AP BIOLOGYChapters 4 & 5http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/55147.JPGhttp://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg

Identify the following functional groupsaminocarbonylcarboxylImages from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhosphatesulfhydrylHydroxyl (alcohol)phosphate

Identify the kind of moleculesaldehydeketoneImages from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm

Identify the asymmetric carbon in the following moleculeB is asymmetric; it has 4 different groups attachedCampbell and Reece 7th edition

Identify the type of geometric isomer as TRANS or CISCIS TRANShttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

Cells store energy by ________________

a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP b) Removing a phosphate group from ATPorganicadding a phosphate group to ADPCompounds containing carbon are called___________

IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THIS TRIPEPTIDEphosphatesulfhydrylcarbonylcarboxylhydroxylcarbonylamino? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz

Carbon atoms are able to form bonds with ___ different atoms at the same time.4The ionized form of an amino group has a ___ charge at cellular pH 7.2positivehttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/ionized%20amino%20group.gif

Carbon is tetravalent. What does this mean?It can form 4 covalent bonds

These are examples of which kind of isomer you learned abouut?geometrichttp://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

Molecules that are mirror images of each other that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon are called ________________Enantiomers (stereoisomers)How are isomers are different from isotopes?ISOMERS are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

ISOTOPES are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Hydrocarbons contain many _________ carbon-hydrogen bonds. polar nonpolarNonpolarThe ionized form of a carboxyl group has a ___ charge at cellular pH 7.2negativehttp://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm

Chemical process that splits (lysis) water molecules (hydro) and breaks a covalent bond as the OH- and H groups are added back to the original monomer is called:hydrolysishttp://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

Chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water moleculeCondensation reaction (Dehydration synthesis)Name the four main classes ofbiological macromoleculesProteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

The simplest sugars are called________________monosaccharides_____________ is the highly branchedpolysaccharide used by animal cells tostore glucose. Also called animal starchGLYCOGENLipids are____________ molecules polar nonpolarNONPOLAR

Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water.hydrolysishttp://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

Molecules made of two monosaccharidesare called ______________dissaccharidesThe subunits joined to make proteins are _______________ amino acidsThe major polysaccharide component found in plant cell walls is_____________________cellulose

Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon5

Carbohydrates made from joining many sugar molecules together are called____________________polysaccharidesGlucose and fructose can be joined to make sucrose via a ___________________ reaction.dehydration synthesis

The two interconvertible forms of glucose differ in the placement of the hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon.Label the two forms as (alpha) or (beta) BETA ALPHA Hydroxyl is up Hydroxyl is downhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif

Amylose and amylopectin are both forms of _____________starchHow are these different?Amylose is unbranched and joined onlyby 1,4 linkages

Amylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkages at the branch points

How are starch and cellulose different?Starch is made up of glucose rings in the (alpha) form joined by 1,4 linkages; helical; can be branched; humans can digest this Cellulose is made up of glucose rings in the (beta) form so every other glucose is upside down the respect to its neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages; straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds join parallel molecules into microfibrils; humans cant digest this

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by -1, 4-glycosidic linkages. celluloseWhere is chitin found in nature?Cell walls of fungi; exoskeletons of arthropods

Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together?Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose molecules together to make a microfibrilImage modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition

This subunit is _________________N-acetylglucosamine(NAG)It can be joined together in long chains by 1,4 linkages to make _________chitinImage modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gif

Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in their shape so that they dont pack closely together- saturated or unsaturated?unsaturatedAnother name for a triacylglycerol moleculefat

What kind of bond is a disulfide bridge? ionic covalent hydrogencovalentA fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail is called _______________unsaturated

Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together?Hydrogen bondsA fatty acid in which all carbons in thehydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds is called _______________saturated

The subunit used to make starch, cellulose, and glycogen is __________glucoseThe sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the ________ structurePrimary 1o

The polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits with a nitrogen containing group attached which is used to build the exoskeletons of arthropods is called _______________chitinA fat is made up of one ________ moleculeand three ___________ molecules. glycerolfatty acid

Amino acid molecules used by living things areusually the ___ stereoisomer version.

L or DLThe covalent bondthat joins sugar molecules to make a polysaccharide iscalled a_________ bond.glycosidic

The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated sheet shapes seen in proteins is called the _____________ structure. Secondary 2oWhich kinds of bond holds these together?Hydrogen bonds between the C=O of one amino acid and the N-H of another

The addition of smaller similar subuints to build a large repeating molecule is called polymerizationThe subunits are called ___________ and the molecule that is formed is called a ______________monomers

polymerImage by K.Riedell

Sugar molecules used by living things areusually the ___ stereoisomer version.

L or DDThe structural polysaccharide foundin plant cell walls that provides support is ____________cellulose

_____________ are molecules that help proteins fold up into their correct 3Dshape by shielding them from the cytoplasmic environment.ChaparoninsImage from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed.

Sugars with 6 carbons are called_______________hexosesSucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars?Glucose + fructose = sucrose

Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers are called __________________disaccharidesName one of the polysaccharides you learned about.Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

The kind of covalent bond that joins amino acids together is called a _________ bondpeptidehttp://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature.

solidliquidliquidhttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

The folding of a protein molecule into its 3D shape due to the interactions of R side chains involved hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, an disulfide bridges result in its ___________ structure.Tertiary 3o

Tell the kind of macromolecule you learned about that could be built from these subunitsFat (triacylglycerol)http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpghttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/chemfat.html

This isomer of glucosein which the -OH on C1 hangs down below the plane of the ring is called _____ glucoseName a polysaccharide that this form of glucose could be used to makeStarch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen

The association of multiple protein chains together results in its _____________Quaternary 4ohttp://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg

Saturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature.

solidliquidsolidhttp://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

This isomer of glucosein which the -OH on C1 sticks up above the plane of the ring is called _____ glucoseName a polysaccharide that this form of glucose could be used to makeCellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added)

Name this type ofLipid characterizedby a carbon skeletonconsisting of 4 ringswith variousfunctional groupssteroids

Sugar molecules with 6 carbons are called ________ hexosesWhich nitrogen base is not found in RNA?thymine

Name this steroidfrom which othersteroids includinghuman sex hormonesare synthesized.cholesterolWhich part of a phospholipid is polar?Glycerol-phosphate head

saturated unsaturatedA diet high in ____________fats is one of the factors that can contribute to cardiovasculardisease.saturatedhttp://z.hubpages.com/u/105829_f520.jpg

CONTRAST: GLYCOGEN and STARCHDifferences:Glycogen Starch Highly branched amylose (unbranched) amylopectin (less branched than glycogen)

Made by animals made by plants 1,4 & 1,6

Which part of a phospholipid molecule is non-polar?Fatty acid tails__________ are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living thingsENZYMES

How many fatty acid tails are found in a phospholipid?2Fatty acid molecules consist of long hydrocarbon chains with which functionalgroup attached at one end?carboxylhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg

COMPARE GLYCOGEN and STARCHMade of glucose subunits 1,4 linkages1,6 linkages @ branch pointsGlycosidic bondsGlucose polymersWays to store glucoseDigestible by humansAlike:

Which of the four biomolecule groups you learned is hydrophobic?lipidsAnother name for a fat is____________________triacylglycerol

Which of these structures would NOTbe found in a DNA molecule?A (ribose) and D (uracil)Image from LearningExpress.com

Dehydration synthesis is also called____________ reaction.condensationWhich nitrogen base is not found in DNA?uracil

The addition of a phosphate group to ADP____________ energy.

stores releasesstoresOrganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies molecules that contain _______ carbon

The removal of a phosphate group from ATP to form ADP____________ energy.

stores releasesreleasesTRUE or FALSE

L and D stereoisomers have the same chemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms

TRUE or FALSE

L and D stereoisomers have the same chemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atomsFALSE L and D enantiomers can have very different chemical properties. Ex: L-Dopa is a drug used to treat Parkinsons disease, but D-Dopa has no effect on patients.

Thalidomide- one enantiomer of used to treat morning sickness; other form caused birth defects

Name the structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants that provides supportcellulosePolymers of amino acids are called______________polypeptides

Chemical bond in which atoms share2 pairs of electrons

List some functions of fatCovalent double bondEnergy storage (1 g of fat has more than twice as much energy as 1 g of polysaccharide)Cushions vital organsInsulates body against heat loss (blubber)

List some functions of nucleic acidsStore genetic informationProtein synthesis

Nucleotide subunits: ATP: store and transport energy NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A energy/electron carriers

Which form of glucose is used to build cellulose molecules?-glucoseThe kinks in fatty acids are due to _____________________cis-double bonds

Which chemical reaction joins glycerol and fatty acids to make a fat?Dehydration synthesis or condensationThe place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches is called the_______________Active site

The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed reaction is called a _____________substrateName the amino acid that can form disulfide bridgesCysteine

Which functional group is responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges?-SH sulfhydrylThe unwinding and loss of conformation in proteins is called _____________ denaturing

Which is the only amino acid without an asymmetric carbon?http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Glycine2.png

Name an environmental factor that can cause proteins to denaturepH extremesSalt concentrationTemperature (heat)TRUE or FALSEDenaturing in proteins is due to the disruption of peptide bondsFalse; 1 remains intact but hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges in 2 & 3are disrupted

Which amino acid is involved in making disulfide bridges to form the tertiary structure of proteins?

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.pnghttp://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm

COMPARE and CONTRAST:DNARNADouble strandedSingle strandedContain A, T, C, GContain A, U, C, GNo uracilNo thymineDeoxyriboseRibose Store genetic infoCarry info from DNA to cellProtein synthesisBOTH:Nucleic acids, made of nucleotide subunits, are polymers,Information molecules, joined using dehydration synthesis,Contain pentose sugars and nitrogen bases, have phosphate-sugar backbones,

Nitrogenous bases consisting of 2 rings are called _______________purinesThe two sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA molecule run in opposite directions, an arrangement referred to as___________________antiparallel

Nitrogenous bases consisting of 1 ring are called _______________pyrimidinesName the subunit used to build nucleic acids which consists of a pentose sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group.nucleotide

The nitrogen bases that join byhydrogen bonds to form the stair steps of the DNA ladder always pair up so that_________________ match up with each other.a pyrimidine-a purinetwo purinestwo pyrimidinesa pyrimidine-a purine

Give an example of a pyrimidineCytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)In a DNA molecule guanine always pairs up with _____________cytosine

Which of these structures would NOTbe found in an RNA molecule?C (deoxyribose) and F (thymine)Image from LearningExpress.com

Carbohydrates that contain 5 carbon atoms are called _____________triosesWhich carbon is important in determining whether a glucose molecule is in the or form?C1

In a DNA molecule adenine always pairs with _____________thymineA pentose sugar with only the nitrogen base attached is called a _____________nucleoside

Molecules with both polar and nonpolar parts are called _______________amphipathicMolecules containing only hydrogen and carbon are called ________________hydrocarbons

Compare and contrast phospholipids and triglycerides (fat)

BOTH

PHOSPHOLIPIDSTRIGLYCERIDESGlycerol backboneMultiple phobic fatty acid chains attachedBy ester linkages 2 fatty acid chains 3 fatty acid chainsphosphate group nonpolarAmphipathic (polar head; nonpolar tails)

Which two amino acids contain SULFUR ? methioninehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/L-Methionine.pngLook at these structures. Why cant methionine form disulfide bridges? No SH group; its got a methyl group

Tell the central dogma of molecular biologythat describes how information flowsin eukaryotic cells DNA RNA proteinsWrite the chemical formula for a monosaccharide with 3 carbonsC3H6O3

What disaccharide does it make?

Glucose + glucose = ______________

Glucose + fructose = ____________

Glucose + galactose = ______________maltosesucroselactose

Table sugar is called ____________sucroseWhich parts of a nucleotide form the backbone of a nucleic acid?Sugar and phosphatehttp://altopower.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/sugar.jpg

Put the following in order from least to most branched Glycogen amyloseamylopectinamylose amylopectin glycogen

___________ fats are more common inanimals than plants.SaturatedTRUE or FALSE

Amino acids be enantiomersTrue; the center carbon is attached to 4 different groups; there are D and L forms of all amino acids except glycine

Name the only amino acid of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins that doesnt have a stereoisomer (enantiomer)GLYCINEIt does NOT have a chiral carbon; it does not have 4 different groupsattachedhttps://sharepoint.cisat.jmu.edu/isat/klevicca/Web/NMR_2002/glycine/Glycine2.gif

Amylase is an enzyme that can break glyosidic linkages between -glucose monomers.Which of the following could amylasebreak down?

cellulose glycogen amylopectin starch chitinGlycogen, amylopectin, starch? From AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th edition Chapter 5 self quiz