AP Middle East Review1. Early Middle EastI. Mesopotamia

● Means the land between two rivers● Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Fertile Crescent)● Many important civilizations formed in this area

II. Sumerian Civilization● 3000 BC city-states developed● They all shared common characteristics● Constant fighting led to political instability● Extensive trade with Egypt and the Indus Valley

III. Sumerian Government, Religion & Society1. Government was a theocracy when priests or religious rulers govern society.2. Were polytheistic and had 3000 gods3. Woman were inferior to men, wore veils 4. Priests had political power5. Social Structure: 1. Ruler 2. Nobles 3. Priests 4. Commoners 5. Farmers 6. Slaves

IV. Sumerian Jobs & Achievements● Job specialization: merchants, artisans, and scribes● Created a number system based on 60.● Developed astronomy, algebra & geometry● Created the wheel and schools ● Early use of bronze tools, chariots● Created cuneiform is the earliest form of writing● The Epic of Gilgamesh

V. Art & Architecture● Created Ziggurats: temples built for the gods to bring the people closer to the gods

VI. The Fall of Sumer● The Sumerian civilization was weakened severely by Saragon of Akkad.● Saragon created the world’s first major empire (The Akkadians)

VII. Babylonian Empire● Around 1792 BCE Hammurabi created the Babylonian Empire.● Hammurabi created the first law code based on an “eye for an eye”● The punishment fit the crime and was based on social rank and gender● Ex. If a nobleman puts out another nobleman’s eye, his eye shall be put out.● Ex. If a slave put out a nobleman’s eye, the slave shall be put to death. ● slaves were considered property● innocent until proven guilty

VIII. Nebuchadnezzar II● From 1500 BCE until 610 BCE Mesopotamia was divided.● The Chaldeans reunited Mesopotamia

● Nebuchadnezzar II became the new king of the Neo-Babylonians in 610 BCE● He destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the most prominent Jews● He also built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon for his wife● After Nebuchadnezzar’s death Babylon was ruled by weak rulers.● Babylon fell to Cyrus the Great of Persia.

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2. Middle East CivilizationsI. The Hittites

Years: 1700 – 1200 BCE● Assimilated Sumerian culture ● Warriors that used iron weapons● polytheistic and adopted gods from Sumer and Babylon

II. The AssyriansYears: 911-612 BCE

a. Created a world empireb. iron weaponsc. used cavalry d. Created longitude & latitudee. Helped spread cultural diffusionf. Polytheistic: Adapted religion from Sumerians

III. The Chaldeans Years: 626 – 539 BCE

a. Ruled by Nebuchadnezzar b. Known as the Neo-Babyloniansc. Built the Hanging Gardens of Babylond. Polytheistic

IV The PersiansYears: 530 – 331 BCE

● Empire stretched from Libya to Turkey in the east and to India in the west● postal system and a network of roads● Ruled with satraps: governors of areas that ruled in the emperor's name● The empire fell to Alexander the Greata. Zoroastrianism: preached monotheismb. Religion is tolerant of other faithsc. Zoroaster convinced king to convertd. Was not a widespread religion

V. The HebrewsYears: ca. 2000 BCE

a. known as Israelites or Jewsb. Practiced monotheismc. Enslaved by Egypt 1400- 1200 BCEd. Moses led the Exodus of the Jews out of Egypte. Received the 10 Commandments 1. Judaism and Monotheistic2. Judaism is the basis for Christianity & Islam

VI The PhoeniciansYears 1200 – 800 BCE

a. skilled traders & sailors that migrated throughout the Mediterranean b. Known as the “carriers of civilization” because they spread people, goods and ideas to their

numerous colonies c. Their economy prospered due to extensive traded. Created the world's first alphabet

VII The LydiansYears: 600- 500 BCE

1. First metal coinage & portable currency_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. UMYYADS & ABBASIDSVI. Umayyads

i. 656-661 Ali had become the fourth caliphii. He was assassinated iii. 661 Mu'awiyah becomes new caliph iv. Umayyads rule all of Arabiav. Move capital from Mecca to Damascusvi. This caused a permanent shift is Islam

a. Shi’a: only follow Ali and his descendantsb. Sunni: Follow all caliphates

i. Umayyads: tax the mawaliii. They could not serve in army or in governmentiii. Dome of the Rock is builtiv. Allow for religious toleration with Jews and Christians

VII. Declinei. Luxurious living for the caliphatesii. Revolts beganiii. Civil wars between Shi’a and Sunniiv. Abbasids take over in 750

VIII. Differences between Sunnis and Shia’s

SUNNI MUSLIMS SHIA MUSLIMS

90 % of all Muslims 10 % of Muslims

Sunni comes from “Sunnah” means the custom or “way of the prophet

Shi’a comes from shi’at’ ali Which means partisans of Ali

Will recognize all caliphates Will not recognize all caliphates, only followers of Ali

Less emphasis on imams Imam means spiritual “leader”For the shia, only imams can interpret the Qur’an

Both interpret the Qur'an differentlyShi’a idealize suffering and martyrdomAshura is a Shi’a tradition and it marks the anniversary of the martyrdom of Husayn

Further Division● split between Sunni, Shia has remained bitter● Third group developed within Islam—the Sufis● Sufis seek mystical, personal connection with God, using range of practices including breath

control and meditation in rituals

IX. Abbasids1. Take over in 750 CE led by Abu Abbas and the Shi’a2. Good administrators, efficient bureaucracy3. 762 CE move the capital to Baghdad4. Large and growing population5. Cities were urban centers6. Merchants traded with Africa, Russia and India7. Supported the integration of the mawali8. Actively supported conquered areas to convert to Islam 9. Abbasids invited all to join in, turned Islam into universal religion, attracted people of many

cultures

X. Women in the Abbasid Dynastya. Beginning of Islam women had rightsb. They could inherit property, own business, divorce men, get an educationc. By the late 7th century male dominance was enforced by the Qur’and. Abbasids create the use of the veil and the hareme. Wives of caliphs were concubines kept in secluded quartersf. Women were always chaperoned

XI. Achievements of the Abbasidi. Golden Age of Islam began in 750 and lasted until ca. 1400ii. Mawali became integrated into the empire, no special taxes, worked in gov’tiii. Creation of universities of Cordoba and Baghdadiv. Literature: 1001 Arabian Nightsv. Traded with numerous countries

vi. Used Steel swords and a credit based economyvii. Advances in arts, sciences, medicine and mathviii.Al-Razi treated diseases: small pox and measlesix. Influenced by Western culture

XII. Decline1. Mid 9th century2. Empire became too big to control3. Many civil wars4. Peasants rebellions5. Empire became divided into separate states6. Mongols invaded from Asia7. The empire fell in 1258

XIII. al-Andalus● 711 CE: Berbers (peoples from North Africa) conquer Iberian Peninsula ● Al-Andalus refers to the areas on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) governed by the

Muslims (known as Moors) ● Failed expansion into Europe 732 CE ● capital at Cordoba● preserved Greco-Roman traditions + blended them with new advances from the Muslim world

XIV. Mamluk Dynasty● 13th century: Mamluks (slaves turned soldiers) establish control over Egypt after fall of Abbasids● Mamluks: converts to Islam, strict observance of Islam● Maintained trade routes through Egypt

4 Origins of IslamI. Arabian Peninsula

a. Harsh desert b. Bedouins: nomads that herded camels and goatsc. Clans were the basis of societyd. Led by Sheikh: the patriarch of a tribe or familye. Strife and rivalry between clans

II. Muhammada. Born 570 CE in Mecca a leading commercial center b. Founder of Islamc. 610 has his first revelation, met an angel Gabrield. considered a prophet of God

III. Mecca to Medinaa. In Mecca he was seen as a threatb. Muhammad’s flight from Mecca and to Medina in 622 called the Hijrac. Organizes the umma: Islamic communities that accept him as a messengerd. 629 mawali: non-Arab converts to Islame. 630 makes trip back to Meccaf. 632 dies without a successor...But all of Arabia is under Muslim control

IV. Beliefs of Islama. Monotheisticb. Allah the one true godc. Koran or Quran the Islamic holy bookd. Shariah : The code of law based on the Koran.e. Five Pillars of Islam: Faith in Allah, Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca, Fasting: daylight hours of

Ramadan, Give Alms: charity and the Hajj: one pilgrimage to Mecca during lifetime

V. After Muhammad’s Deathi. 632: Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or successor of Muhammadii. 634 Arabia under the caliph’s control

iii. Caliph was a spiritual leader of Islamiv. Issue of succession caused division

1. Ottoman EmpireI. Rise of the Ottoman Empire

○ Migrated to Asia Minor (Turkey) late 1200s. ○ Ottomans were vassals of the Seljuk Turks, ○ Ottoman state created by Osman I in 1280○ GOVERNMENT: run by the sultan. ○ ministers were viziers, or high ranking officials○ Ulema are Muslim scholars of Islamic studies.

II Ottoman Military○ Gunpowder Empire, artillery, or cannons into their armies + ships.○ Janissaries were recruited at childhood from conquered Christian communities. ○ Converted to Islam and loyal to the sultan. ○ Received training as modern infantry and gunpowder

III Ottoman Military Conquests○ Conquered Balkans late 1300s○ Navies gained hegemony over the eastern Mediterranean. ○ Destruction of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. ○ New capital, Istanbul.○ Selim I:

1. North Africa +conquered Egypt. 2. Controlled of important coastal ports in Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers.

○ Suleiman I:1. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566). 2. Attacked territories of Romania, Hungary, and Austria’s Holy Roman Empire. 3. Known as the Lawgiver4. He also supported religious tolerance5. Was responsible for a Golden Age

IV. Women in the Ottoman Empire ○ Queen mother ran the household and had diplomatic relations with foreign officials. ○ Right to own property and retain property after marriage. ○ Women also bought and sold real estate

V Religion and Politics1. Ottomans ruled Sunni + Shiite Muslims2. Governed Jews, Orthodox Christians, Catholic and Protestants. 3. No equal rights4. Pay a special head tax. 5. Millet administrative unit for each religious group 6. Sultan position was hereditary7. Concubines lived in a sacred place known as a harem.

VI Fall of the Empire○ The sultans since Suleiman were men of little ability, and poorly trained. ○ Trade routes no longer as important for Europe ○ Big population, less controllable ○ The sick man of Europe.○ WWI Marked the end of the Ottoman Empire

6. The Safavid EmpireVII. The Beginning of the Safavid○ Safi al-Din Sufi mystic from Iran ○ followed the Shi’a branch of Islam○ Always in conflict with the Ottomans (Sunni Muslims)○ Redhead army for wearing red headgear

VIII. The Safavid Dynasty● Shah Isma’il I became ruler at 14 years old● founded the Safavid Dynasty in 1502 ● Killed thousands of Sunni Muslims for not converting● Constantly at war with the Ottomans ● Shah Abbas the Great

○ Golden Age in 1587○ Reformed government, military and civilian life. ○ Armies had modern artillery. ○ Religious toleration ○ Established relations with Europe. ○ Opened empire to other cultures

IX. Decline of the Safavids■ Abbas killed and blinded his sons■ weak leaders allowed attacks from outsiders■ Grandson Safi was incompetent ■ Nadir Shah Afshar a Sunni came to rule■ Assassinated by his own men in 1747■ Created a legacy based on Persian culture■ Left Shi’ism as the staple religion in the region

7. The MughalX. India after the Gupta

○ Gupta Empire fell in 550○ India then made up of local kingdoms○ Trade linked India to China and Middle East○ Delhi Sultanate ruled from 1206-1526○ Delhi were Muslims who ruled in north India○ Sultan was the ruler, and was religiously tolerant

XI. Mughal■ 1526 Babur conquers Delhi■ Set up the Mughal Empire 1526- 1857■ Babur:

■ Great military leader■ Weak administrator ■ Expanded to the Indus and Ganges plains

■ Akbar a.k.a Akbar the Great■ Babur’s grandson■ 1556-1605■ Military leader and great administrator■ Blended Hindu and Islamic religions called Divine Faith■ religious toleration■ Opened up all jobs to Hindus■ Ended tax on non-Muslims■ Modernized the army and reforms ■ Gave women more rights

XII. Successors of Akbar○ Jahangir weak ruler but loved art and music○ Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal○ He too was weak, hated military. Loved arts and architecture

XIII. Internal revolt○ 1600s Aurangzeb rules○ Persecutes Hindus○ Heavy taxes on non-Muslims○ peasants revolt○ Rulers not focused on internal affairs○ Conquering weakened the treasury○ Refused to compete with European technology

This ended the Mughal in 1857

8. Mustafa KemalI. The Rise of Mustafa Kemal● The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in WWI.● After the loss, the empire fell apart● The Greeks attempted to overtake Turkey ● Mustafa Kemal was nationalist leader of the Young Turks ● The Young Turks rose up to defeat the sultan and the Greeks in 1919● Kemal took the name Atatürk or “Father of the Turks” ● Became President of Turkey in 1923

II. Atatürk’s Reforms● Turkey was predominantly Muslim

● Wanted to reform Turkey using Western ideas● He introduced western customs and clothes● Western ideas in gov’t by creating a parliament● Changed legal code from Islamic to Western● Educational system became coeducational● He gave women full social and political rights. ● He used ruthless actions to institute change in Turkey

9. OPEC & TerrorismIII. Pan-Arabism

● Pan-Arabism is a nationalist movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East.

● Pan-Arabism is a form of cultural nationalism.

I. OPEC1. The Middle East controls two-thirds of the world’s oil reserves2. In 1960, the Middle East united with a few other oil-exporting countries, like Venezuela, to form

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). 3. OPEC members countries have controlled the price of oil since 1960

II. The Persian Gulf War1. Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 under Saddam Hussein 2. Iraq wanted to gain control of a greater percentage of the world’s oil reserves3. The UN and U.S sent forces to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait4. Kuwait was liberated and Iraq was humiliated5. Iraq was then subjected to UN monitoring, severe limitations on its military activities and

economic sanctions. 6. Hussein still remained in power7. Hussein held on to his brutal dictatorship for another 10 years8. 2005 Hussein was captured9. Hussein was executed in December 2006

III. Taliban and Al Queda● The Taliban formed in Afghanistan following the fall of the U.S.S.S● They are a Islamic fundamentalist group● The gov’t imposed strict Islamic law● It was also a safe haven for Osama Bin Laden and his terrorist group Al Queda● Al Queda despises the United States, Saudi Arabia and Israel ● Al Queda wants these countries removed to stop infecting Islamic culture● On Sept. 11 2001, Al Queda operatives attacked the World Trade Center in NYC● Al Queda also organized other attacks● The U.S and UN targeted and removed the Taliban from power● Al Queda in still a major terrorist threat