unit iv: sensation & perception - bremertonschools.org · unit iv: sensation & perception...
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Unit IV:Sensation & Perception
Ms. Justice
AP Psychology
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Unit IV - Overview
16 – Basic Principles of Sensation & Perception
17 – Influences on Perception
18 – Vision
19 – Visual Organization & Interpretation
20 – Hearing
21 – The Other Senses
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Unit IV:Sensation & PerceptionModule 16
Basic Principles of Sensation & Perception
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Sensation & Perception 16-1
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Sensation & Perception
• How do we construct our representations of the external world?
• To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment and convert it into neural signals. This is a process called sensation.
• When we select, organize, and interpret our sensations, the process is called perception.
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Sensory & Perceptual Processes
• Bottom-up processing - Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind.
• We process this way when we have no prior knowledge: we start at the bottom and work our way up.
• Top-down processing - Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations.
• We process this way when we have prior knowledge: we start at the top and have to work to process details.
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Our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complex images.
“The Forest Has Eyes,” Bev Doolittle
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Selective Attention 16-2
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Selective Attention
• The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
• The cocktail party effect is an example of selective attention: the ability to attend to only one voice among many while also being able to detect your own name in an unattended voice.
• Selective attention shifts back and forth between tasks. There is a slight delay with each switch.
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Inattentional Blindness
• The failure to see visible objects when our attention is focused elsewhere.
• We can also fail to notice changes in the environment. This is known as change blindness.
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Video 1 16-2
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Video 216-2
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Derren Brown: Person Swap 16-2
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Transduction 16-3
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Transduction
Transduction is the transformation of
stimulus energy (sights, sounds, smells) into neural impulses our brains can interpret.
What we see as visible light is but a thin slice of the whole spectrum of
electromagnetic radiation.
VisibleSpectrum
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Thresholds 16-4
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Thresholds
Absolute Threshold: Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
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Subliminal Threshold
• Subliminal Threshold: When stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
• While much of our information processing occurs automatically (sensation), claims of subliminal persuasion have been discounted through research.
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Weber’s Law
Stimulus Constant (k)
Light 8%
Weight 2%
Tone 0.3%
Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, to be perceived as different.
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Sensory Adaptation 16-5
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Sensory Adaptation
• Sensory adaptation is the diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus.
• After constant exposure to a stimulus, our nerve cells fire less frequently.
• Sensory adaptation offers the freedom to focus on informative changes in our environment: We perceive the world not exactly as it is, but as it is useful for us to perceive it.
Put a band aid on your arm and after awhile you don’t sense it.
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