K Street location of the offices of nearly seven thousand organizations that are represented in Washington

Lobby and Lobbyist to persuade a politician to pass or support legislation that favors the interests of the person and and their constituents. this person spends their times in the halls of power to work and negotiate for consideration of their cause and their organization.

Interest Group A group that is set to gain government influence for a specific purpose.

Ideological Interest Group Interest group that only sets out to satisfy what benefits their ideology, not the people.

Public-Interest Lobby organizations that seek "a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership of activities of the organization.

Ralph Nader a leftist american politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. his book unsafe at any speed brought attention to the lack of safety in american automobiles.

Environmental Movement Movement where the people are set out to improve/protect the environment.

Feminist Movement Movement to promote women’s rights/equality.Leadership PACs political action committees set up by political leaders as

a means to finance the campaigns of political allies whom they believe will reciprocate with support for their own political ambitions.

Super PACs A PAC that does not have any contribution or expenditure limits but cannot coordinate directly with candidates or political parties

Citizens United v. FEC 2010 A 2010 decision by the SCOTUS holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law.

Political Cue A signal telling a congressional representative what values are at stake in a vote-who is for, who against a proposal-and how that issue fits into his or her own set of political beliefs or party agenda.

Insider and Outsider Strategies different lobbying strategies; the first through information and the second from votes

Grassroots Lobbying a lobbying campaign in which a group mobilizes its membership to contact government officials in support of the group's position

Astroturf Lobbying any lobbying method initiated by an interest group that is designed to look like the spontaneous, independent participation of many individuals.

Civil Disobedience a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)

“Revolving Door” When former politicans leave and immediately go to work for an interest group to use their experience and contacts to further that group

Ethics in Government Act requires financial disclosure for elected public officials and placed 1 year restriction on former government officials' lobbying activities (the revolving door problem)

Lobbyist Disclosure Act legislation aimed at bringing a higher level of accountability to federal lobbying practices in the us.

Pluralist Theory A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one

pressing for its own preferred policies.Elitist Theory A theory of government and politics contending that

societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization.

Hyperpluralist Theory A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened.

Iron Triangles Entities composed of a bureaucratic agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee. They dominate certain areas of policy making.

Issue Networks temporary alliances among loosely connected groups for a specific issue

Free Rider Program the problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the group's activities without officially joining

Think Tanks an organization that claims to serve as a center for research and/or analysis of important public issues.

Earmarks Money marked for a specific purpose, not for anything else.

Amicus Curiae (Friend of the Court) Briefs filed by outside parties ("friends of the court") who have an interest in the outcome of a case

Litigation The process of resolving a dispute through the court system.

Union Movement Movement to be sure everybody in the workplace gets equal pay and/or benefits.

1. PACs are the money that lobbyists (people who actively try to persuade congress to support a law, bill, or any bit

of legislation that supports their belief) use to gain control in congress.

2.

Broad economic developments create new interests Farmers produce cash crops Mass production industries begin

Government policy itselfo Created veterans' groups—warso Encouraged formation of Farm Bureauo Launched Chamber of Commerceo Favored growth of unions

Emergence of strong leaders, usually at certain times Expanding role of government

3. An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals.

a. Institutional interests i. Defined: individuals or organizations representing other organizations

ii. Types 1. Businesses: example, General Motors 2. Trade or governmental associations

iii. Concerns--bread-and-butter issues of concern to their clients 1. Clearly defined, with homogeneous groups 2. Diffuse, with diversified groups

iv. Other interests--governments, foundations, universities

b. Membership interests i. Americans join some groups more frequently than people in other nations

1. Social, business, and so on, same rate as elsewhere 2. Unions, less likely to join 3. Religious or civic groups, more likely to join 4. Greater sense of efficacy and duty explains the tendency to join civic groups

4. 1) Solidary incentives--pleasure, companionship (League of Women Voters, AARP, NAACP, Rotary, etc.)

2) Material incentives--money, things, services (farm organizations, retired persons, etc.)

3) Purpose of the organization itself--public-interest organizations

a. Ideological interest groups' appeal is controversial principles b. Engage in research and bring lawsuits

5. A Public-Interest Group is a group that follows what the public wants, not what they want themselves. To gain

this:

They take polls

Pay attention

Get into the system and see what is popular with the public and what isn’t.

6. Think tanks are organizations that claim to serve as a center for research and/or analysis of important public

issues.

7. Interest group staff does all of the dirty work, they do the organizing, the ground work. The members don’t

necessarily have to do anything. They are just there for the benefits or for the actual supporting of a belief.

8. Social movement is a widely shared demand for change

A. Environmental movement; Used to forward the idea of environmental protectionB. Feminist movement: three kinds

1. Solidary--LWV and others (widest support) 2. Purposive--NOW, NARAL (strong position on divisive issues) 3. Caucus--WEAL (material benefits)

C. Union movement; left over after social movement dies – Used to essentially create “equal payment” within a work area.

9. Interest groups will favor the upper-class because they tend to have more time on their hands to participate in

activities, where as the middle/lower class world not.

10.

I. Funds for interest groups A. Foundation grants

1. Ford Foundation and public-interest groups 2. Scaife foundations and conservative groups

B. Federal grants and contracts

1. National Alliance for Business and summer youth job programs 2. Jesse Jackson's PUSH

C. Direct mail 1. Unique to modern interest groups through use of computers 2. Common Cause a classic example 3. Techniques

a. Teaser b. Emotional arousal c. Celebrity endorsement d. Personalization of letter

11.

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