France & Germany-Britain was the most intenseGermany-Britain was the most intense

• Germany felt “left-out” – esp. in Africa & Germany felt “left-out” – esp. in Africa & AsiaAsia

• These rivalries help shape future alliances These rivalries help shape future alliances & led to conflicts before WWI ever started& led to conflicts before WWI ever started– French/German Moroccan conflict 1905French/German Moroccan conflict 1905– Balkan Wars of 1912-13Balkan Wars of 1912-13

Cause #4: NationalismCause #4: Nationalism• The belief that people with similar ethnic The belief that people with similar ethnic

origins, language, and political ideals had origins, language, and political ideals had the right to form their own countrythe right to form their own country– Some Euro. areas (Germany, Italy, Belgium) Some Euro. areas (Germany, Italy, Belgium)

had gained independence; others (esp. the had gained independence; others (esp. the Balkan region) hadn’t yetBalkan region) hadn’t yet

– Austria-Hungary was an empire with many Austria-Hungary was an empire with many people –esp. “Slavs” – wanting independence people –esp. “Slavs” – wanting independence (using nationalism as primary reason)(using nationalism as primary reason)

– Intensified by Russia’s “Pan-Slavism” policyIntensified by Russia’s “Pan-Slavism” policy– Nationalism also included strong Nationalism also included strong pridepride in one’s in one’s

country (belief it should “outshine” others) – country (belief it should “outshine” others) – esp. coloniesesp. colonies

Colonial

Rivalries:

Africain

1914

Colonial

Rivalries:

Africain

1914

Alliance System – Major Alliance System – Major players before the warplayers before the war

• The Triple Alliance (Central Powers):The Triple Alliance (Central Powers):•GermanyGermany•Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary•Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire•BulgariaBulgaria

• The Triple Entente (The Allied The Triple Entente (The Allied Powers):Powers):

•BritainBritain•FranceFrance•RussiaRussia

The “Spark” that starts the The “Spark” that starts the warwar• Serbian Nationalist Serbian Nationalist

group called the group called the “Black Hand” “Black Hand” wanted Serbian wanted Serbian unity & less power unity & less power for Austria-Hungary for Austria-Hungary in Balkan regionin Balkan region

Spark, Con’t: Assassination Spark, Con’t: Assassination of the Archdukeof the Archduke• Archduke Franz Archduke Franz

Ferdinand (heir to Ferdinand (heir to Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary throne) assassinated throne) assassinated by Gavrilo Princip by Gavrilo Princip while visiting Sarajevo while visiting Sarajevo (in Bosnia-(in Bosnia-Herzegovina)Herzegovina)

• Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary issues ultimatum to issues ultimatum to Serbia – then declares Serbia – then declares war on Serbiawar on Serbia

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Movement Toward WarMovement Toward War• June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand is June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand is

assassinatedassassinated• July 28 – Austria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaJuly 28 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia• July 30 – Russia (Serbia’s ally) mobilizes armed forcesJuly 30 – Russia (Serbia’s ally) mobilizes armed forces• August 1 – Germany (Austria-Hungary’s ally) declares August 1 – Germany (Austria-Hungary’s ally) declares

war on Russiawar on Russia• August 3 – Germany declares war on France August 3 – Germany declares war on France

(Russia’s ally); prepares for invasion of Belgium (Russia’s ally); prepares for invasion of Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)(Schlieffen Plan)

• August 4 – Britain, pledging to protect Belgium, August 4 – Britain, pledging to protect Belgium, declares war on Germanydeclares war on Germany

• August 6 – Austria-Hungary declares war on RussiaAugust 6 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia• August 12 – France and Britain declare war on August 12 – France and Britain declare war on

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The War BeginsThe War Begins

• Speedy war expected (“We’ll be Speedy war expected (“We’ll be home by Christmas”)home by Christmas”)

• War of “glory” expectedWar of “glory” expected

• All had belief in victory – “God is on All had belief in victory – “God is on our side”our side”

German PosterGerman Poster

Soldiers Mobilized

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

Schlieffen Plan:Schlieffen Plan:

Germany would Germany would attack fast by going attack fast by going through neutral through neutral Belgium along the Belgium along the coast and defeat coast and defeat France quickly, and France quickly, and then take on Russia then take on Russia in the East. in the East. Germany Germany did NOTdid NOT want to fight want to fight a war on two fronts!a war on two fronts!

The reality of War – The The reality of War – The Western FrontWestern Front

• Hopes of quick war gives way to Hopes of quick war gives way to stalemate along Western Front – Trench stalemate along Western Front – Trench WarfareWarfare– Soldiers fought each other from dug out Soldiers fought each other from dug out

trenchestrenches– Would storm each other’s trenchesWould storm each other’s trenches– Very bloody and each side would gain very Very bloody and each side would gain very

little landlittle land– advanced about one mile per monthadvanced about one mile per month

Trench ConditionsTrench Conditions

• Trenches were infested by rats and Trenches were infested by rats and diseasedisease

• dead bodies littered the grounddead bodies littered the ground

• Food was scarce and sleep was almost Food was scarce and sleep was almost impossible due to constant artillery impossible due to constant artillery blastsblasts

• ““The men slept in mud, washed in The men slept in mud, washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed mud”mud, ate mud, and dreamed mud”

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

New WeaponsNew Weapons• Machine GunsMachine Guns

• TanksTanks

• Barbed WireBarbed Wire

• Poison GasesPoison Gases

• Large ArtilleryLarge Artillery

• AirplanesAirplanes

• SubmarinesSubmarines

• What were the point of these new weapons? What were the What were the point of these new weapons? What were the effects of introducing these new weapons?effects of introducing these new weapons?

• It has been said that WWI was the first “industrialized” war. What It has been said that WWI was the first “industrialized” war. What does that mean? What are the effects when war is industrialized?does that mean? What are the effects when war is industrialized?

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank

British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres

U-BoatsU-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The AirplaneThe Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “Red Baron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin

FlameThrowers

FlameThrowers

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

Poison Gas

Poison Gas

Machine Gun

Machine Gun

Brutality of New WarfareBrutality of New Warfare

• Unprecedented casualtiesUnprecedented casualties

• VerdunVerdun - 1916 - 1916– 315,000 French killed315,000 French killed– 280,000 German casualties 280,000 German casualties – Less than 160,000 bodies recoveredLess than 160,000 bodies recovered

• The SommeThe Somme - British gain few thousand - British gain few thousand yardsyards– 420,000 casualties420,000 casualties– No significant strategic advantageNo significant strategic advantage

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

The Eastern FrontThe Eastern Front

• Much more fluid Much more fluid than the Westthan the West

• Many early losses Many early losses by Allied Powers by Allied Powers (esp. Russia – (esp. Russia – creating a lack of creating a lack of popularity for the popularity for the war and for the war and for the Czar in Russia)Czar in Russia)

War around the World – War around the World – Colonies at WarColonies at War• Not just a European war – but a global Not just a European war – but a global

conflict (colonies were expected to help – conflict (colonies were expected to help – often with men & resources)often with men & resources)

• Japan entered the war on the side of the Japan entered the war on the side of the Allies (wanted to rid Germany from East Allies (wanted to rid Germany from East Asia – esp. China & Pacific) Asia – esp. China & Pacific) Plus, Japan Plus, Japan could gain coloniescould gain colonies– Conquered many German possessions in AsiaConquered many German possessions in Asia– Japan issues “21 Demands” on ChinaJapan issues “21 Demands” on China

• Germany fought Britain and France in AfricaGermany fought Britain and France in Africa• The Allied failure of the Gallipoli CampaignThe Allied failure of the Gallipoli Campaign

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

Total WarTotal War

• WWI was fought by entire societies – WWI was fought by entire societies – not just armies (includes the military not just armies (includes the military front & the home front – both equally front & the home front – both equally important)important)

• The The Home FrontHome Front included each included each nations’ ability to mobilize its nations’ ability to mobilize its economy & non-combat citizens for economy & non-combat citizens for the war effortthe war effort

WWI – The Home FrontWWI – The Home Front

• Big “Home Front” Themes – Big “Home Front” Themes – – ““Industrialized” wars required new levels of Industrialized” wars required new levels of

government oversight and propaganda, damaging government oversight and propaganda, damaging the 19the 19thth century ideal of laissez-faire economics. century ideal of laissez-faire economics.

– The necessity of using women in European factories The necessity of using women in European factories damaged the traditional middle-class ideas of a damaged the traditional middle-class ideas of a patriarchal society with separate spheres for women patriarchal society with separate spheres for women & men& men

– New “Rules of Engagement” with Civilians as New “Rules of Engagement” with Civilians as targetstargets• Bombing of cities / destroying passenger shipsBombing of cities / destroying passenger ships• Blockading countriesBlockading countries

The Home Front – Changes in The Home Front – Changes in the Economythe Economy

• Governments abandoned laissez-Governments abandoned laissez-faire approach in favor of tight-faire approach in favor of tight-controls over economy (production controls over economy (production quotas, price controls, restrictions on quotas, price controls, restrictions on workers) Why?workers) Why?

• Huge demand for workers at home Huge demand for workers at home (why?)(why?)

Women in WWIWomen in WWI

• At home: Women took “male” jobs & took At home: Women took “male” jobs & took new roles (factory work – esp. munitions, new roles (factory work – esp. munitions, often dangerous)often dangerous)

• At war: Women worked mainly as nurses and At war: Women worked mainly as nurses and clerical workersclerical workers

• Impact of the war for womenImpact of the war for women– Very liberating for upper-class women / less so for Very liberating for upper-class women / less so for

lower classeslower classes– Women still earned less than men for equal workWomen still earned less than men for equal work– War served as liberating force for women (voting War served as liberating force for women (voting

rights granted in several countries after war)rights granted in several countries after war)

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the FieldsWorking in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross NursesRed Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Russian Women Soldiers

WWI Propaganda / Civil WWI Propaganda / Civil LibertiesLiberties

• Propaganda included all of the Propaganda included all of the following:following:– Promoted national unityPromoted national unity– Censored bad war newsCensored bad war news– Vilified the enemy (sub-human savages)Vilified the enemy (sub-human savages)– Restriction of civil liberties (often illegal to Restriction of civil liberties (often illegal to

criticize the gov’t)criticize the gov’t)• Joseph Callaux in FranceJoseph Callaux in France

•Charles Schenck in the U.S.Charles Schenck in the U.S.

German atrocities in German atrocities in BelgiumBelgium

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

• Russia was performing very poorly in the Russia was performing very poorly in the war (massive casualties vs. Germans on war (massive casualties vs. Germans on Eastern Front)Eastern Front)– Armies began to disintegrateArmies began to disintegrate– Food shortages & protests commonFood shortages & protests common– Czar Nicholas II forced to step down in March Czar Nicholas II forced to step down in March

1917 (Romanov Dynasty [300 yr. old] ends)1917 (Romanov Dynasty [300 yr. old] ends)– Revolutionary movement led by “soviets” Revolutionary movement led by “soviets”

began to take shapebegan to take shape•SovietSoviet: Revolutionary councils organized by : Revolutionary councils organized by

Socialists in RussiaSocialists in Russia

Russian Revolution (Con’t)Russian Revolution (Con’t)

• Russia broke down into two camps (TheRussia broke down into two camps (The Provisional Government Provisional Government & the & the Petrograd Petrograd SovietSoviet))

• Provisional Government had the power – Provisional Government had the power – and did accomplish a number of reformsand did accomplish a number of reforms– BUT…the major goals for the masses of BUT…the major goals for the masses of

people were to 1.) End the War, and 2.) people were to 1.) End the War, and 2.) Land ReformLand Reform

– The Provisional Gov’t claimed it couldn’t do The Provisional Gov’t claimed it couldn’t do eithereither

– The Petrograd soviet felt it COULD do theseThe Petrograd soviet felt it COULD do these

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin

• Radical Marxist who Radical Marxist who believed in quickly believed in quickly ending the Warending the War

• Wanted to impose Wanted to impose Marxist socialism in Marxist socialism in Russia – but believed Russia – but believed in the need for a in the need for a disciplined “workers disciplined “workers party” that would party” that would bring about changebring about change

• Headed new group of Headed new group of Russian Socialists Russian Socialists called the called the BolsheviksBolsheviks

Bolsheviks seize powerBolsheviks seize power

• Gained control of the Petrograd sovietGained control of the Petrograd soviet

• Won respect of peasants after Provisional Won respect of peasants after Provisional Gov’t wouldn’t Gov’t wouldn’t end the warend the war, , feed the feed the peoplepeople, or put forth , or put forth land reformsland reforms

• Bolsheviks promised people “Peace, Land, Bolsheviks promised people “Peace, Land, and Bread.”and Bread.”

• Popular support allowed Lenin & the Popular support allowed Lenin & the Bolsheviks to seize power fully in Nov. Bolsheviks to seize power fully in Nov. 19171917

Treaty of Brest-LitovskTreaty of Brest-Litovsk

• After departing the war – the After departing the war – the Bolshevik rulers negotiated a treaty Bolshevik rulers negotiated a treaty with Germany - ending Russia’s with Germany - ending Russia’s participation in the warparticipation in the war– Germany got possession of a large Germany got possession of a large

segment of Russian territory & ¼ of its segment of Russian territory & ¼ of its populationpopulation

– Russia was out of the war and free to Russia was out of the war and free to address problems at home.address problems at home.

U.S. Enters the WarU.S. Enters the War

• America had been officially neutral from America had been officially neutral from 1914-19171914-1917

• Some believed “an Allied victory made good Some believed “an Allied victory made good financial sense” in America (U.S. banks financial sense” in America (U.S. banks loaned lots of $$ to Allies)loaned lots of $$ to Allies)

• America finally enters the war (reasons why)America finally enters the war (reasons why)– Germany resumed Unrestricted Sub Warfare on Germany resumed Unrestricted Sub Warfare on

merchant ships (sinking of the Lusitania & others)merchant ships (sinking of the Lusitania & others)– Zimmerman Telegram leakedZimmerman Telegram leaked– U.S.’s official policy: “the world must be made safe U.S.’s official policy: “the world must be made safe

for democracy”for democracy”

The Sinking of the LusitaniaThe Sinking of the Lusitania

The end of the WarThe end of the War

• Surge by American troops in late 1917 and Surge by American troops in late 1917 and 1918 was too much for the Germans1918 was too much for the Germans

• Allies push through the Western Front Allies push through the Western Front lines in 1918lines in 1918

• Germany was exhausted after 4 years of Germany was exhausted after 4 years of “Total War” (running low on materials, “Total War” (running low on materials, people tired)people tired)

• Armistice to end the war signed on Nov. Armistice to end the war signed on Nov. 11, 191811, 1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Post-War AgreementsPost-War Agreements• U.S. President Woodrow U.S. President Woodrow

Wilson proposed his Wilson proposed his Fourteen PointsFourteen Points – which – which called for:called for:– End to secret treatiesEnd to secret treaties– Freedom of the seasFreedom of the seas– Freedom of tradeFreedom of trade– Reduction in the size of Reduction in the size of

armies/naviesarmies/navies– Fix to the colonialism Fix to the colonialism

issue (give equal issue (give equal interests to owner of interests to owner of colony & natives)colony & natives)

– Promote “Self-Promote “Self-Determination”Determination”

– Form an international Form an international peacemaking peacemaking organization (League of organization (League of Nations)Nations)

Post-War Agreements Post-War Agreements (Con’t)(Con’t)

• Leaders of France, Leaders of France, Britain, U.S. Britain, U.S. dominated talks at dominated talks at the the Paris Peace Paris Peace ConferenceConference – 1919 – 1919 to pass a series of to pass a series of treaties.treaties.

• Representatives Representatives from Germany & from Germany & Russia were not Russia were not invitedinvited

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

– Passed the Passed the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles - which said: - which said:• Germany must accept sole responsibility for warGermany must accept sole responsibility for war

• Germany must have a “limited” army/navyGermany must have a “limited” army/navy

• Germany forced to give up overseas empire (all Germany forced to give up overseas empire (all colonies & possessions)colonies & possessions)

• Germany must pay war reparation payments of over Germany must pay war reparation payments of over $30 billion$30 billion

(Territory, Military, Reparations, and GUILT)(Territory, Military, Reparations, and GUILT)

• Germany complained the treaty was Germany complained the treaty was overly harshoverly harsh and and embarrassingembarrassing

Self DeterminationSelf Determination

• The ability for people to rule themselves – The ability for people to rule themselves – choose their own government – and not be choose their own government – and not be ruled by othersruled by others

• Had its limitations / rulesHad its limitations / rules– World said “no” to a united Germany/AustriaWorld said “no” to a united Germany/Austria– Often difficult to redraw boundaries fairlyOften difficult to redraw boundaries fairly– Didn’t always work well (Yugoslavia – land of Didn’t always work well (Yugoslavia – land of

the south Slavs – actually made up of Serbs, the south Slavs – actually made up of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes)Croats, Slovenes)

Turkey with Mustafa KemalTurkey with Mustafa Kemal

• Turkish Nationalist Turkish Nationalist leader Mustafa Kemal leader Mustafa Kemal was upset that the was upset that the Ottoman Sultan was Ottoman Sultan was negotiating with the negotiating with the Allies after the warAllies after the war

• Kemal started a Kemal started a nationalist movement, nationalist movement, defied the Allies, drove defied the Allies, drove them out, abolished the them out, abolished the old sultanate and old sultanate and formed the formed the Republic of Republic of TurkeyTurkey

Republic of TurkeyRepublic of Turkey

• Kemal rules Turkey Kemal rules Turkey as its first presidentas its first president

• Put forth a program Put forth a program of “modernization”of “modernization”– Economic Economic

development with development with industrializationindustrialization

– Move toward secular Move toward secular governmentgovernment• Women can voteWomen can vote• European-derived lawEuropean-derived law• Western AlphabetWestern Alphabet• Western clothingWestern clothing

The Mandate SystemThe Mandate System

• A “mixture” or “transition” between A “mixture” or “transition” between colonialism and self-determinationcolonialism and self-determination

• After the war – the old colonies of the After the war – the old colonies of the Central Powers had to be divided upCentral Powers had to be divided up– America didn’t want a return to “old fashion” America didn’t want a return to “old fashion”

colonial systemcolonial system– As a compromise – set up the As a compromise – set up the Mandate SystemMandate System – –

Allies would administer these areas until they Allies would administer these areas until they could “stand on their own”could “stand on their own”

– French ruled Mandates in former Ottoman French ruled Mandates in former Ottoman territories of Syria and Lebanonterritories of Syria and Lebanon

– British established Mandates in Iraq and British established Mandates in Iraq and PalestinePalestine

– Some hated the idea – Allies saw it as an Some hated the idea – Allies saw it as an “unpleasant reality” for places that weren’t “unpleasant reality” for places that weren’t ready for self rule yetready for self rule yet

Effects of the war – things to Effects of the war – things to considerconsider

• Europe is now weaker – U.S. takes a Europe is now weaker – U.S. takes a new position as a world powernew position as a world power

• Global depression is looming because Global depression is looming because of warof war

• Revolutionary ideas spread to areas Revolutionary ideas spread to areas around the worldaround the world

Effects of WWI on East Asia; Effects of WWI on East Asia; Middle East; South Asia)- EssayMiddle East; South Asia)- Essay

• Main Points:Main Points:– Strong desire for self-rule in post WWI Strong desire for self-rule in post WWI

climateclimate– Move toward economic independenceMove toward economic independence– The Worldwide Economic DepressionThe Worldwide Economic Depression

Post WWI Effects on East Asia Post WWI Effects on East Asia (China and Japan)(China and Japan)

• China:China:– Economic / Political breakdown (examples)Economic / Political breakdown (examples)– Nationalism on the rise (examples)Nationalism on the rise (examples)

• Desire for self-rule / end imperialism & unequal treatiesDesire for self-rule / end imperialism & unequal treaties• Some turn to Marxism (rise of Communist movement - Mao Some turn to Marxism (rise of Communist movement - Mao

Zedong)Zedong)

Japan:Japan:-Winning side of WWI-Winning side of WWI-Economic / political chaos caused by Depression-Economic / political chaos caused by Depression-React to econ problems by invading Chinese -React to econ problems by invading Chinese Manchuria in 1931Manchuria in 1931

South Asia - IndiaSouth Asia - India

• Political effects – post WWI:Political effects – post WWI:– Indian National Congress (INC) – formed pre-Indian National Congress (INC) – formed pre-

WWI – but pushed hard for WWI – but pushed hard for self-ruleself-rule after war after war– Motivated by Wilson’s message of self-Motivated by Wilson’s message of self-

determination and Lenin’s message of anti-determination and Lenin’s message of anti-colonialism / revolution of proletariat, etc.colonialism / revolution of proletariat, etc.

– Turmoil leads to movement by Turmoil leads to movement by Mohandas Mohandas GandhiGandhi

– Shifts INC from elitist body to one of the Shifts INC from elitist body to one of the common mancommon man

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi

Fought segregation, Fought segregation, mistreatment of mistreatment of IndiansIndians

-Passive non-violence, -Passive non-violence, tolerance, simple tolerance, simple living, non living, non materialism, materialism, abstention from abstention from worldly pleasuresworldly pleasures

-Fought for lowest -Fought for lowest castes through civil castes through civil disobedience and disobedience and boycott of British boycott of British goodsgoods