Industrialization and Urbanization in Canada in the late 1800s

Industrialization• Industrialization = industry = factories• 2 phases of industrialization in Canada:– Phase 1 1860-1900– Phase 2 1901-1929

• 1870-1901:– The National Policy helps Canadian factories do

well protects them against U.S. competition

Industrialization

• Artisans make things one at a time

• Before the mid 1800s• Factories makes lots

of things very fast• MASS PRODUCTION• After the mid 1800s

Industrialization

• Industries / factories started using STEAM ENGINES

• Steam engines made machines work FAST• LOTS of products can be made in one day• Steam engines needed lots of coal to power

them

Artisans no machines

Before the first stage of industrialization

From Artisans to Industrialization

IndustrializationHow did industrialization happen?Ingredients:1. Cheap labour (workers) immigrants / french

Canadians were people who worked for little money2. Capital($$$) money to invest in companies3. Raw materials (wood, leather, etc.)4. Transportation Railways / boats5. Energy Coal / steam engines6. A place to sell the products

Industrialization

• Who profited from industrialization?• In Québec: Montréal• big city with a large population « cheap labour » • Railways that connect with the rest of Canada, • A port to ship products by boat • Rich people that can invest money in industries

(usually English people)• The province of Ontario (Toronto) also benefits a

lot

Montreal access to ports and railways

Factories Using machines powered by steam engines

Stitching collars on mens’ shirts (Montreal)

Large factory in Montreal

Machines powered by steam engines

Investing money:Montreal Stock Exchange& Banks

Industrialization Recap• Technology used in factories = STEAM ENGINES

worked using coal• Investments = Rich English men• Transportation = Railway and boats• Locations for factories = BIG CITIES LIKE MONTREAL• What kinds of factories? Leather, clothing, textiles,

furniture, metalworks, steel• Sell to who? Canadians all over Canada• Workers = IMMIGRANTS & FRENCH CANADIANS = • “CHEAP LABOUR”

Year People working in industry

Total population of Quebec

Percentage of workers in industry

1831 15,600 890,000 1.8%

1861 25,300 1,112,000 2.3%

1871 39,000 1,192,000 3.3%

1881 53,700 1,359,000 4.0%

1891 73,600 1,489,000 4.9%

1901 129,000 1,649,000 7.8%

Urbanization

• Urbanization = Urban = Cities = People moving to cities

• Cities getting bigger• Industrialization = more jobs in cities = more

workers needed • No work in rural areas (farms) people move

to cities to work in factories• Industrialization made people move to cities

faster

Urbanization• Living in cities difficult life for most people in

late 1800s• Living conditions in cities were bad (1870s-

1901)• Poor hygienic conditions• City services are not great garbage

collection, sewer system, outdoor toilets.