anthropometric csl final

8/3/2019 Anthropometric Csl Final

1/41

Anthropometry

CSL- 7


2/41

Anthropometry

-is the process of weighing andmeasuring children.

-is a major determinant of health, and

the resolution of many nutritionalissues of public health concern,requires survey data.

-is to provide information useful forstudying the relationship among

Diet : Nutritional status : & Health.


3/41

Anthropometrics study

Anthropometrics studies are the objectivemeasurements of body muscle and fat.

They are used

To compare individuals To compare growth in the young

To assess weight loss or gain in the matureindividual.

Weight and height are the most frequently usedanthropometric measurements, &

Skinfoldmeasurements of several areas of the

body are also taken.


4/41

Anthropometry

Determining frame size is an attempt at attributingweight to specific body compartments.

Frame size identifies an individual relative to the bonesize, but does not differentiatemuscle mass from

body fat.

It is the muscle mass that is metabolically active andbody fat that is associated with disease states.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to estimate the body-fat mass.

BMI is derived from an equation using weight and height.


5/41

Nutrition

Introduction

Rapid nutritional surveys are to becarried out for the

a. baseline survey

b. mid-term reviewand the completion

c. evaluationof the project.


6/41

key indicators

The key indicator of project impact willbe:

The reduction ofchronic malnutrition

('stunting' or 'height for age') amongchildren less than 5 years of age.

Other important indicators will be

reduction ofacute malnutrition('wasting) underweight('weight forage').


7/41

Methods

In addition to dietary intake methodologies, Questionnaire material,

Hematological tests, and

Nutritional biochemistries,

The assessment of nutritional status requiresa series of height, weight, and otheranthropometricdimensions.


8/41

What is Anthropometry?

Anthropometry is a science which relates to the

measurement of body dimensions.These may be :

1. Lengths (e.g. the length of the thigh bone orfemur),

2. Breadths (e.g. the width across the shoulders,the biacromial breadth),

3. Girths (e.g. waist circumference)

4. height and weight.5. Skinfold thickness


9/41

Skinfold thickness

Skinfold thickness at various siteson the body (e.g. at the back of theupper arm, tricep skinfold).

SKINFOLDS-

a) Bicep,

b) Tricep,c) Subscapular,

d) Iliac crest


10/41

Application of anthropometry in adult

Anthropometry can also be applied foradult.

Because:

Anthropometry is the study of the

measurement of the human body interms of the dimensions of

Bone,

Muscle, and Adipose (fat) tissue.


11/41

Risks

Measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue areimportant because individuals with large valuesof fat are reported to be at increased risks for:-

Hypertension, Adult-onset diabetes mellitus,

Cardiovascular disease,

Gallstones,

Arthritis, Other diseases, and

Forms of cancer.


12/41

Uses of Anthropometrics

Actual height, weight, and body measurementsincluding skinfolds, girths, and breadths will becollected for purposes of:-

1. Assessing growth,2. Body fat distribution, and for

3. Provision of reference data.4. Measurements of height and weight will allow for arevision of the child growth charts which arebased in part on data collected study.

5. Anthropometric measurements such as skinfolds

and circumferences and bioelectrical impedance(a method used to estimate the amount of leantissue) will allow:

cross-sectional analysis of the relationship betweenobesity and risk of disease.


13/41

Anthropometric measurements are taken on

a variety of people for a variety ofreasons:

Monitoring athletes;

Tracking growth, (normal or retarded)

Development, and Motor performance in children; Linking physical activity and nutrition interventions

to changes in body size, shape and composition;

Assessing changes in body dimensions in response

to disease;

Identifying markers for potential sportingperformance.

Nutritional assessment.


14/41

Nutritional assessment

A nutritional assessment is an in-depthevaluation of both objective and

subjective data related to:- an individual's food

nutrient intake,

lifestyle,

medical history.


15/41

Once the data on an individual is collectedand organized, the practitioner can

assess and evaluate the nutritionalstatus of that person.

The assessment leads to:-

a plan of care, or intervention,

designed to help the individualeithermaintain the assessed status or attain(get) a healthier status.


16/41

Elements of Assessment

What are the data?The data for a nutritionalassessment falls into fourcategories:

Anthropometric data

Biochemical data

Clinical data

Dietary data.


17/41

What are Anthropometrics data?.

Anthropometrics data are the objectivemeasurements of body muscle and fat.

They are used to

- compare individuals,- compare growth in the young, and- assess weight loss or gain in the mature individual.

Weight and height are the most frequently usedAnthropometric measurements, andSkinfold measurements of several areas of thebody are also taken.


18/41

Type of Body Fat

There are three types ofBody Fat:1. The firstis subcutaneous fat, which is stored

right below your skin.

2. Second,theres intramuscular fat, which isinside the muscle tissue (picture the fat inside amarbled steak.).

3. Third, you have internal fat, which is located

on and around your internal organs for protectivecushioning.


19/41

Skinfold testing

Skinfold testingis based on the premise thatthe majority of your body fat is subcutaneousright below your skin where you can see andgrab it.

Bypinchingthe skin and fat and measuringthe thickness of the fold at one or more sites,you can get a fairly accurate estimate of yourtotalbody fat percentage

and more importantly, a way to consistentlymeasure your progress from week to week.


20/41

skin-fold calipers

To estimate body fat skin-fold measurements

can be made using skin-fold calipers.Most frequently,

TRICEPand

SUBSCAPULAR (shoulder blade) skin-folds aremeasured.

Measurements can then be compared to referencedataand to previous measurements of the

individual (if available).Accurate measuring takes practice, and

comparison measurements are most reliable ifdone by the same technician each time.


21/41

Measuring and Recording Guidelines 1

Body measurements are always taken on the rightside of the body.

However

Some measurements may be taken on the left sideof the body because of casts, amputation, or otherreasons.

When this occurs, the reason is noted in the

comments section on the body measurement resultsscreen or hardcopy form by the recorder.


22/41

Guideline 2

1. All measurements, except skinfolds, should be

taken to the nearest tenth of a centimeter 1.0 cmor 10.0 mm (millimeter).

2. Skinfold measurements are taken to the nearest0.1 mm (millimeter)

3. Measures that exceed specific limits on thecomputer will be repeated by each technician.

4. All skinfold measurements will be done in duplicate(i.e., by two different technicians or twice by thesame technician)

SINCE THESE MEASURES HAVE THE MOST

VARIABILITY.


23/41

Instruction for measuring Skinfold thickness

Measurement should be taken on healthy, undamaged,uninfected skin.

To keep the muscle relaxed.

All measurements must be taken on the right side ofthe body.

Using Tape to find the accurate mid points & mark the

skinfold sites. Skinfold should be firmly grasped by THUMB & INDEX

finger, gently pull the skinfold away from the body.

Place the Caliper perpendicular to the fold.

A Minimum of two measurements should be taken atthe same site.

Record each skinfold measured.

Must get consistent results; must not have high

variations.


24/41

PROTOCOL for site selection

Two protocols

1st protocol :- Four sites system

i). Biceps : Vertical fold Midway between anteriorauxiliary fold & anterior cubital fossa.

ii). Triceps : Vertical fold on posterior midline ofarm, halfway between acromium process(bony process on top of shoulder) & olecranonprocess (bony process of elbow)

iii). Subscapular : The fold taken on Diagonal line1-2 cm below the point of shoulder blade.iv). Suprailiac : a diagonal fold above the iliac

crest of at the spot where an imaginary linecome down from anterior auxiliary line justabove the hipbone.

F it


25/41

Four sites

Site 1 - BicepsThe anterior surface of the biceps midway between the

anterior fold and the antecubital fossa. Site 2 - Triceps

A Vertical fold on the posterior midline of the upper arm, overthe triceps muscle, halfway between the acrosion process(bony process on top of the shoulder) and olecranon process

(bony process on elbow). The elbow should be extended andthe arm relaxed. Site 3 - Subscapular

The fold is taken on the diagonal line coming from thevertebral border to between 1 and 2cm from the inferiorangle of the scapulae. (A diagonal fold about 1 to 2cm belowthe point of the shoulder blade and 1-2cm toward the arm).

Site 4 - SuprailiacA diagonal fold above the crest of the ilium at the spot wherean imaginary line would come down from the anteriorauxiliary line just above the hipbone and 2-3cm forward.

4 sites protocol


26/41

4 sites protocol


27/41

2nd protocol

Three sites system

1. Chest2. Abdomen

3. Thigh.

L ti f TRICEP Ski f ld


28/41

Location of TRICEP Skinfold

Location of S bscap la skinfold


29/41

Location of Subscapular skinfold


30/41

Skinfold should be firmly grasped by

THUMB & INDEX finger, gently pull theskinfold away from the body.


31/41

Place the Caliper perpendicularto the fold


32/41

Skinfold thickness in mm & Total adipose tissue in KG


33/41

Skinfold thickness in mm & subcutaneous fat in KG

Clinical data


34/41

Clinical data.

Clinical data provides information about the

individual's medical history, including acute andchronic illness and diagnostic procedures, therapies,or treatments that may increase nutrient needs orinduce malabsorption.

Current medications need to be documented, andboth prescription drugs and over-the-counterdrugs, such as laxatives or analgesics, must beincluded in the analysis.

Vitamins, minerals, and herbal preparations also

need to be reviewed. Physical signs ofmalnutrition can be documented

during the nutrition interview and are an importantpart of the assessment process.


35/41

Different body fat averages in male &female

Body fat averages and ideals are different formen and women.

The female hormone estrogen causes women to

carry at least 5% more body fat than men. The average woman has about 23% body fat

and the average man about 17%.

Body fat average and ideals also vary with age.

In both sexes, body fat increases while leanbody mass decreases with age.


36/41

How much body fat is unhealthy?

High body fat levels have been linked to over 30health problems including:-

Diabetes, High blood pressure, Cardiovasculardisease, Cancer and Osteoarthritis.

Being categorized as clinically obese meansthat body fat is at such a level that healthproblems become more of a concern.

Men are considered borderline at 25% bodyfat and clinically obese at 30% women are borderline at 30% and clinically

obese at 35% body fat.


37/41

How low should you go?

Its impossible for your body fat levels to drop to zero sincesome fat is located internally and is necessary for normalbody functioning.

This is called essential fat.

Essential fat is necessary for energy storage, protection

of internal organs, and insulation against heat loss. Essential fat is found in the nerves, brain, bone marrow,

liver, heart, and in nearly all the other glands and organsof the body.

In women, this fat also includes sex-related fat depositsincluding the breast tissue and uterus.

Essential body fat at least

2-3% for menand 7-8% for women.

Maximum preferred or desirable


38/41

Maximum preferred or desirablefatness levels for ages

The average fat content for females is between 24 and 26%,dependent upon country of residence, although from a health point ofview, a maximum desirable level of30% (young) and 35%(older),may pose no threat.

This level of moderate obesity would not satisfy the desirable shape orquirks of contemporary fashion.

The fashion model type of body composition reflects a fat percentage of15% or less, female gymnasts as low as 8% and distance runnersdown to 6%.

The maximum desirable level suggested is based on the work of Katch &McArdle (1973), Pollock et al (1975) and Brown & Jones (1977) and is25% for women of 30 years and over, but starts at

20% for those less than 20 years old.Again there is a sliding scale reflecting advancing years and a reduction in

health risk.Contemporary fashion would indicate a preferred female level of perhaps

3% lower than these values.


39/41

Body Fat % of Men & Women


40/41

Body Fat Categories for Women

10-12% - Essential Fat

14-20% - Athletic Fat Levels

21-24% - Fitness Fat Levels

25-31% - Acceptable Fat Levels

>32% - Obese


41/41

Body Fat Categories for Men

2-4% - Essential Fat

6-13% - Athletic Fat Levels 14-17% - Fitness Fat Levels

18-25% - Acceptable Fat levels

>26% - Obese

anthropometric csl final

Documents