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Annual National Accounts

Lower Level Coordinate Bookmarks: AUS.POPEMP.......NA AUT.POPEMP.......NA BEL.POPEMP.......NA CAN.POPEMP.......NA CHE.POPEMP.......NA CZE.POPEMP.......NA DEU.POPEMP.......NA DNK.POPEMP.......NA ESP.POPEMP.......NA FIN.POPEMP.......NA FRA.POPEMP.......NA GBR.POPEMP.......NA GRC.POPEMP.......NA HUN.POPEMP.......NA IRL.POPEMP.......NA ISL.POPEMP.......NA ITA.POPEMP.......NA JPN.POPEMP.......NA LUX.POPEMP.......NA MEX.POPEMP.......NA NLD.POPEMP.......NA NOR.POPEMP.......NA NZL.POPEMP.......NA POL.POPEMP.......NA PRT.POPEMP.......NA SVK.POPEMP.......NA SWE.POPEMP.......NA USA.POPEMP.......NA

Country: AUSTRALIATransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (AUS.POPEMP.......NA)

Direct sourceSources of employment and hours worked data in national accounts.

Employment Generalities Main source for employment Adjustments conducted to main source for employment

Hours worked Generalities Main source for hours worked Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked

Bridge table

Employment

Generalities:The current compilation system does not provide the split between employees and self employed. Australia does not use the concept of full-time equivalent. All the data refer to fiscal years beginning on the 1st July of the year indicated.

Main source for employment:Labour Force Survey (LFS). The survey includes all persons aged 15 years and over except members of the permanent defence forces, certain diplomatic personnel of overseas governments customarily excluded from census and estimated population counts, overseas residents in Australia, and members of non-Australian defence forces (and their dependants) stationed in Australia. LFS is conducted in terms of numbers of persons employed.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: The monthly LFS stock figures is used to derive the quarterly flow of employment by adding 3 months to get the total quarter and then dividing by 3 to get an average flow of persons employed during the quarter. Annual employment numbers are derived by summing the quarterly estimates. - From persons to jobs: No adjustment.- Economic territory: Members of the permanent defense forces are excluded from LFS so an adjustment is made to include them. Numbers of defense force personnel are obtained from the Department of Defense.- Underground economy: No adjustment is made for the number of persons working solely within the unobserved economy. It is not expected to be particularly significant in Australia (especially in terms of hours worked).

Hours worked

Generalities:Australia does not currently transmit to OECD data on total hours. Australia focuses on indexes of hours worked rather than on annual level of hours worked or employment.

Main source for hours worked:LFS. It includes: hours actually worked during normal periods of work; time spent in addition to hours worked during normal periods of work (including overtime); time spent at the place of work on activities such as the preparation of the workplace, repairs and maintenance, preparation and cleaning of tools, and the preparation of receipts, time sheets and reports; time spent at the place of work waiting or standing by; time corresponding to short rest periods. Excluded are: hours paid for but not worked such as paid annual leave, public holidays or paid sick leave; meal breaks.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:As LFS average hours worked is only available for the mid-month of each quarter the LFS reference period may not be representative of hours worked during the rest of the quarter. An adjustment is made to take account of public holidays and annual leave that may occur in the rest of the quarter. These adjustments take the form of factors applied to the original labour force series. The factors are derived by looking at the date of the LFS reference period and comparing with the dates of holidays. For the purposes of the bridge table, the factor derived for the September Quarter 2004 is 1.0 and has no effect on the original labour force data. Adjustments are made for the March and June quarters.

Bridge tableYear Sep.2004Units (000s)

A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) 9,682.47Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flows -From persons to jobs

-Adjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts +52.13Residents working outside the economic territory -Non Residents working within the economic territory -Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 9,734.60Of which employees

Of which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source 1,812.16Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,812.16Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 17,640,670

Country: AUSTRIATransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (AUT.POPEMP.......NA)




Bridge table

Employment

Generalities:Presently, employment data in Austria is calculated in terms of jobs, not in terms of persons. However, for the reporting year 1995 a source comparison (between PAYE tax statistics and microcensus) for estimation of employment in terms of persons was established. In the course of this comparison turned out that the total amount of engaged persons was roughly consistent in both sources, but a major difference concerning the NACE-representation occurred. This difference may be explained by a respondent bias: in the Microcensus the employee indicates his field of activity, while tax authorities and the business register use the NACE-classification of the enterprise.

Main source for employment:(1) Employees: Social insurance statistics, Structural Business Survey (SBS) and Non agricultural business survey 1995 (BZ'95). Short term production statistics, Microcensus (for FTE calculations), Labour force survey and other sources (Individual information/surveys, annual reports, balances of public corporations) are used for adjustments. (2) Self-employed: Non agricultural business survey and Short term production statistics. Microcensus, Labour force survey and the Farm structure survey are used for adjustments.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment:

- From stocks to flows: SBS data are already annual averages; quarterly Microcensus data is annualized by taking the average of the quarters. For Social insurance data (end-of-month data) an average of 13 months is calculated (starting from December of the preceding year to December of the actual year).- From jobs to persons: No adjustment. A project for estimates of quarterly employment in persons is in progress.- Economic territory: Most of the mentioned sources already comply with the domestic concept. Information on employment applying the national concept is available from the PAYE tax and income tax statistics. Figures are adjusted for coverage issues related to conscription, benefit schemes, extra-territorial organisations and free labour contracting. - Underground economy: No adjustments- Other adjustments: To complement Microcensus data for the institutional households with less than 50 persons, a sample survey is conducted for community accommodation on the basis of the 1991 population survey, and its results are added to the results of the quarterly Microcensus.

Hours worked

Generalities:Method of calculation: (1) Quarterly employment data are estimated out of the annual results in the national accounts, with the structure of social insurance statistics. Regarding self-employed, the microcensus data structure is used. (2) The average amount of working hours per job for each quarter is calculated. (3) Hours worked finally result from the multiplication of employment according to national accounts in terms of jobs times working hours per job.

Main source for hours worked:Microcensus and Short term production statistics. Labour force survey, Farm structure survey, Social insurance statistics are as additional sources.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:(1) Hours data for small enterprises (<19 employees) are added to the Short-term production statistics by an estimation procedure. (2) Because of data originating from different sources a detailed analysis has been carried out and correction factors have been elaborated. For reasons of data consistency, data on working hours from microcensus are adjusted with these correction factors.

Bridge tableYear 2004Units (000s)

A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of jobs from original sourceOf which employees (from the Social Insurance Scheme) 3,195.2Of which self-employed (from Non-agr. Survey and Short-term Prod. Stat)Adjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flows +0

From persons to jobsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts +21.2Residents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryExtra-territorial organizations -2.7Conscripted in social insurance scheme -11.0Adjustment for the unobserved economyOther adjustments-Parental leave -110.4-Adjustment for institutional households with less than 50 persons ?(2) Number of persons/jobs in the national accounts framework 4,145Of which employees 3,092.2Of which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (Microcensus and Short-term Prod. Stat.) n.a.

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustmentsCorrection factor for Microcensus data ?Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per workerOf which employees 1,636.1

Of which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 6,781,444Pro Memoria:LFS Employment 3,744LFS Average Annual hours worked per person 1,844.4

LFS Total Hours worked 6,905,537 Country: BELGIUMTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (BEL.POPEMP.......NA)




Bridge table

Employment

Generalities:The method of compiling the Belgian national accounts is based on two fundamental principles: systematic use of a directory of production units based on a register of enterprises, and maximum use of administrative data supplemented by statistical information and survey results.

Main source for employment:Administrative sources (mainly data from various social security institutions). The Labour Force Survey is used as a secondary source for cross-checking and for obtaining information on the structure of employment.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Quarterly figures are obtained as the average of the situation at the beginning and

end of the quarter; yearly figures are the average of the four quarterly averages.- Economic territory: (1) Adjustment for workers not liable for contributions or allocated under other social security authorities, for whom an estimate is produced on the basis of specific administrative information; (2) Adjustment for students with jobs, who are recorded in a separate register of the national social security agencies.- Underground economy: National social security data does not entirely correspond to the national accounts concepts. An adjustment is made to take into account the undeclared employment, estimated consistently with the adjustments made in the estimation of value added and wages in the national accounts.- Other adjustments: An adjustment based on individual national register numbers is made so that workers registered under different national social security agencies are counted only once. An additional adjustment is introduced to avoid double counting between paid employment and self-employment: workers whose paid employment is secondary to their self-employed activity are eliminated from the paid employment.

Hours worked

Generalities:The Belgian national accounts included a yearly estimation of the number of hours worked by employees for the period 1995-2002. In 2003, the main Belgian social security agency introduced a new system of declaration, with important breaks in the series as consequences. The problems were progressively solved for the employment statistics, but not for the hours. The aim is to restart publication from September 2006 onwards. Hours for self-employed are not available yet, estimations (based on the LFS), are planned for 2008

Main source for hours worked:Only administrative information collected by the national social security agencies provide some information on hours worked of employees. To gross up the individual statistics per enterprise, conversion ratios are obtained by estimating the number of hours declared to the social security agencies and dividing that figure by the number of persons recorded in the same register.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:Holidays and annual leaves are taken into account on the basis of information collected from the collective agreements, detailed by activity and by institutional sector. The sickness leaves are taken into account when the payments are assumed by a mutual insurance company. There are no adjustments for (un)paid overtime short term leaves, strikes or temporary lay-offs. An adjustment is made to take into account the undeclared hours worked, estimated consistently with the adjustments made in the estimation of value added, wages and employment in the national accounts. Seasonal adjustments and corrections for calendar effects are made with TRAMO-SEATS, both for the number of employees as for the number of hours.

Bridge table

Year 2004Units (000s)

A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (from administrative sources)Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flowsFrom persons to jobsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryWorkers not liable for contributions/allocated under other social security uthoritiesStudents with jobsAdjustment for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Adjustment for double counting(2) Number of persons/jobs in the national accounts frameworkOf which employees

Of which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original sourceOf which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustmentsAdditional calculations:Seasonal adjustments and corrections for calendar effects(4) National Accounts annual average hours per workerOf which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) =Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

Country: CANADATransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (CAN.POPEMP.......NA)




Bridge table

Employment

Generalities:The main source used is the Labour Force Survey, both for employment and hours worked. Dissemination of data on employment and hours worked in strongly coordinated in Canada, leading to exactly consistent measures in the LFS and Canadian System of National Accounts (CSNA). Measures of employment are conducted at a very detailed level (286 industries * 13 regions).

Main source for employment:Labour Force Survey (LFS). The survey is in terms of persons but as Canadian national accounts are compiled in terms of number of jobs, an adjustment is conducted for multiple job holders. As the LFS in not reliable for estimates at detailed industry level, Canada uses extrapolated Census data, benchmarked on

aggregate LFS results, to derive the detailed estimates.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows : No adjustment.- From persons to jobs: Addition of jobs for multiple job holders.- Economic territory: Addition of jobs to take into account territories not covered by the LFS (jobs in aboriginal reserves, military personnel, northern territories and civil servants working outside Canada).- Underground economy: No adjustment is made. The LFS is considered to include "grey" employment. No estimate is made of any employment corresponding to owner-occupied housing.- Other adjustments: Exclusion of population (unpaid absentee paid workers, self-employed with zero hours worked) considered as employed in LFS but not in national accounts. They represent persons absent from work who were not paid during the week of the survey. They are excluded in view to make the job concept as consistent as possible with establishment surveys that capture only employment on payroll.

Hours worked

Generalities: -

Main source for hours worked:LFS. The definition of hours worked in the survey matches closely the SNA/ILO definition of hours worked, so no coverage adjustments are necessary.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: There are two technical adjustments: (1) Compilation of average hours per job, from LFS average hours per person, by cumulating hours of main job and other jobs and dividing it by total number of jobs. (2) Annualisation of LFS data: extrapolation of hours worked as reported in specific weeks of the month of the survey to other weeks of the month, taking into account civic and other holidays. This process is five steps:- first step: hours actually worked in the reference week are first adjusted for civic holidays and other non-random events, leading to "standardized LFS weeks";- second step: these standardized weeks are then extrapolated linearly between the reference weeks to obtain hours worked for all weeks of the year;- third step: civic and other holidays are now excluded, on an annual basis, taking into accounts specific holidays by industries and regions; - fourth step: adjust the monthly data to take into account the fact that each month does not start with a Monday nor ends with a Sunday. Use of specialized survey on average number of hours worked per day of the week, by industry, to calculate daily weights that will be used to estimate the number of hours worked from the first day of each month to the last day of each month;- fifth step: monthly total hours worked is obtained by multiplying each month's average hours worked by the number of jobs during the reference week of that month; annual total hours is obtained by adding the twelve months; annual average hours worked is the obtained by dividing total annual hours by the annual average number of jobs in the LFS survey.


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) 14,531Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts +320From stock to annual flows -From persons to jobs +708Adjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts +122Residents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryJobs in Northern Territories and civil servants working outside Canada +47Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Unpaid absentee paid workers - 415Self-employed with zero hours worked - 142

(2) Number of jobs in the national accounts framework 14,851Of which employees 13,169Of which self-employed 1,682B. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source Of which employees 1,735.5Of which self-employed 1,989.1

Adjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Adjustments to the SNA class of workers definition (employees, persons) [1] 1,827.5Adjustments to the number of jobs (employees) 1,774.6

Adjustments to the number of jobs and to the SNA concept (self-employed) 1,974.4Adjustments for LFS reference weeks (self-employed) 1,804.0Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,759Of which employees 1,756Of which self-employed 1,784

C. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 26,125,921

[1] The hours worked per employee is revised up when Canada moves from the official LFS data to the number of persons as measured by the SNA because the former includes proprietors of incorporated business in its self-employed category while this population is moved to the employee category in the SNA classification.

Country: SWITZERLANDTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (CHE.POPEMP.......NA)




Bridge table

Employment

Generalities: Persons in employment are compiled from Job Statistics (JOBSTAT), the Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS) and the Central Aliens Register. The number of persons in employment according to the SLFS is used in the calculation of 2nd quarter estimates along with data from the Central Aliens Register on persons in employment who are not part of the permanent resident population.

Main source for employment:Job Statistics (JOBSTAT). Business survey based on a random sampling of businesses (local units) drawn from the Business Register. Data for the Primary sector stems from the Business Census for the Primary Sector and data for private household employment is taken from the LFS (both covering jobs with at least 6 hours a week).

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Annual figures are an arithmetic average of quarterly data. Quarterly estimates for the SLFS and the business are interpolated between two 2nd quarter values based on JOBSTAT. - From jobs to persons: All sources are in jobs, no adjustment to persons.- Economic territory: Adjustment of SLFS data for jobs in private households filled by non-permanent residents by Central Aliens Register data.- Unobserved Economy: No adjustments.

Hours worked

Generalities: Annual normal work hours are calculated for first and possible second jobs of employed persons based on two consecutive SLFS. For each job, absences are subtracted and overtime is added to get an aggregate of annual hours worked.

Main source for hours worked: The Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS) is the main source used to compile actual hours worked.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: - for sickness leaves: Seasonal adjustment of 2nd quarter SLFS data based on Swiss health survey (ESS: Enquête Suisse sur la santé)- for strikes and temporary lay-offs: Adjustments compiled from administrative sources.- other calculations: Actual hours worked by non-permanent resident workers are estimated based on the hypothesis that their average normal work hours, absences and overtime correspond to those of the permanent resident population.

Bridge table


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of jobs from original sources (from JOBSTAT, LFS and Census)Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flowsFrom jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryPrivate households with non-permanent residents

Adjustment for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of jobs in the national accounts frameworkOf which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original sourceOf which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:-Hours worked by non-permanent resident workers are assumed to be equal to those of the permanent resident population.Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per workerOf which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) =Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

Country: CZECH REPUBLICTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (CZE.POPEMP.......NA)




Bridge table

Employment

Generalities:Czech employment data in the National Accounts are based on Business Statistics. On an industry-by-

industry basis the results of the Labour Force Survey and the Business Statistics are compared, to be aware of the differences. The data surveyed are adjusted according to ESA95 methodology to ensure quality and comparability of data used in National Accounts and Labour Force Survey. Employment data is available in persons and in FTE.

Main source for employment:Business statistics complemented with administrative data. Labour Force Surveys are used for cross-checking.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From jobs to persons: Data on persons are recounted after adjustments. The shares of main and second jobs from Business Statistics are available for employees. The self-employed persons are surveyed only in their main activity so only methodological and exhaustiveness adjustments are recounted to persons. - Economic territory: Adjustments are made for: (1) Residents working as members of diplomatic missions, Institutions of the EU and International institutions, for which data is provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2) Members of the armed forces who work as military staff at international organisations abroad. (3) Non-residents working in the Czech Republic. - Underground economy: Adjustments are made for: (1) Producers deliberately not registering (underground) (2) Illegal workers (prostitutes) (3) Producers not required to register (personal in households, agricultural self-supplying, individual house construction) (4) Not surveyed firms (5) Intentional misreporting (the number of employees working illegally). (6) Statistical deficiencies.- Other adjustments: (1) An estimate has been made for the number of employees and self-employed with less than 19 employees. It was based on the extrapolation of figures of the previous year. (2) The quarterly employment data of National Accounts is based on the corresponding quarterly data of the previous year. Indexes from the Czech Social Security Administration are used for employees and the indexes from Harmonized Labour Force Survey are used for self-employed persons.

Hours worked

Generalities:The hours worked data are based on the average hours worked per week data from the LFS. The hours for sickness leaves, for holidays and annual leaves, etc. are not included. These data are available for main and second jobs. The numbers of employees and self-employed persons as the full time equivalence are multiplied by the data on average hours worked per week by industry (NACE-17 classification). The hours worked data are surveyed in business statistics since 2002, the estimation method described above will change in the near future.

Main source for hours worked: Labour Force Statistics

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: - for exhaustiveness (underground economy): No adjustments are made, adjustments of exhaustiveness are included in the number of persons and then are multiplied by the data on average hours worked.

Bridge table


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of jobs from original source (Business Survey)Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flowsFrom jobs to persons ?Adjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts ?Residents working outside the economic territory ?Non Residents working within the economic territory ?Adjustments for the unobserved economy:

Producers deliberately not registering (underground) +6.6Illegal workers (prostitutes) -Producers not required to register (household staff, agricultural self-supplying, individual house construction)

+26.4

Not surveyed firms -Intentional misreporting and Statistical deficiencies -Other adjustments -(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 4,850.1Of which employees 3,986.0Of which self-employed 864.1B. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source 1,993.6

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,956.5

Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 9,487,020Pro Memoria:LFS Employment 4,846.3 LFS Average Annual hours worked per person 1,993.6

LFS Total Hours worked 9,351,854 Country: GERMANYTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (DEU.POPEMP.......NA)




Bridge table 1: From LFS to NA

Bridge table 2: From Original source to NA

Employment

Generalities:Germany produces a flash employment estimate (total employment released after some t+30 days as part of the monthly ILO Labour market statistics) and regular releases (of quarterly employment figures by industries after some t+48 days as part of National Accounts). The monthly flash estimate is built on expert calculations, an economic forecast model (ARIMA) and the results of a monthly telephone survey. The regular monthly employment estimates rely on a benchmark calculation (detailed level) which is extrapolated for the current reporting period.

Main source for employment:Levels and the trends are based on a model integrating in total 48 sources. The main data sources are Monthly administrative statistics compiled by the Federal Agency for Employment: Employee statistics ("Beschäftigtenstatistik") and statistics on marginal part-time employees ("Geringfügig Beschäftigte"), a monthly telephone survey (ILO employment status), the Microcensus (Labour Force Survey) and monthly, quarterly and annual business reports for certain industries.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: The quarterly and annual estimates are built up from monthly estimates (arithmetic means).- From jobs to persons: no adjustment needed, sources use persons. Double counting of multiple job-holders in different industries has been tackled.- Economic territory: Adjustments are made for: (1) Inward-bound commuters (embassy personnel, cross border commuters, staff on international organizations) (2) Outward-bound commuters. There is no adjustment for conscripts as they are included in the Microcensus. - Underground economy: explicit adjustments for informal employment activities (i.e. in construction industries and private domestic services) have been made in the benchmark calculations. - Other adjustments: Employed prisoners and employed persons below the age of 15 are included. Special adjustments are made for helping relatives.

Hours worked

Generalities:The basic concept of the IAB (Institut für Arbeitmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit) follows a "bottom-up" approach: (1) The calculation starts from specific components of average hours worked. (2) The calculation is disaggregated by 17 economic sectors. The quarterly data are obtained from various sources and are combined to form the paid volume of work in Germany. (3) The calculations are established separately for Western and Eastern Germany, because of the substantial differences between the regional patterns of hours worked. (4) The calculations are established separately for dependent employed and self-employed persons, including family workers. All components are broken down into full- time and part-time employees.

Main source for hours worked:(1) Hours worked by employees: Based on potential working days and built up from various sources. (2) Hours by self- employed and unpaid family members: Days and hours normally worked per week stem from the Microcensus.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: Hours for employees are adjusted for collective agreements, sick leave, paid overtime, short-time work, overtime, bad weather and strikes, secondary activities and flexibility of hours. For self-employed half of the holiday and sickness leave rates of employees are assumed.

Bridge table 1: From LFS to NA


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) 35,463Of which employees Of which self-employed

Adjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flowsFrom jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts +342Residents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territory-residents working abroad +69Employed persons living in collective households/community accommodations +69Adjustments for the unobserved economy:-LFS underestimation of marginal part-time employment + informal employment activities +2,895Other adjustments (reference week vs. annual averages; employees below the age threshold of the LFS, and other (methodological) differences) +13(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 38,868Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source 1,824.2

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,439.8

Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 55,962,000

Bridge table 2: From Original sources to NA

Year Nov. 05Units (000s)

A. Employment Numbers (1)a Number of persons/jobs from original source (ILO Telefonerhebung) 37,749Of which employees 33,748Of which self-employed 4,047(1)b Number of persons/jobs from original source (Mikrocensus) 36,541Of which employees 32,133Of which self-employed 4,408(1)c Number of persons/jobs from original source (Expert Estimate) 39,049Of which employees 34,680Of which self-employed 4,369(1)d Number of persons/jobs from original source (ARIMA Prognose) 39,063Of which employees 34,693Of which self-employed 4,370Adjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flows

From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts (already included in Microcensus)Residents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territory-residents working abroad +69Adjustments for the unobserved economy: ?(2) Number of persons/jobs in the national accounts framework 39,049Of which employees 34,680Of which self-employed 4,369B. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original sourceOf which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leaves ?Strikes and temporary lay-offs ?Paid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtime ?Unreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employed ?Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,439.8


Country: DENMARKTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (DNK.POPEMP.......NA)




Bridge table

Employment

Generalities:A labour account called "Working Time Account" (WTA) is the main source for NA employment, although it is not used straight away. The WTA compiles a range of primary statistical data, adapted and adjusted into integrated statistics on employment, jobs, full-time equivalents, hours worked and total wage and salary costs on an annual and quarterly basis. The use of administrative data sources and household surveys is

optimized.

Main source for employment:The Working Time Account, mainly based on the Register of Employment Statistics (RAS), the Yearly Statistics on Earnings and The Labour Force Survey.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Annual averages are calculated as the average of four quarters.- From jobs to persons: The RAS provides information on persons, used directly in WTA. The Statistics on Employment in Businesses provides information on jobs.- Economic territory: Non-residents working in Denmark are supplemented, based on the compensation of employees abroad from the balance of payments and their average wage. - Underground economy: Adjustments are made for clandestine work. When hidden economy does not give rise to hours worked in the case of, e.g. understatement of figures (VAT evasion) or tips, hidden employment is not adjusted.- Other adjustments between WTA and NA: (1) Figures for public employment are adjusted with other sources. (2) Industries are relocated. (3) Partnerships' self-employed are relocated to employees. (4) The quarterly distribution of employees comes from the Monthly report of earnings. For self-employed this movement is calculated as a straight line between two years, with some adjustments from the LFS.- Other adjustments in constructing WTA: (1) Employees under 15 years have already been removed from the RAS figures and employees not linked to a sector have been distributed. (2) Private employees in clear-cut public industries are relocated.

Hours worked

Generalities:The NA estimates of hours worked are the result of NA-employment in a branch multiplied with the average hours worked per employee or per self-employed in that branch as compiled in the WTA. The resulting figures for hours worked are not exactly the same as in the WTA because of the NA adjustments to employment. The number of hours of worked are calculated on the basis of information on the number of jobs during the course of the year and the number of paid hours of work performed, which were, on average, actually worked in a given job during the course of the year.

Main source for hours worked:The Working Time Account, mainly based on the Yearly Statistics on Earnings (for hours) and the Register of Employment statistics (for jobs).

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: (1) WTA adjusts for holidays, annual leaves, sickness (also absence due to children's sickness), and paid overtime, but not for unpaid overtime. (2) The WTA accounts for the fact that people working longer hours tend to over-report more than people working fewer hours. (3) Unpaid overtime hours and black work are excluded from the calculation of hours of work performed in the WTA. (4) Minor adjustments are made to ensure consistency between alternative sources for wages, persons employed and hours worked.

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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (WTA) 2,719Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flows -From jobs to persons -Adjustments for the unobserved economy (and non-resident workers) +45-Adjustment for economic territory: ?Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territory ?

-Adjustments for the unobserved economy ?Other adjustments:-Alternative sources -14-Other adjustments: +33Partnerships' self-employed are relocated to employeesRelocation of industries(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 2,783Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (Total hours 4,260,500) 1,566.9

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA concepts (in tot. hrs.) 69,100

Annual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,555.8

Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 4,329,700Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

Country: SPAINTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (ESP.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:Estimates are undertaken separately by industry, and subsequently added to get the total domestic employment. For each industry, the most reliable source (or combination of sources) is used, and adjusted as necessary for conceptual differences with NA, lack of coverage, exhaustiveness, etc.

Main source for employment:Structural Business Surveys and LFS. Some other sources (business, administrative) are used for specific activities (i.e. general government, bank and insurance, energy). In the last process of revision of the LFS the results of the Census of Population 2001 have been incorporated, which especially provides data on the contingents of immigrants workers.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: The main surveys provide annual data; otherwise the annual figure is the average of four quarters.- From jobs to persons: The LFS simultaneously offers information on jobs and persons. - Economic territory: adjustments are made for: (1) Residents working abroad. (2) Non-residents and seasonal workers working in Spain. Military and employees in collective households are already covered by the main sources. - Underground economy: The GNI Inventory provides detailed explanations on the combination of sources to grant complete coverage and exhaustiveness of output and intermediate consumption. As a general rule, it can be assumed that the same combination of sources is used for employment. - Other adjustments: In Spain, the legal age to start to working is 16 years. This is however covered by the LFS.

Hours worked

Generalities:The estimation of the hours worked in the National Account starts with the calculation of the jobs and persons by branches of activity from the LFS, the SBS and other complementary sources. The information facilitated by the different sources, differentiates the hours according to the type from day. In addition they offer information on hours worked. Therefore, he is feasible to make an estimation of the variable total hours. The calculation of implicit the average days, and its resistance with the specific information of average days provided by other sources, allow to arrive at the definitive numbers of worked hours, for the wage-earners.

Main source for hours worked:SBS and LFS, combined with Labour cost surveys, Survey of Labor Conjuncture, Working Time Survey, statistics of collective agreements and official labour days established by the Ministry of Labour. For hours of self-employed LFS is the main source.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:The new LFS structure measures actual hours including all adjustments. Hours from the SBS describe effective hours, which are adjusted to actual hours with data from the Labour cost surveys. The hours worked of self-employed are adjusted in those activities in which the resulting average weekly days are not considered reasonable. The Working Time Survey forms a reference, since it offers data of hours worked for the total of wage-earning and non wage-earning.

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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of jobs from original source (Administrative sources) 16,630Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts +714.9From stock to annual flows -From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:

Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of jobs in the national accounts framework 17,346Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (total hours 31,067,258.5) 1,868.1

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA concepts (in tot. hrs.) -1,284,295Annual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,721.9


Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

Country: FINLANDTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (FIN.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:The main source of the data on employment and hours worked in the NA is the labour force survey. However, the LFS statistics are not used as such but combined with data obtained from other available sources, i.e. business register, SBS and administrative sources (e.g. for financial institutions and Government payroll). These sources are integrated industry-by-industry, judging case by case which one is more reliable and accurate. Other sources are only used for cross-checks.

Main source for employment:LFS. Complementary sources are: SBS, the business register and special data for some industries (e.g. manufacture industry).

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: LFS provides monthly, quarterly and annual information- From persons to jobs: Finland uses persons right from the source.- Economic territory: (1) No adjustments are made for cross border workers as their number is not significant. (2) Non-resident seasonal workers were already included in the estimated figures on non-resident workers by industry. (3) Adjustments are made for conscripts and military forces are included in the domestic employment. (4) The diplomatic staffs abroad incl. local employees are included in domestic employees as participants in domestic production, while foreign diplomatic staffs situated in Finland are excluded.- Underground Economy: The hidden economy is mainly taken into account implicitly. This means that the adjustment needs of output and wages by industry are researched first based on specific research and tax auditing data. Then the same ratio of wages per employee as used for the observed part of the industry is applied in order to get employment figures for the hidden economy. The exact number of hidden employees cannot be known but evidently they are partly included in LFS.- Other adjustments: Students, pensioners and disabled workers are included in the average employment if they contributed to domestic production regardless of the size of the compensation. However, prisoners worked in the prisons are excluded from employees.

Hours worked

Generalities:Total hours worked are estimated mainly using actual hours per person employed by industry from the LFS combined with NA estimates of persons. If there are data on hours from the same sources as used for production these data are used instead when they are considered reliable.

Main source for hours worked:LFS.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: (1) No adjustments are made to the concept of working hours. Most basic statistics follow NA concepts or differences are minor. (2) The estimating method of hours worked for the hidden economy is in principle same as for employment, i.e. the same ratio of hours per person as used for the observed part of the industry is assumed. (3) It is assumed that the construction for own use, hunting, collection of berries and recreational fishing are entirely secondary activities and therefore no corresponding employment estimate is required. (4) Hours worked of conscripts are based on estimated weekly service hours per person. Average annual hours per conscripts are then multiplied by the average number of conscripts and thus resulted total annual hours of conscripts. The calculation of conscripts covers also persons in non-military service.

Bridge tableYear 2004Units persons

A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) 2,365Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flowsFrom persons to jobsAdjustment for economic territory:

Military/conscripts +25Residents working outside the economic territory (staff on ships)Non Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustment for the unobserved economy (taken into account implicitly)Other adjustments -23(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 2,367Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (LFS) 1,660.1

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economy Other adjustments:Hours of conscripts +74,900Other adjustments +67,069Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,718.7


Country: FRANCETransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (FRA.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities: The estimate of the number of employees (in persons) is mainly based on exhaustive sources (census,

payroll). A complex method is used to calculate an estimate of employment in "full-time-equivalent": (1) total employment is estimated and distributed by industries. (2) Multiple jobholders, hidden labour and partial working time are estimated to come up with a FTE with a distribution by industries. (3) Similar FTE estimation for homogeneous branches. (4) Final estimation of employment in persons, with distribution by institutional sectors and homogeneous branches. The total is the same as the total after the first step.

Main source for employment:The main source is the census, quarterly updated by using administrative sources. Other administrative sources and LFS are used for adjustments

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: First, NA computes the half sum of December, 31st (years N and N-1). Then, NA adjusts the result, using quarterly data, to build an annual average.- From persons to jobs: The concept of jobs is used for estimating FTE and actual hours worked. - Economic territory: adjustments for: (1) residents working for non resident producer units. (2) Non-residents working with resident producer units. There are no more conscripted forces in France persons living in collective households (mostly heavily disabled) are not taken into account. - Underground economy: Adjustments for hidden labour are made when estimating FTE employment.- Other adjustments: Self-employed in the government sector are reclassified to employees. No adjustments are made for prisoners.

Hours worked

Generalities: The estimation method for hours is connected to methods for FTE estimations. The method is in six steps: (1) using surveys on employers to compile data on proportion of employees at partial time, (2) using LFS, derive average ratio between a part-time job and a full-time job, (3) obtain a figure for full-time equivalent number of employees; (4) calculate a theoretical number of weeks worked, taking into account holidays and annual leaves, (5) compile a theoretical number of hours worked per week, (6) derive a theoretical number of hours worked from the two prior steps. For self-employed, the method is based on the average hours for employees multiplied by an adjustment for "overwork" from the LFS. Quarterly data is only available for employees and total economy; the remainder consists in hours worked by self-employed persons and fraud.

Main source for hours worked: Census, data from Social organizations and ACEMO. LFS and administrative data are used as secondary sources. Quarterly data is based on the official hours from ACEMO survey, with adjustments from administrative data.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: Adjustments are made for annual leaves, public holidays, sickness, maternity, industrial accidents, layoff and the days lost for strikes. Paid and reported overtime is included, non-paid overtime is not. The LFS provides data to estimate coefficients of over-activities of the non wage-earning persons by branch, used for the estimate of the effective duration. A conventional treatment is made for concealed labour (constant increase of the estimation of full-time equivalent, coefficients by homogeneous branches), equal to those used for output. A correction is made to hold account of the work of inactive (or multi-activity in the sector of the agriculture).

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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (Census) 25,076Of which employees (of which 452 from overseas departments) 22,880

Of which self-employed (of which 60 from overseas departments) 2,196

Adjustments made to adapt to NA concepts -195From stock to annual flows +40From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts +0Residents working outside the economic territory -267

Non Residents working within the economic territory +22Other Residents living abroad -7Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Seasonal effects +12Other adjustments +5(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 24,881Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker (2001 figures, in tot. hrs) 2001(3) Main number from original source 38,621,000

Hours of employees 33,866,000

Number of employees in full-time equivalent 20,857x Theoretical number of weeks worked per year 44.31x Theoretical number of hours per week 36.61Hours of self-employed 4,755,000Number of self-employed in in full-time equivalent 2,220x Average annual hours worked (adjusted for overwork) 2,193Adjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leaves -2,140,000Strikes and temporary lay-offs -28,000Paid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtime

Unreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employed Incl. aboveAdjustments for the unobserved economy (376 FTE x 1,531 hours) +576,000Other adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker n.a.Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = n.a.Pro Memoria:LFS Employment 24,631

Country: UNITED KINGDOMTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (GBR.POPEMP.......NA)



Hours worked Generalities Main source for hours worked

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked

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Employment

Generalities:The UK does currently not supply data to the agreed definition, as it still provides employment in jobs instead of persons. Since August 2004, the UK has been additionally providing Labour Force Survey estimates of employment, employees and self-employment, each quarter. Whilst this interim solution addresses the issue of supplying persons estimates rather than jobs estimates it does not address the industrial A6 breakdown required. The UK has developed a method of constraining the Workforce Jobs industrial estimates to the LFS totals using a similar methodology to that used in producing the UK's productivity estimates. The first quality assurance of this work has now completed and some further modifications are required, but the first data delivery to Eurostat will hopefully be in March or April '06. The employment figures used for estimating the number of workers come from the Labour Force Survey for the whole economy, but the pattern of industrial breakdown of jobs from employer based surveys is imposed onto the overall LFS employees figure. However, for the self-employed information the Labour Force Survey is directly used as the source, even by industry.

Main source for employment:The Labour Force Survey (LFS) and employer based surveys for the industrial split-up.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Annual averages are a simple average of the four quarters. - From persons to jobs: A simple constraining of the employee jobs series by industry is carried out so that they sum to the LFS employees figure for the quarter. ONS then adds on the LFS self-employed numbers (by industry) directly to the employees figures to arrive at the total.- Economic territory: The LFS collects information about the personal circumstances and work of everyone living in private households. In addition, the survey covers two groups of people living in a type of accommodation called communal establishments. These two groups are students in halls of residence (whose parents usually answer the survey questions on the students behalf) and people living in NHS accommodation (which used to be called nurses homes).- Underground economy: No adjustment.

Hours worked

Generalities:ONS does not provide hours worked in the National Accounts. It is not yet clear exactly what sources of data will be used or what adjustments will be required to the data to meet Eurostat definitions. Work will start on this project from summer '06. The ONS system currently takes average hours measures from the Labour Force Survey and multiplies them by jobs measures from surveys to employers to produce total hours worked by industry. Estimates of hours worked from self-employed, the armed forces and Government Supported Trainees are then added to the employee hours worked and the aggregated figures are constrained to be the same as the Labour Force Survey estimate of total hours worked. This is the method is used for the variable ‘productivity hours' but will need some amendment before it can be used for this NA delivery. In particular, constraining is carried out at total employment level and not by employees, therefore ONS currently does not have constrained employees hours estimates.

Main source for hours worked:This will probably be LFS.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: -

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A. Employment Numbers

(1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) ?Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts ?From stock to annual flows -From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryPeople living in a type of accommodation called communal establishments ?Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework ?Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker ?(3) Main number from original source Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA concepts n.a.Annual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker n.a.Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = n.a.

Country: GREECETransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (GRC.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:

Main source for employment:The LFS is the main survey for estimating both total employment and employment in most of the industries. Some industries are covered by specific surveys or administrative sources, because their data are regarded as more reliable and accurate. The Survey of the Structure of Crop and Livestock Holdings, the Annual Sea Fishery Survey, the Annual Statistical Survey on Mines, Quarries and Salterns, the Greek Agricultural Statistics, the Marine Labour Force Census, the Annual Industrial Survey and specific administrative sources are used for some industries.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Annual average data is the arithmetic average of quarterly data- From jobs to persons: Employment in Greek National Accounts is estimated in jobs. Employment in persons will be available after the conclusion of the NA Revision 2000.- Economic territory: Conscripts, people working in collective households and employees under 15 years are not covered by the main source. All these categories are taken into account in the 2000 revised estimation of the employment.- Underground Economy: An adjustment based on the results of the various censuses (i.e. population, establishments) has been used to correct for the underground economy.- Other adjustments: Not applicable yet. Adjustments are implemented in the revised figures.

Hours worked

Generalities:Hours in Greek National Accounts are based on the LFS. The data refer to weekly usual working hours in each branch and weekly actually worked hours in each branch and in groups of hours worked. The total of the weekly usual working hours multiplied by the number of employees gives the total of the weekly usual working hours. The number of the actual weekly worked hours is estimated by multiplying the number of the employed persons in each group of hours with the average number of hours actually worked.By dividing the total of the actually worked hours with the total of the usual working hours by industry a full-time equivalent index is calculated, which is applied to the NA data and gives the employment in national accounts in FTE (man-days). This number multiplied by the weekly usual working hours and by 52 gives the number of the annually actually worked hours.

Main source for hours worked:The original source for hours worked is the LFS.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: The LFS takes into account holidays and annual leaves, sickness leaves, strikes and temporary lay-offs, maternity leaves, special leaves for family reasons, overtime, etc., so no special adjustments are made. The adjustment for the underground economy has already been done by the exhaustive estimation of the employment matrix.

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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of jobs from original source (LFS) 4,083.7Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts -107.0From stock to annual flowsFrom jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts ?

Residents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryPeople working in collective households ?Adjustments for the unobserved economy: ?Other adjustments:Employees under 15 ?(2) Number of jobs in the national accounts framework 3,976.6Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (total hours LFS 8,471,653.3) 2,074.5

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA concepts (in tot. hrs.) -173,110.2Annual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 2,086.8Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 8,298,543.1

Country: HUNGARYTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (HUN.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:In the National Accounts Department employment data have not been calculated for the time being, because it has not got special priority from the point of view of GDP estimations, which is the main profile of the department. Certainly NA provides employment data regularly within the frame of the Eurostat data transmission programme; however, these kind of data are based on Labour Force Survey (LFS) directly.

Main source for employment:The Labour Force Survey is the only source.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Data from LFS relate to the reference week. During 1992 to 2002 there were 12 reference weeks in a year, since then the survey became continuous, every week is a reference week during the year. Annual averages are arithmetic average of the quarterly averages coming from the quarterly labour force survey.- From persons to jobs: No adjustment.- Economic territory: Persons working abroad, and observed by LFS and persons working in industry "Q" are subtracted. - Underground economy: No exhaustiveness adjustments are made.

Hours worked

Generalities: For Hours the Hungarian National Accounts also rely completely on the Labour Force Survey.

Main source for hours worked:Labour Force Statistics are the only source.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: Only adjustments to get to the domestic concept, i.e. the subtraction of hours of persons working abroad and working in industry Q, are carried out.

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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) 3,900Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flowsFrom jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory: -21Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territory ?Non Residents working within the economic territoryPersons working in Q section ?Adjustments for the unobserved economy:Other adjustments(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 3,879Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (LFS, total hours 7,790,682 [1]) 1,997.6

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA concepts (tot. hrs.) -45,774

Annual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economy

Other adjustments:Hours of residents working abroad or working in Q section -45,774Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,996.6


[1] Hours actually worked in the main job

Country: IRELANDTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (IRL.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:The basic mechanism for developing an estimation of employment in persons is a demographic survey called the Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS). Enterprise surveys are only used to define sectoral breakdown at certain levels of detail. No use is made of administrative sources such as income tax or social security registers.

Main source for employment:Labour Force Survey. The QNHS is a detailed continuous household survey whose main function is measurement of the labour force. Results are published for quarterly averages. The scope of the survey is the de-facto resident population. Results are benchmarked to the estimates of annual population based ultimately on 5 yearly Census of (de-facto) Population (COP). The estimates of employee numbers[1] from the QNHS are based on the ILO definition of employment.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: QNHS results are generated for quarterly average employees for quarters ending in February, May, August and November. For National Accounts purposes these are converted to calendar quarters and subsequently to annual averages. For years prior to 1998 when the only source of figures available were from the annual LFS in relation to April and May, the annual average has been estimated based on the intra-year figures derived from QNHS period.- From persons to jobs: QNHS is based on persons; no estimates are currently made of jobs.

- Economic territory: Currently de-facto QNHS population is reported in National Accounts employment statistics under both National and Domestic basis. Apart from a minor adjustment in respect of employees of embassies, no other adjustments are made.- Underground economy: A special study in the late 1990's confirmed that hidden employment not detected by social security unemployment benefit system was captured in the QNHS. In a sample exercise, a one per cent sample of persons on the official unemployment register was added to the LFS sample and the standard survey questionnaire was also completed for these additional households. The results showed that about twenty per cent of persons officially registered in social security records as unemployed had full time or part-time jobs and were recorded as such in the LFS.- Other adjustments: Since the population to which the QNHS results are grossed is the de-facto population on Census night that includes residents of institutions, the labour force employment estimate is fully comprehensive of all adult residents. However, employment of underage workers is not captured in the COP or QNHS and no adjustment is made for this in National Accounts estimates.

Hours worked

Generalities:Estimates of hours worked are being developed but have not yet been published. We expect to be in a position to publish in 2006. The planned estimate for hours worked will be based on "hours worked" collected by QNHS. The QNHS questions ask for information on hours worked in main jobs (full-time or part-time) and in second jobs. This will allow for the conversion of part -time main jobs and of second jobs to full-time equivalents. These hours will be grossed up to annualised figures.

Main source for hours worked: -


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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) 1,865Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts +5From stock to annual flows +5From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryEmbassies ?Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 1,870Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (total hours 3,396,158) 1,821.0

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtime

Unreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker n.a.Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = n.a.

[1] QNHS replaces annual LFS survey since Q1 1998

Country: ICELANDTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (ISL.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:National Accounts employment in Iceland is based on administrative sources. The Payroll Register is based on annual tax returns from every single employer and from the tax authority's point of view it is used as a check on the amount of wages the enterprises are paying and what the employees are receiving. All firms and person employed are registered with identification numbers, employment status, annual working weeks, detailed activity classification and wages. From 1998 onwards the Payroll Register was replaced by the Pay-as-you-earn Register (PAYE), which includes more industry detail and also the percentage of full time equivalence for all persons engaged. The processing of this new register for statistical purposes is not yet completed. Some problems have arisen such as the distinction between wages and salaries and various transfer payments. Problems have also arisen in counting the labour force in full-time equivalents because this type of information has been sparsely provided by employers. So far the results from this register has not yet been published in full details, only the main aggregates and no data by activity breakdown has been submitted to Eurostat or OECD according to that source. Provided that these problems are resolved and the operation runs properly this new source will provide more reliable figures on the actual employment as well as the activity for each employee, whether or not it is different from the main activity of the enterprise. Because of these problems this source must be used with care.

Main source for employment:Administrative sources. Up to 1997 the main source was the Payroll Register. It was meant to be of total coverage, including all domestic activity, employed and self employed persons and full time equivalent

employment measured as number of working weeks. From 1998 onwards the main source is the Pay-as-you-earn Register. It is meant to be of the same coverage as the Payroll Register. In recent years the LFS has been used for comparisons with the results from the PAYE Register.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: The number of working weeks was counted and 52 weeks were equal to one man year. In the PAYE Register each person is counted on a monthly basis. Provided that the identity number of a person occurs in all the twelve months the person is counted as one person otherwise the number is reduced proportionally depending on the number of months it exists in the Register.- From persons to jobs: Jobs are not counted, only number of working weeks in the Payroll Register and the number of persons employed in the PAYE Register.- Economic territory: In both registers used the reporting unit is the employer working within the domestic territory. No adjustments are needed.- Underground economy: In the case of employment data no exhaustiveness adjustments are made to take into account the unobserved economy. However, some adjustments of this kind are taken into account in estimating the level of activities like major repair and maintenance of residential construction, restaurants and cafés, taxi operation, hairdressing and other beauty treatment, and physical well-being activities without similar adjustments of the employment data.

Hours worked

Generalities:The Labour Force Survey gives some information on the number of hours worked. So far the result has not been incorporated in national accounts.

Main source for hours worked: -



A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (PAYE) ?Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts ?From stock to annual flows -From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of persons in the national accounts frameworkOf which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source n.a.Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:

Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker n.a.Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked n.a.(2) * (4) =Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

Country: ITALYTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (ITA.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:Employment estimates result from a labour account run by national accounts department in ISTAT. The calculations are benchmarked in the year 2001, and extrapolated for current years. The basis of the method is the comparison of labour estimates from supply and demand side of the labour market. Labour supply and demand are aligned conceptually and imbalances between them are associated to conceal or secondary jobs. Every ten years (last time was October 2001) estimations can be benchmarked. The outcome of the labour estimates is number of FTEs classified by branches of activity (x101) and by kind of labour (regular/concealed).

Main source for employment:For the benchmark year, in most situations the Census of Industry, Services and Institutions (CIS) is implicitly the most reliable source. The population census is the other main source for the benchmark. For the extrapolation to other years, LFS is the main source. Besides these sources, part-time jobs, concealed and multiple jobs in specific industries are covered with other sources: agriculture (Census of Agriculture 2000 used instead of CIS), construction (labour is estimated in relation to output observed), restaurants, transport and domestic work. Additionally there are some other special studies for marginal occupation (non-resident foreigners, students, and landlords) and secondary non-regular labour.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Data provided by LFS on a continue base can be expressed in annual average and on quarterly base. With respect to census data, they are transformed into annual average through coefficients, estimated using administrative data (mainly INPS) where workers are registered monthly. - From persons to jobs: Jobs and persons employed are estimated independently. There is information on multiple jobs and part-time jobs coefficients, used to calculate FTEs.- Economic territory: Adjustments are made for: (1) Residents working abroad (estimated from Population Census in the benchmark year and updated through indicators). Non-residents working with resident

producer units are implicitly covered by business surveys if legitimate. (2) Concealed foreign workers are estimated using administrative data. (3) Military, including specifically conscripted forces (data provided by the Ministry of Defence). (4) Employees living in institutions.- Underground economy: There is no special adjustment for the underground economy, as the labour supply sources do already cover the underground economy implicitly.

Hours worked

Generalities:In particular, the Italian approach to estimate the total amount of hours worked consists of multiplying jobs with an estimate per capita average of annual hours per type of job. After having identified the best per-capita measure for each type of job, the total amount of hours worked is obtained adding the total amount of hours worked by primary registered jobs, multiple registered jobs, multiple unregistered jobs and unregistered workers. Hours are built up by the component method.

Main source for hours worked:The main information sources on per-capita hours actually worked of employees are business surveys (i.e. SBS) and labour costs statistics, complemented by LFS. Information on hours worked by self-employed is only provided by the Labour Force Survey.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:(1) An adjustment, based on the Labour Cost survey, was introduced to palliate the tendency of business surveys to report paid hours instead of actual hours. (2) A correction for the overestimation of average hours in LFS has been applied. (3) The gap between paid hours and actual hours has been closed by using ratios from the Labour Cost Survey.

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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons/jobs from original source (Administrative sources) 21,771.0Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts 1,622.1From stock to annual flows -167From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts +104Residents working outside the economic territory -98Non Residents working within the economic territory +721Employment in extra- territorial organisations -18Employment living in institutions 47Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments-Integration done in ‘91 comparing population census and LFS at a micro- level +559-Employment adding to LFS data by industry +474.1(2) Number of persons/jobs in the national accounts framework 23,393.1Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (LFS, total hours 41,465,160) 1,904.6

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA concepts ?Annual leaves, holidays and sickness leaves

Strikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,865.6

Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 43,641,177Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

Country: JAPANTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (JPN.POPEMP.......NA)




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Generalities:For Japan the main sources are in terms of persons, but national accounts are compiled in terms of jobs. Japan does not use the concept of full-time equivalent.

Main source for employment:Data for both employees and self-employed are based on the Population Census (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) for the September of census years, and extrapolated by the Labour Force Survey (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) for other months. The Population Census covers the whole territory of Japan excluding the islands in the northern territories and Takeshima Island in Shimane Prefecture, and all persons living in Japan. Employment data in the Census are in terms of persons. The universe of the Labour Force Survey is composed of all persons 15 years old or more living in Japan. Actual enumeration takes place on a sample basis. About 100 thousand persons in about 40 thousand households are selected and enumerated. Employment data in the Survey are in terms of persons.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Averages of monthly data for the 12 months are regarded as annual flow data.- From persons to jobs: In the Population Census and the Labour Force Survey, if a person is engaged in two

or more jobs, only a major job is counted. So, the number of employed persons who have two or more jobs is estimated from the ratio that is determined as the percentage of such employed persons in the whole employed persons based on the Employment Status Survey, and it is added to the number of employed persons. The number of multiple job holders for 2000 was estimated at about 3 million.- Economic territory: In the Population Census, workers at the US military facilities located in Japan are included in employed persons as residents in Japan. In the SNA, however, they are excluded from employed persons, since the US military facilities in Japan are treated as establishments overseas. The number of such workers for 2000 was estimated at about 25 thousand.- Underground economy: No adjustment is made.

Hours worked

Generalities:Japan does not currently transmit to OECD data on total hours, except for employees. Japan is currently considering compiling hours worked for self-employed.

Main source for hours worked:The principal source of data is the Monthly Labour Survey (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare). Since this Survey doesn't cover workers engaged in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, and in public administration, data are based on the Labour Force Survey for these sectors. These sources follow the ILO definition of hours worked.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:No adjustments are made.


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (Population Census) 62,978Of which employees (after adjustment to annual figures) 54,710Of which self-employed (after adjustment to annual figures) 8,880Adjustments made to adapt to NA concepts +3,631From stock to annual flows (and extrapolation with LFS) +612From persons to jobs (addition of multiple job holders, of which 1153 employees) +3,044Adjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territory (US Military) - 25Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of jobs in the national accounts framework 66,610Of which employees 55,839Of which self-employed 10,771

B. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source n.a.

Of which employees ?Of which self-employed n.a.Adjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:

Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker n.a.

Of which employees ?Of which self-employed n.a.C. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = n.a.

Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

Country: LUXEMBOURGTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (LUX.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:Employment in national accounts is based on social security registration files and business surveys, in turn linked to the business register. The LFS is not used for constructing national accounts employment as it provides information on the national concept. As the economy of Luxembourg is so open, it is very difficult to transform estimates of national employment into domestic employment by the traditional methods. Therefore, alternative sources are used providing information directly on the domestic concept. In fact the national concept of employment in national accounts is also calculated from the domestic concept and not on the basis of LFS.

Main source for employment:Social security records (available monthly with a delay of 4 month), SBS (yearly used especially to break down employment by kind of activity unit) and the business register which contains monthly job data by employer.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Annual averages are calculated as the average of monthly data of the social security records. - From jobs to persons: Social security records refer to persons, SBS and business register data to jobs: the number of jobs is adjusted to the number of persons by industry at NACE 5 digit level.- Economic territory: Adjustments are made for (1) Local agents of Luxembourg embassies outside

Luxembourg (estimated on the basis of budget data). (2) Agents of international organisations not affiliated at the national social security system (the data are collected by survey). (3) Other resident workers working for non-resident producers (estimated on the basis of the population census and German social security files). Non residents working for resident producer units and local agents of part international organisations and foreign embassies are identified in the social security files.- Underground economy: The only exhaustiveness adjustment made concerns employment in domestic services.- Other adjustments: Employees affiliated to the national social security system but working in fact in branch offices outside Luxembourg are excluded (especially in water transport, but also in other industries).

Hours worked

Generalities:Luxembourg has only recently introduced hours in its National accounts. They are estimated by combining data from the Short Term Activity Survey in Industry and Construction (STS) and the Labour Cost Survey (both surveys include data on hours paid, hours worked, holidays, sickness leaves, paid and unpaid overtime etc. ) with the social security files (including information on the hours paid, sickness leaves and short-time).

Main source for hours worked:The main sources are Social Security Files (hours paid) combined with the Short Term Activity Survey in Industry and Construction (STS), and the tri-annual Labour Cost survey.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:The adjustments for holidays and annual leaves, sickness leaves, strikes, paid and unpaid overtime are made on the basis of the monthly term activity survey (for industry and construction) and on the basis of the Labour Cost Surveys for most service branches. In services, the adjustments are estimated between two Labour Cost Surveys. The hours worked for domestic services are adjusted with the results of the family budget survey.

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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons/jobs from original source (Administrative sources) ?Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts +102.3

From stock to annual flows -From jobs to persons ?Adjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territory -9.4Non Residents working within the economic territory +111.8Adjustments for the unobserved economy ?Other adjustments ?(2) Number of persons/jobs in the national accounts framework 298.4Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (Administrative sources) ?

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leaves ?Strikes and temporary lay-offs ?

Paid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtime ?Unreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employed ?Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,624.5

Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 484,762Pro Memoria:LFS Employment 186LFS Average Annual hours worked per person 1,726.2

LFS Total Hours worked 321,076

Country: MEXICOTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (MEX.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:The Mexican System of National Accounts does only report data on employment in terms of the number of jobs required for accomplishing each economical activity. In the measurements of the remunerated jobs are taken into account only the employees, this implies not consider self-employees in the definition.

Main source for employment:Economic Census that provides information for producers updated with representative surveys of each economical activity and administrative data; both sources define the total number of remunerated jobs. Self-employment is not accounted for.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment:

- From stocks to flows: no adjustments are made- From persons to jobs: Since the Mexican System of National Accounts reports occupied jobs, no adjustments are made to pass from persons to jobs, this means that the total of jobs contains duplications in the number of persons reported in other sources like Labour Force Surveys. - Economic territory: no adjustments are made

- Underground economy: no adjustments are made. The measurements of jobs implicitly incorporate the jobs occupied in some economical activities.

Hours worked

Generalities:The Mexican System of National Accounts does not transmit data on total hours worked.

Main source for hours worked:There are some surveys that report hours worked, for manufacturing and other activities, but these data have not been processed for and incorporated into national accounts.


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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons/jobs from original source (LFS)Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flows -From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of persons/jobs in the national accounts frameworkOf which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per workerOf which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) =

Country: NETHERLANDSTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (NLD.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:Statistics Netherlands produces labour accounts, which is a statistical system of core variables on labour acquired through integration, hence providing overall coverage and internal consistency. These labour accounts provide statistics on jobs, FTE's, contractual hours, hours paid, hours actually worked, wages and wage costs, incorporated within the national accounts. The accounts are broken down to 10 or 49 ISIC groups, job size (full-time, part-time), labour relation (fixed, flexible) and dependency (self-employed or family worker, employee). Estimates are made both annually and quarterly for the job concept, the persons measure is derived from that. The compilation process is made in four stages: harmonization, achievement of full coverage, minimisation of measurement errors and balancing.

Main source for employment:The Labour accounts are based on different sources: Labour Force Survey, Annual Survey on Employment and Wages, Quarterly Survey on Employment and Wages, Labour Cost Survey, Quarterly Labour Cost Statistics, surveys for specific branches of industry, Social security and tax registers and the Social Statistical Database (a complete database on persons in the Netherlands, based upon administrative registers and the annual survey on employment and wages). For self-employed the Labour Force Survey is the main source.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Quarterly surveys have a reference period, e.g. LFS has a reference week. Annual estimates are the average of quarterly estimates.- From jobs to persons: Once the annual jobs figures have been determined, the link between jobs and persons employed from the LFS is used for the determination of the annual labour accounts data on persons employed. The determination of quarterly data on persons employed differs between employees and self-employed. For employees it is assumed that the annual jobs/persons ratio is constant over the year and the number of frontier workers does not change during the year. For self-employed jobs the trend effects are calculated from annual data and the seasonal effects are neglected unless evidence from other statistics shows the contrary. Afterwards the ratio jobs/employed persons is applied to obtain self-employed persons.- Underground economy: It is assumed that some employees do some work ‘on the site'. Information on the amount of payment involved (obtained through the National accounts) is imposed on their wages, the number of persons employed is not changed however.

Hours worked

Generalities: The core of the labour accounts system contains data on contractual hours, hours overtime and hours paid. For employees the so-called ‘component' method is used. This means that the number of contractual hours is taken as a starting point. This number is translated into the number of hours actually worked by adding or subtracting various time components.

Main source for hours worked: The main source for final annual estimates is the social statistical

database. For preliminary years it is the annual survey on employment and wages.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: Added time components are paid and unpaid overtime. Subtracted components are sick leave, pregnancy and maternity leave, short leave, bad weather leave and short-time lay-offs. Some of these data are only available on annual basis and additional assumptions are needed to construct hours actually worked on a quarterly basis.

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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons/jobs from original source (Administrative sources)Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flows ?From jobs to persons ?Adjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of persons/jobs in the national accounts frameworkOf which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per workerOf which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) =Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

Country: NORWAYTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (NOR.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:Estimation of employment is closely linked to the estimation of wages and salaries in the Norwegian national accounts. First, basic statistics of different kinds are compiled by detailed industry and transformed to annual averages. Inconsistencies between the data sources are revealed through the use of formal relations between the variables. The conversion of employed persons to full-time equivalent persons is based on information on part-time employment. In industries which are covered by many statistical sources, consistency is obtained by mainly adjusting employment data rather than adjusting wages and salaries. Next, the detailed industry estimates are aggregated to main industries and to national totals and compared with the number of persons employed according to the Labour Force Surveys. Discrepancies lead to adjustments and this process of adjustments is repeated until the result is considered to be acceptable, which means that the total estimates on employed persons in the national accounts (minus foreign employees on Norwegian ships) and the LFS are approximately equal.

Main source for employment:Labour Force Surveys (LFS), combined with Structural Business Statistics, administrative information, register of employees, wage statistics for employees.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: - From persons to jobs: The LFS is used to convert data from jobs to persons.- Economic territory: Adjustments are made to include conscripts and non-resident employees in ocean transport.- Underground economy: No explicit adjustments are made on employment in the present calculations. A project on unobserved economy is started in 2006.

Hours worked

Generalities:The approach used in the national accounts is to estimate total annual hours worked from information on standard hours of work in each industry, according to legislation and agreements, and adjust for overtime and absence from work (i.e. the so-called component method). Hours worked are calculated as the number of full-time equivalent persons times the standard hours of work per year times (1+ rate of paid overtime - rate of absence from work). Special calculations are carried out for employees with shift or rotation jobs. These employees, which we mainly find in oil industries, in some manufacturing industries and in health care, have also shorter standard hours of work per year than other employees. Total hours worked are also estimated for self-employed persons, based on rather uncertain assumptions on average working hours. For quarterly hours in principle the same method of estimation has been used, with the only exception that quarterly data on overtime is only available for a few industries. Statistics Norway started to publish seasonally adjusted figures on hours worked in the national accounts in 2004.

Main source for hours worked:Wage statistics, the registers of employees in central and local government and the LFS for employees. For self-employed the LFS is the only source. Adjustments for overtime and absence are estimated from various sources.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:Adjustments are made for paid overtime and absence from work, defined as a percentage of total possible working days. These rates are used directly in the estimation of hours worked in the national accounts. Wages statistics provide information on hours worked on paid and reported overtime.

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A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons/jobs from original source (LFS) 2,276Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts +20From stock to annual flows -From jobs to persons ?Adjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts ?Residents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territory +24Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Statistical discrepancy -4(2) Number of persons/jobs in the national accounts framework 2,296Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (Total hours 3,421,290) 1,503.2

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leaves ?Strikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtime ?Unreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,358.2


Country: NEW ZEALANDTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (NZL.POPEMP.......NA)


Employment Generalities Main source for employment

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment


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Employment

Generalities:New Zealand transmits two types of data on employment. For total employment (Table 110) the source is the Household Labour Survey. For employment by industry (Table 0303) the source is the Quarterly Employment Survey which gives an accurate breakdown by industry, but, by large, does not cover the whole economy. New Zealand could compile total hours worked data using the Household Labour Force Survey but does not currently transmit this data to OECD because the breakdown by industry is not possible using this survey[1].

Main source for employment:For total employment (table 110) the main source is the Household Labour Force Survey which is in terms of persons. Excluded are persons under the age of 15 and following the ‘national' concept as opposed to domestic labour. Either of these issues is not considered being significant so it is reasonable estimate for total employment. The Quarterly Employment Survey is used for data by industry (table 0303). The QES measures jobs rather than persons. There are gaps in the survey due to incomplete coverage of all industries, and at this stage no attempt is made to fill these gaps.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: The four quarters are averaged to get the annual.- From persons to jobs: An estimate of multiple job holders is added when using the HLFS.- Economic territory: An estimate for military is added.- Underground economy: No adjustment is made.

Hours worked

Generalities:New Zealand does only provide weekly data on total hours worked, which stem from the Labour Force Survey. Weekly hours by job and industry are provided by the Quarterly Employment Survey, which does unfortunately not cover all industries.

Main source for hours worked:Household Labour Force Survey could be used, but is not currently processed for national accounts purpose of hours worked. The Household Labour Force survey produces actual hours worked that meet the definition of hours worked.


Bridge tableYear Mar.2004Units (000s)

A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) 1,966.0Of which employees 1,586.9Of which self-employed 378.7Adjustments made to adapt to NA concepts +85.5From stock to annual flows -From jobs to persons +76.9Adjustment for economic territory:

Military/conscripts +8.6Residents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 2,051.5Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (weekly hours) 34.91Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker (weekly hours) 34.91Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked (weekly hours)(2) * (4) = 71,617

[1] In a presentation for the Paris Group, Statistics New Zealand mentions the plans they have made to calculate consistent figures for hours and employment. These plans have not been carried out yet, however. See: http://www.insee.fr/en/nom_def_met/colloques/citygroup/pdf/NZ%200%20Paris%20group%20paper.pdf

Country: POLANDTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (POL.POPEMP.......NA)

Contact person/organisationSources of employment and hours worked data in national accounts.



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Employment

Generalities:At present the CSO of Poland does not use the method of estimation of employment prepared in the frame of the project "Employment Data Reconciliation" for the National Accounts. The employment data will therefore not fully comply with ESA requirements before 2008. NA estimates start from the estimates produced by the Social Statistics Division, which in turn are based on enterprise surveys. National accounts take the estimates from the Social Statistics Division and further adjust them to complete coverage. Data on self-employed are collected by surveys and are estimated on the basis of census as far as owners of individual agricultural farms are concerned.

Main source for employment:Combination of different surveys with different coverage, mostly enterprise surveys. Administrative sources and LFS are used as well.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: Some data is calculated as averages, also from bi-annual figures.- From persons to jobs: Data for this adjustment are collected by statistical surveys.- Economic territory: (1) Employees in the budgetary entities conducting activity within the scope of national defence and public safety are added. (2) Persons executing casual works are added.- Underground economy: Currently, the adjustment of unobserved economy is not taken into consideration in data sent within the scope of ESA tables. There is however an estimation method in charge, based on the difference between employment from LFS and Business survey data, the difference between unemployment measures of the LFS and unemployment records and a survey on unregistered employment.- Other adjustments: Business surveys collect data on all workers, including those below the age threshold and prisoners at work. There is no need to make adjustments.

Hours worked

Generalities:Although not delivered to Eurostat, there is data available that refers to annual and quarterly hours worked of employees working on the basis of a labour contract (full-time employees and part-time employees converted into full time basis). It provides both average yearly working hours per employee and the average number of persons having a labour contract in total economy.

Main source for hours worked:The business survey - "Employment, wages and salaries and hours worked".

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: Paid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtime are not covered by the business statistics, but no adjustment has been made in the National accounts. Hours of students, army, hidden economy, additional work, household personnel and persons working on an agreement contract are not covered either.


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of jobs from original source (Enterprise surveys) -Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flows -From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of persons in the national accounts frameworkOf which employeesOf which self-employed

B. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per workerOf which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) =Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

Country: PORTUGALTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (PRT.POPEMP.......NA)




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Employment

Generalities:Portugal only calculates annual employment estimates, not quarterly estimates. INE intends to publish quarterly employment estimates in 2006 or perhaps 2007. The methodology for the calculation of employment in the Portuguese National Accounts (Base 2000) is based on the comparison of statistical data for supply and demand of labour. Particularly, the Censuses feed into the process by giving the level of population. LFS sample results are grossed up with independent estimates of resident population. The difference between the final employment value by activity and the value observed by the demand source(s) (for that activity) is recorded as "additional labour". It broadly corresponds to the employment not identified by industry.

Main source for employment:Labour Force Survey. The Population Census 2001, Agricultural General Census 1999, Structural Business statistics and administrative sources are used for additional information, adjustments and comparisons.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: LFS is a quarterly survey with a reference period of one week. The annual estimates are calculated as average of the quarterly estimates.- From persons to jobs: LFS measures employment in persons. When LFS is complemented by other sources measuring jobs (e.g. SBS), a ratio jobs/persons is used for the conversion. This ratio comes from LFS data.- Economic territory: adjustments are made for: (1) Conscripts (2) Residents working for non-resident producer units (3) Non-residents working with resident producer units. Persons living permanently in an institution are included in LFS, as far as they are included in the Population Census 2001 used to gross up LFS sample results. - Underground economy: No adjustment. National accounts assume that employment from the LFS, corrected for the domestic concept, measures employment in Portugal exhaustively. - Other adjustments: Resident workers under the age considered in LFS are added.

Hours worked

Generalities:Portugal does not estimate the variable "hours worked" yet. A derogation was requested up to 2008. In the preparatory work for the estimation of this variable and the aggregate "full-time equivalents", they appeal mainly to the information from LFS. INE will assess sources and establish procedures to estimate hours worked. Presently they have estimates of full-time equivalents by economic industry as in ESA95.

Main source for hours worked:-

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:-

Bridge table


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (Administrative sources) 5,137Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts +14From stock to annual flows -From jobs to persons ?Adjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts +19Residents working outside the economic territory -17Non Residents working within the economic territory +6Adjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:-Resident workers under the age considered in labour force statistics. +6(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 5,151Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker n.a.(3) Main number from original source Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtime

Unreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker n.a.Of which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = n.a.Pro Memoria:LFS Employment 5,137LFS Average Annual hours worked per person 1,910.9

LFS Total Hours worked 9,816,442

Country: SLOVAK REPUBLICTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (SVK.POPEMP.......NA)

Contact person/organisationSources of employment and hours worked data in national accounts.



Bridge table

Employment

Generalities:In the process of data reconciliation in the Slovak Republic the method recommended by Eurostat was used. This method is based on the comparing and harmonising data provided by statistical surveys with demographic data represented by LFS. First employment data sources are adjusted to common definitions and concepts. The second step is to compare the results from the demand and the supply side and finally reconciliation takes place. The provisional annual data are calculated as average of quarterly data. When the data from annual surveys as well as from administrative sources are available the final version of annual employment data are compiled. Consequently the harmonisation of annual and quarterly employment data follows.

Main source for employment:Enterprise surveys, combined with LFS and administrative data.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: The enterprise surveys use averages items, so no special calculations are made. - From persons to jobs: The enterprise survey data concerning employment provides indicator "average registered number of employees" split up to number of employees with the main job and number of employees with the additional jobs. Also the indicator `full-time equivalent jobs` is available. The LFS data provides indicator "number of employed persons (employees and self-employed) with one or main job".

- Economic territory: The conscripts are not included in the number of employed persons for the Slovak Republic. Adjustments are made to the LFS for commuter workers and staff of embassies.- Underground economy: An adjustment is introduced for employment of unregistered workers, mainly in temporary, seasonal jobs. - Other adjustments: LFS data is adjusted by adding employed students living in halls of residence (with the assumption that 20% of the students has a seasonal job) and members of religious institutions.

Hours worked

Generalities:The definition and meaning of hours worked used in statistical surveys is in accordance with ESA and ILO definition except lunch-breaks. Till the year 2001 lunch-breaks (half an hour) were included in time worked. But according to the new Labour code from April 2002 lunch breaks are excluded. The annual indicator hours worked was compiled separately for institutional sectors.

Main source for hours worked:Statistical surveys on labour and structural business surveys. LFS has been used for self-employed.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked: For the estimates of hours worked by self-employed the LFS data are used. Data about usually hours worked are adjusted downwards (the estimates for days off and leaves). For persons who were estimated in the context of exhaustiveness adjustments the assumption about number of hours worked in seasonal jobs or in jobs on agreement are applied.


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) 2,168Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts -112From stock to annual flows -From jobs to persons ?

Adjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts -Residents working outside the economic territory -139Non Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustments for the unobserved economy ?Other adjustments +27(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 2,056Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (total hours 4,343,459) 2,003.4

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations

(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,737.5


Country: SWEDENTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (SWE.POPEMP.......NA)




Bridge table

Employment

Generalities:The employment statistics published within the National Accounts framework are the number of employed persons as an annual average and the total volume of hours actually worked. There are no estimates of jobs or employment according to the national concept. For the annual calculations, the production process starts with putting together all primary statistics (LFS, SBS and other statistics). The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is the source for the aggregated level for market producers, while SBS is used for industrial breakdown. The second step is to confront the separate estimates and to make necessary adjustments. This part of the process aims at revealing inconsistencies in the primary statistics and to attain ESA 95 definitions. In a final stage, separate estimates for employment, compensation of employees and production are confronted and adjusted (also for the hidden economy) to reach the final estimates.

Main source for employment:LFS together with structural business statistics. The Business register and some administrative sources are used for complementary information. For quarterly statistics short-term statistics on employment and salaries are complementing the LFS.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows: The SBS presents full-time equivalents and employees during November, which is not consistent with the NA definitions. Thus, for industrial breakdown purposes the development between two years has been studied. The assumption underlying this method is that, full-time equivalents follow the same development as persons employed.- From persons to jobs: All estimates produced in persons. No estimates in jobs.- Economic territory: For conscripts, adjustments are made using data from the National Service Administration and the LFS. Regarding cross-border workers, studies are being made to improve the methods in order to ensure that the domestic concept is fully achieved.- Underground economy: Labour exhaustiveness adjustments are a by-product of income exhaustiveness adjustments.- Other adjustments: (1) Employed persons older than 64 years or younger than 16 years are added. (2) Persons employed in incorporated enterprises as well as owners of quasi-corporations and trading companies are included in number of employees in National Accounts data.

Hours worked

Generalities:

Hours worked is defined as the number of hours actually performed during the reference period. The volume of hours worked on annual as well as quarterly basis is compiled together with the number of employed persons

Main source for hours worked:The LFS and SBS are the primary sources and Labour Statistics based on administrative sources is used as a secondary source.

Adjustments conducted to main source for hours worked:The same adjustments are made for hours worked as for persons employed in the annual calculations, i.e. persons under the age of 16, persons aged 65-74 years and conscripts. Furthermore, a transfer of hours worked by owners of incorporated enterprises, quasi-corporations and trading companies from self-employed to employees is made. An adjustment for hours worked by hidden labour is made, based on results from an investigation made by the National Audit Bureau in 1997. In quarterly calculations, hours worked by hidden labour are assumed to follow the same development as hours worked by non-hidden labour.


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of persons from original source (LFS) 4,234Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA concepts +103From stock to annual flows -From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscripts +14Residents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustments for the unobserved economy ?Other adjustments:Persons aged 15 years or below +19Persons aged 65-74 years +70(2) Number of persons in the national accounts framework 4,337Of which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (LFS, total hours 6,616,650) 1,562.7

Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA concepts (in tot. hrs.) +158,360Annual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economy (in total hours) +32,620Other adjustments:Hours of conscripts (in total hours) +22,500Hours of persons aged 15 years or below (in total hours) +19,050Hours of persons aged 65-74 years (in total hours) +84,190Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per worker 1,562.1

Of which employees

Of which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) = 6,775,010

Country: UNITED STATESTransaction: 3--Population and employment by main activityPublication: National Accounts (USA.POPEMP.......NA)




Bridge table

Employment

Generalities:The primary source of most official labor data in the USA is the BLS, which collects data on employment and hours worked in two monthly surveys: the Current Employment Statistics (CES) covers businesses and the Current Population Survey (CPS) is based on households. There are often divergences in the trend of employment resulting from the two surveys. The CES is benchmarked annually on administrative data (state unemployment insurance tax records). This extensive coverage makes of the CES the preferred source for the national accounts, and thus it forms the basis of the national account data transmitted to OECD. The CES is based on jobs rather than persons. The main employment data in the national accounts for the US are thus in terms of jobs. CPS (the US Labor Force Survey) data is used by the BLS only for the OECD national account table on population and employment, as it is the only source consistent between employment and unemployment. The rest of this page describes the bridge table between the CES data and the national accounts estimates and does not refer to the divergence between the CES based data and the CPS based data. The US National Accounts continue to widely use the concept of full-time equivalent.

Main source for employment:The principal source of non-farm industry employment data is the CPS and the tabulations of employees covered by state unemployment insurance from BLS. BEA also includes estimates of employees not covered by state unemployment insurance. The non-covered employment is comprised of two elements: (1) presumed non-covered employment from BLS; and (2) an estimate of employment associated with the underreporting of wages and salaries by some non-farm sole proprietorships, partnerships, and small corporations and the non-filing of tax returns by some sole proprietorships and partnerships (with employees). Employment estimates for private households are derived from the CPS. The CPS is benchmarked only every ten years to the Census. Farm employment estimates are derived from tabulations from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Adjustments conducted to main source for employment: - From stocks to flows:- From jobs to persons: No adjustment.- Economic territory: BEA counts military reserve and National Guard as part-time jobs within military employment.- Underground economy: BEA includes a (small) misreporting adjustment for employment consistent with adjustments that are applied to output and other estimates that are based on administrative data.

Hours worked

Generalities:

The BEA has only recently transmitted data to the OECD on total hours worked, including self-employed. Prior to this recent transmission only data on hours worked of employees were compiled by BEA Thus this text concerns for the moment only employees.

Main source for hours worked:The CES collects data on average weekly hours paid for production employees. BLS data is used to convert these data to actual hours worked (BLS hour-at-work survey before 2001, BLS Employment Cost Index after 2000). For non-production and supervisory workers, data from the CPS are used to construct a ratio of the average hours worked by non-production and supervisory workers relative to the average hours worked by production and non-supervisory workers. Data on employees of farms, proprietors, and unpaid family workers are taken directly from the CPS. Government enterprise hours are developed from BEA estimates of government enterprise employment and CPS data on average weekly hours.


Bridge table


A. Employment Numbers (1) Number of jobs from original source (CES)Of which employees Of which self-employedAdjustments made to adapt to NA conceptsFrom stock to annual flows -From jobs to personsAdjustment for economic territory:Military/conscriptsResidents working outside the economic territoryNon Residents working within the economic territoryAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments(2) Number of persons/jobs in the national accounts frameworkOf which employeesOf which self-employedB. Average Annual Hours worked per worker(3) Main number from original source (CES)Of which employeesOf which self-employedAdjustments made on original source to adapt to NA conceptsAnnual leaves, holidays and sickness leavesStrikes and temporary lay-offsPaid but unreported overtime and unpaid overtimeUnreported overtime or over-estimated actual hours of self-employedAdjustments for the unobserved economyOther adjustments:Additional calculations(4) National Accounts annual average hours per workerOf which employeesOf which self-employedC. Total Annual hours worked(2) * (4) =Pro Memoria:LFS EmploymentLFS Average Annual hours worked per personLFS Total Hours worked

annual national accounts:stats.oecd.org/oecdstatdownloadfiles/sna_table3.docx · web...

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