AP ART HISTORY What I Need To Know

ELEMENTS OF ART AND

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

ART ELEMENTS Line – A point in motion , continuous outline (contour line) Shape- Line that encloses a space Texture- The literal or visual illusion of how a surface feels. Can be used

to create value in replacement of shading, can create patter/ rhythm Value- The darkness or lightness of a hue Form- third dimensional rendition of a shape, can be created with the

use of value Space- The area around and between an object…Positive takes up

space / negative does not Color- Light reflected or emitted from an object to the eye. Intensity or

saturation, Tint and shade, cool (blue, green, violet) and warm (red,orange,yellow)

Elements in Depth Line can be suggested or implied by edges of planes or juxtaposition. Implied line. Line

can also guide the eye through an art work. Decorative Shape can be repeated or varied to create visual texture, negative/positive space shapes. Delicate understanding of materials can lead to realistic execution of visual surface

texture. Form as element differs from ART FORM which refers to the type of art. Every color has a large range of possible values…depending on the lighting situation even

yellow can be darker in value than “black”. Values can create a visual push and pull. Color is the most complex. Colors can convey an emotion, manipulate the viewer etc. Space is used by many masters in order to convey a desired emotion or visual stability or

lack thereof. Perspective and foreshortening can create the illusion of depth

Materials, Media and ProcessPainting • Acrylic• Watercolor and Gouache• Ink painting• Oils• Oil pastels• Pigment and hot wax Encaustic• Frescoes • Tempera• Spray paint

Drawing • Pencil- graphite • Charcoal • Ink • Quill and pen • Brush drawing • Oil pastels • Soft pastels

Printmaking (limited editions)Relief- carving away non printing Intaglio- thin cut into metal or Plexiglas for printing Planography- lithography- on stone and silkscreen (non reverse) Monotypes and monoprints- original is copy

Graphic arts• Mesopotamian – picture

symbols, Egyptian Hieroglyphics

• Typography- printed letters

• Logos

• Digital design • Illustration• Layout design• Web design

Photography Film Performance art Digital Art Installation 3DReadymades- Appropriation artist taking over pre-existing image Changing meaning or purpose

ArchitecturePost- and-lintel Hypostyle hallCorbeled arch Aqueduct

Principles of Design Balance- The distribution of Art Elements to create an even visual weight. Rhythm- Created through the use of repeated art elements, Visual flow. Repetition- To reuse a certain image or element various times through out a work of

art. Movement- Using art elements to make the eye move throughout the work. How the

eye moves. Pattern- arrangement of repeated or alternated elements of art. Emphasis (Focal Point)- The use of art elements to create a sense of visual importance

to a given object or area in a work of art. Juxtaposition, location, size, color…. Variety- Alternating the use of certain art elements to maintain visual interest. Proportion or scale- The relationship between objects with relation to their size,

number… Unity- Visual harmony, where all parts of the work are working together to create

aesthetics.

HOW TO CRITIQUE ART

Art Criticism StepsDescribe- What do you see. What materials were used, what

elements, principles of design, size of work, art style and genre. NO OPINIONS

Formal analysis- Explore the use of the Principles of Design and provide examples of use.

Interpretation- Meaning or message (what is the artist saying) in the work. Provide evidence.

Judgement- Evaluation of work, is it of good quality and successful? Why? How does it compare to other similar works. Provide supporting evidence.

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW HOW TO DO

Differentiate components of form, function, content and/ or context of a work of art. BREAKDOWN Form- The scheme followed in shaping an artistic

work. Content- subject matter . The circumstances that

form the setting for an event statement or idea and in terms of which it can be fully understood.

Function- The purpose or activity for which a work of art exists or is used.

Continued Identification- Being able to assign a work of art or distinguish it from a given period or artist Formal Analysis- Close inspection of an artists use of Art Elements ( same as in critique) Stylistic analysis- Design element similarities which may resemble a certain artistic approach, manner or

period. Some quality must be shared by every member of the group. (personal, due to environment, resources available, time or event)

Contextual analysis- Similar to observation of formal elements on visual characteristics but w/ the addition of deeper research in attempt to connect the works formal achievements to Historical, religious, cultural purposes and meaning. Questions to ask…..Formal analysis, who made it, when and where, Patronage, and or social purpose, cultural meaning/ significance.

Thinking Conceptually (Art as a metaphor)- How do some works suggest or promote large ideas other than the visual themes?

Interpreting Iconography- Images or symbolisms used in a work and its possible interpretations. Artist intention/ meaning of the work- Why, how, where, when was the work created ? Synthesizing different ideas- on visual objects (compare – similarities and differences/ Contrast- How

different when looked at juxtaposed to the other. Techniques and History of making art

Intro to Work Through Critique Process HOMELEARNING ASSIGNMENT

Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna. (Modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) Sumerian c. 2700 B.C.E Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone.

San Vital, Justinian Panel. Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. C. 526-547 C.E. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Pablo Picasso Museum of Modern Art Cubism 1907 – Oil paint

GLOBAL PREHISTORY PREHISTORIC ART

PALEOLITHIC ART 30,000 B.C.E- 8000 B.C.E

in the Near East; later in the rest of the world

Neolithic Art 8,000 B.C.E- 3000 B.C.E.

in the Near East ; later in the rest of the world

Visual Examples Drawing in Prehistoric Art

Animal Facing Left, Apollo 11 Stones. Namibia. c. 25,500-25,300 B.C.E Charcoal on stone

Fun fact: Cave was named after Apollo moon landing found during same time.Hist. Wonderwerk Cave in Nambian, Africa some of the oldest works found. Work was portable Theme? The species are uncertain The Charcoal used in the animal facing left stone dates around 23,000 B.C.E Subject was always animals in PaleolithicHow ?Prehistoric depiction of animal always in profile

Visual ExamplesPainting in Prehistoric Art

How?-Paint made from natural products, charcoal, iron ore, plants-Some figures overlap -Scaffolding evidence to reach higher areas of cave.-walls were scrapped to even surface-paint bound and lamps with animal fat -Flat stones used as palettes What?-650 paintings of- cows horses bulls and deer Where? -Hundreds of feet from entrance of caveProfile, Frontal and diagonal view of horns eyes and hooves- some appear pregnant. -Caves not dwelling – nomads follow animals (some evidence of mouth of cave used as shelter) Why?-Used to ensure successful hunt-Ancestral animal worship -Shamanism- shamans (contact forces of nature through trance)

Cultural comparisons- Tomb of the Triclinium - Leonardo DaVinci Last

Supper - Walker, Darkytown

Rebellion

Great Hall of the Bulls. Lascaux, France. Paleolithic Europe. 15,000-13000 B.C.E Rock Painting

CLASS ASSIGNMENT CAVE IS WHERE THE ART IS (start drawing once you finish reading)

This week be bad…no animal…me hungry… me need food. I need idea..better. I hunt. I plan. I think. Animal be big. I want….many animal. Please I need……..my family need. We all hungry. I draw. I get animal……

Tomb of the Triclinium, C. 480-470 B.C.E., Tufa and Frescoe, Tarquinia, Italy

Fun Fact: -Named after an ancient Roman dining table, which appears in the frescoWhat?- (couples) Ancient manner of eating in

reclined pose- Rural setting by depicting trees and

shrubbery- Possible funeral banquet, emotion is

celebration of dead- Circles may represent time on

checkerboard ceiling How? -Ancient convention of painting men in darker color than women Where? Italy, Etruscan funerary paintings about 280 still exstant (could be of Greek influence..but due to less Greek paintings left hard to prove.

Cross- Cultural connection/ comparison

Kara, Walker, Darkytown Rebellion, 2001, cut paper and projection on wall, Collection Musee d’Art Moderne Grand-Duc Jean, Luxembourg

How? Technique -Draws images w/ greasy white pencil or soft pastel crayon on large pieces of black paper; cuts paper w/ knife Images stick on wall w/ wax Traditional silhouette forms Overhead projector throws light Peoples shadow mingle with work People become part of the piece What?Exploration of African American in the antebellum south (South Carolina period between the War of 1812, and the American Civil War, )

Teenager holds flag resembling colonial ship sail man has his leg cut off woman having abortion another woman cares for newboen

Cross-cultural cont.

Cross-cultural cont. Who? Commissioned by Sforza of Milan for the refectory or dining hall of a Dominican abbey What?Relationship between the friars eating and a Biblical meal How? Oil and tempera, to attempt greater chiaroscuro but paint started to peel off in Leo’s lifetime Many restorationsApostles grouped in three and three windows symbolizing the Trinity Where? On a wall, only work of Leonardo da Vinci that remains in situ

Depicts great moment of moment when Jesus says “one of you will betray me” (Matthew 26:21)

Leonardo da Vinci, The last Supper, 1494-1498, Tempera and oil, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

Running Horned Woman 6,000-4000 B.C.Erock painting, Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria

Where?-Algeria, more than 15,000 drawings and engravings found at this site.-At one time the area was grass lands; climate changes have turned it into desert How?Some drawings are naturalistic some abstract and some Negroid features some Caucasian features Depicts live stock cows sheep wildlife giraffes lions humans hunting harvesting Composite view of the body Dots may reflects body paint applied for ritual The entire site was probably painted by many different groups over a large expanse of time

Aka elephant mask, c. nineteenth to twentieth century, wood, woven raffia, cloth, and beads

Visual example Sculpture in Prehistoric Art

Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine, 14,000- 7,000 B.C.E ., bone, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico

Where?-From Tequixquiac, Mexico -Bone sculpture from a camel- like animal -Sacrum is the triangular bone at the base of the spine How? -Bone has been worked to create the image of a dog or wolf -One natural form used to take the shape of another -Carved to represent a mammal’s skull -Mesoamerican idea that a sacrum is a “second skull” When?Found in 1870

Anthropomorphic stele, fourth millennium B.C.E., sandstone Pergamon Museum, Berlin

When?-One of the earliest known works of art from Arabia Where?-Found in an area that had extensive ancient trade rootsWhy?-Religious or burial purposeWhat?-Belted robe from which hangs a double bladed knife or sword -Anthropomorphic resembles human form but not in itself human

Visual example Sculpture in Prehistoric Art

Beaker with ibex motifs. Susa, Iran 4200-3500 B.C.E. painted terra cotta

Where?-Found near burial site, but not with human remains -Made in Susa, in Southwestern Iran -Found with hundreds of baskets, bowls, and metallic items How?-Use of potter’s wheel, a technological advance -Thin walls of pot What?-Frieze of stylized aquatic birds on top ; below stylized running dogs with long narrow bodies-Oversized horns abstract stylized motif -In the middle of horns is a clan symbol of family ownership Why?-Perhaps the image identifies the deceased as belonging to a particular group or family

Visual example Sculpture in Prehistoric Art

Tlatilco Female Figures c. 1200-900 B.C.E, ceramic, Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton, New Jersey

Where?Tlatilco, Mexico, noted for potteryWhat?Many shapes and forms: male, female, couples, etc. Female figures show elaborate details of hair styles, clothing, and body ornaments Many show deformities including two-headed females: possible signification of a cluster of conjoined or Siamese twins; stillbornTheories that they show bifacial images, and therefore would show the first evidence of congenital defects May have had shamanistic function Style:flipper-like arms; huge thighs, pronounced hips, narrow waists, unclothed except for jewelry; arms extend from the body

terra-cotta fragment. lapita, from the solomon islands,

Art Movements Surrealism

Cubism

Realism

Abstract

Impressionism

Expressionism

Modern

Post modern

Abstract expressionism

Dada

Op Art

Futurism

Deconstructivism

Minimalism

Mannerism

Political

Art Periods