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  Since  the  founding  of  Jamestown  the  South  had  concentrated  on  Agriculture  

 Cash  Crop      Single  crop  grown  for  sale  rather  than  subsistence    Tobacco  (Maryland,  Virginia  and  North  Carolina)    Rice  and  later  Indigo  (South  Carolina  and  Georgia)  

  Long  and  deep  rivers  allowed  access  to  ocean  going  vessels;  did  not  need  ports  and  docks  to  ship  goods  to  the  North  and  Europe    

 Plantations  self-‐sufficient;  reliance  on  slave  labor    

  South  largely  rural      

 

  Social  Classes       Planters    

 Controlled  most  of  the  South’s  economy,  and  social  and  political  institutions  

 Small  farmers     Formed  the  majority  of  the  population    

 Women     Were  second  class  citizens;  few  legal  rights  (could  not  vote  or  preach)   Wealthy  Women    

  Were  only  taught  basic  reading,  writing  and  arithmetic  

  Educated  in  domestic  tasks  (canning  and  preserving  food,  sewing,  and  embroidery)  

 Women  of  Modest  Means      Tolled  over  hot  fires  baking  bread  or  

cooking  meat,  milked  cows,  slaughtered  animals  for  food  (pigs),  and  tendered  the  garden  

 Indentured  Servants      Mostly  white  young  men      Traded  a  life  of  prison  or  poverty  in  Europe  for  limited  time  of  servitude  in  North  America    

  Had  few  rights  while  in  bondage    

  Made  up  between  one-‐half  and  two-‐thirds  of  white  immigrants  after  1630  

  Towards  the  end  of  the  17th  Century  the  number  of  indentured  servants  began  to  decline  

  Faced  with  a  depleted  labor  source  Southern  colonists  turn  to  African  Slaves  

 

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  Europeans  had  tried  to  enslave  Native  Americans      Could  easily  escape    

  Rising  cost  of  indentured  servants  

  Africans  believed  to  be  an  inferior  race  

  Africans  able  to  endure    the  harsh  physical  demands  of  plantation  labor  in  hot  climates  

  1690  (13,000  Slaves);  1750  (200,000  Slaves)  

  The  slave  trade  devastated  African  societies;  by  the  1800s  the  population  had  been  reduced  by  over  12  million  people  

   

  Prior  to  slavery  in  Colonial  America,  Europeans  exported  African  slaves  to  the  West  Indies  to  work  on  sugar  plantations  

  Triangular  Trade      Leg  1  -‐  Merchants  carried  rum  and  

other  goods  from  New  England  to  Africa    

  Leg  2  –  Traded  their  goods  in  Africa  for  slaves  transported  them  to  the  West  Indies  exchanged  them  for  sugar  and  molasses  (known  as  the  Middle  Passage)  

  Leg  3  –  Returned  to  New  England  to  turn;  sugar  and  molasses  turned  into  rum    

  Triangular  trade  included  a  network  of  trade  routes  between  the  English  Colonies,  West  Indies,  Europe,  and  Africa    

 

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Triangular  Trade    

  Sickening  cruelty  characterized  this  journey  

  Africans  branded  with  hot  irons  and  packed  into  ships  

  Fell  victim  to  whippings  and  disease    

  Smell  of  blood,  sweat,  and  excrement  filled  the  cargo  hold;  lived  in  their  own  vomit  and  waste  

  Up  to  20  percent  died  in  route  to  the  New  World  

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The  Middle  Passage    

Slave  Plantations  of  Colonial  Times    

The  Layout  of  a  Slave  Plantation    

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The  Life  of  a  Plantation  Slave  

  Faked  illness,  broke  tools,  staged  work  slowdowns  

  Slaves  revolted      Tried  to  run  away    

  Time  &  Place:  April  1712,  New  York  City,  New  York      Black  participants:  30-‐40    Armed  blacks:  "A  few"   White  casualties:  9    End  result:  21  conspirators  were  executed,  6  pardoned,  and  an  estimated  6  suicides  

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  Time  &  Place:  September  1739,  South  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina    

  Story:  Led  by  an  Angolan  named  Jemmy,  a  band  of  twenty  slaves  organized  a  rebellion  on  the  banks  of  the  Stono  River  

  After  breaking  into  Hutchinson’s  store  the  band,  now  armed  with  guns,  called  for  their  liberty  

   As  they  marched,  overseers  were  killed  and  reluctant  slaves  were  forced  to  join  the  company.  The  band  reached  the  Edisto  River  where  white  colonists  descended  upon  them,  killing  most  of  the  rebels  

  Black  participants:  75-‐80    Armed  blacks:  75-‐80,  at  most    White  casualties:  25    End  result:  An  estimated  50  rebels  were  killed  or  executed  in  the  suppression  of  the  revolt  

  The  rebels  were  caught  heading  south,  their  goal  reportedly  to  seek  sanctuary  in  Spanish  Florida  

  Survivors  were  sold  off  to  the  West  Indies    

  The  immediate  factors  that  sparked  the  uprising  remain  in  doubt  

  A  malaria  epidemic  in  Charlestown,  which  caused  general  confusion  throughout  Carolina,  may  have  influenced  the  timing  of  the  Rebellion  

   The  Security  Act  (August  1739)  may  also  have  played  a  role    The  act  required  all  white  men  to  carry  firearms  to  church  

on  Sunday    Enslaved  leaders  of  the  rebellion  knew  their  best  chance  for  

success  would  be  during  the  time  of  the  church  services  when  armed  white  males  were  away  from  the  plantations.  

  Masters  were  penalized  for  imposing  excessive  work  or  brutal  punishments  of  slaves  

  A  school  was  started  so  that  slaves  could  learn  Christian  doctrine  

  Imposed  a  prohibitive  duty  on  the  importation  of  new  slaves  from  Africa  and  the  West  Indies  

  Enacted  a  new  law  requiring  a  ratio  of  one  white  for  every  ten  blacks  on  any  plantation    

  Passed  the  Negro  Act  of  1740  which  prohibited  enslaved  people  from  growing  their  own  food,  assembling  in  groups,  earning  money  they,  rather  than  their  owners,  could  retain  or  learning  to  read    

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" Founded in 1733 " Last of the 13 colonies " Named in honor of King

George II

" Founded by James Oglethorpe

     

" Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia:

§  As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas & Spanish Florida & French Louisiana

Ø  Received subsidies from British govt. to offset costs of defense

§  Export silk and wine §  A haven for debtors

thrown into prison

" Determined to keep slavery out and rum!

§  Slavery found in GA by 1750

" Diverse community §  All Christians

except Catholics enjoyed religious toleration

" Missionaries worked among debtors and Indians à most famous was John Wesley

 

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  A.  As  a  safe  haven  for  Catholics.      B.  As  a  safe  haven  for  Quakers.      C.  As  a  model  society  the  world  be  “a  city  on  a  hill.”    D.  As  a  haven  for  debtors  thrown  into  prison.      E.  As  a  buffer  between  French  Florida  and  the  Carolinas.    

  Published The Spirit of the Laws (1748)

 Any person or group in power will try to increase its power  Liberty could best be

safeguarded through separation of powers and checks and balances that would divide government into three branches in order to prevent one branch of government from getting too powerful

  The  ideology  of  governing  a  nation  as  a  republic,  where  the  head  of  state  is  appointed  by  means  other  than  heredity,  often  elections  

  Celebrated  active  participation  in  public  life  by  economically  independent  citizens    

  Emphasized  individual  and  private  rights    John  Locke  instrumental  in  articulating  the  ideas  of  Liberalism    

  Wrote Two Treatises on Government (1690)

  All human beings had by nature, the right to life, liberty, and property

  Government was created by consent of the governed in order to protect these natural rights

  If the government did not protect these rights people had the right to rebel and dissolve the government

  His writings became the basis for the Declaration of Independence

 

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  A.  the  power  of  England  over  America      B.  the  power  of  master  over  his  servant      C.  the  power  of  a  father  over  his  children      D.  the  power  of  a  husband  over  his  wife      E.  the  power  of  a  magistrate  over  his  subject  

  After 1688, England turns its attention to France (competing for control of Europe)

  Parliament strengthened the Navigation Acts   Moved smuggling trials from colonial courts to admiralty

courts presided by English judges   Created a Board of Trade, with broad powers to monitor

colonial trade   English officials only lightly enforced the new

measures   England settled into a policy known as salutary

neglect   England would relax its enforcement of most

regulations for continued economic loyalty from the colonists

  In every colony the king appointed the governor, who presided over an advisory council and the local assembly (elected by white male property owners)

  The governor had the power to   Call and disband the assembly   Appoint and dismiss judges   Oversee all aspects of colonial trade

  Colonial assembly not the king paid the governor’s salary

  As a result colonial assemblies could influence the passage of laws and the appointment of judges

  England’s less than watchful eye allowed the colonies to develop a taste for self-government which would eventually create the conditions for rebellion

  1775:  8  colonies  had  royal  governors,  3  under  proprietors  (MD,  PA,  DE),  and  2  under  self-‐governing  charters  (CT,  RI)  

  Used  bicameral  legislatures  –  upper  house  (council)  chosen  by  king,  lower  house  by  elections  

  Self-‐taxation  through  elected  legislatures  was  highly  valued  

  Conflicts  between  Governors  &  colonial  assemblies:  withheld  governor’s  salary  to  get  what  they  wanted,  had  power  of  purse  

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  1775:  all  colonies  had  property  requirements  for  voting,  office  holding  

  Upper  classes  afraid  to  give  vote  to  “every  biped  of  the  forest,”  ½  adult  white  males  had  vote  

  Not  true  democracy,  but  more  so  than  England  

• John  Peter  Zenger,  a  New  York  publisher  charged  with  libel  against  the  colonial  

governor  

• Zenger’s  lawyer  argues  that  what  he  wrote  was  true,  so  it  can’t  be  libel  

• English  law  says  it  doesn’t  matter  if  it’s  true  or  not  

• Jury  acquits  Zenger  anyway  • Not  total  freedom  of  the  press,  but  

newspapers  now  took  greater  risks  in  criticism  of  political  figures.  

Zenger  decision  was  a  landmark  case  which  paved  the  way  for    the  eventual  freedom  of  the  press.  

 Zenger  Case,  1734-‐5:  New  York  

newspaper  assailed  corrupt  local  governor,  charged  with  libel,  defended  by  Andrew  Hamilton  

 

   A.  no  government  could  be  sued.    B.  British  public  officials  were  immune  from  prosecution.    

  C.  only  white  male  property  ownership  had  the  right  to  free  speech.  

  D.  criticism  of  government  was  not  libel  if  factually  true.  

  E.  any  criticism  of  the  British  colonial  administration  was  libel.  

V The Great Awakening was a spiritual renewal that swept the American Colonies,

particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th Century.  It began in England before catching fire across the Atlantic.  V Unlike the somber, largely Puritan

spirituality of the early 1700s, the revivalism ushered in by the Awakening brought people back to "spiritual life" as they felt a greater

intimacy with God. 

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  Began  in  Mass.  with  Jonathan  Edwards  (regarded  as  greatest  American  theologian)    Rejected  salvation  by  works,  affirmed  need  for  complete  dependence  on  grace  of  God  (“Sinners  in  the  Hands  of  an  Angry  God”)  

  Orator  George  Whitefield  followed,  touring  colonies,  led  revivals,  countless  conversions,  inspired  imitators  

George Whitefield

Jonathan Edwards

Background Great Awakening New Denominations Political & social implications

•  Puritan ministers lost authority (Visible Saints) •  Decay of family (Halfway Covenant) •  Deism, God existed/created the world, but

afterwards left it to run by natural laws. Denied God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life…get to heaven if you are good. (Old Lights)

•  1740s, Puritanism declined by the 1730s and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. (devotion to God)

•  “New Lights”: Heaven by salvation by grace through Jesus Christ. Formed: Baptist, Methodists

•  Led to founding of colleges

•  Crossed class barriers; emphasized equality of all •  Unified Americans as a single people •  Missionaries for Blacks and Indians

  1st  generation’s  Puritan  zeal  diluted  over  time    Problem  of  declining  church  membership    1662:  Half-‐Way  Covenant  –  partial  membership  

to  those  not  yet  converted  (usually  children/  grandchildren  of  members)  

  Eventually  all  welcomed  to  church,  erased  distinction  of  “elect”  

q Harvard,  1636—First  colonial  college;  trained  candidates  for  ministry  

q College  of  William  and  Mary,  1694  (Anglican)  q Yale,  1701  (Congregational)  q Great  Awakening  influences  creation  of  5  new  colleges  in  mid-‐1700s  §  College  of  New  Jersey  (Princeton),  1746  (Presbyterian)  

§  King’s  College  (Columbia),  1754  (Anglican)  §  Rhode  Island  College  (Brown),  1764  (Baptist)  §  Queens  College  (Rutgers),  1766  (Dutch  Reformed)  §  Dartmouth  College,  1769,  (Congregational)  

Higher Education

New  colleges  founded  after  the  Great  Awakening.  

V The Awakening's biggest significance was the way it prepared America for its

War of Independence.  V In the decades before the war,

revivalism taught people that they could be bold when confronting religious authority, and that when churches weren't living up to the believers'

expectations, the people could break off and form new ones.        

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V  Through the Awakening, the Colonists realized that religious power resided in

their own hands, rather than in the hands of the Church of England, or any other

religious authority.  V After a generation or two passed with this kind of mindset, the Colonists came

to realize that political power did not reside in the hands of the English

monarch, but in their own will for self-governance

  French  and  British  rivalry  grew  as  both  countries  expanded  into  each  other’s  territories  

  Dispute  over  control  of  the  Ohio  River  Valley      

Ben Franklin à representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA

A  Albany Congress à failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

1754 à Albany Plan of Union

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  General  Edward  Braddock  commander  in  chief  sent  by  Britain  to  drive  the  French  out    

  Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley & Acadia

  Braddock and 1,000 soldiers  lose  their  life  at  the  battle  of  Fort  Duquesne      

  Defeat  causes  Britain  to  officially  declare  war  on  France    (1756)  

  Seven  Years’s  War  -‐French,  British,  and  Spanish  Forces  clash  in  North  America,  Europe,  Cuba,  the  West  Indies,  India,  and  the  Philippines    

  Early  on  Britain  unsuccessful  ;  only  expelled  the  French  from  Louisiana    

British •   March  in  formation  or    

   bayonet  charge.  

•   Br.  officers  wanted  to      take  charge  of  colonials.  

•   Prima  Donna  Br.        officers  with  servants      &  tea  settings.  

•   Drills  &  tough      discipline.  

•   Colonists  should  pay      for  their  own  defense.  

•   Indian-‐style  guerilla      tactics.  

•   Col.  militias  served      under  own  captains.  

•   No  mil.  deference  or      protocols  observed.  

•   Resistance  to  rising      taxes.  

•   Casual,        non-‐professionals.  

Methods  of  Fighting:  

Military  Organization:  

Military  Discipline:  

Finances:  

Demeanor:  

British-American Colonial Tensions

Colonials

  British  involvement  increases  under  Prime  Minister  William  Pitt  (1757)  

  In  exchange  for  colonial  cooperation  and  loyalty  British  would  pay  for  war  supplies      

  Lord  Lourdon  would  be  removed      Colonial  morale  increased  by  1758  

  Pitt sent troops to conquer French Canada

  British recapture Fort Louisbourg (1758)

  New Englanders, led by British officers, captured Fort Frontenac

  British forces capture Fort Duquesne  

* By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

1758-1761 à The Tide Turns for England

  The  British  captured  Guadeloupe  in  the  West  Indies      The  British  defeated  the  French  in  India      The  British  destroyed  a  French  fleet  in  Canada      Led  by  General  James  Wolfe,  the  British  surprised  and  defeated  the  French  army  at  the  Battle  of  Quebec    

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France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River only kept colonies in the West Indies Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.

England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

1763 à Treaty of Paris

1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.

2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.

3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her

American Empire was necessary!

Effects of the War on Britain?

1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.

2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.

3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

Effects of the War on the American Colonials

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

  British  victory  left  the  Native  Americans  without  an  ally  or  trading  partner    

  Chief  Pontiac  forms  an  alliance  of  Native  Americans  in  1763    

  They  attacked  a  British  fort  in  Detroit,  captured  outposts  in  the  Great  Lakes  region,  and  led  a  series  of  raids  along  the  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  frontiers  

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British à Proclamation Line of 1763.

Colonials à Paxton Boys (PA)

BACKLASH!