ap sensation perception new 14 15

SensationSensation

Sensing Our World• Learning Goals:

– Students should be able to answer the following:1. What are sensation and perception?2. What do we mean by bottom-up and top-down processing?3. How are we affected by selective attention?

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Rating Student Evidence4.0

ExpertI can teach someone else about, sensation and perception, dual processing and selective attention. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze sensation and perception, dual processing and selective attention, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated sensation and perception, dual processing and selective attention), but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning

I don’t understand this concept and need help!

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Depth cuesGestaltPerceptionMovementTouch/Pain

SeeingThe EyeLightIgnoring CNS

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e n s a t i o ne n s a t i o n

Activation of receptors in

various sense organs

Method by

which sensations

areorganized

andinterpreted

e r c e p t i o ne r c e p t i o n

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Sensation vs. PerceptionSensation vs. Perception

• Bottom-Up Processing• Using small components and

building up

• Top-Down Processing• Using the larger components and

breaking down (guided by experience and expectations)

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Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtstiy, it

deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae.We raed the

wrod as a wlohe.

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Bottom-Up ProcessingBottom-Up Processing

• Also called feature analysis.

• We use the features on the object itself to build a perception.

• Takes longer than top-down but is more accurate.

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Top-Down ProcessingTop-Down Processing

• We perceive by filling the gaps in what we sense.

• I _ant ch_co_ate ic_ cr_am.

• Based on our experiences and schemas.

• If you see many old men in glasses, you are more apt to process a picture of an old man (even when you may be in error).

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He’s Back…He’s Back…

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Top Down vs. Bottom UpTop Down vs. Bottom Up

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Top Down vs. Bottom Up ProcessingTop Down vs. Bottom Up Processing

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Selective Attention (11 million/40 ratio)

Selective Attention (11 million/40 ratio)

Selective attention- the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.Perceptions about objects change from moment to moment. We can perceive different forms of the Necker cube; however, we can only pay attention to one aspect of the object at a time.

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ACCIDENTS80% of crashes involve driver

distractionCalling on a cell phone-

4x more at risk Talking to a person in the car-

1.6x more at riskTexting-

23x more at risk

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Selective AttentionSelective Attention

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Inattentional BlindnessInattentional Blindness

• Inattentional blindness-failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

• Simmons & Chabris (1999) showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game

• 50% of people don’t notice

• Cocktail Party Effect– Ability to attend to one

voice at a party or restaurant

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Awareness TestAwareness Test

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Change BlindnessChange Blindness

Change blindness-failing to notice changes in the environment

This is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions. (Change Deafness also occurs on the phone- 40% of people failed to notice a change in the voice)

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Change BlindnessChange Blindness

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Sensation-to-Perception ProcessSensation-to-Perception Process

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Transduction-conversion of one form of energy into another.

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PsychophysicsPsychophysics

Psychophysics-the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

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Stroop EffectStroop Effect

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Section 1: Test Your KnowledgeSection 1: Test Your Knowledge

Which of the following terms best explains why you didn‘t hear your Mom tell you to take out the trash while you were intensely watching the World Series game on TV?

A)Change Blindness

B)Selective Attention

C)Selective Hearing

D)Choice Blindness

Learning Goals:1. What are sensation and perception?2. What do we mean by bottom-up and top-down processing?3. How are we affected by selective attention?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about, sensation and perception, dual processing and selective attention. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze sensation and perception, dual processing and selective attention, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated sensation and perception, dual processing and selective attention), but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Thresholds• Learning Goals:– Students should be able to answer the following:1. What are absolute and difference thresholds, and do stimuli below the absolute

threshold have any influence?2. What is the function of sensory adaption?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about absolute thresholds and the function of sensory adaptation. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze about absolute thresholds and the function of sensory adaptation, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with absolute thresholds and the function of sensory adaptation, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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Sensory ThresholdsSensory Thresholds

• Absolute Threshold

– The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimuli (50% of the time)

– Examples of Absolute Thresholds

• Vision: Light from a candle 30 miles away on a dark night

• Hearing: Ticking of a watch from 20 feet away

• Smell: One drop of perfume in a small apartment

• Taste: One teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water

• Touch: The wing of a fly on your cheek from .4 inch away

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Signal Detection TheorySignal Detection Theory

Signal detection theory-predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus, assuming that our individual absolute thresholds vary with our experiences, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.

•Hit or miss in detection of stimuli when we are uncertain•Ability to detect stimuli based on:

• Person’s experience• Expectations• Motivation• Level of Fatigue• States that fear increases your sensitivity to even

small pain because of the anticipation of pain

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You Recognize it

You Miss it

STIMULUS

PRESENT

Hit Miss

STIMULUS

NOT PRESENT

False

Alarm

Correct

Rejection

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• Difference Threshold– Minimum difference between two stimuli required for

detection 50% of the time– Also called Just Noticeable Differences– Weber’s Law: Two stimuli must differ by a constant

minimum percentage in order to be noticed (revised by Fetchner)

• In other words- it must be out of proportion

• Example: Lights must differ in intensity by 8%

• Another way to look at it: 1$ makes a difference to 10$, but not to 1000$. (its proportional)

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• Subliminal Messages– Info processed just below surface of

thresholds can influence minor decision making

– Drink more Coke” & “Eat more Popcorn”– Conclusion: subliminal adverting does not

work direct but much of our information processing occurs automatically, out of sight and off the radar of our conscious mind

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Subliminal Messages (disclaimer)Subliminal Messages (disclaimer)

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Sensory AdaptationSensory Adaptation

• Our diminishing sensitive to unchanging stimulus• Keep things novel, so we pay attention• Examples

– you blast your music in the car, but fail to notice how loud it is

– Jumping into a pool seems cold at first, but you eventually get comfortable

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Sensory AdaptationSensory Adaptation

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1. Danny sometimes mistakenly hears his mom call him from the other room of their house. What term would be used to explain this phenomenon?

A. Sensory AdaptationB. Weber’s LawC. Selective HearingD. Signal Detection Theory

2. A person with normal vision being able to see a candle flame 30 miles away on a clear dark night is an example of:A. Difference ThresholdB. Signal Detection TheoryC. Absolute ThresholdD. Sensory Adaptation

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Learning Goal:1. What are absolute and difference thresholds, and do stimuli below the

absolute threshold have any influence?2. What is the function of sensory adaption?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about absolute thresholds and the function of sensory adaptation. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze about absolute thresholds and the function of sensory adaptation, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with absolute thresholds and the function of sensory adaptation, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Vision 1• Learning Goals:

– Students should be able to answer the following:1. What is the energy that we see as visible light?2. How does the eye transform light energy intro neural messages?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about how we see energy as visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze about how we see energy as visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated about how we see energy as visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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Vision & EnergyVision & Energy

• Light Characteristics

1. Hue (color)– the dimension of color determined by the

wavelength of the light

2. Wavelength– Different wavelengths of light

3. Intensity– Amount of energy in a wave determined by

amplitude. It is related to brightness

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The Structure of the EyeThe Structure of the Eye

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The Structure of the Eye The Structure of the Eye

Cornea = outer covering of the eye.

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Pupil = the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

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Iris = a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

• The iris dilates/constricts in response to changing light intensity

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Lens = the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

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Retina = the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual

information.

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Blind Spot = the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there.

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Fovea = the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.

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Optic Nerve = the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

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Foveal VisionFoveal Vision

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Crash Course VisionCrash Course Vision

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Learning Goal:1. What is the energy that we see as visible light?2. How does the eye transform light energy intro neural messages?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about how we see energy as visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze about how we see energy as visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated about how we see energy as visible light and how transduction occurs in the eye, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Vision 2• Learning Goals:

– Students should be able to answer the following:1. How does the brain process visual information? 2. What theories help us understand color vision?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about the theories of color vision In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze the theories of color vision, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated the theories of color vision, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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Parallel Processing in the BrainParallel Processing in the Brain

• Parallel Processing

– We process several aspects of stimulus simultaneously

– Synchronized Brain Waves

• The brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such as color, depth, form and movement all at once

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• Feature Detectors-nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

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Hubel & Wiesel’s Experiment

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Hubel & Wiesel’s Experiment

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Visual Information ProcessingVisual Information Processing

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Color Vision TheoriesColor Vision Theories

• Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz)• Because the retina contains three color

sensors (R, B, G) our brain combines information to see various colors

• This helps to explain color blindness

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•Most colorblind people simply lack cone receptor cells for one or more of these primary colors.

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Colorblind Tests

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Color Vision TheoriesColor Vision Theories

• Opponent Processing•Hering proposed that we process colors in the receptor cells in the retina and thalamus that can be over stimulated to see afterimages

• Red - Green• Blue - Yellow• Black- White

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Opponent-Process theoryOpponent-Process theory

The sensory receptors come in pairs.

• Red/Green• Yellow/Blue• Black/White• If one color is

stimulated, the other is inhibited.

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AfterimagesAfterimages

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After imageAfter image

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IllusionsThis slide is intentionally left blank.

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Opponent-Process Theory Demo 1Opponent-Process Theory Demo 1

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Different Forms of Color BlindnessDifferent Forms of Color Blindness

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Trichromats - People who have normal color vision.

Dichromats - People who are blind to either red-green (most common)

or yellow-blue.Monochromats - People who are

totally color blind. (Rare)

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1. Where does transduction take place concerning vision?(A) The Pupil(B) The Retina(C) The Thalamus(D) The Occipital Lobe

2. Which theory of color BEST explains color blindness?(A) Opponent Processing(B) Wavelength Theory(C) Place Theory(D) Trichromatic Theory

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Learning Goal:1. How does the brain process visual information? 2. What theories help us understand color vision?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about the theories of color vision In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze the theories of color vision, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated the theories of color vision, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Hearing• Learning Goals:

– Students should be able to answer the following:1. How does the ear transform sound energy into neural messages?2. What theories help us understand pitch perception?3. How do we locate sounds?4. What are the common causes of hearing loss, and why does controversy surround cochlear

implants?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about hearing, pitch perception, sound localization and common causes of hearing loss. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze about hearing, pitch perception, sound localization and common causes of hearing loss and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated about hearing, pitch perception, sound localization and common causes of hearing loss, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves

The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves

• Audition- the sense or act of hearing

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Psychological Properties of SoundPsychological Properties of Sound

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Psychological Properties of SoundPsychological Properties of Sound

Timbre: Richness in the tone of the sound

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Hearing: Parts of the EarHearing: Parts of the Ear

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EAR PARTS

Outer Ear: Pinna. Collects sounds.

Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea

containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s

oval window.

Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the

cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

HEARING BY AGE20,000 Hz- 18 & younger17,000 Hz- 24 & younger16,000 Hz- 30 & younger15,000 Hz- 39 & younger14,000 Hz- 49 & younger12,000 Hz- 55 & younger10,000 Hz- 60 & younger

8,000 Hz- Everyone

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Transduction in the earTransduction in the ear

• Sound waves hit the eardrum then anvil then hammer then stirrup then oval window.

• Everything is just vibrating.• Then the cochlea vibrates.• The cochlea is lined with mucus

called basilar membrane.• In basilar membrane there are

hair cells.• When hair cells vibrate they turn

vibrations into neural impulses which are called organ of Corti.

• Sent then to thalamus up auditory nerve. It is all about the vibrations!!!

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The EarThe Ear

The ear is divided into the outer, middle and inner ear.

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The EarThe Ear

The sound waves travel down the auditory canal to the eardrum.

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The EarThe Ear

Eardrum = tight membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves.

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The EarThe Ear

Eardrum

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The EarThe Ear

Bones of the middle ear = the hammer, anvil, stirrup which vibrate with the eardrum.

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The EarThe Ear

Hammer

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The EarThe Ear

Anvil

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The EarThe Ear

Stirrup

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The EarThe Ear

Oval window = where the stirrup connects to the cochlea.

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The EarThe Ear

Cochlea = a coiled, body, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

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The EarThe Ear

Oval Window

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The EarThe Ear

Cochlea

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The EarThe Ear

Fluid in the cochlea

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The EarThe Ear

Hair cells in the cochlea

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The EarThe Ear

Auditory nerve = nerve which sends the auditory message to the brain via the thalamus.

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The EarThe Ear

Nerve fibers

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The EarThe Ear

Auditory nerve

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The EarThe Ear

Neural impulse travels to the auditory cortex in the brain.

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Theories of HearingTheories of Hearing

• Place Theory

– Different pitches are heard at different places in the cochlea’s basilar membrane

• Frequency Theory

– The rate of sounds matches the rate traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

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Sound LocalizationSound Localization

• We hear from two ears that are located on either side of our head.

• One ear will pick up the sound .000027 times faster than the other to help us find the sound.

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Hearing LossHearing Loss

• Conduction Hearing Loss– Mechanical damage to tiny bones or

eardrum

– Can be improved by use of hearing aid

• Sensorineural Hearing Loss– Most common type of deafness

– Nerve deafness due to damage in cochlea or auditory nerve

– Sometimes can be fixed by cochlear implant

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Coclear ImplantCoclear Implant

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1. The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to:

(A) Convert the incoming sound from pounds per square inch to decibels.

(B) Protect the cochlea(C) Transfer sound information from the

tympanic membrane to the oval window(D) Provide information to the vestibular system

1. _____ are the receptor cells for audition and ______ are receptor cells for vision.

(A) Olfactory cells; rods & cones (B) Taste buds; hair cells

(C) Hair cells; rods & cones(D) Proprioceptors; rods & cones

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Learning Goal:1. How does the ear transform sound energy into neural messages?2. What theories help us understand pitch perception?3. How do we locate sounds?4. What are the common causes of hearing loss, and why does controversy surround

cochlear implants?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about hearing, pitch perception, sound localization and common causes of hearing loss. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze about hearing, pitch perception, sound localization and common causes of hearing loss and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated about hearing, pitch perception, sound localization and common causes of hearing loss, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Other Senses Part 1: Pain• Learning Goals:

– Students should be able to answer the following:1. How de we sense touch and sense our body’s position and movement? How do

we experience pain?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about our body’s position and movement; as well as the sensation of pain. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze about our body’s position and movement; as well as the sensation of painand compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with our body’s position and movement; as well as the sensation of pain, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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TouchTouch

• Receptors located in our skin.

• Our sense of touch is actually four senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain-that combine to produce other sensations, such as “hot.”

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Rubberhand IllusionRubberhand Illusion

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Body Position & MovementBody Position & Movement

• The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis. (ex. Movement while running without thinking about the body’s movement)

• The vestibular sense monitors our balance. Vestibular sense can tell if you are vertical or horizontal. (ex. Spinning in a chair makes you dizzy)

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Kinesthetic SenseKinesthetic Sense

• Tells us where our body parts are.

• Receptors located in our muscles and joints.

Without the kinesthetic sense you could not touch the button

to make copies of your buttocks.

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Vestibular SenseVestibular Sense

• Tells us where our body is oriented in space.

• Our sense of balance.

• Located in our semicircular canals in our ears.

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Touch & PainTouch & Pain

•Touch Senses•Warm, Cold, Pressure, Pain

•Pain•Tells your body something is wrong

•Phantom Sensations• Amputees may experience this because parietal lobe neurons are still dedicated to area of missing limb

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Phantom LimbPhantom Limb

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Fun Facts: Touch ReceptorsFun Facts: Touch Receptors

• Touch Senses• Different pathways for

warm/cold• Touching cold and pressure

spots yields a wet sensation. • Touching warm and cold

together yields a hot sensation• Gently stroking of a painful

spot produces an itching sensation

• Stroking adjacent pressure spots induces a tickle*

* Note: You can’t tickle yourself

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What do you think this person

feels?

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Gate Control Theory (Melzack & Wall, 1965)

Gate Control Theory (Melzack & Wall, 1965)

• Gate Control Theory • Small nerves in the spinal cord

carry pain, large nerves in the spinal cord carry other sensations

• Only one type of nerve fiber can go through the gate at a time

• Rubbing sore area may reduce pain as interneurons in spinal cord control the “gate of information”

• You can also close the pain gate mentally: i.e.- Not feeling pain while concentrating on other things

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Controlling PainControlling Pain

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Mini FRQ ReviewMini FRQ Review

Jimmy is a contestant on a game show where people must run an oddly-shaped maze with obstacles in a dimly-lit building as fast as they can. Explain how the following terms would affect Jimmy’s performance in running the maze.

• Kinesthesis• Retina• Hippocampus

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Learning Goal:1. How de we sense touch and sense our body’s position and movement? How

do we experience pain?

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ExpertI can teach someone else about our body’s position and movement; as well as the sensation of pain. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze about our body’s position and movement; as well as the sensation of painand compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with our body’s position and movement; as well as the sensation of pain, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Other Senses Part 2• Learning Goals:

– Students should be able to answer the following:1. How do we experience taste?2. How do we experience smell?

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Rating Student Evidence

4.0 Expert

I can teach someone else about the experience of taste and smell. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze and compare/contrast the Aspects of the the experience of taste and smell.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated the experience of taste and smell but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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Taste as a chemical senseTaste as a chemical sense

• Basic Chemical Tastes

– Also known as gustatory sense

– Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty, Umami

– Taste may be based on survival (bitter food is toxic)

– Taste receptors reproduce every two weeks

– Taste sensitivity decreases with age

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Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami(Fresh

Chicken)

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Smell as a Chemical SenseSmell as a Chemical Sense

• Chemical Sense or Olfactory Sense• Smell involves the detection of molecules• Scents play an important role in

attachment

• Smell & Memory• Because smell runs close to the limbic

system, it ties closely to memory pathways• We have a hard time describing a smell,

but can relate to personal stories

• Herz’s Brown University Study1. Students played an impossible game in a

scented room2. The same students were then given a

complex (not impossible task)3. The same scent was pumped into the

experimental room and the students gave up easily

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Smell: Age & Gender Smell: Age & Gender

• Ability to identify smell peaks during early adulthood, but steadily declines after that. Women are better at detecting odors than men

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Sensory InteractionSensory Interaction

• Sensory Interaction• Smell + Texture + Taste = Flavor

• Visual Capture• Vision dominates all senses when

conflicts appear• McGurk Effect

• Hear one syllable while seeing another lipped causes us to interpret a third

• Synesthesia• Rare disorder in which people

combine senses

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SynesthesiaSynesthesia

Learning Goal:1. How do we experience taste?2. How do we experience smell?

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Rating Student Evidence

4.0 Expert

I can teach someone else about the experience of taste and smell. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze and compare/contrast the Aspects of the the experience of taste and smell.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated the experience of taste and smell but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Perceptual Organization• Learning Goals:

– Students should be able to answer the following:1. How did the Gestalt psychologists understand perceptual organization?2. How do figure-ground and grouping principles contribute to our perceptions?

129


ExpertI can teach someone else about, gestalt and figure ground, and how they influence our perception In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze gestalt and figure ground, and how they influence our perception, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with , gestalt and figure ground, and how they influence our perceptionbut need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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Perception ReviewPerception Review

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information, which enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

130Old Lady or Young Woman

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What are we actually seeing according to Gestalt Principles?

What are we actually seeing according to Gestalt Principles?

131

The Necker Cube Revisited

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Optical Illusions (for fun)Optical Illusions (for fun)

132

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133

anomalous motion illusion

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134

anomalous motion illusion

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135anomalous motion illusion

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Hermann Grid (for fun)Hermann Grid (for fun)

136

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137anomalous motion illusion

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Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization

• When vision competes with our other senses, vision usually wins – a phenomena called visual capture.– Example: When sound comes

from behind us at a movie theater, we perceive it as coming from the screen in front of us.

– Example: When watching a first person view of a roller coaster, we can get nauseated

– Example: The rubber hand illusion

• Vision captures our other senses!

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Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Constancy

• Size and shape constancy– Are these two

objects the same shape? Size?

• Brightness constancy

• Color constancy

3.8 What are perception and perceptual constancies?

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Figure Ground PerspectiveFigure Ground Perspective

Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).

141

If you are looking at the vase, then the white part is the figure and the black

becomes the ground.

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Gestalt GroupingsGestalt Groupings

142

Gestalt Psychology: Looking at the WHOLE.

Closure

Law of Common Fate

law of pragnanz

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Section X: Test Your KnowledgeSection X: Test Your Knowledge

1. Hold your writing instrument in front of your face and focus past it so that this question is easily read. What is the figure and what is the ground in your vision?

– Hold up 3 fingers if you could easily answer this question.

– Hold up 2 fingers if you think you got the answer.

– Hold up 1 finger if you don’t know.

2. Watching a football game, young Johnny thought that the two halves were actually two different games because they were split between a halftime. Which Gestalt grouping best explains Johnny’s top-down processing error?

Learning Goal:1. How did the Gestalt psychologists understand perceptual organization?2. How do figure-ground and grouping principles contribute to our perceptions?

144


ExpertI can teach someone else about, gestalt and figure ground, and how they influence our perception In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze gestalt and figure ground, and how they influence our perception, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with , gestalt and figure ground, and how they influence our perceptionbut need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Section 10 Depth Perception• Learning Goals:

– Students should be able to answer the following:1. How do we see the world in three dimensions?

145


ExpertI can teach someone else about how we see the world in three dimensions. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze how we see the world in three dimensions, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated about how we see the world in three dimensions, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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Visual Cliff StudyVisual Cliff Study

Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception that is learned. Even certain newborn animals show depth perception.

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Binocular CuesBinocular Cues• Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes

differ, so we are able to better judge distance of two objects.

• Used in 3-D motion picture to mimic the offset eyes.

147

TRY THISTwo eyes are better than one:

Close one eye an touch two pencil tips together

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Binocular CuesBinocular CuesConvergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from the nose) to see faraway objects. The more we have to strain our eyes the closer the image is to our face.

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Binocular Cues: StereogramBinocular Cues: Stereogram

149

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Binocular Cues: StereogramBinocular Cues: Stereogram

150

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Monocular CuesMonocular Cues

• Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away.

• Interposition: If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer

• Relative Clarity: Hazy objects appear farther away than near objects

• Texture Gradient: Fine textures indicate a close object; course textures indicate an object is far away 151

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More Monocular CuesMore Monocular Cues

•Relative Motion (motion parallax): When we are moving, objects that are stable appear to move- objects that are farther away move slower than closer objects•Light & Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes

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Linear Perspective: Parallel lines converge in the distance

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Monocular Cue ReviewMonocular Cue Review

153

How many monocular cues can you identify?

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Mini FRQ ReviewMini FRQ Review

Mr. Burnes’ car breaks down on a long, deserted highway with no cell service. In the distance he sees a gas station, but knows it will be a long walk. Explain how each of the following concepts helps him determine it will be a long walk:

– Relative size

– Texture Gradient

– Linear Perspective

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Learning Goal:How do we see the world in three dimensions?

155


ExpertI can teach someone else about how we see the world in three dimensions. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze how we see the world in three dimensions, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated about how we see the world in three dimensions, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Perceptual Interpretation• Learning Goals:– Students should be able to answer the following:1. What does research on sensory deprivation and restored vision reveal about the effects

of experience on perception?2. How adaptable is our ability to perceive?3. How do our expectations, contexts and emotions influence our perceptions?

156


ExpertI can teach someone else about the components of perceptual interpretation In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze the components of perceptual interpretation, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with components of perceptual interpretatio, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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Stroboscopic Motion and Phi Phenomenon

Stroboscopic Motion and Phi Phenomenon

• Stroboscopic Motion: 24 still pictures flashing within one second create the illusion of motion (example: flip books and cartoons)

• Phi Phenomenon: Lights blinking next to each will create the illusion of motion (neon or scrolling signs)

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Shape Constancy Shape Constancy

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change. Perceptual constancies include constancies of shape and size.

158Shape Constancy

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Size Constancy Size Constancy

Stable size perception amid changing size of the stimuli. We know the one car is just farther away, but still the same size.

159

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Size-Distance Relationship Size-Distance Relationship

The distant monster (below, left) and the top red bar (below, right) appear bigger because of distance cues.

160

The moon appears larger on the horizon because

of context effects make it look farther away like the monster

Ponzo Illusion

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Size-Distance RelationshipSize-Distance Relationship

161

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Ames RoomAmes Room

162

The Ames room is designed to demonstrate the size-distance illusion.

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Lightness Constancy Lightness Constancy

163

The color and brightness of square A and B are the same.

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Color Constancy Color Constancy

Objects will change color depending on the CONTEXT of surrounding objects or colors

164

Color Constancy

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Perceptual AdaptationPerceptual Adaptation

You have the ability to adapt to distortion goggles rather quickly. Usually in a couple of hours to days. Some animals can never adapt.

165

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Testing Perceptual AdaptationTesting Perceptual Adaptation

166

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Muller-Lyer IllusionMuller-Lyer Illusion

167

Illusions provide good examples in understanding how perception is organized. Studying faulty perception is as important as

studying other perceptual phenomena.

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Culture and PerceptionCulture and Perception

168

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Perceptual SetPerceptual Set

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures.

169

Half the class close your eyes while the other half looks at an image:

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Perceptual Set Perceptual Set

170

(a)Loch ness monster or a tree trunk;

(b)Flying saucers or clouds?

(c) The face on mars because of perceptual schema

Other examples of perceptual set.

(c)

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Eye & Mouth SchemasEye & Mouth Schemas

171

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Eye & Mouth SchemasEye & Mouth Schemas

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Motivation and Emotion influence Perception

Motivation and Emotion influence Perception

• Walking destinations look farther way when fatigued

• Hills look steeper when carrying a heavy backpack

• Targets seem father away when throwing a heavy object

• When you are driving you hate pedestrians, when you are a pedestrian you hate drivers

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If you are rewarded for seeing a farm

animal, you will see a farm animal

Learning Goal:1. What does research on sensory deprivation and restored vision reveal about

the effects of experience on perception?2. How adaptable is our ability to perceive?3. How do our expectations, contexts and emotions influence our perceptions?

174


ExpertI can teach someone else about the components of perceptual interpretation In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze the components of perceptual interpretation, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with components of perceptual interpretatio, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Human Factors and ESP• Learning Goals:

– Students should be able to answer the following:1. What are human factors?2. What are the claims of ESP, and what have most research psychologists

concluded after putting these claims to the test?

175


ExpertI can teach someone else about human factors and the claims of ESP. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze human factors and the claims of ESP, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with human factors and the claims of ESP, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


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What are Human Factors? What are Human Factors?

• Human factors is the study of how to make machines and objects interface better with humans based on perception.

• Also know as ergonomics• Examples:

• Car Stereo Controls• Oven/Stove Knobs

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More Human FactorsMore Human Factors

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Is There Extrasensory Perception?

Is There Extrasensory Perception?

Perception without sensory input is called extrasensory perception (ESP). A large percentage of scientists do not believe in ESP.

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Claims of ESPClaims of ESP

Paranormal phenomena include astrological predictions, psychic healing, communication with the dead, and out-of-body experiences, but most relevant are telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.

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Claims of ESPClaims of ESP

1. Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them.

2. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend’s house on fire.

3. Precognition: Perceiving future events, such as a political leader’s death.

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“Visions of psychics that help the police solve crimes are no more accurate than

guesses”

Learning Goal:1. What are human factors?2. What are the claims of ESP, and what have most research psychologists

concluded after putting these claims to the test?

181


ExpertI can teach someone else about human factors and the claims of ESP. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught

3.0 Proficient

I can analyze human factors and the claims of ESP, and compare/contrast the Aspects of the learning goal.

2.0 Developing

I can identify terms associated with human factors and the claims of ESP, but need to review this concept more.

1.0 Beginning


Lecture ActivitiesLecture Activities

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• Leave the classroom and find real-world examples for at least three of the monocular depth cues listed below. DRAW your examples and be prepared to share. Be back in 5 minutes.

1. Linear perspective2. Relative size3. Overlap4. Aerial perspective5. Overlap

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• Photos used with permission under the Creative Commons “Attribution 2.0 Generic” license from the internet domain of www.flickr.com

• Treelined Check presentation background – username “OiMax”

• Vase and tulips – username “Spiralz”• M1 Light Experements: Lightspeed – username

“orangeacid”• Clare #6 – username “fotologic”• Bit3-sphere and white space – username

“SideLong”• Crab – username “David Davies”

http://www.apa.org/

• Dual Perspective – username “Ray (raypuha)”• Optical Illusion ?? – username “C. P. Storm”• Tangled Tree – username “davelynne”• night reading – username “tifotter”• Big lights… - username “Matt Stepping”• Threesome – username “M.ango M.ania” • Hambledon Hill: 360° Panorama – username

“johnelamper”• Hibiscus – username “joka2000”

http://www.apa.org/

ap sensation perception new 14 15

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