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Governmental concerns considered to be

primarily the responsibility of the central

government.

National interests

Government concerns considered to be

primarily the responsibility of the state

governments.

States rights

Supreme or ultimate political authority.

Sovereignty

A system in which sovereignty is whole inthe hands of the national government.

Unitary System

A system in which the state governments

are sovereign and the national

government may do only what the states

permit.

Confederation or confederal system

A system in which sovereignty is shared

between the national and state

governments.

Federal system

The Founders term for federation.

Federal Republic

The clause that stipulates that powers notdelegated to the United States are

reserved to the states or to the people.

Tenth Amendment

A Supreme Court decision embodying the

principle of implied powers of the

national government.

Necessary-and-proper clause

A doctrine espoused by Calhoun that

states could hold certain national policies

invalid within their boundaries.

Nullification

The doctrine that both state and national

governments are supreme in their

respective spheres.

Dual federalism

Federal funds provided to states and

localities.

Grants-in-aid

State educational institutions built with

the benefit of federally donated lands.

Land grand colleges

A program proposed in the 1960s to give

federal funds to a small number of large

cities with acute problems.

Model cities

A federal grant for a specific purpose,

often with accompanying conditions

and/or requiring a local match.

Categorical grant

A federal grant that could be used for a

variety of purposes, usually with few

accompanying restrictions.

Block grants

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