ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS ANDCHEMOTHERAPY

VOLUME 13 0 NUMBER 1 0 JANUARY 1978

EDITORIAL BOARDGLADYS L. HOBBY, Editor-in-Chief (1980)

Infectious Disease Research Institute, East Orange, N.J.WALTER D. CELMER, Editor (1980)

Pfizer Inc., Groton, Conn.HERBERT L. ENNIS, Editor (1982)Roche Institute ofMolecular Biology,

Nutley, N.J.

JOEL G. FLAKS, Editor (1981)University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaEDWARD W. HOOK, Editor (1981)University of Virginia, CharlottesvilleLEON H. SCHMIDT, Editor (1979)

Soathern Research Institute, Birmingham, Ala.

Vincent T. Andriole (1978)Donald Armstrong (1980)Robert Austrian (1980)Arthur L. Barry (1980)Lawrence E. Bryan (1979)D. Buyske (1980)Yves Chabbert (1980)Royston C. Clowes (1979)C. Glenn Cobbs (1980)Kenneth W. Cochran (1978)Paul S. Cohen (1980)Julian Davies (1979)Lawrence E. Day (1980)R. Gordon Douglas, Jr. (1980)Theodore Eickhoff (1979)Arthur English (1980)David S. Feingold (1978)Robert J. Fitzgerald (1980)Anthony J. Glazko (1978)Irving H. Goldberg (1979)Harry Gooder (1979)Arthur P. Grollman (1978)Jack Gwaltney (1980)Fred Hahn (1979)Robert L. Hamill (1979)Michael Higgins (1980)Ronald D. Hinsdill (1979)Richard Hornick (1980)Susan B. Horwitz (1978)

L. H. Huang (1979)Milton Huppert (1980)George Gee Jackson (1980)Thomas Jones (1980)William J. Jusko (1980)Donald Kaye (1979)Jerome 0. Klein (1979)Vernon Knight (1980)George S. Kobayashi (1979)Jordan Konisky (1980)Joan Lusk (1980)R. Luthi (1980)Gerald L. Mandell (1980)Gerald Medoff (1980)L. Bruce Mellett (1979)S. Mitsuhashi (1980)Robert C. Moellering, Jr. (1979)R. B. Morin (1979)Bernard Moss (1978)John D. Nelson (1980)Harold C. Neu (1980)J. F. Niblack (1980)T. J. Perun (1980)Charles A. Plate (1979)Burton M. Pogell (1978)K. E. Price (1979)Paul Quie (1980)W. H. G. Richards (1980)Mark H. Richmond (1979)R. W. Rickards (1980)

Richard Roberts (1979)Richard Root (1980)Jon E. Rosenblatt (1979)Milton R. J. Salton (1978)Merle Sande (1979)Jay Sanford (1980)Arthur K. Saz (1979)F. C. Sciavolino (1979)Oldrich K. Sebek (1980)William M. Shannon (1980)John C. Sherris (1979)Charles Shipman, Jr. (1979)Robert W. Sidwell (1978)Walter Siegenthaler (1980)Sigmund S. Socransky (1980)P. Frederick Sparling (1978)R. Sutherland (1979)Vera L. Sutter (1978)Morton N. Swartz (1979)Clyde Thornsberry (1979)Ralph Tompsett (1979)Hamao Umezawa (1978)Donald Van Harken (1979)D. Vasquez (1980)John Washington II (1978)Jerry A. Weisbach (1979)B. Weisblum (1979)Peter G. Welling (1979)Richard Wenzel (1980)

Robert A. Day, Managing EditorGisella Pollock, Assistant Managing Editor

Lorraine Gilbert, Production Editor1913 I St., N W, Washington, D C 20006

EX OFFICIOA. Frederick Rasmussen, Jr., President (1977-1978)

J. Mehsen Joseph, Secretary

Antimicrobial Agents and Chenotherapy, an interdisci-plinary publication of the American Society for Microbiol-ogy, 1913 I St., N W, Washington, D C 20006, is devotedto the dissemination of knowledge relating to all aspects ofantimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, including cancerchemotherapy. Instructions to Authors are published inthe January issue each year. Antimicrobial Agents andChemotherapy is published monthly, and the twelve num-bers are divided into two volumes per year. The nonmembersubscription price is $65 per year. The member subscriptionprice is $15 per year. Single copies are $6. Correspondencerelating to subscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availa-bility of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition ofsubmitted manuscripts, and general editorial mattersshould be directed to the ASM Publications Office, 1913 ISt., N W , Washington, D C 20006 (area 202 833-9680).

Edwin H. Lennette, Vice-President (1977-1978)

Brinton M. Miller, Treasurer

Second class postage paid at Washington, D C 20006, andat additional mailing offices.Made in the United States of America.Copyright 0 1978, American Society for Microbiology.All Rights Reserved.

The code at the top of the first page of an article in thisjournal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copiesof the article may be made for personal or internal use, orfor personal or internal use of specific clients. This consentis given on the condition, however, that the copier pay thestated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Cen-ter, Inc., P.O. Box 765, Schenectady, New York 12301, forcopying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of theU.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to otherkinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution,for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating newcollective works, or for resale.

AUTHOR INDEXAbrams, G. D., 97

Baker, C. N., 78Barry, A. L., 61Becker, Yechiel, 124Bennett, W. M., 34Bergan, Tom, 90Berman, S. J., 4Bodey, Gerald P., 14Boughton, W. H., 4Bracke, J. W., 115

Carrizosa, Jaime, 74Chejanovsky, Nor, 124Chiu, Peter J. S., 41Choudhury, Tapan K. Kar, 121Cruden, Dianatoeb, 115Czok, Rudolf, 1

Dalovisio, Joseph R., 128Dietz, J. V., 49Dubos, F., 97Ducluzeau, R., 97

Edman, David C., 134

Foglesong, M. A., 49Fridlender, Bertold, 124

Gavan, T. L., 61Gerhardt, Nancy B., 81

Gilbert, D. N., 34Glasgow, Lowell A., 53

Hitchcock, Michael J. M., 104Houghton, D.C., 34

Iglewski, Wallace, 81

Jones, R. N., 61

Kaplan, David, 19Katz, Edward, 104Kaye, Donald, 74Kern, Earl R., 53Kirven, L. A., 78Kopp, Bethel, 30

Lamb, J. W., 49LaRusso, Nicholas F., 19Lennart, Magni, 90Lerner, Stephen A., 25Lindmark, Donald G., 1

Mantovani, Vera, 7Markovetz, A. J., 115Meingassner, Josef G., 1Michelini, Verardo, 7Mieth, Hubert, 1Mikhail, Isis A., 134Miller, George H., 41Moss, Eugene, Jr., 41Muller, Mikl6s, 1, 19

Overall, James C., Jr., 53

Pan, Theresa, 14Pankey, George A., 128Pirt, S. John, 7Plamp, C., 34Porter, G., 34

Raibaud, P., 97Richards, James T., 53Robison, Leon R., 25

Santoro, Jerome, 74Seligman, Stephen J., 70Seligsohn, Robert, 25Siemsen, A. W., 4Sjovall Jan, 90

Strr P., 34Strausbaugh, Larry J., 134Sugihara, J. G., 4

Thornsberry, Clyde, 78Tomasz, Maria, 19Trilli, Antonio, 7

Waitz, J. Allan, 41Walker, Cynthia A., 30Weaver, Suzanne, 14Wilkins, Tracy D., 130Wong, E. G. C., 4Wust, Jurg, 130

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPYInstructions to Authors

How to Submit ManuscriptsSubmit manuscripts to the ASM Publications

Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006.The manuscript should be accompanied by acovering letter stating the following: the jour-nal to which the manuscript is being submitted;the most appropriate section of that journal;the address of the corresponding author; andthe former manuscript year and number if it isa resubmission. A check or money order for$35 (nonrefundable) should accompany themanuscript to cover handling costs. Institu-tional purchase orders will be accepted but thisprocedure should be used only if you havedifficulty getting reimbursement from your in-stitution. We solicit your cooperation in thiseffort to hold down the cost of administration.Submit each manuscript in duplicate, in

either original typescript or clear, clean copies.Type every portion of the manuscript doublespace, and number all pages in sequence, in-cluding the abstract, tables, and figure leg-ends. The use of paper with numbered lines isrecommended. Supply two photographs (glossyor mat finish) of each illustration. Photographsranging in size from 5 x 7 inches to 8 x 10inches are preferable to line drawings. Do notsend original drawings that are larger than 8.5x 11 inches; they are often damaged in transit.Authors who are unsure of proper English

usage should have their manuscripts checkedby someone proficient in the English language.Manuscripts may be rejected on the basis ofpoor English or lack of conformity to acceptedstandards of style.

Editorial PolicyManuscripts submitted to Antimicrobial

Agents and Chemotherapy (AAC) must repre-sent reports of original research that have notbeen published previously and are not beingconsidered for publication elsewhere. Eachmanuscript should present the results of anindependent, cohesive study; numbered seriesof papers are discouraged.

ScopeAAC is an interdisciplinary journal devoted

to the dissemination of knowledge relating toall aspects of antimicrobial agents and chemo-therapy, including cancer chemotherapy.ASM publishes a number of different jour-

nals covering various aspects of the field of

microbiology. Each journal has a prescribedscope that must be considered in determiningthe most appropriate journal for each manu-script. If a given manuscript is appropriate formore than one ASM journal, the author'swishes will be given primary consideration.However, the Editors of AAC reserve the rightto transfer a manuscript to another ASM jour-nal when it is apparent that the manuscriptfalls within the province of that journal. Insuch instances, authors are notified of thisaction by the Editor or by the ASM Publica-tions Office.Some of the guidelines for transferring man-

uscripts to other ASM journals are as follows.(i) Papers dealing with any aspect of antibiot-

ics or antimicrobial agents will be consideredfor AAC. However, papers which describe theuse of antibiotics and antimicrobial agents astools for elucidating the basic biological proc-esses of microorganisms may be transferred tothe Journal ofBacteriology, and those dealingwith the use of such agents as tools in theisolation, identification, or epidemiology of mi-croorganisms associated with disease may betransferred to the Journal of Clinical Microbi-ology.

(ii) Papers on the biology of bacteriophagesand other microbial viruses are considered ap-propriate for the Journal of Virology, whereasmanuscripts dealing with ecology of environ-mental studies, or with application of microor-ganisms to agricultural or industrial processes,are considered appropriate for Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology. Those manu-scripts dealing with the immune system orwith topics relating to the pathogenicity ofinfectious agents are more appropriate for In-fection and Immunity.

(iii) Manuscripts describing new or novelmethods or improvements in media and cultureconditions will not be considered by AAC un-less these are applied to the study of basicproblems related to antimicrobial productionor activity. Such manuscripts are more appro-priate for Applied and Environmental Micro-biology or for the Journal of Clinical Microbi-ology.

(iv) Papers that include extensive taxonomicmaterial (e.g., description of new taxa) shouldbe submitted to the International Journal ofSystematic Bacteriology (IJSB), which is pub-lished by the ASM for the International Asso-ciation of Microbiological Societies. If the main

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

thrust of the manuscript is not taxonomy, themanuscript should be divided, and the taxo-nomic portion should be submitted to IJSB.

If you have questions about these guidelines,please contact the Editor-in-Chief of thejournalyou are considering or the ASM PublicationsOffice before submitting your manuscript.

The Review ProcessAll manuscripts are subjected to critical re-

view by the Editors, by members of the Edito-rial Board, and by qualified outside reviewers.When a manuscript is submitted to AAC, it isgiven a manuscript control number and is as-signed to one of the Editors. The author isnotified of this number and the Editor to whomthe manuscript is assigned. The reviewers op-erate under strict guidelines set forth in"Guidelines for Reviewers" and are expected tocomplete their reviews within 2 weeks afterreceipt of the manuscript. Authors are notified,generally within 6 weeks after submission, asto acceptance, rejection, or need for modifica-tion. Authors who are not notified within thisperiod should contact the Editor to whom themanuscript was assigned. When a manuscriptis returned to the author for modification, itshould be returned to the Editor within 2months; otherwise it will be considered with-drawn.When an Editor has decided that a manu-

script is acceptable for publication, he sendsthe manuscript and a signed letter of accept-ance to the ASM Publications Office. Themonth of publication, approximate galley date,and section are added to the acceptance letterwhich is then mailed to the author. The edito-rial staff of the ASM Publications Office com-pletes the editing of the manuscript to bring itinto conformity with predetermined standardsregarding style and English usage. The printersends the galley proof, together with the copy-edited manuscript and a reprint order form, tothe author. As soon as the galleys are corrected(within 48 h), they should be mailed to theASM Publications Office. After a manuscriptis accepted by the Editor, all communicationsconcerning the paper should be directed to theASM Publications Office.

Proof StageThe galley proof stage is not the time to

make extensive corrections, additions, or dele-tions. If new information has become availablebetween the time of acceptance and receipt ofthe galley proof and the author feels that it isimportant to include this information, it canbe inserted as an "Addendum in Proof," withthe permission of the Editor. Other corrections

should be limited to spelling errors, incorrectdata, serious grammatical errors, and inclusioninto Literature Cited of "in press" referencesthat have been published since submission ofthe manuscript. Such references can be listedin Literature Cited in alphabetical order byadding "a," "b," etc., to the reference number;i.e., if the reference falls after citation 12, itmay be given the designation "12a."Questions regarding late galleys and prob-

lems in proof should be directed to the ASMPublications Office, telephone 202-833-9680.

CopyrightOnce a paper has been published, the legal

ownership of all parts of the paper, includingthe illustrations, has passed from the author tothe ASM. If the same author or any otherperson wishes to republish any material thathas been published in this journal, he mustfirst receive permission from the ASM.

Organization and FormatRegular papers. Each full-length paper

should include the sections listed below.(i) Title. Each manuscript should present

the results of an independent, cohesive study;thus, numbered series titles are discouraged.Authors should exercise care in composing atitle, place the important elements of the studyas close to the bginning ofthe title as possible,and avoid the main-title/subtitle arrangement.The title page should include: title, runningtitle (not to exceed 46 characters and spaces),full name (including first name and middleinitial) of each author, address(es) of institu-tion(s) at which the work was performed, andeach author's affiliation or a footnote indicatingthe present address of any author no longer atthe institution where the work was performed.One should place an asterisk after the name ofthe author to whom inquiries regarding thepaper should be directed.

(ii) Abstract. The abstract should be limitedto 200 words and should concisely summarizethe basic content of the paper without present-ing extensive experimental details. Abbrevia-tions or diagrams should be avoided; referencesshould not be cited; and the past tense shouldbe used to describe observations made duringthe study. The present tense should be used inreferring to previously established and gener-ally accepted phenomena.

(iii) Introduction. The purpose of the intro-duction should be to supply sufficient back-ground information to allow the reader to un-derstand and evaluate the results ofthe presentstudy without referring to previous publica-tions on the topic. The introduction should also

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

provide the rationale for the present study.References should be chosen carefully to pro-vide the most salient background rather thanan exhaustive review of the topic.

(iv) Materials and Methods. The methodssection should include sufficient technical in-formation so that a competent worker couldrepeat the experiments that are described. Inthe case of commonly used materials and meth-ods (e.g., commonly used media, protein deter-minations), a simple reference is sufficient. Ifseveral alternative methodologies are com-monly employed, it is useful to identify themethod briefly as well as to cite the reference.For example, it is preferable to state "cellswere broken by ultrasonic treatment as previ-ously described (9)" rather than "cells werebroken as previously described (9)." The authorshould allow the reader to assess the method-ology without constant reference to previouspublications. New or novel methods should bedescribed completely, and sources of unusualchemicals, equipment, or microbial strainsshould be given. When large numbers of micro-bial strains or mutants are used in a study,one should include strain tables identifying thesource and properties of the mutants, bacterio-phages, plasmids, etc.A method, strain, etc., used in only one of

several experiments reported in the papershould be described in the Results sections or,if brief enough, may be included in a tablefootnote or figure legend.

(v) Results. The Results section should in-clude the rationale or design of the experimentsas well as the results; extensive interpretationof the results should be reserved for the Discus-sion section. The results should be presentedin as concise a form as possible. Repetitivedata should be presented in tables or graphsrather than in the text; however, the authorshould avoid extensive use of graphs to presentdata that might be more concisely presented inthe text or tables. Photographs (particularlyphotomicrographs and electron micrographs)should be limited to those that are absolutelynecessary to demonstrate the experimentalfindings. Figures and tables should be num-bered in the order in which they are cited inthe text. All figures and tables must be cited.

(vi) Discussion. The Discussion should pro-vide an interpretation of the results in relationto previously published work and to the exper-imental system at hand and should avoid ex-tensive repetition of the Results section orreiteration of the introduction. In short papers,the Results and Discussion sections may becombined.

(vii) Literature Cited. It is the policy of thisjournal to include in Literature Cited only

"primary" publications for which complete in-formation is provided. Review articles pub-lished in standard review journals, althoughnot considered primary, are of course valid forcitation in the Literature section. The followingnonprimary sources are not valid for listing:"unpublished data," "personal communica-tions," "manuscript in preparation," "manu-script submitted," "in press" references, pam-phlets, abstracts, patents, and theses. Refer-ences to such data may be made parentheticallyin the text. An "in press" reference to an ASMjournal included in Literature Cited shouldstate the control number (e.g., AAC 610) ifavailable or the anticipated month of publica-tion, so that the copy editor can verify thereference and include it in the listed references.

References should be cited in the text bynumber. Each listed reference should be citedin the text. The Literature Cited section shouldbe arranged in alphabetical order, by first au-thor, and numbered. Each reference shouldinclude the initials and family names of allauthors, the title of the paper, name of thejournal (abbreviated according to Biblio-graphic Guide for Editors and Authors, Amer-ican Chemical Society, 1974), volume number,and inclusive pagination.

References to multiauthored books, such asBergey's Manual, Manual of Clinical Microbi-ology, and Manual of Clinical Immunology,must include: name(s) of author(s), year ofpublication, title of chapter, inclusive pagina-tion, editors' names, title of book, publisher,and location of publisher. Some examples ofboth types of references are shown:

1. Andrews, F. A., W. H. Beggs, and G. A. Sarosi.1977. Influence of antioxidants on the bioac-tivity of amphotericin B. Antimicrob. AgentsChemother. 11:615-618.

2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, andR. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirementsfor enzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice,p. 321-325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbi-ology- 1977. American Society for Microbiol-ogy, Washington, D.C.

3. Finegold, S. M., E. E. Shepherd, and E. H.Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5. Practical anaer-obic bacteriology. American Society for Micro-biology, Washington D.C.

.4. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radioimmu-noassay, p. 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H.Friedman (ed.), Manual of clinical immunol-ogy. American Society for Microbiology,Washington, D.C.

5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagalesnomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan andN. E. Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of deter-minative bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams& Wilkins Co., Baltimore.

6. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extra-

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

cellular cations on the germination of bacte-rial spores, p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson,R. Hanson, and L. L. Campbell (ed.), SporesV. American Society for Microbiology, Wash-ington, D.C.

Parenthetic references in the text should becited as follows:... and protects the organisms against oxygentoxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed.Proc. 35:1686, 1976).... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun., in press) ...... in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D.thesis, University of California, Los Angeles,1972).... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer andC. W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.Microbiol. 1976, K15, p. 139).

(vii) Acknowledgments. Acknowledgmentsfor financial assistance and for personal assist-ance are given in two separate paragraphs.The usual format for acknowledgment of grantsupport is as follows: "This work was supportedby Public Health Service grant CA-01234 fromthe National Cancer Institute."

Notes. Notes should be submitted in thesame way as full-length papers; they receivethe same review. They are not published morerapidly than full-length papers, nor are theyconsidered preliminary communications. TheNote format is intended for the presentation ofbrief observations that do not warrant full-length papers.Each Note must have an abstract of no more

than 25 words. Section headings should not beused in the body of the Note; methods, results,and discussion should be reported in a singlesection. The text should not exceed 1,000 words,and the number of figures and tables should bekept to a minimum. Acknowledgments shouldbe presented as in full-length papers, but with-out a heading. The Literature Cited section isidentical to that of full-length papers.

Specific Instructions for Preparation ofManuscripts

Editorial style. The editorial style of ASMjoumals follows the CBE Style Manual (3rded., AIBS, 1972). The editors and the Publica-tions Office reserve the privilege of editingmanuscripts to conform with the stylistic con-ventions set forth in the Manual and in theseinstructions.Chemical and biochemical nomenclature.

The recognized authority for the names ofchemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts(Chemical Abstracts Service, Ohio State Uni-

versity, Columbus) and its indexes. Biochemi-cal terminology, including abbreviations andsymbols, follows the recommendations of theIUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical No-menclature. Enzyme activities are expressedin the units specified by the Commission, onBiochemical Nomenclature as described in En-zyme Nomenclature (Elsevier Scientific Pub-lishing Company, 1972).For summaries of the recommendations and

guidelines to the use of abbreviations and ter-minology related to the IUPAC-IUB recom-mendations, authors should consult the follow-ing: Instructions to Authors of Journal ofBio-logical Chemistry and Archives of Biochemis-try and Biophysics (first issues of each year),and the Handbook of Biochemistry (H. A.Sober, Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland,2nd ed., 1970).Nomenclature of microorganisms. Binary

nomenclature consisting of a generic name andspecific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli) shouldbe used for all microorganisms. Names of gen-era and higher categories may be used alone,but a specific epithet must be preceded by ageneric name the first time it is used in apaper. Thereafter, the generic name may beabbreviated to the initial capital letter (e.g.,E. coli), provided there can be no confusionwith other genera used in the paper. Names ofall taxa (phyla, classes, orders, families, gen-era, species, subspecies) are printed in italics;strain designations and numbers are not.In general, the nomenxclature of bacteria

should follow that presented in Bergey's Man-ual ofDeterminative Bacteriology (8th ed., TheWilliams & Wilkin's Co., 1974). If you wish tochallenge this nomenclature, you may expressa judgment, but the name given in Bergey'sManual should follow in parentheses the firsttime the name is used in both the text and theabstract.

Since the classification of fungi is far fromcomplete, it is the responsibility of the authorto determine the currently accepted binomialname for a given yeast or fungus. Sources forthe spelling of these names include The Yeasts(J. Lodder, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co.,Amsterdam, 1970) and Ainsworth and Bisby'sDictionary of the Fungi (Commonwealth My-cological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England,1963).Genetic nomenclature. Ihe genetic proper-

ties of bacteria are described in terms of phe-notypes and genotypes. The phenotype desig-nation, generally used as an adverb, describessome measurable property of a gene or muta-tion, whereas the genotype, generally used asa noun, is the name applied to the genetic

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

locus of a gene or mutation. The recommenda-tions of Demerec et al (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966)as updated and used by Bachmann et al. (Bac-teriol. Rev. 40:116-167) for E. coli and Sander-son (Bacteriol. Rev. 36:558-586) for Salmonellashould be used as a guide in employing theseterms. These are summarized as follows.

(i) Phenotype designations must be employedfor describing mutants when the genetic locusgiving rise to the properties of the mutant hasnot been identified or mapped. Phenotype des-ignations generally consist of three-letter sym-bols; these are not italicized and the first letterof the symbol is capitalized. It is preferable touse Roman or Arabic numerals (instead ofletters) to identify a series of related pheno-types. Thus, a series of bacteriocin-tolerantmutants might be designated TolI, TolII,ToIIII, etc., or a series of nucleic acid polymer-ase mutants might be designated Poll, Pol2,Pol3, etc. Wild-type alleles can be designatedas Tol+ or Pol+ and, when necessary for clarity,negative superscripts (Tol-, Pol-) can be usedto designate mutant alleles.

(ii) Genotype designations are similarly in-dicated by three-letter locus symbols. In con-trast to phenotype designations, these are low-ercase italic (e.g., ara, his, sup). Wild-typealleles are indicated by positive superscripts(ara+, his+), but negative superscripts are re-dundant and are not employed with genotypedesignations. If several loci govern relatedfunctions, these are distinguished by italicizedcapital letters following the locus symbol (e.g.,araA, araB, araC).

(iii) Mutation sites are designated by placingserial isolation numbers (allele numbers) afterthe locus symbol (e.g., araAl, araA2). If it isnot known in which of several related loci themutation has occurred, a hyphen is used in-stead of the capital letter (e.g., ara-23).

(iv) The use of superscripts (other than + toindicate wild-type alleles) should be avoided.Designations indicating amber mutations, tem-perature-sensitive mutations, etc., should fol-low the allele number [e.g., araA230(Am),hisD21 (Ts)]. Deletions are indicated by thesymbol A placed before the deleted gene orregion [e.g., AtrpA432, A(aroP-aceE)419].Any deviations from standard genetic nomen-clature should be defined in Materials andMethods or in a table of strains. For moredetailed information about genetic maps of lo-cus symbols in current use, authors shouldconsult reviews by Bachman et al. (Bacteriol.Rev. 40:116-167, 1976) forE. coli K-12, Sander-son (Bacteriol. Rev. 36:558-586, 1972) for Sal-monella, and Low (Bacteriol. Rev. 36:587-607,1972) for F-prime factors. For Bacillus subtilis,

yeast, Chlamydomonas, and several fungalspecies, symbols such as those given in Hand-book of Microbiology (A. I. Laskin and H. A.Lechavalier, ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974)should be employed.

(v) Authors are reminded of the distinctionbetween a mutation (an alteration of the pri-mary sequence of the genetic material) and amutant (a strain carrying one or more muta-tions). One may speak about the mapping of amutation, but one cannot "map a mutant."Likewise, a mutant has no genetic locus-onlya phenotype.

(vi) The rules for genetic nomenclature ofviruses (bacteriophages) differ from those formicroorganisms. In most instances, viruseshave no phenotype, since they have no metab-olism outside of host cells. Therefore, distinc-tions between phenotype and genotype cannotbe made. As a general rule, the entire descrip-tion of a virus is italicized, including the desig-nations am or sus (amber) and ts (temperaturesensitive). Superscripts are employed to indi-cate hybrid genomes. Genetic symbols may beone, two, or three letters. For example, a mu-tant strain of X might be designated asXcI857int2redll4susAll; this strain carries mu-tations in genes cI, int, and red, and a suppres-sible (sus) mutation in gene A. A strain desig-nated Ximm21att434 would represent a hybrid ofphage X which carries the immunity region(imm) of phage 21 and the attachment (att)region of phage 434. Host DNA insertions intoviruses should be delineated by square brack-ets, and the genetic symbols and designationsfor such inserted DNA should conform to thoseemployed for the host genome. Genetic symbolsfor phage X and related viruses can be found inThe Bacteriophage Lambda (A. D. Hershey,ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y., 1971).

(vii) Nomenclature of transposable elements(insertion sequences, transposons, phage Mu,etc.) should follow the recommendations ofCampbell et al. (DNA Insertion Elements,Plasmids, and Episomes, S. Bukhari et al.,ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y., 1977). he nomenclaturerecommendations of Novick et al. (Bacteriol.Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and plas-mid-specified activities and of Smith and Na-thans (J. Mol. Biol. 81:419-423, 1973) for re-striction enzymes and DNA fragments derivedfrom treatment with these enzymes shouldserve as a guide for the nomenclature of theseelements whenever possible. ChromosomalDNA inserted into plasmids or recombinantDNA molecules should be described by usingthe genetic nomenclature and conventions of

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

the organism from which this chromosomalDNA was obtained.Abbreviations. Each abbreviation should be

defined and introduced in parentheses the firsttime it is used; for example, "Cultures weregrown in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) or Luriabroth (LB)...... "Abbreviations should be usedprimarily as an aid to the reader, rather thanas a convenience to the author, and thereforetheir use should be limited. Any abbreviationsother than those recommended by the IUPAC-IUB should be used only where a case can bemade for necessity, such as in tables and fig-ures.

It is often possible to use pronouns or toparaphrase a long word after its first use (e.g.,"the drug," "the substrate"). Standard chemicalsymbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SO fordimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names or theirsymbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may be usedfor terms that appear in full in the neighboringtext. The names of enzymes should not beabbreviated except in terms of substrates forwhich accepted abbreviations exist: thus, ATP-ase or RNase are acceptable, but LDH, GPDH,and ACE are not.

In addition to standard units ofmeasurementand chemical symbols of the elements, certainother abbreviations will be accepted withoutdefinition in the title, abstract, and text.Among these are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);RNA (ribonucleic acid); rRNA (ribosomalRNA); mRNA (messenger RNA); tRNA (trans-fer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP, dAMP, GPT, etc.(for the respective 5' phosphates of adenosineor other nucleosides); 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 5'-AMP (the 2'-, 3'-, and 5'-, where needed forcontrast, phosphates of the nucleosides), Pi (or-thophosphate), PPi (pyrophosphate), and UV(ultraviolet). Abbreviations for cell line desig-nations (e.g., HeLa cells) also need not bedefined.The following abbreviations may be used

without definition in table headings:

amt (amount)approx (approxi-

mately)avg (average)concn (concentra-

tion)diam (diameter)expt (experiment)ht (height)mo (month)no. (number)

prepn (preparation)sp act (specific activ-

ity)sp g (specific gravity)temp (temperature)

tr (trace)vs (versus)wt (weight)yr (year)

Reporting numerical data. Standard metricunits are used for reporting length, weight,and volume. For these units and for molarity,

use the prefixes m, A, n, and p (for 10-3, 10-6,10-9, and 1-12, respectively). Likewise, use theprefixes c (for 102) and k (for 103). Avoid com-pound prefixes such as m,u or 4,u. Use ,ug/mlor ,ug/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Unitsof temperature are presented as follows: 37°Cor 324°K.When fractions are used to express units

such as enzymatic activities, it is preferable touse whole units, such as g or min, in thedenominator instead of fractional or multipleunits such as ,ug or 10 min. For example,"pmol/min" would be preferable to "pmol/10min," and ",umol/g" would be preferable to"nmol/,ug." It is also preferable that an unm-biguous form such as the exponential notationbe used in place of multiple slashes; for exam-ple, ",umoles g-1 min-" is preferable to ",umol/g per min."See the CBE Style Manual, 3rd edition (p.

50-57), for more detailed information regardingthe reporting of numbers.

Isotopically labeled compounds. For simplemolecules, the labeling is indicated in thechemical formula (e.g., 14C02, 3H20, H2MSO4).Brackets are not used when the isotopic symbolis attached to a word that is not a specificchemical name (e.g., 131I-labeled protein, 14C0amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).For specific chemicals, the symbol for the

isotope introduced is placed in square bracketsdirectly attached to the front of the name orword. The following examples illustrate correctusage:

[14C]ureaL-[methyl-

14C]methionine[2,3-3H]serine

[a-_4C]lysine

[U-'4C]glucoseE. coli [32P]DNA

fructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphosphate

Note that the isotopic prefix precedes the partof the name that describes the labeled entityand that configuration symbols and modifiersprecede the isotopic symbol. This journal fol-lows the same conventions for isotopic labelingas the Journal of Biological Chemistry, andmore detailed information can be found in theInstructions to Authors of that journal (firstissue of each year).

Illustrations and tables.(i) Halftone illustrations. Submit electron

micrographs, photographs of polyacrylamidegels, etc., sized to fit a journal page (i.e., 23/8inches wide for single column, 51/2 inches widefor double column, maximum). Photographsshould be cropped by the author to includeonly the significant portion of the illustration.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

They must be of sufficient contrast and magni-fication to withstand the inevitable loss of con-trast and detail inherent in the printing proc-ess. One should indicate with a scale markerthe magnification of each photomicrograph andelectron micrograph, not merely state the mag-nification in the legend.

(ii) Line drawings. Submit graphs, charts,diagrams, and other line drawings as photo-graphs made from finished drawings not re-

quiring additional artwork or typesetting. Ab-solutely no part of the graph or drawing shouldbe typewritten. Use a lettering set or otherprofessional quality device for all labeling.Most graphs will be reduced to one-columnwidth (23/8 inches), and all elements in thedrawing should be prepared to withstand thisreduction. Avoid very heavy letters, which tendto close up when reduced, and avoid unusualsymbols which the printer may not be able toreproduce. Direct readouts from computers, re-

corders, etc., are not usually acceptable; suchmaterials should be redrawn.

In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (aswell as table column headings), avoid ambigu-ous use of numbers with exponents. In themajority of cases it is preferable to use theappropriate SI symbols (, for 10-6, m for 10-3,k for 103, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing ofSI symbols can be found in the IUPAC "Manualof Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemi-cal Quantities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem.21:3-44, 1970). Thus, a representation of 20,000cpm on a figure ordinate should be made bythe number 20, accompanied by the label kcpm.Where powers of 10 must be employed, atten-tion is directed to the fact that the editorialstyle of the journal follows the CBE StyleManual recommendation, which differs fromthe conventions used by several other journals.The CBE Style Manual suggests that the expo-nent power be associated with the numbershown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml,the correct designation would be 2, labeled as11107 cells per ml," not "cells per ml x 10-7."1Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/mlwould be shown as 6, accompanied by the label"10-2 U/ml." This is equivalent to the label"hundredths of units per ml" or the preferable"centiunits per ml" for the SI convention. Anequivalent designation would be "60 mU/ml"(milliunits per ml). Authors should pay partic-ular attention to these details; failure to con-form to the recommended style convention willresult in the requirement to redo figures.

(iii) Figure legends. Type figure legends on

a page separate from the illustrations. The

legend should provide enough information sothat the figure is understandable without fre-quent reference to the text. However, do notrepeat experimental methods in the legend.Define all symbols and abbreviations used inthe figure. Common abbreviations and othersused frequently in the preceding text need notbe redefined in the legend.

(iv) Tables. Type each table on a separatepage. Arrange the data so that columns of likematerial read down, not across. The headingsshould be sufficiently clear so that the meaningof the data will be understandable withoutreference to the text. See the "Abbreviations"section of these instructions for those that maybe used in tables. Explanatory footnotes areacceptable, but they should not include exten-sive descriptions of the experiment. A wellconstructed table is shown below.TABLE 1. Distribution ofprotein and ATPase in

fractions ofdialyzed membranesaATPase

Membranes Fractionfrom: Famgof TotalU

proteinControl Depleted mem- 0.036 2.3

braneConcentrated su- 0.134 4.82pernatant

El treated Depleted mem- 0.034 1.98brane

Concentrated su- 0.11 4.6pernatant

a Specific activities of ATPase of nondepletedmembranes from control and treated bacteria were0.21 and 0.20, respectively. Membranes were pre-pared from cells treated with colicin El as describedin the legend to Fig. 4.

Camera-ready copy. In addition to the illus-trations, camera-ready copy (copy that can bephotographically reproduced without furtherediting, typesetting, or artwork) may be pre-pared for other parts of the manuscript. Thisincludes tables, complicated mathematical orphysical formulas, portions of genetic maps,diagrams and flow schemes, and chemicalstructures. Camera-ready copy for such itemsmust be carefully prepared to conform withstyle standards of Antimicrobial Agents andChemotherapy. In submitting camera-readycopy, the author has the advantage of a singleproofreading, that is, at the time of submittal.This is particularly advantageous in the caseof complicated tables. It ensures the accuracyof reproduction of the data and the division ofmaterial and spacing exactly as approved bythe author.

1978 Full Membership- American Society forMicrobiology

19131 St., NW, Washington, DC 20006The Society welcomes to full membership any person who is interested in its objects, and who holds a bachelor's

degree in microbiology or a related field (or who has had training and experience equivalent to that represented by abachelor's degree).

The minimum annual membership assessment is $28 which includes a $3 membership fee, $4 for subscription toASM News, and $21 toward 1978 subscriptions to the Society's scientific journals. The Society publishes eight scientificjournals (listed below). Members may subscribe to one or more of these journals at special member rates; $21 of theminimum dues payment of $28 may be credited towards journal subscriptions. In addition, the Society publishes themonthly ASM News, which is sent to all members and contains news and announcements of interest to all microbiologists.

Memberships are initiated and renewed as of I January each year. Unless there are directions to the contrary,membership nominations received prior to I November will be credited to the current year, and back issues of theselected publications for the current year will be furnished if available. Nominations received after I November willbecome effective on the following I January.

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Nominated by(Signature of Society member)

I. 1. MembershipFee($3.00)andASMNews($4.00) ...............................................$7.002. Additional journals may be subscribed to at the following rates. Please enter the

higher rate (column B) if you reside outside the U.S. and its possessions.A B0 D

Journal of Bacteriology (JB)............................................. 1. $22 $30Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (AAC) ........................... 2. $15 $18

Applied and Environmental Microbiology (AEM) ........................... 3. $16 $21International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJSB) ...................... 4. $15 $15Journal of Virology (WVI) 5. $21 $26Joumal of Clinical Microbiology (JCM) 6. $15 $18

Microbiological Reviews (MR) 7. $8 $9hIfection and Immunity (IAI) 9. $20 $25

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II. D Check this block if you prefer to receive only ASM News and remit $28.RATES ARE FOR 1978 ONLY

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