anubhaw sugarcane sesame cotton
DESCRIPTION
Covers Package and Practices for 3 crops.TRANSCRIPT
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Sugarcane, Sesame & Cotton: A Brief Introduction
Presented by : Anubhaw Kumar Shandilya
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Flow of Presentation
Introduction Package of practices Brief discussion
Introduction Package of practices Brief discussion
IntroductionPackage of practicesBrief discussion
Questionnaire Discussion
Closure
Sugarcane
Sesame
Cotton
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Sugarcane- origin- New Guinea- 6000 BC. Two main groups:
i. Thin, hardy North Indian types S. barberi and the Chinese S. sinenses, and,
ii. Thick, juicy noble canes S. officinarum.India stands first in area (5.47 M.ha) and production (380 M.t) among the sugarcane
growing countries of Asia.The average yield of cane stalk is 60-70 tones per hectare per year.
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.)
Map Legend: Lowest Productivity Largest Productivity Major Sugar Cane Producing States Potential Area Largest Area & Production
Productivity wise, Tamil Nadu stands first with over 100 t/ha followed by Karnataka & Maharashtra.
MSP- 139.12 Rs/ Qtls.
The sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry, next only to textiles, in the country.
Sugarcane Scenario
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Sugarcane Plant
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Nursery Crop Main Field Crop
June Dec-Jan (Main Season)
July Feb-Mar (Mid Season)
August Apr-May (Late Season)
Dec-Apr Jun-Sep (Special Season)
Main seasoni. Early: Dec - Janii. Mid: Feb - Marchiii. Late: April - May
Special season: June – JulyEarly season varieties are suitable for special season.
Eksali season: Throughout the year except June.
Location of Nursery:i. No Alkaline, Saline, Acidic, or Water Logging.ii. There should be adequate irrigation facility.iii. Different Division of seed plot for accessibility.
Land preparations:Ploughing and Cultivation is essential – High amount of organic manure is advantageous for nursery crops for obtaining a vigorous crop. Therefore, about 25 to 30 tones of FYM per ha may be applied about 15 days before planting.
Spacing: i. Ridges and furrows – 75-80 cm between rowsii. Dual row planting - 150 cm between two broad
furrows (In middle of the furrows sugarcane setts are planted in two rows adopting a spacing of 30 cm between them)
iii. Pit method of planting - Pit to pit spacing- 150 cm x 150 cm.
Sett rate:Two-budded setts -75,000 setts /ha Three budded setts - 40,000 setts /ha.
Nursery Management
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Sett treatment:i. Preparation of setts for planting:
a) Take seed material from short crop (6 to 7 months age) free from pests and diseases incidence.
b) Harvest the seed crop one day before planting to obtain higher percentage and uniform germination.
c) Detrash the canes with hand before sett preparation.d) Avoid damage to buds while cutting sett.e) Planting material or seed cane should be free from aerial
roots and splits.f) Change the seed material after every two to three
seasons. If it is inevitable to use mature cane as seed, the top one-third portion can be used satisfactorily.
ii. Sett treatment with Azospirillum: Prepare the slurry with 10 packets (2 Kg/ha) in 100l of water and soak the setts in the slurry for 15 minutes before planting.
iii. Sett treatment with fungicide: Soaked in Carbendazim at 1 gram/ 1litre water.iv. Aerated steam treatment: Treat setts with Aerated steam at 50° C for
one hour to control primary infection of grassy shoot disease.
Nursery Management Cont/-
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Nursery Management Cont/-
Before planting setts:i. Use young crop (6-8 months old) seed materialii. Discard pest, disease affected and damaged buds and canes.iii. Do not detrash & prop the seed cane crop.iv. Apply 125 kg Urea / ha + 125 kg MOP/ha one month prior to
harvestv. Irrigate the crop well before harvestvi. Detrash the cane with hand at the time of sett preparationvii. Selection of proper planting months for raising nursery crop in
relation to main field planting. Polybag Nursery:
i. Polythene bags of 10x15cm filled with soil and compost mixture (in 1:1 ratio) are arranged closely in an open space, close to water source.
ii. Scooped buds are planted at 1-2 cm depth.iii. Cut sugarcane pieces with one bud can also be used for raising the
nursery.iv. Insert these cut pieces into the soil filled bags up to the node level,
keeping buds just touching the soil.v. Irrigate these bags twice a week. Saplings- ready- 60 days for
planting.
Nursery
Polybag Nursery
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Cultivation Practices
Land Preparationi) Ploughing: The common method of tillage preparation
is ploughing the land and bringing the soil to fine tilth. Ploughing- 2 to 4 times at the depth of 50-60 cm.
ii) Harrowing: Harrowing is done at shallow depth of 12-15 cm to crush the clods by disc harrow or rotavator.
iii) Levelling: Levelling can be carried out using a tractor operated leveller.
iv) Lay out of field: Irrigation-cum-drainage channels along and across the slope of the field at 10-15 m intervals.
v) Basal application of organic manures and fertilizers:a) FYM at 12-15 t/ha or compost at 25 t/ha before
the last ploughing.b) Apply super phosphate (375 kg/ha) along the
furrows and incorporate with hand hoe.c) Apply 37.5 kg Zinc sulphate/ha and 100 kg
Ferrous sulphate/ha to zinc and iron deficient soils.
Disc Ploughing
Harrowing
Layout of Field
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(vi) Main field preparation and transplanting:Manures are applied basally in the furrow in band or by digging a pit at the site of
transplant. Then furrow is irrigated. The nursery bed should be well soaked so that the settling could be easily removed without much damage to the root system.
Then they are transplanted in the furrow following 30-45 cm spacing. An additional line may be planted in every 10th row. The life irrigation is given on 3rd or 4th day. After 10-15 days, the gap filling is done using the settlings planted on the 10th row. Proper irrigation management till settlings establish is very important.
Cultivation Practices Cont/-
Pit Method Earthed Up in Pit Method
Planting Cane Setts in Furrows Furrow Method Flat Method
Placing Setts in Furrows
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
Intercultural operationsi. Trash mulching:
a) Mulch the ridges uniformly with cane trash to a thickness of 10 cm within a week after planting.
b) It helps to tide over drought, conserve moisture, reduce weed population and minimize shoot borer incidence.
c) Mulch the field with trash after 21 days of planting in heavy soil and wetland conditions. Avoid trash mulching in areas where incidence of termites is noticed.
d) Trash mulching in between rows of crop.ii. Raising Inter Crops:
iii. Crop rotation: Sugarcane is generally grown after the harvest of cotton, rice, maize, toria, potato, wheat, etc. – gap-2/3- years.
Season Main Crop Inter Crop
Kharif (Mid June/ Sep-Oct) Sugarcane Maize, Soyabean, Sorghum, Sunflower, Jowar, Mung, Urd.
Rabi (Oct-Dec/Apr-Jun) SugarcaneWheat, Chickpea, Potato, Garlic, Coriander, Linseed, Lentil, Pea, Mustard.
Summer/ Zaid (Short Season) Sugarcane Vegetables.
Trash Mulching
Inter Cropping
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
iv. Gap Filling:a. Fill the gaps, if any, within 30 days after planting with
sprouted setts.b. Maintain adequate moisture for 3 weeks for proper
establishment of the sprouted setts.v. Earthing up/ Hilling Up:
a. 1st Earthing up- “partial earthing-up” – 2nd/3rd – “full earthing-up".
b. The partial earthing-up is done around 45 days after planting. c. Full earthing-up is done after 120 days of planting coinciding
with the peak tiller population stage.d. This operation converts the furrows into ridges and ridges into
furrows. This operation could be done either manually or by using a bullock-drawn/tractor drawn furrower.
e. After application of 3rd dose of fertilizers around 90 days, work a victory plough along the ridges for efficient and economical earthing up.
f. Around 150 days after planting, earthing up may be done with spade.
Earthing Up
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
vi. Control/ Regulation of flowering: Ethephon (ethrel) applied at the rate of 500 ppm effectively controlled flowering in a number of profuse flowering varieties. By altering the planting date, flowering can be avoided in heavy flowering areas. Adsali planting or special season planting (July to September) helps in avoiding flowering and its adverse effects.
vii. Detrashing: Detrashing refers to removal of unwanted dry and green leaves at the bottom regular intervals. Sugarcane stalk bears large number of leaves (30-35) equal to the number of inter-nodes under good management systems. Detrashing should be taken up after the cane formation around 150 days after planting.
viii. Propping: The operation of tying the top leaves together using the bottom dry and green leaves is known as propping. It is primarily done to avoid lodging of cane. Propping can be either done for each row or two rows can be brought together and tied. It is done around the age of 210 days of the crop.
ix. Removal of water shoots: Water shoots are late formed tillers or side shoots, which are robust and fast growing. They originate mainly due to excess water supply, heavy and late manuring, inadequate earthing up. Water shoots contain lot of water, low sucrose and more of reducing sugars. Therefore removal of water shoots whenever they appear is highly essential. Water shoots can be used as cattle feed.
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
Harvesting:Harvesting in sugarcane is practiced in collaboration with the industry, in most of the cases, to suit the factory timings. Sucrose content in the plants will reach the desirable level on the 10th month of the one year crop duration, and they will be ready for harvest within the next two months
Traditional Method
Sugarcane Harvester
•Can harvest up to 40 Ton/Hour of Sugarcane.•Complete solution to harvesting which includes base cutting, De-Topping, De-Trashing, Cutting to Billets and loading to trailer•Capable of handling heavy lodged canes.•Self cleaning cooling package eliminates the need for regular stops to remove trash from the cooling system’s air intake system.•Capable of handling tallest cane with unmatched topper reach.
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Management Practices- Nutrients Fertilizer Requirement:
Sugarcane – plant crop275: 62.5: 112.5 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per ha
Sugarcane – Ratoon crop275+ 25% Extra: 62.5: 112.5 kg N, P2O5 and K2O per ha
Recommended Dose N P K Urea Super
PhosphateMuriate of
PotashBasal - 62.5 - - 390 -
30-45 90 - 37.5 200 - 62.5
75-90 92.5 - 37.5 205 - 62.5120-135 DAP 92.5 - 37.5 205 - 62.5Total 275 62.5 112.5 610 390 187.5
Recommended Dose N P K Urea Super
PhosphateMuriate of
Potash
Basal 68.5 62.5 - 148 390 -
30-45 90 - 37.5 200 - 62.5
75-90 92.5 - 37.5 205 - 62.5 120-135 DAP 92.5 - 37.5 205 - 62.5 Total 343.5 62.5 112.5 758 390 187.5
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Nutrient Deficiency
Sulphur Deficiency
Manganese Deficiency
Magnesium Deficiency
Copper Deficiency
SSP- 12% S or,Ammonium Sulphate - 24% S @ 10-20 Kg/ ha
Soil application of MgSo4 25kg/ha
Foliar sprays 3-4 times of 0.5-1.0% MnSO4 solution (7.5-15 kg/ ha)
Spray 0.2% copper sulphate solution 2-3 times at weekly intervals
Boron Deficiency
Potassium Deficiency
Potassium Deficiency
Calcium Deficiency
Foliar spray of KCl 1% twice at fortnight interval
Application of 1.5-2.0 kg/ ha of Boron or borax.
Foliar spray of KCl 1% twice at fortnight interval
Soil application of 100kg/ha of gypsum
Molybdenum Deficiency
Nitrogen Deficiency
Iron Deficiency
Phosphorous Deficiency
ammonium molybdate (54% Mo) and sodium molybdate (39% Mo)
Soil application of 25kg/ha of FeSO4 or foliar spray of FeSO4 0.5% on 90, 105 and 120 days after planting.
Soil application of N fertilizer or foliar spray of urea 1-2% twice at weekly interval.
Foliar spray of DAP 2% twice at fortnight interval
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Management Practices- Pests
Crop Stage/ Period
Target insect pest Control measures
Selection of seed crop
Borers, mealy bug and scale insect
Seed material should preferably be taken from a healthy crop. No seed should be taken from a crop having pest incidence above 20 per cent
Selection of seed pieces
Borers, mealy bug and scale insect
Borer infested seed setts should not be used for planting
Pre-planting (seed treatment )
Borers, mealy bug and scale insect
Heat therapy followed by dipping setts in Aretan/Agallol (0.1% solution.)
Scale insect and mealy bug
Rubbing of setts with gunny bag pieces dipped in Malathion (0.1% solution.)
Scale insect and mealy bug
Dipping setts in Malathion (0.1%) or Dimethoate (0.06% solution.) for 15 min.
White grubsTwo to three extra ploughing to expose white grubs for predation in endemic areas.
At planting Termites and shoot borers
Application of Endosulphan @ 1 kg a.i./ha over the cane setts in 1600 to 1800 litres of water
Crop Stage/ Period
Target insect pest Control measures
Pre-monsoon (March-June)
Shoot, root and top borers
Removal of egg-masses and infested shoots from the ground level. Copious irrigation and trash mulching. Avoid irrigation at the peak period of top borer moth emergence during summer.
Shoot borer
Release of Sturmiopsis inferens @ 125 gravid females/ha. Spray granulosis virus of shoot borer at 107 inclusion bodies/ha in 500 litres of water/ ha (tropical India).
Top borer
(i.) Soil application of carbofuran 3 [email protected] kg a.i. /ha or phorate 10G@ 3 kg a.i./ha against third brood (June last week or July first week) of the pest. (ii.) Release of Isotima javensis Rohw against third and fourth broods of top borer.
Black bugWhorl application of Endosulphan emulsion @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha or Endosulphan 5 G@12 kg/ha
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Management Practices- Pest Cont/-
Crop Stage/ Period
Target insect pest Control measures
Pyrilla
1. Removal and destruction of two lower most leaves bearing egg-masses during April/ May 2. Release of 4000-5000 cocoons and 4 to 5 lakhs eggs of Epiricania melanoleuca per hectare during July-August. Crop having no Epiricaniapopulation be sprayed with Endosulphan or monocroptophos @ 1.0 kg ai per hectare.
Scales and aphids
Spraying of the crop with 0.08 percent dimethoate or 1.0 percent Malathion after detrashing
White grubs
1. Collection of adult beetles through light trap. 2. Picking of grubs manually from field. 3. Collection and destruction of adult beetles from host trees immediately after first heavy summer rains.
ThripsSpraying the crop with demecron (0.1%)/ monocroptophos/ dimethoate (0.04%)
Mites Spraying the crop with Kelthane (0.1%)/ chlorfenvin/ monocroptophos (0.4%)
Crop Stage/ Period
Target insect pest Control measures
Monsoon and Post-monsoon (July-January)
Internode borer
Field release of Trichogramma chilonis adults@ 50,000/ha or 3.5 cc. parasitized Corcoran eggs/ha at fortnightly intervals regularly from the start of borer activity until a month before harvest
Stalk borer, internode borer, pyrilla, scale insect, mealy bug, white flies
Detrashing the crop from August through October at monthly intervals
PyrillaDusting with Malathion spray @ 0.1 per cent or [email protected] litres per hectare.
Scale insect Malathion spray @ 0.1%.
Stalk borer
Two sprayings of monocroptophos @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha at monthly intervals during September and October after detrashing dry leaves.
At harvestApplication to most of the pests
Harvesting the crop form the ground level. Removal of late and water shoots. Burning trash and left over dry canes. immediately after harvesting
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Disease Management
C O: Colletotrichum falcatum
Red Rotsett treatment with Carbendazim before planting (Carbendazim 50 WP (0.5 gm in 1 litre of water) or Carbendazim 25 DS (1gm in 1 litre of water) along with Urea (10 gm in 1 litre of water) for 5 minutes.
Smut
C O: Ustilago scitaminea
Sett treatment with fungicides viz., Triadimefon @ 1gm in 1 litre of water or Carbendazim @ 1gm in 1 litre of water for 10 minutes.
C O: Puccinia erianthi
Rust
Spray Tridemorph 1.0 litres or Mancozeb 2.0 kg/ha
Grassy Shoot
C O: Browtista moesta (MPO)
Spray dimethoate @ 1ml in 1 litre of water to control insect vectors
Wilt
C O: Fusarium sacchari
Dipping the setts in 40 ppm of boron or manganese, or spraying the plants with either of these minor elements reduces the disease intensity
C O:Cercospora longipes
Leaf Spot
Secondary transmission of the disease by insect vectors can be controlled by application of Malathion(0.1%) or Dimecron(0.2%).
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Sesame (Sesamum spp.)
Sesamum are native to sub-Saharan Africa. Sesame Indicum the cultivated type,
originated in India. Area 1.20 Mha- Production- 275’ 000 tones- Productivity 330 Kg/ ha. Export- 150’ 000 tones (Shefexil & Traders). Grown in both Rabi and Kharif Season, North India- Kharif and in South India Rabi
and Kharif.
Map Legend:
Potential Areas Max production
Sesame Scenario Due to the presence of potent antioxidant, sesame seeds are known as “the seed of immortality”.
MSP- RS. 4200/ Qtls.
Two distinct types of seed are recognized, the white and the black. There are also intermediate colored varieties varying from red to rose or from brown or grey.
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Sesame Plant
Tubular Flower
Fruit/ Capsule
15-20 Seeds per capsule Tap Root can go upto 9 mtrs deep
Alternate opposite Leaves
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Cultivation Practices
Soil:Sesame comes up well on soils with slightly acidic or neutral reaction. It can be grown on well drained soils and performs well in lightly loamy soils.
i. It is highly sensitive to water logging.ii. Very sandy, saline and alkaline soils are not suitable.
Climate:i. Sesame is essentially a tropical crop grown in arid and semi-arid areas.ii. It requires fairly hot conditions during growth for optimum yield.iii. Ideal optimum temperature for growth is 25-27 degree C.iv. Extremely low temperatures of 10 degree C, there is a complete ceasing of
growth.v. High light intensity increase number of Capsules/ plant.
Rainfall:i. Sesame is capable of with standing a higher degree of water stress.ii. The crop can be grown entirely on stored soil moisture.iii. A rainfall of 600-1000mm results in optimum yield
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
Seeds & Seeding:Seed Rate:
Spacing: 30 X 10 Cm/ or, 45 X 15 Cm. Seed Treatment: Seed treatment with Thiram (3g/kg) is effective against seed borne
diseases. Seeds may be soaked in 0.025% solution of Agrimycin-100 for 30min. prior to seeding will minimize bacterial leaf spot.
Methods of Sowing:i. Broad casting is usually most widely used in all situations. Seed is mixed
with sand in equal quantities (or) 3 times to facilitate uniform distribution of yield. After sowing, seed is covered by shallow ploughing and planting by cultivators and harrowers .
ii. Line sowing (or) Row seeding is done with seed drills to promote higher yields. Optimum depth of sowing is 2-3 cm
Seed Rate Kg/ ha Rainfed Irrigated
Under Broadcasting 6 5
Row Seeding 5 4
Mixed (or) Intercropping 1
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
Manures & Fertilizers:
Integrated nutrient management consisting of 5 t/ ha of FYM, 40 Kg nitrogen, 20 Kg Phosphorous and seed treatment with Azospirillum has given encouraging results at several situations.
Weed Management:Sesame is sensitive to weed competition during the first 15-25 DAS. A minimum of two weeding, one after 15 DAS and another 35 DAS are required to keep the field relatively weed free Row seeded crop facilitates use of blade harrows for intercultivation. Two intercultivation, 15 DAS and 35 DAS followed by one hand weeding keeps the field free of weeds.If necessary, Alachlor (1.0kg/ha) or Thiobencarb (2.0kg/ha) can be used as pre emergence spray for effective control of weeds. Use of pre emergence herbicides followed by one hand weeding around 30 DAS is the most appropriate way of weed management in sesame.
Seed Rate Kg/ ha Rainfed Irrigated
Nitrogen 40 60
Phosphorous 60 60
Potassium 40 40
½ (30-35 DAS)
½ basal
Application of sulphur@ 50 Kg/ha increases the yield if soils are deficient in sulphur.
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
Irrigation:Water requirement is 300-350mm. For Rabi crop 5-6 irrigations are required.
1st irrigation – At sowing2nd irrigation – 3 WAS3rd irrigation – 6 WAS4th irrigation – 8 WAS5th irrigation – 9 WAS
Harvesting:Depending on the variety, sesame crop takes 80-150 days for maturity. The crop is harvested when the leaves, stems and capsules begin to turn yellow and the lower leaves start shedding. To prevent shedding of seed, the crop should not become dead ripe in the field. The ripe plants are cut at the ground level carried to threshing yard, stacked for a week in the sun with the cut ends upwards.
Inter Cropping: Crop Rotation:Sesame + Greengram (1:1) Rice / Groundnut – SesamSesame + Pigeonpea (2:1) Sesame – Horse gram – ChickpeaSesame + Soybean (2:1) Rice / Potato – SesameSesame + Cowpea (8:1) Cotton – Sesame – WheatSesame + Groundnut (1:1) Sesame–Groundnut/Cotton/Maize
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Diseases Management
Treat the seed with thiram (0.15%) + Bavistin (0.05%) in 1:1 ratio.Three sprays Topsin M(0.1%) as and when disease appears, at 15 days interval
CO: Alternaria sesami
Alternaria leaf spot
Bacterial Blight
CO: X. campestris
Steep the seed in Agrimycin-100 (250 ppm) or Streptocycline suspension (0.05%) for 30 minutes.Foliar spray of Streptocycline (500 ppm) as soon as symptoms are noticed.
CO: C. sesami
Cercospora Leaf SpotTreat the seed with Thiram (0.15%) + Bavistin (0.05%) in 1:1 ratio.Three sprays Topsin M(0.1%) or Zineb (0.25%) or mancozeb (0.25 %)as and when disease appears, at 15 days interval.
Phylladoy DiseaseSoil application of Phorate at the rate of 10 kg/ha.Three spray of Dimethoate (0.03%) at 30,40 and 60 days after sowing.
CO: PPLOPowdery Mildew
CO:Oidium sp
CO:Rhizoctonia bataticola
Foliar spray (2 to 3) of wettable sulphur (0.2%) as and when disease appears, at 10 days interval.
Seed treatment with Thiram 75 SD (0.15%)+Bavistin (0.05%) 1:1 or Thiram 75 SD (0.3%).On appearance of the disease, drench soil with Thiram + Bavistin (1:1) along with diseased plants at 7 days interval.
Stem & Root Rot
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Cotton- 7000 B.C Western Pakistan- Gossypium hirsutum→ Mexico 5000 B.C. India ranks 2nd in cotton production- area 10.2 mha- Productivity 502 kg/ ha-
production- 305’ lakh bale. Price Sold- Rs. 4377.43 per quintal. Gujarat has highest productivity with 659 Kg/ ha. Bt Cotton covers more than 85% of the cotton growing area. Maturity of the crop takes 80-210 days.
Cotton (Gossypium spp.)
Cotton Scenario
Map Legend: 30%, 10 of 33 States (Territories)
Highest Productivity Potential Areas Largest Cotton Area
Export Scenario leads to 83 lakh bales in the year 2009-10.
MSP- RS. 3600/ Qtls.
The Cotton industry is the largest agro-based industry, as it directly contributes to textiles, in the country.
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Cotton Plant
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Cultivation Practices Growing Season:
i. Irrigated (main) Winter Irrigated (Aug- Sep)ii. Summer Irrigated (Feb- Mar)iii. Rainfed (Sep- Oct)
Preparation of Field Main/ Irrigated Crop:i. Prepare the field to get a fine tilth.ii. Chiselling for soils with hard pen: Chiset the soils having hard pen formation at
shallow depths with chisel plough at 0.5 M interval, first in one direction and then in the direction perpendicular to the previous one, once in three years.
iii. Apply 12.5 farm yard manure or composted coir pith/ha besides chiseling to get increased yield. If intercropping of Greengram/ Soyabean is proposed, prepare the main field, so as to provide ridges and furrows to take up sowing 20 days earlier.
iv. Application of FYM or Compost: Spread 12.5 t of FYM or compost or 2.5 t of vermicompost per ha if available, uniformly on the unploughed soil.
v. Application of Biofertilizer: Seed treatment with 3 packets of Azospirillum (600 g/ha) and 3 packets (600 g/ha) of Phosphobacteria or 6 packets of Azophost (1200 g/ha). In addition apply and 10 packets of Azospirillum (2000 g/ha) and 10 packets (2000 g/ha) of Phosphobacteria or 20 packets of Azophos (4000 g/ha) mixed with 25 kg FYM and 25 kg of soil on the seed line. This save 25% nitrogen.
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
vi. Formation of Ridges and Furrow: Form ridges and furrows 10 m long with appropriate spacing depending upon the variety (generally 75- 120 cm). Use ridge plough or bund former to form ridges so as to economic on cost of cultivation. In fields with ragi stubbles, just dibble cotton seeds at the specified spacings. Adopt the following spacing between ridges for different varieties/hybrids.
vii. Application of Inorganic Fertilizer: 60-80-120 N, 30-40-60 P, 30-40-60 K
If basal application could not be done apply the 25th day after sowing. Apply 50 per cent of N and K full dose of P2O5 as basal and remaining ½ N and K at 40 – 45 DAS for varieties. For hybrids apply N in three splits viz., basal, 45 and 65 DAS. Foliar application of 2% DAP + 1% KCI will improve yield. Apply the fertilizers in a band, two thirds of the distance from the top of the ridge, and incorporate.
viii. Application of Micronutrient Mixture: In the case of Zinc deficient soils ZnSO4 @ 50 kg/ha as basal or ZnSO4 0.5% spray thrice at 45, 60 and 75 DAS. When reddening occurs in leaves apply 5% MgSO4 Urea(1.0%) and ZnSO4 (0.10%) as foliar spray on 50th and 80th day to correct this malady. In Mg deficient areas apply MgSO4 @ 20 kg/ha basally.
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
Management of Main Field Operation:i. Seed Rate: 6.50 – 20.0 Kg/ haii. Spacing: 75-120 X 30-60 cmiii. Seed Hardening: Soak the seeds in equal volume of Pungam leaf extract (1%) for 8
hours and dry back to original moisture to increase germination and vigour. Dry the seeds in shade.
iv. Seed pelleting: Seeds coated with arappu leaf powder (100 g/kg) along with DAP (40 g/kg), micronutrient mixture (15 g/kg) and Azospirillum (200 g/kg) phosphobacteria (200 g/ha) or Azophos (400 g/ha) using 5% maida solution or gruel as adhesive (300 m/kg) to increase the germination and vigour.
v. Sowing: Dibble the seeds at a depth of 3-5 cm on the side of the ridge 2/3 height from the top and above the band where fertilizers and insecticides are applied, maintaining the correct spacing and then cover seeds with soil. In the case of intercropping, sow the seeds of the intercrop in between the paired rows of cotton in a row of 5 cm apart and cover the seeds. Sow the required number of seeds in each hole. (2-3 seeds per hole).
vi. Weed Management: Apply Pendimethalin @ 3.3 l/ha three days sowing using a hand operated sprayer fitted with deflecting or fan type nozzle. Sufficient moisture should be present in the soil at the time of herbicide application. This will ensure weed free condition upto 40 days. One hand weeding on 45 DAS will keep weed free environment upto 60 DAS. Hoe and hand weed between 18th to 20th day of sowing, if herbicide is not applied at the time of sowing.
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
vii. Top Dressing: Top dress 50% of the recommended dose of N and K on 40 – 45 DAS for varieties. Top dress 1/3rd of recommended dose of N on 40 – 45 DAS and the remaining 1/3rd on 60 – 65th DAS for hybrids.
viii. Maintain Ridges & Furrows: Reform the ridges and furrows after first top dressing in such a way that the plants are on the top of the ridges and well supported by soil.
ix. Arresting Terminal Growth: For varieties having less than 160 days duration nip the terminal portion of the main stem beyond the 15th node (75 to 80 DAS) and for varieties and hybrids having more than 160 days duration beyond the 20th node (85 – 90 DAS).
x. Irrigation: Growth Phase Light Soil Heavy Soil
Germination Phase 1- 15 days Immediately after sowing Immediately after sowing
Vegetative Phase 16-44 days
Irrigate on 20th / 21st and 35th/ 36th days of sowing
Irrigate on 20th / 21st and 40th days of sowing
Flowering Phase 45- 90 days
48th, 60th, 72nd, 84thdays of sowing
55th, 70th, 85th days of sowing
Maturity Phase 91- beyond 100 days
108th, 120th, 132nd, 158th days of sowing
115th, 130th, 145th, 150th days of sowing.
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Cultivation Practices Cont/-
xi. Harvesting: Harvest at frequent intervals, at less than 7 days interval. Harvest in the morning hours upto 10 to 11 a.m only when there is moisture so that dry leaves and bracts do not stick to the kapas and lower than market value. Pick kapas from well burst boll only. Remove only the kapas from the bolls and leaves the bracts on the plants. After kapas is picked, sort out good puffy ones and keep separately .
xii. Post Harvest Operations: Immediately after picking, dry the kapas in shade. If it is not dried immediately the colour will change which will lower than market value. Do not dry the kapas under direct sun as the fibre strength and luster will be lost. Grade the kapas into good and second quality ones, if it is not sorted out at the time of picking. Spread a thin layer of dry sand on the ground and keep the kapas over it.
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Pest Management
Insect pest Symptoms of damage
Sucking pests
JassidsAffected leaves curl downwards, turn yellowish, then to brownish before drying and shedding, "hopper burn" stunts young plants
AphidsLeaf crumpling and downward curling of leaves, sticky cotton due to deposits of honey dew on open bolls
ThripsLeaves of seedlings become wrinkled and distorted with white shiny patches,
WhitefliesUpward curling of leaves, reduced plant vigour, lint contamination with honey dew and associated fungi
Bollworms
Spotted spiny bollworms
Boremark in main shoot, dried and withered away shoot, twining of main stem due to axillary monopodia, feeding holes in flower buds and bolls blocked by excrement
Pink bollworm
"Rosetted" bloom, pink larvae inside developing bolls with interloculi movement
Stainers
Red cotton bug
Feed on developing and mature seeds, stain the lint to typical yellow colour, reddish nymphs seen in aggregations around developing and open bolls
Dusky cotton bug
Associated with ripe seeds, all stages characterized by a powerful smell, discoloured lint.
Foliage feeders
Semi looperCauses significant loss of leaf area to young plants, larvae with looping action are seen on plant parts.
Leaf roller
Leaves are folded and larvae are seen in groups amidst fecal materials, commonly seen on leaves at the bottom of crop canopy at low infestation levels, severe infestation defoliates the whole plant
Spodoptera leafworm
Young larvae in groups skeletinise leaves and older larvae voraciously defoliate leaves
Grey weevil Marginal notching - off of leaves
Grass hopper Defoliation of leaves - partial or full
Root / Stem feeder
Stem weevilRoot damage by grubs kills young seedlings, gall like swelling seen on lower stem, wilting of seedlings
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Pest Management Cont/-
Pest Chemicals to be used Dose
Jassids, Aphids, Thrips
Methyl demeton 25 ECDimethoate 30 ECPhosphamidon 100 EC
500 / 750 ml500 / 750 ml100 / 250 ml
Whiteflies
Methyl demeton 25 ECNeem oil + TeepolFish oil resin soapPhosalone 35 EC
500 / 750 ml3.0 / 3.551 + 500 ml14 / 15 kg2.5 / 3.0 litres
Spotted, Pink and Endosulfan 35 EC 2.5 / 3.0 litres
American bollworms
Chlorpyriphos 20 ECQuinalphos 25 ECMonocrotophos 40 ECCarbaryl 50 WPFenvalerate 20 ECCypermethrin 10 ECDecamethrin 2.8 EC
2.5 / 3.0 litres2.5 / 3.0 litres2.5 - 3.0 litres1.5 / 2.5 kg400 / 500 ml800 / 1000 ml600 / 700 ml
Spodoptera leaf worm
Chlorpyriphos 20 ECFenvalerate 20 ECCypermethrin 10 ECDecamethrin 2.8 EC
1.5 / 2.0 litres400 / 500 ml800 / 1000 ml600 - 700 ml
Ash weevilAldicarb 10 GCarbofuran 3 G
10 kg / ha30 kg / ha
Stem weevil
Drenching stem portion on 20 th & 35 th day with Monocrotophos 40 ECPhosalone 35 EC
1.5 ml / litre of water 2.0 ml / litre of water
Mite Dicofol 25 EC 1.5 / 2.0 litres
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Disease ManagementFusarium wilt
C O: A. macrospora
Alternaria Leaf Spot
Spraying with 0.2 per cent difolatan (captafol) or mancozeb at 20 days interval from first appearance is effective in managing the disease
Anthracnose
C O: C. Gossypii
Acid delinted and treat the seeds with carbendazim or benomyl. Spray carbendazim 1.5 g/l; OR benomyl 1.5 g/l; OR Mancozeb 3g/l
C O: Cercospora gossypina
Cercospora leaf spot
Spray mancozeb 2.5 g/l or copper oxychloride 3g/ litre 4-5 times at 15 days interval.
C O: F. oxysporum
Spray of 0.4% solution of oxathilin. OR 0.1% solution of organomercuria. Seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2 g/kg seeds should be given
Bacterial blight
C O:X. axonopodis
Spraying synthetic pyrethroids fenvalerate 20 EC @ 400-500 ml/ha or cypermethrin 10 EC or decamethrin 2.8 EC @ 600 - 700 ml/ha is also effective.
C O:H. spiciferum
Foliar spray of thiobendazole or copper oxychloride @ 0.2 per cent controls the disease. However, a number of other fungicides such as zineb, ziram and captan are effective in controlling the secondary spread of this disease
Helminthosporium leaf spot
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Knowledge| Innovation| Success|
39Thank You
Anubhaw Kumar Shandilya
Contact No: +91- 8238006418
Email Id: [email protected]
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