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Antimaterie mit AMS-02 Max Camenzind - Akademie HD - 2017

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Page 1: Antimaterie mit AMS-02 - lsw.uni-  · PDF fileHigh on the priority list for AMS-02 is the measurement of the antiproton flux and the antiproton/proton rate

Antimaterie mit AMS-02

Max Camenzind - Akademie HD - 2017

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Initiiert wurde das Experiment 1995 von der Arbeitsgruppe von Samuel Ting am MIT (* 1936; Nobel-preisträger 1976), worauf 1998 AMS-01 an Bord eines Space-Shuttles für zehn Tage im All Daten von über 80 Millionen Ereignissen sammelte. Daraufhin wurde mit dem Bau von AMS-02, das dauerhaft auf der ISS arbeiten soll, begonnen. Die Columbia-Katastrope 2003 und die Laufzeitverlängerung der ISS führten dabei zu einigen Verzögerungen, doch seit Mai 2011 ist AMS-02 auf der ISS installiert und sammelt Daten.

Das Weltraum-Experiment AMS-02

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Kernfrage: Was ist Dunkle Materie ?

Im Urknall entstandene Antimaterie könnte bis heute irgendwo übrig geblieben sein.

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Richard E. Hughes Cosmic Rays

Was ist Kosmische Strahlung ?

Ein “cosmic ray” ist ein hoch-energetisches Teilchen: z. B. ein Elektron

oder ein Atomkern, wie etwa Wasserstoff, Helium etc.

Diese Teilchen propagieren durch die Milchstraße und werden von Magnetfeldern abgelenkt, treffen auf Atmosph Einige stammen von der Sonne

Andere von außerhalb des Sonnensystems.

“Cosmic rays” weisen die höchsten Energien im Universum auf, bis zu 1020 eV.

Was ist ein eV?

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Cosmic Rays; p.9

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Potenzspektrum

AMS-02

g: Spektral- index

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Richard E. Hughes

Spektrum kosmischer Teilchen

Energy in eV

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Spektrum kosmischer Teilchen

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Antimaterie Positronen

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Positronen Spektrum aus Dunkler Materie

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Pulsare Elektron-Positron Wind Kaum Antiprotonen

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Elektron-Positron Spektrum Krebs-Pulsar Cutoff @ 10 GeV

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21

AMS-01 auf Discovery während STS-91 Flug

Der Vorläufer und Prototyp AMS-01 war im Jahr 1998 für zehn Tage an Bord eines

Space Shuttle im All getestet worden. Gleich darauf begann die Konstruktion von

AMS-02. Mit dem vorletzten aller Shuttleflüge wurde AMS-02 schließlich im Jahr

2011 zur Internationalen Raumstation gebracht. hatte permanenten Magneten.

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2011 – 2024 Samuel Ting

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Dieses Bild zeigt Daniel Goldin (links) und Samuel Ting vom MIT am 16. Mai, 2011, als AMS-02 mit dem Space Shuttle Endeavour (STS-134) gestartet wurde; Image credit: S. Ting

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Übergangsstrahlungsdetektor

Tracker = Spurdetektor

Flugzeitzähler

ECAL = elektromagnetisches Kalorimeter

Ring Tscherenkow Det

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Der AMS-02 zentrale supraleitende Magnet besteht aus 14 Leiterbahnen. Diese erzeugen ein toroidales Magnetfeld, das dipolar im Zentrum ausfällt. Die Feldstärke beträgt ca. 0,87 T im zentralen Bereich.

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The AMS Magnet system consists of 14 superconducting coils, a superfluid helium vessel and a cryogenic system, all enclosed in a vacuum tank. While the two largest coils – dipole coils – provide the main field, the racetrack coils close the field minimizing the stray field outside the magnet, cancelling the overall dipole moment of the magnetic system. This will avoid undesirable torques on the ISS resulting from the interaction with the Earth’s magnetic field. The coils are made by tiny (22.4 micron diameter) filaments of Niobium-Titanium which carry the current without resistivity. Each of the two dipole coils has 3,360 turns. When the Magnet is charged the two large dipole feel a net attraction to each other of around 250 tons. The mechanical structure of the magnet is designed to support these large forces. The Magnet operates at a temperature of 1.8 K, using the cryogenic power provided by 2,500 L of superfluid Helium stored in a toroidal vessel. Because of parasitic heat loads, the Helium will gradually boil off throughout the lifetime of the experiment, expected to be around three years. After this time the SCM will warm up and it will no longer be operational.

AMS-02 Supraleitender Magnet

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AMS-02 Detektoren

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Der Betrieb im Weltall stellt harte Anforderungen an einen Detektor. Wegen der begrenzten Stromversorgung darf die Elektronik nur ein Zehntel der Leistung von konventioneller Elektronik verbrauchen. Die Elektronik muss zudem zwischen minus zwanzig und plus fünfzig Grad Celsius funktionieren und Temperaturen zwischen minus vierzig und plus achtzig Grad Celsius dürfen sie nicht beschädigen. Diese Anforderungen sind schwer zu erfüllen, weil die Kühlung im Vakuum des Weltraums nicht über Konvektion erfolgen kann, sondern über Infrarotstrahlung ablaufen muss. Daher musste die Elektronik auf ihre Weltraumtauglichkeit in einer Thermovakuumkammer getestet werden.

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Größe: 5 x 4 x 3 m³ Gewicht: 7,5 t Operation Center: CERN

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AMS-02 Ergebnisse

nach 5 Jahren 2011 – 2016 Quelle: CERN-

Kolloquium Samuel Ting

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Elektronen & Positronen Spektrum

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S. Ting

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S. Ting

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S. Ting

?

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?

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Positron-Spektrum bis 2024 E < 1 TeV Quelle: Pulsare ?

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Spektrum Antiprotonen

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= Steifigkeit = p/Q

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The positron, proton, and antiproton spectra have identical momentum dependence from 60 to 500 GeV. The electron spectrum exhibits a totally different behavior, it decreases much more rapidly with increasing momentum (image credit: AMS Collaboration)

Antiprotonen

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?

Der beobachtete Antiprotonenfluss kann wahrscheinlich allein durch Kollisionen mit ISM erklärt werden!

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Most surprisingly, from 60 to 500 GeV, positrons, protons and antiprotons display identical momentum dependence but electrons exhibit a totally different dependence as shown in Figure above. The reason that this observation is surprising is that both electrons and positrons lose energy (or momentum) equally when travelling through the galactic magnetic field and at a much higher rate than protons or antiprotons. There has been much interest over the last few decades in understanding the origin and nature of dark matter. When particles of dark matter collide, they produce energy that transforms into ordinary particles, such as positrons and antiprotons. The characteristic signature of dark matter is an increase with energy followed by a sharp drop off at the mass of dark matter as well as an isotropic distribution of the arrival directions of the excess positrons and antiprotons.

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AMS has also studied the antiproton to proton ratio. The excess in antiprotons observed by AMS cannot easily be explained as coming from pulsars, but can be explained by dark matter collisions or by other new astrophysics models. Antiprotons are very rare in the cosmos. There is only one antiproton in 10,000 protons. It has taken AMS five years of operations to obtain a clean sample of 349,000 antiprotons. Of these, AMS has identified 2200 antiprotons with energies above 100 GeV. Experimental data on cosmic ray anti-protons are crucial for understanding the origin of antiprotons in the cosmos and for providing insight into new physics phenomena. Protons are the most abundant particles in cosmic rays. AMS has measured the proton flux to an accuracy of 1% with 300 million protons and found that the proton flux cannot be described by a single power law, as had been assumed for decades, and that the proton spectral index changes with momentum.

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The ratio of the boron to carbon fluxes is particularly interesting because it carries important information about the production and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Boron nuclei are produced mainly by spallation of heavier primary elements present in the interstellar medium, whereas primary cosmic rays – such as carbon and oxygen – are predominantly produced at the source.

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”Das ist jetzt das erste Mal, dass wir in einer Situation sind, in der uns die Daten wirklich, ganz offensichtlich, dazu zwingen, zurück an den Schreibtisch zu gehen und unsere Modelle zu erweitern, und unsere Modellannahmen zu überprüfen und zu sehen, ob wir Unsicherheiten ausmerzen können – bevor man dann sagt: Okay, das ist jetzt genau das Signal, denn: Um teilchenphysikalische Aussagen zu machen, um teilchenphysikalische Kandidaten voneinander unterscheiden zu können, brauchen wir ein sehr genaues Wissen darüber, wie unser Signal aussieht.“ (Iris Gebhauer) Bisher sind die von AMS-02 gesammelten Daten nur zum Teil mit dem angenommenen Dunkle-Materie-Zerfall vereinbar: Der gemessene Überschuss an Positronen passt zu dieser Hypothese, allerdings wurden bisher zu wenige Antiprotonen gemessen, von denen es mehr geben müsste.

Zusammenfassung

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Antiprotonen viel zu wenige!

? ?

Der beobachtete Antiprotonenfluss kann wahrscheinlich allein durch Kollisionen der CRs mit ISM erklärt werden!

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High on the priority list for AMS-02 is the measurement of the antiproton flux and the antiproton/proton rate – a relevant and most sensitive quantity for disentangling, among the possible sources, those that induce the observed increase of the positron flux with energy. With the growing data sample and a deeper assessment of the systematic uncertainties, the searches for cosmic antinuclei will become extremely important, as will the search for unexpected new signatures. By the end of the decade AMS-02 will have collected more than 150 × 109 cosmic-ray events. In view of what has been achieved so far, it is reasonable to be fairly confident that this massive amount of new and precise data will contribute significantly to a better understanding of the ever exciting and lively field of cosmic rays (Positronen? Antiprotonen? He?).

Für die Zukunft