AP World History 1450 – 1750 CEPeriod 4 Review AND Sikhism!

All of the text save for the articles are straight from the AP Board, and are the MINIMUM that you need to

know for Period 4.

Period 4: Global Interactions, c. 1450 to c. 1750Key Concept 4.1. Globalizing Networks of Communication and ExchangeThe interconnection of the Eastern and Western hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging marked a key transformation of his period. Technological innovations helped to make transoceanic connections possible. Changing patterns of long-distance trade included the global circulation of some commodities and the formation of new regional markets and financial centers. Increased transregional and global trade networks facilitated the spread of religion and other elements of culture as well as the migration of large numbers of people. Germs carried to the Americas ravaged the indigenous peoples, while the global exchange of crops and animals altered agriculture, diets, and populations around the planet.I. In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia.II. European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns — all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

Example of New Tools and Ships

Portolan maps and Caravel Ships were used by the Portuguese and Spanish explorers in the

15th and 16th centuries. Portolan maps had lines radiating out from compass points.

Key Concept 4.1.III. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance occurred inthis period.A. Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into the Indian Ocean region with the naval

voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He, which enhanced Chinese prestige.B. Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to increased travel to and trade

with West Africa, and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.C. Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic

and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.D. Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements continued and spurred European

searches for multiple routes to Asia.E. In Oceania and Polynesia, established exchange and communicationnetworks were not dramatically affected because of infrequent Europeanreconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean.IV. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European

monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants.

Key Concept 4.1.A. European merchants’ role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region.B. Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas.C. Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade.D. The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers, and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples.V. The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange.A. European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases — including smallpox, measles, and influenza — that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations and the unintentional transfer of vermin, including mosquitoes and rats.B. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East in this period.

American Crop: Maize“For western civilization, the story of corn began in 1492 when Columbus's men discovered this new grain in Cuba. An American native, it was exported to Europe rather than being imported, as were other major grains… The word "corn" has many different meanings depending on what country you are in. Corn in the United States is also called maize or Indian corn. In some countries, corn means the leading crop grown in a certain district. Corn in England means wheat; in Scotland and Ireland, it refers to oats. Corn mentioned in the Bible probably refers to wheat or barley. At first, corn was only a garden curiosity in Europe, but it soon began to be recognized as a valuable food crop. Within a few years, it spread throughout France, Italy, and all of southeastern Europe and northern Africa. By 1575, it was making its way into western China... Although corn is indigenous to the western hemisphere, its exact birthplace is far less certain. [An] archeological study of the bat caves in New Mexico revealed corncobs that were 5,600 years old by radiocarbon determination... The original wild form has long been extinct. Evidence suggests that cultivated corn arose through natural crossings… to produce modern races. Corn is perhaps the most completely domesticated of all field crops. Its perpetuation for centuries has depended wholly on the care of man. It could not have existed as a wild plant in its present form. Corn was the most important cultivated plant in ancient times in America. Early North American expeditions show that the corn growing area ex tended from southern North ‑Dakota and both sides of the lower St. Lawrence Valley southward to northern

American Crop: MaizeCorn is perhaps the most completely domesticated of all field crops. Its perpetuation for centuries has depended wholly on the care of man. It could not have existed as a wild plant in its present form. Corn was the most important cultivated plant in ancient times in America. Early North American expeditions show that the corn growing area ex tended from southern North Dakota and both sides of the lower St. Lawrence Valley ‑southward to northern Argentina and Chile. It extended west ward to the middle of Kansas and Nebraska, and an important lobe of the Mexican area extended northward to Arizona, New Mexico and southern Colorado. It was also an important crop in the high valleys of the Andes in South America.

The great variability of the corn plant led to the selection of numerous widely adapted varieties which hardly resembled one another. The plant may have ranged from no more than a couple of feet tall to over 20 feet. It was not like the uniform sized plant that most people know today. For the Aztecs, Mayas, Incas and various Pueblo dwellers of the southwestern United States, corn growing took precedence over all other activities...

Maize Continued…Argentina and Chile. It extended west ward to the middle of Kansas and Nebraska, and an important lobe of the Mexican area extended northward to Arizona, New Mexico and southern Colorado. It was also an important crop in the high valleys of the Andes in South America. The great variability of the corn plant led to the selection of numerous widely adapted varieties which hardly resembled one another. The plant may have ranged from no more than a couple of feet tall to over 20 feet. Origin, History, and Uses of Corn (Zea mays) Lance Gibson and Garren Benson, Iowa State University, Department of Agronomy, Revised January 2002.

Cash Crop: Sugar!White Gold, as British colonists called it, was the engine of the slave trade that brought millions of Africans to the Americas beginning in the early 16th-century. The history of every nation in the Caribbean, much of South America and parts of the Southern United States was forever shaped by sugar cane plantations started as cash crops by European superpowers. Profit from the sugar trade was so significant that it may have even helped America achieve independence from Great Britain. Today more sugar is produced in Brazil than anywhere else in the world even though, ironically, the crop never grew wild in the Americas. Sugar cane — native to Southeast Asia — first made its way to the New World with Christopher Columbus during his 1492 voyage to the Dominican Republic, where it grew well in the tropical environment. Noting sugar cane's potential as income for the new settlements in the Americas — Europeans were already hooked on sugar coming from the Eastern colonies — Spanish colonizers snipped seeds from Columbus' fields in the Dominican Republic and planted them throughout their burgeoning Caribbean colonies. By the mid 16th-century the Portuguese had brought some to Brazil and, soon after, the sweet cane made its way to British, Dutch and French colonies such as Barbados and Haiti. It wasn't long, however, before the early settlers realized they were lacking sufficient manpower to plant, harvest and process the backbreaking crop. The first slave ships arrived in 1505 and continued unabated for more than 300 years. Most came from western Africa, where Portuguese colonies had already established trading outposts for ivory, pepper and other goods. To most of the European merchants, the people they put on cargo ships across the Atlantic — a horrendous voyage known as the Middle Passage — were merely an extension of the trading system already in place. Sugar slavery was the key component in what historians call The Triangular Trade, a network whereby slaves were sent to work on New World plantations, the product of their labor was sent to a European capital to be sold and other goods were brought to Africa to purchase more slaves. By the middle of the 19th century, more than 10 million Africans had been forcibly removed to the New World and distributed among the sugar plantations of Brazil and the Caribbean.

Cash Crop: Sugar! Continued…During those three centuries, sugar was by far the most important of the overseas commodities that accounted for a third of Europe's entire economy. As technologies got more efficient and diversified, adding molasses and rum to the plantation byproducts, sugar barons from St. Kitts to Jamaica became enormously wealthy. The importance of those sugar-rich colonies, especially those belonging to Britain and France, had enormous consequences for the map of the Americas during the 1700s. Britain lost its 13 American colonies to independence in part because its military was busy protecting its sugar islands, many historians have argued. As opposed to the slaves working plantations in the U.S. South, Africans on Caribbean sugar plantations (and the islands themselves) outnumbered their European owners by a wide margin. The British planters lived in constant fear of revolt and demanded soldiers for protection. Several decisive battles of the Revolutionary War would have turned out differently had Britain thrown its full might behind the war, experts believe. Sizable garrisons were also stationed in the West Indies to guard the few sugar holdings Britain had left at the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763. In carving up the Americas after the fighting stopped, King George III had decided to cede a few of his Caribbean sugar islands to France in order to secure a sizable chunk of North America. In swapping sweet and profitable Guadeloupe for the barren, sugar-free wasteland of Canada, plus most of the land east of the Mississippi River, many Englishmen thought the King got a raw deal. http://www.livescience.com/4949-sugar-changed-world.html

Cash Crop: Sugar! Continued…

Domesticated Animal: Cattle“The Europeans who first settled in America at the end of the 15th century had brought longhorn cattle with them. By the early 19th century cattle ranches were common in Mexico. At that time Mexico included what was to become Texas. The longhorn cattle were kept on an open range, looked after by cowboys called vaqueros. In 1836, Texas became independent, the Mexicans left, leaving their cattle behind. Texan farmers claimed the cattle and set up their own ranches. Beef was not popular so the animals were used for their skins and tallow. In the 1850s, beef began to be more popular and its price rose making some ranchers quite wealthy.” http://www.historyonthenet.com/American_West/cattle_industry.htm

A Mexican cattle ranch

Food Brought by African Slaves: Rice“A rice variety that made many a colonial plantation owner rich was brought to the United States from West Africa, according to preliminary genetic research. The finding suggests that African slaves are responsible for nearly every facet of one of the first rice varieties grown in the U.S., as well as one of the most lucrative crops in early American history. West Africans had been growing varieties of rice for several thousand years before the start of the slave trade with the colonies... Ship masters wanting to deliver healthy slaves to the U.S. bought rice in Africa as provisions for the voyage… Once in the colonies, slaves grew leftover rice in their own garden plots for food. In 1685 plantation owners in the Carolinas started experimenting with a rice variety that produced high yields and was easy to cook... The slaves used their rice-growing know-how to convert the swampy Carolina lowlands to thriving rice plantations replete with canals, dikes, and levies, which facilitated periodic flooding of the fields… The so-called Carolina Gold variety quickly became a high value export crop, primarily to Europe...”

“http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071128-rice-origins.html

Key Concept 4.1.C. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves.D. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.E. European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion.VI. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices.A. As Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapted it to local cultural practices. The split between the Sunni and Shi’a traditions of Islam intensified, and Sufi practices became more widespread.B. The practice of Christianity continued to spread throughout the world and was increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion and the Reformation.C. Buddhism spread within Asia.D. Syncretic and new forms of religion developed.VII. As merchants’ profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased.A.Innovations in visual and performing arts were seen all over the world.B. Literacy expanded and was accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, and works of literature in Afro-Eurasia.

What does it mean to be a Sikh?Sikhism emerged in 16th-century India in an environment permeated with conflicts between Hindus and Muslims. Its founding teacher, Guru Nanak Dev, was born in 1469 to a Hindu family. His most famous saying was, "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim, so whose path shall I follow? I shall follow the path of God." Today, there are about 23 million Sikhs worldwide, making Sikhism the fifth largest religion in the world.Sacred Text: Adi Granth. Beliefs: Monotheistic Like Jews, Muslims, and Protestant Christians, representations of God in images is banned. Like Hinduism, Sikhism believes in the concepts of karma and reincarnation. Establishment of a Sikh state is a matter of religious doctrine.Main Holiday: Guru Gobind Singh's Birthday - January 5

Sikhism Continued…Practices: 1. Uncut hair, which is kept covered by a turban, or dastaar. The dastaar is worn by men and some women to cover their long hair.2. The Kirpan is a ceremonial sword, symbolizing readiness to protect the weak, and defend against injustice and persecution. The kirpan is normally worn with a cloth shoulder strap called a gatra. The kirpan exemplifies the warrior character of a Sikh.3. The Kara is a steel bracelet, symbolizing strength and integrity.4. The Kangha is a small wooden comb, symbolizing cleanliness and order. The kangha is used to keep the hair clean and is normally tucked neatly in one's uncut hair. As a Sikh combs their hair daily, he or she should also comb their mind with the Guru's wisdom.5. Kachhera are cotton boxer shorts, symbolizing self-control and chastity; prohibition of adultery.

www.religionfacts.orghttp://www.sikhismguide.org/fiveks.aspx

Sikhism Continued…

Above is the Khanda; a double edged

sword. It is a metaphor for divine

knowledge.

Renaissance Art and ShakespeareWhy is Shakespeare considered a Classical playwright?

How did Renaissance art differ from medieval art? How did it represent the philosophy of Humanism? If you can answer those questions then

move on!

Key Concept 4.2 New Forms of Social Organizationand Modes of Production

Although the world’s productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agricultural production throughout this period, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes. A surge in agricultural productivity resulted from new methods in crop and field rotation and the introduction of new crops. Economic growth also depended on new forms of manufacturing and new commercial patterns, especially in long-distance trade. Political and economic centers within regions shifted, and merchants’ social status tended to rise in various states. Demographic growth — even in areas such as the Americas, where disease had ravaged the population — was restored by the eighteenth century and surged in many regions, especially with the introduction of American food crops throughout the Eastern Hemisphere. The Columbian Exchange led to new ways of humans interacting with their environments. New forms of coerced and semi-coerced labor emerged in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, and affected ethnic and racial classifications and gender roles.I. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.A. Peasant labor intensified in many regions.

Frontier Peasant Settlements in Siberia“…The American West and Russia's Far East both were just across a mountain barrier from their country's original area of settlement. Both hinterlands were immense, sparsely populated regions that tempted the adventurous and restless. In the 19th century, the United States enticed settlers to its western territories via the Homestead Act. The Czars similarly offered Russian peasants the inducement of free land on the Siberian frontier. [but much much earlier!] "Fewer than two hundred thousand natives scattered in tiny settlements and nomadic stopping places across Siberia's five and a third million square miles were all that barred their advance," notes Dr. Lincoln, a professor at Northern Illinois University. Both Siberia and the American West were first explored by "mountain men" fur traders. Indeed, Dr. Lincoln notes, the Siberian fur trade literally made Russia's fortune. Until merchant-adventurers, such as the famed Stroganov family, began shipping back Siberian pelts, Russia was a poor nation on the fringe of European affairs. But in the 17th century, a fur hat was the mark of a European gentleman, and the Siberian sable -- an animal the ancient Greeks called the "golden fleece"

Frontier Peasant Settlements in Siberiagave Russia its first export commodity… Life on Siberia's frontier was as raw and rough as in Dodge City or Tombstone… When they'd exhausted Siberia's animal stock, Russian fur traders hopped across the narrow straits separating Asia from North America. Only when they'd finished exploiting Alaska's fur-trading possibilities did the Czars sell off their North American territories to the United States. …” http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-02-01/features/1994032183_1_siberia-golden-fleece-fur

Siberian Bear Hunter 19th Century

Chattel SlaveryChattel is movable property.A slave is a person without freedom, who is treated as property.As a result of the European Age of Exploration, West Africans were transported as chattel

slaves to the Americas. Their journey (if they survived) was called the Middle Passage. They played an integral part of Triangular Trade.

Muslim Arabs bought and sold chattel slaves in Eastern Africa and Southeast Asia.

The Creation of Mulattoes and Mestizos

Key Concept 4.2B. Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional incorporation of slaves into

households and the export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.C. The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the

Americas.D. Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a range of coerced labor.II. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial,

and gender hierarchies.A. Both imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed

to the formation of new political and economic elites.B. The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as they confronted

new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.

C. Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including the demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades.

D. The massive demographic changes in the Americas resulted in new ethnic and racial classifications.

Key Concept 4.3. State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion

Empires expanded and conquered new peoples around the world, but they often had difficulties incorporating culturally, ethnically, and religiously diverse subjects, and administrating widely dispersed territories. Agents of the European powers moved into existing trade networks around the world. In Africa and the greater Indian Ocean, nascent European empires consisted mainly of interconnected trading posts and enclaves. In the Americas, European empires moved more quickly to settlement and territorial control, responding to local demographic and commercial conditions. Moreover, the creation of European empires in the Americas quickly fostered a new Atlantic trade system that included the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Around the world, empires and states of varying sizes pursued strategies of centralization, including more efficient taxation systems that placed strains on peasant producers, sometimes prompting local rebellions. Rulers used public displays of art and architecture to legitimize state power. African states shared certain characteristics with larger Eurasian empires. Changes in African and global trading patterns strengthened some West and Central African states — especially on the coast; this led to the rise of new states and contributed to the decline of states on both the coast and in the interior.I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.A.Rulers used the arts to display political power and to legitimize their rule.B. Rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimize their rule; i.e. Aztec human sacrifice. Ouch!

Art as a Display of Political Power

Louis XIV “The Sun King”

1638 - 1715

Key Concept 4.3C. States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state.D. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.E. Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for territorial expansion.II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.A. Europeans established new trading-post empires in Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the rulers and merchants involved in new global trade networks, but these empires also affected the power of the states in interior West and Central Africa.B. Land empires expanded dramatically in size. Examples of land empires:• Manchus• Mughals• Ottomans• Russians

Key Concept 4.3 Continued…C. European states established new maritime empires in the Americas.Examples of maritime empires:• Portuguese• Spanish• Dutch• French• BritishIII. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local resistance all

provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.

Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire“Janissaries were a force of elite infantry loyal to the Ottoman emperor. The Janissaries were christian slaves, taken from their villages between the ages of seven and ten, and raised to be loyal soldiers of the emperor, whose personal property they were. The Janissaries were trained bowmen whose loyalty and lack of political connections within the Empire made them invaluable to the stronger sultans. Their loyalty was gained both through their strict training, which took up to ten years, and the prospect of great rewards for good service. Some two thirds of the Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire up at least until the sixteenth century had been Janissaries, as were many other officials of the empire. It was only when the line of Sultans began to weaken that the Janissaries became kingmakers. The first Janissaries were probably recruited by Orkhan, as a personal bodyguard. Their numbers grew, reaching ten thousand in the fifteenth century.” Rickard, J. (10 October 2000), Janissaries (Ottoman Empire), http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_janissaries.html

Mustafa Kemal

Atatürk wearing the traditional Janissary uniform.

Piracy in the CaribbeanThe great era of piracy in the Caribbean extended from around 1560 up until the 1720s. Why? The Caribbean was a center of European trade and colonization from the late 15th Century. In the Treaty of Tordesillas the non-European world was divided between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north-south line 270 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. From the 1560s the Spanish adopted a convoy system — a treasure fleet (flota) would sail annually from Seville, carrying passengers, troops, and European goods to the colonies of the new world. The purpose was to transport a year's worth of silver to Europe. This made the returning fleet a tempting target, although pirates were more likely to shadow the fleet to attack stragglers than try and seize the main vessels. The United Provinces and England were defiantly anti-Spanish for much of the time from the 1560s, while the French government was seeking to expand its colonial holdings (the French had the first non-Spanish hold in the Caribbean at St. Augustine, although it was short-lived). Aided by their governments English, French and Dutch traders and colonists ignored the treaty to invade Spanish territory: "No peace beyond the line." The Spanish could not afford a sufficient military presence to control the area or enforce their trading laws, especially after the defeat of the Spanish Armada by those pesky British!

Piracy in the Caribbean Continued…In the Caribbean the use of privateers was especially popular. The cost of maintaining a fleet to defend the colonies was beyond national governments of the 16th and 17th centuries. Private vessels would be commissioned into a 'navy' with a letter of marque, paid with a substantial share of whatever they could capture from enemy ships and settlements, the rest going to the crown. These ships would operate independently or as a fleet and if successful the rewards could be great — when Francis Drake captured the Spanish Silver Train at Nombre de Dios (Panama's Caribbean port at the time) in 1573 his crews were rich for life. This substantial profit made privateering something of a regular line of business. Specific to the Caribbean were pirates termed buccaneers. The original buccaneers were escapees from the colonies, forced to survive with little support they had to be skilled at boat construction and sailing and hunting. They operated with the partial support of the non-Spanish colonies and until the 1700s their activities were legal, or partially legal and there were irregular amnesties from all

Piracy in the Caribbean Continued…nations. Their crews operated as a democracy: the captain was elected by the crew and they could vote to replace him. The captain had to be a leader and a fighter — in combat he was expected to be fighting with his men, not directing operations from a distance. Spoils were evenly divided into shares; when the officers had a greater number of shares, it was because they took greater risks or had special skills. Often the crews would sail without wages — "on account" — and the spoils would be built up over a course of months before being divided. They typically outmanned trade vessels by a large ratio. There was also for some time a social insurance system, guaranteeing money or gold for battle wounds at a worked-out scale. One undemocratic aspect of the buccaneers was that sometimes they would force specialists like carpenters to sail with them for some time, though they were released when no longer needed (if they had not volunteered to join by that time). Note also that a typical poor man had few other promising career choices at the time apart from joining the pirates.

Piracy in the Caribbean Continued…The pirates were egalitarian and liberated slaves when taking over slave ships. The decline of piracy in the Caribbean paralleled the decline of mercenaries and the rise of national armies in Europe. Following the end of the Thirty Years War national power expanded. The famous pirates of the early 18th century were a completely illegal remnant of a golden buccaneering age. Contrast this with the earlier example of Henry Morgan, a pirate who was knighted and made governor of Jamaica! As Spanish presence waned in the Caribbean, other nations expanded. The English had expanded beyond Barbados, with successful colonies on St. Kitts and Nevis, Antigua, and Bermuda. The French were well established on Guadeloupe, Hispaniola and Martinique. The Dutch had remained an almost baseless trading presence in the area but following the Spanish decline they became established at Curaçao and Aruba.

Piracy in the Caribbean Continued…

HW Questions1. Fill in your Period 4 chart for Sikhism. Your COMPLETED chart is due

this Thursday! 2. Briefly describe the impact of American maize (corn) and sugar in

global history.3. Why did some Russians begin to settle Siberia? How was this similar

to the settlement of the American western frontier?4. What were the causes and consequences of piracy in the

Caribbean?5. Were there more changes or continuities within period 4 (1450 –

1750 CE) ? *Focus on at least 2 regions of the world. (No more than 2 paragraphs)

6. Complete the visual timeline (see the next slide)

Period 4 Visual Timeline

Date Event

1464 Sonni Ali became ruler of the Songhai Empire, West Africa

1492 Columbus’s first voyage

1517 Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses

1600 Spanish Armada

1631 Shaj Jahan built the Taj Mahal for his late wife Mumtaz

1633 Galileo Galilei put on trial

1648 30 Years War ended

1492 Columbus’s first voyage

1517 Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses

1600 Spanish Armada

1633 Galileo Galilei put on trial

Period Four Timeline 1450 CE – 1750 CEYour group must create a visual timeline for the following events. Keep it simple! If you do it on the computer, you can email it to all of your group members.

Key VocabularyBuccaneersConvoy SystemJanissaryMaizePrivateersRumSugar Cane