AP Chapter 19

Industrialization

Rise of Industrialization

RR’s linked the nation by the late 1800s and served as a distributor for goods

Rising American population led to a huge demand for mass produced industrial goods

Anthracite coal was the new fuel source for the country

Railroads

Coal Miners

Expanding Market

Mass advertising through the mail became common

Sears & Roebuck, Montgomery Ward, Charles Woolworth and A&P became large corporations

Large department stores were able to offer a variety of goods

Gospel of Wealth

Belief that hard work and perseverance led to wealth and that poverty was a character flaw

Andrew Carnegie wrote “The Gospel of Wealth” and was one of the greatest business leaders of all time

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest

Businesses that were the strongest were the fittest and would survive

Carnegie, Rockefeller, Morgan and Vanderbilt and used this to justify their practices

The Wage System

Mass production meant that highly skilled workers were replaced by newer inexperienced workers

Many left the farm for the guaranteed daily wage in the factories

Cheap labor from new immigrants allowed the industrialist to maximize their profits

Knights of Labor (1869)

Included skilled & unskilled laborers

Led by Terrance Powderly

Arbitration- judging of a dispute by an impartial person

Goal- shorter day with more money

Haymarket Riot 1886- bomb was thrown into a crowd killing a police officer and several civilians

Anarchists (oppose the govt.) were blamed for the bombing

Knights of Labor- lost a lot of members b/c of the riot

Govt. supported the businesses

American Federation of Labor (1886)

0 Led by Samuel Gompers

0 Brought different craft unions together

0 Bread and Butter Goals: higher wages, shorter working hours and better working conditions

0 Provided support for striking workers

South and Industrialization

Southerners made huge profits from controlling the cotton industry

Southern wages were low and child labor was common

Piedmont Communities- produced more cotton and yarn than New England

Industrialization and the Cities

Jobs- factories drew millions of people mainly immigrants to the cities

Immigrants took advantage of the expanding job opportunities

Cities became crowded and very dirty

Urban Problems

Slums- poverty stricken areas of the cities

Mainly African Americans and immigrants lived in the slums

They were the crowded and dirty areas of the cities

Crime- rapid increase in crime in the urban areas

Sewage was dumped into the lakes and rivers the same place that people got their drinking water from

No sanitation systems

New ArchitectureUse of steel led to the rise of skyscrapers

Tenements- cheaply built buildings where hundreds of families would crowd into

Tenements were overcrowded and fire hazards

Diseases, rats and roaches spread rapidly

Tenements

Conspicuous Consumption

Highly visible displays of wealth and consumption

Americans had more leisure time

Huge gap between the rich and poor

Wealthy became leading patrons of the arts

Average American made $700 a year in 1900

People flocked to Chautauqua, NY for lectures

YMCA- was created to help those on hard times

Coney Island/Celoron Park- people flocked to these amusement centers as a way to escape life in the cities

Education became more important and many colleges were created

Women’s Educational and Industrial Union- offered classes to wage-earning women

Booker T. Washington founded the Tuskegee Institute that offered vocational skills for blacks

Blue Collar Worker- factory workers

Gilded Age- term given to the period form 1865-1900 which makes America look like gold on the surface but rough beneath the surface

Philanthropists (Captain’s of Industry) such as Carnegie and Rockefeller donated large sums of money to build libraries, schools and museums

Robber barons- used cruel and ruthless tactics to succeed

ConclusionIndustrialization led to rapid growth in the country

Carnegie, Rockefeller and others were great business leaders who used questionable practices

Cities were greatly transformed

Unions formed to combat the poor working conditions but struggled to gain support