OMICS Group eBooks001www.esciencecentral.org/ebooksCancer Treatment StrategiesEditorDr Ahmed M MalkiCancer Treatment StrategiesEdited by: Ahmed M MalkiPublished by OMICS Group eBooks731 Gull Ave, Foster City.CA 94404, USACopyright 2014 OMICS GroupAllbookchaptersareOpen AccessdistributedundertheCreativeCommons Attribution 3.0license,whichallowsuserstodownload,copyandbuilduponpublishedarticles evenforcommercialpurposes,aslongastheauthorandpublisherareproperlycredited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, users who aim to disseminate and distribute copies of this book as a whole must not seek monetarycompensationforsuchservice(excludedOMICSGrouprepresentativesand agreed collaborations). After this work has been published by OMICS Group, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source.Notice:Statements and opinions expressed in the book are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility foranydamageorinjurytopersonsorpropertyarisingoutoftheuseofanymaterials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.Cover OMICS Group Design teamFirst published April, 2014A free online edition of this book is available at www.esciencecentral.org/ebooksAdditional hard copies can be obtained from orders @ www.esciencecentral.org/ebooksChapter:Anticancer-Diet01OMICS Group eBooksAnticancer-DietAbstractTe use of functional foods and nutraceuticals promotes the quality and length of life in patients sufering with cancer. Examples of nutraceuticals of interest includes antioxidant vitamins like vitamin-C & E, carotenoids improves the efcacy of cancer therapy byimprovingimmunefunctions,increasingtumourresponsetoradiationorchemotherapy,decreasingtoxicitytonormalcells. Healthy diet is very important in todays lifestyle because good food can protect health, strengthen immune system, fght of cancer and other diseases. Moreover todays lifestyle choices such as smoking, drinking, a lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet are a great start to an anticancer lifestyle. Diet has a powerful efect on our health. Te best diet should include variety of vegetables, fruits and whole grains as they enhance the quality and length of life. Te role of nutraceuticals in new era of 21st century showed enormous awareness and interest because of their presumed safety and potential nutritional and therapeutic efects.Keywords: Antioxidant; Carotenoids and Chemotherapy; Immune System; NutraceuticalsIntroductionCancer chemoprevention is currently one of the most urgent projects in public health. According to epidemiological surveys, themajorityofhumancancersarerelatedtotwomainfactors;dietandsmoking[1,2].However,ingeneralpopulation,dairy consumption of certain foods has also been shown to have anticancer efects. Tis highlights the importance of environmental factors such as diet in cancer chemoprevention [1]. It is also evident that an understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis is essential for cancer chemoprevention [1,2].Cancerchemopreventionisdefnedastheuseofspecifcnaturalandsyntheticchemicalagentstoreverseorsuppress carcinogenesisandpreventthedevelopmentofinvasivecancers.Terehasbeenanenormousgrowingawarenessinrecentyears that dietary non-nutrient compounds can have important efects as chemopreventive agents, and considerable work on the cancer chemopreventive efects of such compounds in animal models has been undertaken [3]. Medicinal plants having nutritional values & physiological efects in our life are a good source of food and medicines as they help in preventing variety of human ailments. Te anticancercompoundsfromtheplantshavebeenfoundtobeclinicallyactiveagainstvarioustypesofcancercellsbecauseofthe presence of potent anticancer substances. Recently, a greater emphasis has been investigated that diets rich in phytochemicals can reduce cancer [4,5]. Te use of herbal remedies and dietary supplements are widespread throughout the world for the treatment of diferent types of cancers.Te main strategy for cancer in humans includes surgery, radiation and drugs. According to World Health Organisation (WHO) about three quarters of the world population relies upon the natural source mainly herbs for the treatment. Te synthetic anticancer remedies are beyond the reach of common man because of cost factor[6]. Te best dietary recommendations for the prevention of cancer should be plant derived diet which includes mainly vegetables, fruits and whole grains in order to get good health status and to postpone the development of diseases. Te plant derived diet means food that comes from vegetables, fruits, nuts, grains and beans. Also as we know that foods are the main source of nutrients which mainly meet our nutritional requirement apart from essential nutrients for example proteins, carbohydrates, fat, minerals and vitamins in plant foods. Plant also produces non-nutrient chemical substances called phytochemicals means plant chemicals, which are the bioactive non-nutrient plant compounds present in fruits, vegetables, grains and other plant foods that have health related efects.Types of Diet Plant rich diet Nutraceuticals & Functional foods diet Restrictive diet Macrobiotic diet Unsaturated fat diet Water Rich diet Immune boosting diet Non-fat dairy product diet Preserving process dietPlant rich dietTe presence of plant rich diet means the presence of phytochemicals in vegetarian diet which might prevents the development andprogressionofdiseasesasplantsareknownrichsourceofantimitoticandantiangiogeniccompounds.Teyhavepreventive efect on tumorigenesis and other chronic diseases.Swati Madan* and Sumeet GullaiyaAmity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida-201303, India*Correspondingauthor:SwatiMadan, AssistantProfessor, A-block, sec-125, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida-201303, India, Tel: 9891626956; E-mail: smadan3@amity.edu02OMICS Group eBooksPhytochemicals are large group of plant derived compounds found in fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, cereals, seeds and plant-based beverages such as tea and wine.Types of phytochemicals: Based on their chemical structure phytochemicals are classifed into diferent groups as:a. Phytochemicalsi. Organo Sulfur compoundsii. Alkaloidsiii. Nitrogen containing compoundsb. Flavonoidsi. Anthocyaninsii. Flavonesiii. Flavanonesiv. Isofavonesv. Flavonolsvi. Flavanolsc. Flavanols i. Catechinii. Epicatechiniii. Proanthocyaninsd. Proanthocyaninsi. Procyanidinii. ProdelphinidineTe consumption of a diet high in fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease [7].Phytochemicals Example Common Food SourceFlavonoidsFlavonol Quercetin Apples, onionsFlavanol Catechin Tea, coffee, chocolateIsofavone Genistin SoyFlavonone Hesperidin GrapefruitAnthocyanidin Cyanidin BerriesAlkaloidsIpomine AIpomoea batatas sweet potato, tea, coffeeCaffeine Coffea arabica sweet potato, tea, coffeeTheobromine Thea sinensis sweet potato, tea, coffeeTheophylline Thea sinensis sweet potato, tea, coffeeCarotenoids- carotene mango, apricot, carrot, broccoli, spinachLutein Egg yolk, red pepper, mustardTable 1: Following are some of the examples of Phytochemicals & their food source.Health benefts of phytochemicalsa. Isofavones: (genistein & daidzein) present in soy beans, soy milk and tofu helps in reduction in blood pressure and increased vessel dilation [8].b.Anthocyanin:instrawberries,redwineandblueberrieshelpsinimprovementofvision,inhibitionofnitricoxideproduction, induction of apoptosis, decreased platelet aggregation and neuroprotective efects [9].c.Proanthocyanidins&favan-3-olsfoundinredwine,grapejuice,grapeextract,cocoahelpsininhibitionofLDLoxidation, inhibition of cellular oxygenase and inhibition of proinfammatory responses in the arterial wall.d. Sulfdes, thiols: in garlic, onions, leeks, olive decreases LDL cholesterol.e.Carotenoids:suchaslycopene,beta-carotenefoundincarrots,tomatoesproductandinvarioustypesoffruitsandvegetables neutralizes the free radical that causes cell damage [10,11].f.Teyarerichsourcesofimportantnutrientandbyeatingfruitsandvegetablesofdiferentcolourswecangetwiderrangeof phytochemicals for example [12,13].Colour Examples of colourful foodsRedPhytochemicals: Lycopene Tomatoes, tomato product, pink grape, fruit and water melon Red/PurplePhyotchemical: anthocyanin Grapes, grapejuice, cranberries, Blackberries, strawberries, red apples & red wine 03OMICS Group eBooksOrangePhytochemical: carotenoids Carrots, mangoes, apricots, pumpkin, sweet potatoesOrange/yellowPhytochemical: -cryptothanxinorange juice, oranges, peaches, papaya and nectarinesYellow/greenPhytochemical: lutein & zeaxanthin spinach, turnip, mustard, green, yellow corn, green pear, avocadoes & honey dew melonGreenPhytochemical: indoles & sulfurphanes Cabbage, Brussels, sprout & kaleWhite/GreenPhytochemicals: allicin, quercetin & favonoidsonions, garlic, white grape juice & white wineTable 2: Following are some of the examples of colourful foods & their food source.Nutaceuticals & functional foodsa. Nutraceuticals are natural and bioactive products which may be considered a food or part of a food and provides medical or health benefts including the prevention and treatment of disease.Example of nutraceutical includes lutein, folic acid, cod liver oil capsules etc. b. Functional foods are foods having one or more compounds with biochemical and physiological function provides the body with the required amount of vitamins, fats, proteins, carbohydrates necessary for healthy survival.Te most popular functional foods includes omega-3 eggs, omega-3 enriched yoghurts, calcium-enriched orange juice, Vitamin D, Multivitamin-minerals, selenium, cofee, chocolate, green tea, black tea, lycopene, soya meat, cheese, milk, blueberries, orange, legumes, yellow vegetables, turmeric roots, garlic, soya products, antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C & E, carotenoids).c. Health benefts of nutraceuticals1. Nutraceuticals have benefcial efects in cancer therapy and in diabetes [14].2. Tey act as immune boosters.3. Helps in chronic infammation disorders4. Helps in degenerative disorders5. Nutraceuticals in the form of antioxidants, dietary fbers, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFAs), vitamins & minerals are recommended together with physical exercise for prevention and treatment of CVD [15].6. Milk & eggs are the important animal sources of nutraceuticals like proteins & polyunsaturated fats or essential fatty acids (EFAs). EFAs are required for production and rebuilding of cells, to reduce blood pressure, lower cholesterol and triglycerides, reduce the risk of blood clots, helps prevent many diseases including arthritis, arrhythmias and other cardiovascular disease [16].7.Luteinisoneofthecarotenoidsandisfoundinmanyfruitsandinvegetablesincludesmangoes,corn,sweetpotatoes,carrots, squash, tomatoes as lutein is used in the treatment of visual disorders [17].8. Moringa oleifera has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value. Te plant contains good source of protein, vitamins, -carotene, amino acid and various phenolics [18].9. Tey have a crucial role in the protection of numerous age related or chronic diseases.10. Diet has an important role in the treatment of many diseases and the right choice of nutrients can help in disease prevention and improve the quality of life. Terefore nutraceuticals plays a crucial role in the protection of numerous age related or chronic disease [19]. d. Health benefts of functional foods1.Teyhavepositiveinfuenceonhealthforexamplefoodswithaddedomega-3-fattyacidscanhelpimprovebrainfunctionin normal individuals [20].2. Cholesterol lowering spreads have also been proven to be efective in human trials3. Functional foods provide varying amounts of nutrients and energy to sustain growth or support vital processes [21].4. Tey ofer additional benefts that may reduce the risk of disease or promote optimal health for e.g. cranberry juice reduces urinary tract infection [22,23].Restrictive dietRestrictive diet is based on low calorie intake. Calorie restriction provides numerous secondary benefts, such as a greatly lowered risk for most degenerative conditions of aging & improved measures of general health. Calorie Restriction (CR) is also known as CRON, for Calorie Restriction with Optimal Nutrition.In calorie restriction, energy intake is minimized, but sufcient quantities of vitamins, minerals & other important nutrients must be eaten.RestrictivedietincludesKetogenicdietwhicheliminatesallbutnon-starchyvegetablecarsbohydrates&replacesthemwithhigh amount of healthy fats and low to moderate amounts of high quality protein. Since cancer cells difer in that they cannot use fat (ketone) to survive-they need glucose & low oxygen environment.It should include low carbohydrate, high fat foods like celery with cream cheese or a slice of cheese or nuts.Grams Calories % CalorieCalorie 2,65004OMICS Group eBooksFat 221 1967 74%Saturated fat 88 783 30%Polyunsaturated fat 12 103 4%Monounsaturated fat 62 548 21%Carbohydrate 24 87 3%Dietary fbre 8 - -Protein 149 621 23%AlcoholTable 3: Diet chart plan for Restrictive diet (For Adults).It is a dietary regimen in which subjects receive a reduced energy diet (typically, 20 to 40 % reduction in total energy intake relative to an unrestricted comparison group). It provides benefcial efects on longevity & cancer risk in human beings [24,25]. Health benefts of restrictive diet1. Restrictive diet provides fewer calories than normal diet and helps in preventing age related problems and increases life span [26].2. Restrictive diet improves recovery afer a traumatic brain injury.3. Due to age the muscle mass and its function get lost but restrictive diet helps in preventing muscle preservation.4. Reduced calorie diet combined with some physical activity helps in weight reduction.5. Dietary modifcation improves overall health and the quality of life [24].Macrobiotic diet It is a dietary regimen and consists largely of whole grains, cereals and cooked vegetables. Macrobiotics diets avoid the use of highly processed or refned foods. It emphasize natural minimally processed foods and is compatible with many dietary recommendations not just for the prevention of cancer but also for the prevention of other chronic diseases [27-29].Macrobiotic diet is associated with general health benefts and lower risk for several diseases. Te standard macrobiotic diet consists of 50% to 60% organically grown fruits and vegetables and 5 to 10% soups made with vegetables, seaweeds, grain beans [30].A Macrobiotic practitioner plans diet by considering age, sex, where you live and exercise. It consists of:1. Organic whole grains such as brown rice, barley, oats and buckwheat- half of your food intake.2. Locally grown, organic fruits & vegetables-up to a quarter of your food.3. Soups made with vegetables, seaweeds, beans, lentils, peas & fermented soy-up to quarter of your food.It also includes:1. Cooking & storing food in pots & utensils made of wood, glass, stainless steel or china (ceramics) 2. Avoiding microwave ovens or cooking with electricity3. Preparing food in a calm & peaceful environment. It may help in lowering the risk of getting heart disease, breast cancer and other cancers linked to high fat diet.Unsaturated fat dietUnsaturated fat diet is a healthy diet that helps in reducing heart diseases, lowers cholesterol levels. Tey are benefcial when they are replaced with saturated fats in the diet. Unsaturated fats are healthy type of fat that are liquid at room temperature. Tere are two types of unsaturated fats, which are known as Monounsaturated PolyunsaturatedMonounsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature but begin to solidify at cold temperature. Tey are found in olives, olive oil, nuts, peanut oil, canola oil and avocados. Tese types of fats lower LDL (bad) cholesterol & maintain HDL (good) cholesterol.Polyunstaurated fats are also liquid at room temperature. Tese are found in sunfower, seasame, corn, cotton seed and soybean oil.For example: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFAs) present in fsh oil, are part of human diet. Among PUFAs Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). DHA is having anti-infammatory, antiproliferative, antiangiogenetic, antimetastatic properties [31].Health benefts of macrobiotic diet:1. Macrobiotic diet provides the body with essential nutrients so that it can function efciently without loading it with toxins or excesses that must be eliminated or stored [32].2. It helps in resulting freedom from fear and the new sense of control is two of the most important benefts of a macrobiotic practice.3. A macrobiotic practice encourages the bodys natural ability to heal itself. If the body is not burdened by toxins and excesses, it can function better and thus heal any illness that does occur [33,34].4. Macrobiotic approach requires a change in thinking from a static view of life to a dynamic and fexible one.5. Te main beneft of a standard macrobiotic diet is that the body becomes cleaner as toxins and old excesses are discharged [33].Water rich dietWater is our bodys principal chemical component and when our cells are not fully hydrated, they deteriorate and cant function at 05OMICS Group eBookstheir peak level. Tis leads to the tissue damage which leads to aging. With age, the body naturally lose water and this water loss makes our body to heal, to scavenge for free radical and also to defend against invading bacteria and pathogens.Moreoverwaterregulatesbodytemperature,eliminatestoxins,carriesnutrientsandoxygentothecellsandprovidesmoist environment for body tissues and joints.For example:1. Crisp lettuce: It contains 96% water and helps in keeping up with the hydration of the body.2. Water Melon: It contains 91% water along with a good amount of vitamin A and C. It also contains lycopene, fbre and potassium.3. Grape fruit: It contains 90% water. It is a good source of phytonutrients and vitamin C and provides energy and hydration.4. Broccoli: It contains 89% water. It contains vitamin C, Ca+ fber, iron and -carotene which later get converted into vitamin A by body.5. Low Fat Milk & yogurt: It contains 89% and 85% water content. It contains protein, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin A and D.6. Coconut water: It contains 95% water and having low carbohydrate and low sodium content.7. Cucumber: It contains 96% water8. Strawberries contain 92% water and having 23% calories.9. Healthy adult men need about 3.7 litre of water a day while women need about 2.7 litres [35].Health benefts of water rich diet:1. Drinking water helps maintain the balance of body fuids2. Water Can Help Control Calories3. Its a diet rich in minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and fbre.4. It keeps the body hydrated, preventing tiredness and fatigue.5. It helps to fush waste and toxins out of the body. Water-rich foods are popular in detoxing and cleansing diets.6. It reduces water retention.7. It decreases the need for insulin in the body [36,37].Immune boosting dietTeimmunesystemisourbodysnaturaldefenceagainstharmfulsubstancesandabnormalcelldevelopment.Immunesystem contains diferent types of cells. Some examples of immune boosting food which prevent cancer include:a. Broccoli: Te phytoconstituent sulforaphane present in this vegetable inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells and prevents their initial growth. It is also present in cabbage, caulifower and Brussels sprouts.b. Sea vegetables: Seaweed contains high amount of naturally occurring iodine. It is important for proper thyroid function but its also shown potent efects in fghting the growth of breast cancer cells.c. Brazil nuts high in selenium which is a powerful antioxidant and important for the prevention of the infammation that accompanies breast and bone cancers.d. Mushroom, yogurt, oat & barley, garlic, oat & barley contain -glucan, a type of fbre with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities [38-40].References1.Banning M (2005) The carcinogenic and protective effects of food. Br J Nurs 14: 1070-1074. 2.Hirayama T (1984) Epidemiology of stomach cancer in Japan. With special reference to the strategy for the primary prevention. Jpn J Clin Oncol 14: 159-168. 3.NivyaMA,RajaK,KumaravelM,SasidharanS,SeethapathyGS(2012)RoleofNutraceuticalsincancer.InternationalJournalofPharmacyand Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4: 415-420.4.Prakash D1, Gupta C (2012) Glucosinolates: the phytochemicals of nutraceutical importance. J Complement Integr Med 9: Article 13. 5.Willett WC (1994) Diet and health: what should we eat? Science 264: 532-537.6.Sakarkar DM, Deshmukh VN (2011) Ethnopharmacological Review of Traditional Medicinal Plants for Anticancer activity Int.J. PharmTech Res 3: 298-308.7.Hung HC1, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, Hu FB, Hunter D, et al. (2004) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 96: 1577-1584. 8.DPrakash,NKumar(2011)CostEffectiveNaturalAntioxidants.In:RRWatson,JKGeraldandVRPreedyeds.Nutrients,DietarySupplementsand Nutriceuticals. Humana Press, Springer, USA. 163-188.9.Wang H, Cao G, Prior RL (1997) Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of anthocyanin. J Agric Food Chem 45:304-309.10. Palozza P1, Krinsky NI (1992) Antioxidant effects of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro: an overview. Methods Enzymol 213: 403-420. 11. Prakash D, Dhakarey R, Mishra A (2004) Carotenoids: the phytochemicals of nutraceutical importance. Ind J Agric Biochem 17: 1-8. 12. Liu RH (2004) Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: mechanism of action. J Nutr 134: 3479S-3485S.13. Glade MJ (1999) Food, nutrition, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997. Nutrition 15: 523-526.14. Roudebush P1, Davenport DJ, Novotny BJ (2004) The use of nutraceuticals in cancer therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34: 249-269.06OMICS Group eBooks15. Laparra JM1, Sanz Y (2010) Interactions of gut microbiota with functional food components and nutraceuticals. Pharmacol Res 61: 219-225.16. Spitsberg VL (2005) Invited review: Bovine milk fat globule membrane as a potential nutraceutical. J Dairy Sci 88: 2289-229417. Fisher AEO and Naughton DP (2005) why nutraceuticals do not prevent or treat Alzheimers disease. Nutrition Journal 4: 14.18. Anwar F1, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH (2007) Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytother Res 21: 17-25. 19. German JB, Dillard CJ (2000). Phytochemicals: nutraceuticals and human health. J Sci Food Agric 80: 1744-1756.20. Riediger ND1, Othman RA, Suh M, Moghadasian MH (2009) A systemic review of the roles of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. J Am Diet Assoc 109: 668-679.21. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2007) Report on Functional Foods, Food Quality and Standards Service (AGNS).22. Williamson C (2009) Functional foods: what are the benefts? Br J Community Nurs 14: 230-236. 23. Hasler CM (2002) Functional foods: benefts, concerns and challenges-a position paper from the american council on science and health. J Nutr 132: 3772-3781.24. Hursting SD1, Smith SM, Lashinger LM, Harvey AE, Perkins SN (2010) Calories and carcinogenesis: lessons learned from 30 years of calorie restriction research. Carcinogenesis 31: 83-89. 25. Hursting SD1, Dunlap SM, Ford NA, Hursting MJ, Lashinger LM (2013) Calorie restriction and cancer prevention: a mechanistic perspective. Cancer Metab 1: 10. 26. SarkarN1,ReddyB(1995)Bothdietarycalorieandfataffectthegrowthoftransplantedmammary-tumorsinriii/samice-theeffectofcalorieismore profound than the effect of fat. Int J Oncol 6: 1149-1157.27. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR (2000) AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 102: 2284-2299.28. CommitteeonDietandHealth,NationalResearchCouncil(1989)DietandHealth:ImplicationsforReducingChronicDiseaseRisk.NationalAcademy Press, Washington, DC. 29. [No authors listed] (1996) Guidelines on diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. The American Cancer Society 1996 Advisory Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention. CA Cancer J Clin 46: 325-341.30. Associated Press. AP world stream. Cancer Research News. Dutch authorities prosecuting a macrobiotic diet practitioner. March200031. Nicolo Merendino, Lara Costantini, Laura Manzi, Romina Molinari, Donatella DEliseo, et al. (2013) Research International. Dietary w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA: A potential Adjuvant in the treatment of cancer volume 1-11.32. Edward Esko, Alex Jack (1995) Basics & Benefts of Macrobiotics: Essays on the Macrobiotic Way of Personal and Planetary Health Trade paperback. 33. Kushi, Michio and Alex Jack (1983) The Cancer Prevention Diet. New York: St. Martins Press.34. Michio, Aveline Kushi, Alex Jack (1985) The Mac-robiotic Diet. Tokyo & New York: Japan Publications, Inc35. Rock CL1, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, Meyerhardt J, Courneya KS, et al. (2012) Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin 62: 243-274. 36. Penn State. Reduce Calories, Stave Off Hunger with Water-Rich Foods -- Not Water. ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 28 September 1999 37. PanelonDietaryReferenceIntakesforElectrolytesandWater,StandingCommitteeontheScientifcEvaluationofDietaryReferenceIntakes.Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2004.38. Lampe JW (1999) Health effects of vegetables and fruit: assessing mechanisms of action in human experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr 70: 475S-490S.39. Lesourd BM1, Mazari L, Ferry M (1998) The role of nutrition in immunity in the aged. Nutr Rev 56: 113-125.40. ThomasTYoshikawa,KevinP(2001)HighNutritionalStrategiestoBoostImmunityandPreventInfectioninElderlyIndividuals,AgingandInfectious Diseases, Clinical Infectious Diseases 33:1892-1900.List of Publications - ORDER YOUR BOOKS!Please visit our website athttp://www.thalassaemia.org.cy/list-of-publicationsHard copies and CD-ROM or DVD versions can be ordered directly from TIF and are distributed free of charge. Place your order at thalassaemia@cytanet.org.cyThe translation of TIFs educational publications into various languages continues in 2013.All translated publications are or will become available on our website. Check with us to get updated on the latest translations!NEW! 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