animal rights struggles to dominate the public moral imagination

8/14/2019 Animal Rights Struggles to Dominate the Public Moral Imagination

1/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo% Wme/ ;% Om/ >% Cxeq :996 & :996!

DMA3;9/>216tak/;1>2-9:>2/969;9

Koa`ke Zabft~ ^tzxbbeh~ tm Dmàokth tfh Yxjean @mzke

A`kbaoktamo tfzmxbf ^mnamembanke Rkzgkzh

Jzako Emrh;

@koq mg tfh `hdakthd kntawatah~ mg tfh nmoth`ymzkzq koa`ke zabft~`mwh`hot kzh hvyekaohd k~ ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh% rfanf a~ aothodhd tm kethztfh yxjean `mzke a`kbaoktamo zhbkzdaob koa`ke~ kod tfhaz tzhkt`hot/ Tfhdagganxetah~ mg yhz~xk~amo jk~hd mo eaohkz kzbx`hot kod dktk ratfao tfh~yhntknxekz a~ fabfeabfthd k~ gmznaob eajhzktamo `mwh`hot~ tm nm``xoankthao `htfmd~ tfkt zhnmboash tfh zhkeatq mg tfh ~yhntknxekz/ Tfh hwmextamo mg~mnamembanke rkzgkzh a~ tzknhd tfzmxbf fa~tmzanke x~h mg nxetxzke kztagknt~ aoyhz~xk~awh hggmzt~% yktthzo~ ratfao yxjean dayem`knq% y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh%kod yxjean zhektamo~/ Tfh hwmextamo mg tfh ~yhntknxekz k~ k nmonhyt kod yfhom`hok a~ h~tkjea~fhd ao mzdhz tm nekzagq tfkt tfa~ `hdakthd àeahx a~aonzhk~aobeq tfh kzhok ao rfanf yhz~xk~awh hggmzt~ mnnxz kod rfhzh nmxothz-nk`ykabo~ mg k `hdakthd kod h`mtamoke tqyh mnnxz/ Tfh nmonhyt mg~mnamembanke rkzgkzh ~xyymzt~ Dxonm`jh~ &:992! nmothotamo tfkt ymeatankeYzmbzh~~awh~ `x~t xtaeash tfh ~yhntknxekz k~ ko howazmo`hot ao rfanf tfhaz`h~~kbh~ `x~t jh hvyzh~~hd/ \Kztaneh nmyah~ kwkaekjeh gmz k ghh gzm` TfhTzko~gmz`ktawh ^txdah~ Ao~tatxth/ H-`kae kddzh~~3

5cmxzokeItzko~gmz`ktawh~txdah~/mzb? Rhj~ath3ftty3rrr/tzko~gmz`ktawh~txdah~/mzb :996 jq Tfh Tzko~gmz`ktawh ^txdah~

Ao~tatxth/ Kee zabft~ zh~hzwhd/P

LHQRMZD^3 Koa`ke Zabft~% ^yhntknxekz% Yhz~xk~amo% ^mnake @mwh`hot~%^mnake Nfkobh% ^mnamembanke Rkzgkzh% Y~qnfmembanke Rkzgkzh% YxjeanA`kbaoktamo% Yxjean Myaoamo% @mzke A`kbaoktamo% Koa`ke Kdwmnknq/

;Jzako Emrh a~ ko K~~a~tkot Yzmgh~~mz mg ^mnamembq kt ^XOQ Nmeehbh kt Mohmotk/ Fa~

yza`kzq zh~hkznf aothzh~t~ aowmewh fx`ko kod omofx`ko koa`ke aothzkntamo% yhz~xk~awhnk`ykabo~ tfzmxbf `mzke kod nxetxzke aoomwktamo~% `mzkeasktamo% kod koa`ke kdwmnknq/ AoKxbx~t :996% fh raee jhnm`h Nfkaz mg tfh Koa`ke~ kod ^mnahtq ~hntamo mg tfh K`hzanko^mnamembanke K~~mnaktamo/ Fh a~ ke~m kxtfmz mgH`hzbaob @mzke Wmnkjxekzah~3 TfhNzhktamo kod H~tkjea~f`hot mg Ohr Gmz`~ mg @mzke kod Htfanke @hkoaob~ &EhvaobtmoJmml~% :997!/ Knlomrehdbh`hot~3 A rmxed ealh tm tfkol Eh~eah Azwaoh% Dmxbek~@kz~fkee% Cmfo K~a`klmymxem~% kod trm komoq`mx~ zhwahrhz~ gmz tfhaz nm``hot~%~xbbh~tamo~% kod honmxzkbh`hot ao tfh yzhykzktamo mg tfa~ `kox~nzayt/ K ymztamo mg tfa~zh~hkznf rk~ ~xyymzthd jq k Rkethz J/ Gmzd Bzkot krkzdhd tfzmxbf tfh Yzmwm~t~ Mgganhkt ^XOQ Nmeehbh kt Mohmotk/ Kddzh~~ nmzzh~ymodhonh tm3 Jzako Emrh% K~~a~tkot

Yzmgh~~mz mg ^mnamembq% Dhykzt`hot mg ^mnamembq% 4;6 Gatsheeh% ^tkth Xoawhz~atq mg OhrQmzl Nmeehbh kt Mohmotk% Ohr Qmzl ;>6:9-49;8< the3 &792! 4>7->947< h-`kae3emrhjÌmohmotk/hdx/

;1>2-9::1 :996 Tzko~gmz`ktawh ^txdah~ Ao~tatxth

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2/24

Jzako Emrh

Aotzmdxntamo3 Zktamokeatq `hht~ @hdakthd Kyyhke~

Tfh koa`ke zabft~ kod koa`ke yzmthntamoa~t `mwh`hot~ kzh Ckox~-gknhd

hotatah~ tfkt zheq mo zktamoke kod eaohkz kzbx`hot~ jk~hd ao `hdanke kodoktxzke ~nahonh kod yfaem~myfq cxvtkym~hd ratf h`mtamoke kod mgthohwmnktawh a`kbh~ mg koa`ke ~xgghzaob mz aotzabxaob wa~xke~ ao mzdhz tmkttzknt ktthotamo tm tfhaz nkx~h/ K yhzx~ke mg tfh Yhmyeh gmz tfh HtfankeTzhkt`hot mg Koa`ke~ &YHTK! fm`hykbh aeex~tzkth~ tfa~ tzhod3 k~x``kzq mg k Oktamoke Zh~hkznf Nmxonae Zhymzt ~tktaob Koa`ke Th~taoba~ Dhhyeq Gekrhd a~ cxvtkym~hd ratf YHTK TW hya~mdh~ tfkt aonexdh@kztfk ^thrkzt Zhomxonh~ Gxz kod Rfay~% Eah~% kod Wadhmtkyh&kjmxt koa`ke~ ao naznx~h~!% kod tfh myymztxoatq tm Wmth gmz tfh

Rmzed~ ^hvah~t Whbhtkzako Nhehjzatq &ftty3rrr/yhtk/mzb!/ K~ mohmg tfh ekzbh~t koa`ke zabft~ mzbkoasktamo~ ao tfh rmzed &nekaàob `mzhtfko k àeeamo `h`jhz~ k~ mg Cxoh :992! YHTK a~ k ~aboagankot aodanktmzmg tfa~ yfhom`homo/ Tfa~ ykyhz nmothod~ tfkt tfh yeknh`hot mg ~nahotaganzhymzt~ kemob~adh ymyxekz nxetxzh-~tqeh `hdak a~ omt ko kjhzzktamo mz ymmz

cxdb`hot jq YHTK% jxt a~ h`jeh`ktan mg `hdakthd nmogeant~ ratfao tfh~yhntknxekz% nmo~tatxtaob rfkt raee jh thz`hd ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh/ Ao

jzahg% tfh ~tzkthban yeknh`hot mg dktk kod kzbx`hot kemob~adh ymyxekznxetxzke gmz`ktamo~ a~ k ohnh~~kzq hvhzna~h ao ktth`ytaob tm ohbmtakth tfh~yhntknxekz k~yhnt~ mg nmoth`ymzkzq `hdak kod ~mnahtq ao tfh fmyh~ mgkethzaob tfh yxjean `mzke a`kbaoktamo/ Rfaeh tfh yza`kzq ~xj~tkotawhgmnx~ mg tfa~ ykyhz a~ tfh nmoth`ymzkzq koa`ke zabft~ `mwh`hot% tfhda~nx~~amo mg tfh ohnh~~atq mg `hdakthd nmogeant~ jq eajhzktamo`mwh`hot~ a~ `mzh jzmkdeq kyyeankjeh/

Dxonm`jh &:992! nmothod~ tfkt `koq mg tfh `mdhzo eajhzktamo`mwh`hot~% ~xnf k~ tfh kjmeatamoa~t~% hvh`yeagahd tfh Hoeabftho`hot-hzknfkzknthza~tan~ mg zheakonh mo h`yazana~` kod eaohkz% zktamoke kzbx`hot~

k~ whfaneh~ gmz neka`~-`klaob &~hh Jh~t% hdatmz% ;118!/ Gmz ao~tkonh%Lhko &;116! omth~ tfkt tfh Wantmzako koa`ke rhegkza~t~ `kdh neka`~kdwmnktaob kod cx~tagqaob tfh yzmthntamo mg koa`ke~ jk~hd ao eajhzkeYzmth~tkota~` &rfm ke~m kttknlhd ~ekwhzq kod ~xyymzthd yzmthntamo~ gmznfaedzho!/ Hwho kgthz `koq mg tfh~h eajhzktamo `mwh`hot~ dhtknfhd gzm`tfhaz zheabamx~eq-ao~yazhd mzabao~ gmz ~hnxekz neka`~-`klaob zh~mxznh~ kod

yektgmz`~% ~xnf k~ ~nahonh kod fx`ko zabft~% tfh Hoeabftho`hotykzkdab` mg eaohkz kzbx`hot kod zktamoke h`yazana~` zh`kaohd/

Zheakonh mo yzmwadaob hwadhonh kod ~x~tkaohd eaohkz kzbx`hotktamofk~ yzmdxnhd xodhoakjeh ~xnnh~~h~ gmz eajhzktamo `mwh`hot~% ~xnf k~ tfhda~~hàoktamo mg âonekaz~ Tfh Cxobeh ehkdaob tm tfh yk~~kbh mg tfh YxzhGmmd kod Dzxb Knt/ Tfh nmoth`ymzkzq koa`ke zabft~ `mwh`hot a~ ykzt mg

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3/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

tfa~ Hoeabftho`hot tzkdatamo% ao~yazhd jq tfh xtaeatkzako rzataob~ mg Yhthzâobhz ao Koa`ke Zabft~ &;119! kod Tm` Zhbko~ Tfh Nk~h gmz Koa`ke

Zabft~ &;16>!/ Ealh mtfhz Hoeabftho`hot-jk~hd eajhzktamo hodhkwmz~% tfh

nmoth`ymzkzq koa`ke zabft~ `mwh`hot fk~ hvyhzahonhd ~xnnh~~h~ aoaogexhonaob ehba~ektamo zhbkzdaob koa`ke~% nxetxzke yhznhytamo~ &~xnf k~tfh yzhnayatmx~ dhneaoh mg tfh nmo~x`ytamo mg gxz bkz`hot~ ao OmztfK`hzank kod Rh~thzo Hxzmyh ~aonh tfh ;129~!% at ke~m hvfajat~ tfhwxeohzkjaeatah~ hvh`yeagahd jq rfkt Dxonm`jh thz`~ tfh Hoeabftho`hotgkatf3 tfkt ~m`hfmr% ag zhk~moaob yhmyeh fkwh knnh~~ tm tfh Tzxtf% tfh~nkeh~ raee gkee gzm` tfhaz hqh~ kod tfhq raee ~hh zhkeatq k~ at tzxeq a~ kod%mg nmxz~h% kbzhh ratf x~ &Dxonm`jh :9923 2!/ Rfaeh Dxonm`jh~hem{xhot kod ~xnnaont gmz`xektamo mg tfh Hoeabftho`hot gkatf a~

dazhnthd bhohzkeeq kt `koq Yzmbzh~~awh ymeatanke `mwh`hot~ tfkt tklhtfhaz nxh~ gzm` tfh Hoeabftho`hot% at a~ h~yhnakeeq yhztaohot gmz tfhnmoth`ymzkzq koa`ke zabft~ `mwh`hot/ Zmmthd ao zktamoke% eaohkzkzbx`hot kod tfh xtaeasktamo mg ~nahotagan dktk% tfh nmoth`ymzkzq koa`kezabft~ `mwh`hot a~ kjeh tm zhkdaeq `mjaeash hwadhonh gat gmz ykoheda~nx~~amo~% nmxztzmm`~% mz bhoxaoh dhjkth~% jxt tfa~ kyyzmknf a~ eh~~kjeh tm dhghod at~heg kbkao~t nmxothzneka`~ kod okzzktawh~ tfkt kzhgkntxkeeq rhkl kod fhkwaeq `hdakthd/ Gmz hvk`yeh% tfh Nhothz gmzNmo~x`hz Gzhhdm` &NNG! fk~ aoatakthd k `hdak nk`ykabo YHTK laee~koa`ke~% rfanf zheah~ mo thehwa~amo% zkdam% kod yzaot kdwhzta~h`hot~ ao koktth`yt tm da~nzhdat YHTK &tfa~ nk`ykabo a~ da~nx~~hd jhemr!/

Tfh nmoth`ymzkzq koa`ke zabft~ `mwh`hot a~ fkzdeq kemoh ao tfa~daeh``k/ â`mo &:997! nmothod~ tfkt `koq ekzbh K`hzanko gmmd`koxgkntxzhz~ fkwh naznx`whothd tfh ~nahotagankeeq-jk~hd kzbx`hot~ kodkdwmnknq yzmdxnhd jq yxjean fhketf mzbkoasktamo~% aonexdaob tfhK`hzanko @hdanke K~~mnaktamo kod tfh Fkzwkzd ^nfmme mg Yxjean Fhketf%rfanf neka` tfkt `koq k~yhnt~ mg nmoth`ymzkzq Omztf K`hzanko~ daht~

kzh dkobhzmx~ gmz nmo~x`hz~% tfzmxbf h`yemqaob Zanfkzd Jhz`ko kodfa~ aodx~tzq gzmot bzmxy% tfh Nhothz gmz Nmo~x`hz Gzhhdm` &NNG!/â`mo ~tkth~ tfkt tfh NNG zheah~ yza`kzaeq mo aotaàdktaob myymohot~&tfzmxbf zh{xh~taob gaokonake zhnmzd~ gzm` omoyzmgat mzbkoasktamo~ rfanfhvyhod~ ta`h kod zh~mxznh~!% nfkeehobaob gaodaob~ tfkt tfzhktho NNG kodat~ yktzmo~ k~ cxol ~nahonh% kod tfzmxbf k ~rhhyaob dhgho~h mgnmo~x`hz gzhhdm` kod dhghodaob hocmq`hot kbkao~t tfh gmmd nmy~tfkt ~m`hfmr ~hhl tm eaàt gmmd nmo~x`ytamo &â`mo :9973 47-8;!/ NNGdmh~ omt yzmdxnh k nkomo mg yhhz-zhwahrhd ~nahotagan mz `hdanke dktk tmdhghod nmo~x`hz gzhhdm`< at xtaeash~ h`mtamoke neka`~% ghkz~ &ekzbheqxorkzzkothd! mg aotzx~amo~ aotm yhz~moke gzhhdm`~% kod tfh dhgho~h mgnmo~x`hz gzhhdm`/

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4/24

Jzako Emrh

â`mo~ knnmxot mg tfh ~tzkthbah~ mg tfh NNG nmxed jh kj~tzknteqkyyeahd tm `koq mg tfh myymohot~ mg tfh nmoth`ymzkzq koa`ke zabft~`mwh`hot &fhzhkgthz NKZ@!3 tfh xtaeasktamo mg h`mtamokeeq-dzawho

zfhtmzan% mgtho ao tkodh` ratf `kthzake~ tfkt kzh da~~hàokthd aotm`kao~tzhk` `hdak &yzh~~ zhehk~h~% nm`yheeaob {xmtktamo~% kod ~m mo! tfktkzh dagganxet tm nmxothz tfzmxbf ~nahotagan dktk kod zktamoke kzbx`hot/ Aotfh nk~h mg tfh NKZ@% kddatamoke jkzzahz~ tm nm``xoanktamo fkwhaonexdhd tfh nek~~aganktamo mg tfh Koa`ke Eajhzktamo Gzmot k~ k thzzmza~tmzbkoasktamo ao tfh Xoathd ^tkth~ kod Nkokdk% tfx~ gxztfhz aofajataobdazhnt nm``xoanktamo jhtrhho tfh KEG kod tfh radhz yxjean &~hhZm~hjzkxbf :994!/ Tfhzhgmzh% at a~ omt ~xzyza~aob tfkt tfh NKZ@ fk~hwmewhd komtfhz ~tzkthbq gmz da~~hàoktaob at~ `h~~kbh~ dh~yath tfh

àeahx tfkt a~ kyykzhoteq xogkwmzkjeh tmrkzd~ ~x~tkaohd kod ~xj~tkotakekzbx`hotktamo/

Tfa~ ykyhz aothod~ tm dh`mo~tzkth tfkt `koq mg tfh kntawatah~ mg tfhNKZ@ nko jh gzk`hd k~ k gmz` mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh tfkt fk~h`hzbhd k~ k zh~ymo~h tm tfh aonzhk~aob dagganxetah~ hvyhzahonhd aoda~~hàoktaob tfhaz neka`~ kod xodhz~tkodaob~ zhbkzdaob tfh tzhkt`hot mgkoa`ke~/ Tfh yza`kzq bmke mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh a~ tm kethz tfh yxjean`mzke a`kbaoktamo zhbkzdaob yhznhytamo~ mg tfh yeknh mg omofx`kokoa`ke~ ratfao ym~taodx~tzake ~mnahtah~/ Tm knfahwh tfa~ bmke% tfa~ ykyhzraee hvyekao fmr tfh nmonhyt mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh a~ kokeqtankeeqx~hgxe gmz hvyekaoaob `koq mg tfh kntawatah~ mg tfh NKZ@ ratfao koaonzhk~aobeq `hdakthd howazmo`hot ao rfanf tfh yza`kzq ~ath gmzkddzh~~aob tfh yxjean `mzke a`kbaoktamo a~ tfh ~yhntknxekz/

^mnamembanke rkzgkzh nko jh hvyekaohd tfzmxbf yfhom`hok kodyzkntanh~ tfkt hvh`yeagq `hdak ymztzkqhd mz `koayxekthd ~mnake yzmjeh`~kod nmogeant~% aonexdaob yzmykbkodk% yxjean zhektamo~% y~qnfmembankerkzgkzh% kod Nmed Rkz yxjean dayem`knq/ Tfh thz` ~mnamembanke

rkzgkzh a~ aothodhd tm fabfeabft tfh ohnh~~kzaeq `hdakthd yhz~xk~awhhggmzt~ tfkt koa`ke zabft~ kntawa~t~ kod mtfhz eajhzktamo `mwh`hot~ hobkbhao tfkt ykzkeehe~ ~tkth-jk~hd gmz`~ mg yhz~xk~amo ealh yzmykbkodk kod

y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh% jxt ke~m tm h`yfk~ash tfkt tfh xeta`kth bmke~ mgtfh~h hggmzt~ tm mgghz ko kethzoktawh wa~amo mg nxzzhot ~mnake kzzkobh`hot~/Y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh fk~ fa~tmzankeeq jhho dhyemqhd jq ~tkth~ tmrhklho tfh zh~mewh mg hohàh~ tm gabft< ymeatanke rkzgkzh bhohzkeeqzhghz~ tm tfh dhyemq`hot mg hnmomàn kod dayem`ktan yzh~~xzh~ tmrhklho kod a~mekth ko hoh`q &aonexdaob nkeeaob ~yhnagan ymeatankeadhmembah~ kodmz ~q~th`~ aotm {xh~tamo!< ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh zhghz~ tmtfh dhyemq`hot mg dktk% kzbx`hotktamo% da~~hàoktamo mg nxetxzke kztagknt~&aonexdaob wa~xke a`kbh~! ratf tfh aothotamo mg kethzaob tfh yxjean `mzke

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5/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

a`kbaoktamo zhbkzdaob kt ehk~t moh k~yhnt mg ~mnake eagh/ K da~nx~~amo mgtfh tfhmzhtanke fa~tmzq mg tfh ~yhntknxekz ktth~t~ tm tfh hwmewaob ~mnake~nahotagan xodhz~tkodaob mg `hdakthd howazmo`hot~ k~ smoh~ mg jmtf

nmotzme kod nmogeant~/ Tfh yxzym~h mg tfh~h ~hntamo~ a~ tm h`yfk~ash tfkt~m`htfaob klao tm ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh fk~ tzko~yazhd ao dagghzhotnmothvt~ gmz dhnkdh~ kod tfkt ktth`yt~ tm ~fkyh mz kethz tfh yxjean `mzkea`kbaoktamo ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz ohhd tm jh xodhz~tmmd k~ ehbata`kthkod ymthotakeeq gzxatgxe whoxh~ tm kethz yxjean yhznhytamo~ zhbkzdaobkoa`ke~ kod tfhaz tzhkt`hot/

@hdakthd ~mnake yzmjeh`~

Tfh jexzzaob mg jmxodkzah~ jhtrhho nxetxzke `koagh~tktamo~ &h~yhnakeeqratfao ymyxekz nxetxzh! kod mtfhz k~yhnt~ mg ~mnake eagh fk~ knnhehzkthdratf tfh aonzhk~aob a`yknt mg wa~xke `hdak kod hothztkao`hot mo yxjean

yhznhytamo~ mg ~mnake a~~xh~/ Gmz hvk`yeh Bek~~ohz &;111! nmothod~ tfkttfh ykzkdmvanke bzmrtf ao tfh K`hzanko ghkz mg nzaàoke wantaàsktamodxzaob tfh ;119~% rfaeh `hk~xzkjeh zkth~ mg wamehot nza`h rhzh kntxkeeqdhneaoaob% a~ kttzajxtkjeh tm jmtf da~yzmymztamokth ohr~ nmwhzkbh mg tfhwamehot nza`h% ymeatanako~ rfm kntawheq aogek`hd yxjean nmonhzo~ kjmxtnza`h% kod ox`hzmx~ ymyxekz nxetxzh `hdak kztagknt~ &~xnf k~ thehwa~amo

yzmbzk`~ kod gae`~! rfanf ke~m h`yfk~ash wamehot nza`h/ Bek~~ohz~kzbx`hot a~ nm`yheeaob gmz trm zhk~mo~3 at ~xyymzt~ tfh a`ymztkonh mgnxetxzke wkzakjeh~ k~ fkwaob hvyekoktmzq ~aboagankonh mxt~adh mg hvyeanateqnxetxzke ~httaob~% kod at ke~m ~xbbh~t~ tfh a`ymztkonh mg tfh kbhodk~httaob nkyknatq mg `hdak &@nNm`j~% :994!/

Bek~~ohz &;111! kod @nNm`j~ &:994! kzh fkzdeq kemoh ao nataob tfhnkyknatq mg `hdak nmwhzkbh tm aogexhonh yxjean myaoamo zhbkzdaob~yhnagan ~mnake kodmz ymeatanke a~~xh~/ Jmj &:998! fk~ nathd tfh nkyknatq

&mz aokjaeatq! mg ~mnake `mwh`hot~ tm xtaeash `kzlhtaob ~tzkthbah~ k~ jhaobh~~hotake tm hvyekaoaob rfhtfhz mz omt ko hwhot mz yfhom`hok &~xnf k~gkàoh mz bhomnadh! nm`h~ tm mnnxyq k yzmàohot ym~atamo ratfao yxjeanda~nmxz~h< k ym~atamo tfkt `kq hwho ehkd oktamo-~tkth~ tm tklh kntamo&~!kdwmnkthd jq tfh ~mnake `mwh`hot~/ Rfkt a~ ~aboagankot fhzh a~ omt~a`yeq tfkt ~mnake `mwh`hot~ mz mtfhz kdwmnkth~ `klh gkntxkeeqnm`yheeaob nk~h~% jxt tfkt tfh~h nk~h~ ke~m jhnm`h wa~xkeeq kodh`mtamokeeq nm`yheeaob okzzktawh~ gmz tfh yxjean kt ekzbh/ K ykzkeehe nk~h`kq jh `kdh zhbkzdaob zhnhot ymeatanke kdwhzta~aob nk`ykabo~ ao tfhXoathd ^tkth~/ Jzkdhz &:997! kzbxh~ tfkt tfh za~h mg thehwa~hd ymeatankekdwhzta~aob fk~ jhho knnm`ykoahd ratf wa~xkeeq kod h`mtamokeeqnm`yheeaob kyyhke~ tfkt kzh mgtho ~xj~tkotawheq rhkl mz à~ehkdaob3 tfh

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6/24


7/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

kod ~ymotkohmx~ hvyzh~~amo mg eajhzkthd rm`ho rahedaob tfhaz tmznfh~mg gzhhdm`&kod omt tm honmxzkbh rm`ho tm ~`mlh kod tfhzhgmzh jmm~ttmjknnm yzmgat~!/ Tfh yfmtmbzkyf~ mg tfa~ `kznf rhzh yxjea~fhd ao

`koq ohr~ykyhz~ ratfmxt koq faot tfkt tfa~ rk~ k fabfeq mznfh~tzkthdhwhot &Tqh ;1163 :6->;!/ @mzh zhnhoteq% tfh th~ta`moq mg Okqazkf fk~dh`mo~tzkthd tfh nkyknatq mg yxjean zhektamo~ gaz`~ tm aogexhonh yxjeanmyaoamo zhbkzdaob hwhot~/ Mo ;9 Mntmjhz% ;119% Okqazkf kyyhkzhd

jhgmzh tfh Nmobzh~~amoke Fx`ko Zabft~ Nkxnx~% th~tagqaob tfkt ~fh fkdmj~hzwhd Azk{a ~medahz~ zh`mwaob Lxrkata aogkot~ gzm` fm~yatkeaonxjktmz~ rfho tfh Azk{a kz`q aowkdhd Lxrkat/ Zhkntaob tm tfhth~ta`moq% Yzh~adhot Bhmzbh F/R/ Jx~f ~tkthd tfkt fh fkd ~hho at moNOO kod tfkt fh rk~ ~fmnlhd kt ~m`h mg tfh tfaob~ tfkt fh fkd fhkzd

&Ckàh~mo kod Rked`ko :99>3;8-;7!/ Tfa~ nm`yheeaob okzzktawh ~hzwhdtm ~aboagankoteq rhklho tfh ym~atamo mg kota-rkz yzmth~tmz~ kod tfhaonxjktmz aonadhot rk~ `hotamohd ao gemmz dhjkth~ kjmxt tfh rkz k tmtkemg trhotq-trm ta`h~ &Ckàh~mo kod Rked`ko :99>3 ;6!/ Moeq kgthz tfhK`hzanko-ehd aowk~amo mg Lxrkat rk~ at da~nmwhzhd tfkt Okqazkf rk~tfh dkxbfthz mg tfh Lxrkata K`jk~~kdmz tm tfh Xoathd ^tkth~% kod tfktratoh~~h~ tfkt th~tagahd jhgmzh tfh Nmobzh~~amoke Fx`ko Zabft~ Nkxnx~fkd jhho kzzkobhd jq Bkzq Fq`he mg tfh Faee kod Lomretmo YxjeanZhektamo~ gaz`/ &Hrho ;1173 :6-:1!/

Yzmykbkodk `kq ke~m jh nmo~adhzhd kemob~adh kotkbmoa~tan hggmzt~ mgyhz~xk~amo/ Ek~~rhee&;186! `klh~ tfh da~taontamo jhtrhho y~qnfmembankekod ymeatanke rkzgkzh/ Y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh kt at~ `m~t heh`hotke zhghz~tm tfh xtaeasktamo mg tfh `hko~ mg `k~~ nm``xoanktamo ao mzdhz tmdh~tzmq tfh hoh`q~ raee tm gabft &Ek~~rhee% ao Dkxbfhztq kod Ckomrats;1863 ::! &atkean~ ao mzabaoke!/ Y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh aonexdh~ tqyankebmwhzo`hot yzmykbkodk &wa~xke kod rzattho! k~ rhee k~ tfh yzmykbkodkmg tfh dhhd3 k thz` jmzzmrhd gzm` ~mnake zhwmextamokzah~% rfanf

h`yfk~ashd tfh a`ymztkonh mg k~~k~~aoktaob mz tfh tklaob mg h`mtamokeeq~aboagankot natah~ mz tfh a`ymztkonh mg ~xzyza~h kod tfh nxetawktamo mgzhwmextamokzq ka`~ kbkao~t hoh`q bmwhzo`hot~ &Ek~~rhee% ao Dkxbfhztqkod Ckomrats ;1863 :>!/ Ek~~rhee kzbxh~ tfkt ymeatanke rkzgkzh a~ k`mzh aonex~awh thz` rfanf kdd~ tfh a`ymztkot adhk tfkt kee ao~tzx`hot~mg ymeanq ohhd tm jh yzmyhzeq nmzzhekthd ao tfh nmodxnt mg rkz &Ek~~rhee%ao Dkxbfhztq kod Ckomrats ;1863 :4!/ Tfh~h ao~tzx`hot~ aonexdhdayem`knq tm dawadh aothzokeeq kod hvthzokeeq tm ~hykzkth ko hoh`q gzm`

ymthotake keeah~% kod hnmomàn kntawatah~ aothodhd tm rhklho ko myymohot/Rfhzhk~ tfh `kao tkzbht mg y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh a~ tfh hoh`q~ raee tmgabft% tfh tkzbht~ mg Ymeatanke rkzgkzh aonexdh keeah~% ohxtzke~ kod tfh

2


8/24

Jzako Emrh

fm`h kxdahonh ao ~xyymzt mg tfh rkz hggmzt &Ek~~rhee% ao Dkxbfhztq kodCkomrats ;1863 :4!/

Tfh~h thz`~ kzh ~aboagankot jhnkx~h tfhq h`yfk~ash tfh a`ymztkonh mg

adhmembanke wkzakjeh~ ratfao kz`hd nmogeant jhtrhho ~tkth~% kod tfh~hthz`~ aodankth tfh zhektawh eaàtktamo~ mg tfh~h nmonhyt~ ao kddzh~~aob`koq mg tfh kntawatah~ mg ~mnake `mwh`hot~% ~xjnxetxzh~% kod mtfhz omo-~tkth kntmz~/ Rfaeh tfh kntawatah~ mg ~xnf kntmz~ `kq zh~h`jeh

y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh ao tfkt tfhq kzh aothodhd tm honmxzkbh ko myymohottm ratfdzkr gzm` k nmogeant mz kn{xah~nh% mz ymeatanke rkzgkzh ao tfkt tfhqaowmewh ktth`yt~ tm yhz~xkdh tfazd ykztah~ tm cmao gmznh~ kodmz kjkodmo kgmz`hz keeq mz tm dawh~t hnmomàn zh~mxznh~/

Tfhzh kzh ~aboagankot eaàtktamo~ tm tfh~h thz`~ rfho kyyeahd tm omo-

~tkth kntmz~/ Gaz~teq% tfhq kzh omt ohnh~~kzaeq ykzt mg ko kntxke mz ymthotakekz`hd nmogeant &k~ ao tfh nk~h mg tfh Nmed Rkz!/ ^hnmodeq% omo-~tkthkntmz~ bhohzkeeq eknl tfh nm``xoanktawh% hnmomàn% kod mtfhz zh~mxznh~mg ~tkth~/ Tfazdeq% omo-~tkth kntmz~ thod tm fkwh k ~aboagankot dagganxetqzhbkzdaob ehbata`knq/ Xoealh ymeatanke mz y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh jhtrhho~tkth~% rfhzh `xnf mg yzmykbkodk a~ tkzbhthd kt hatfhz honmxzkbaobhva~taob jhfkwamz &~xnf k~ ~medahz~ gabftaob! mz h`yfk~asaob ~heg-aothzh~t&honmxzkbaob hoh`q nm`jktkot~ tm ~xzzhodhz mz dh~hzt k nkx~h dhyanthdk~ xormztfq mz xocx~t!% omo-~tkth kntmz~ `x~t honmxzkbh mxt~adhz~ mg tfhehbata`knq mg tfhaz nkx~h&~!% mgtho ratfmxt tfh jhohgat mg oktamokea~` mzmtfhz hva~taob nxetxzke mz `mzke zh~mxznh~/ ^yhnagan nmogeant~ jhtrhhoomo-~tkth kntmz~ kod mtfhz~ mgtho kzh aodanktawh mg k `xnf jzmkdhz nek~fmg rmzed wahr~/ Gmz hvk`yeh% k gxz-gzhh Gzadkq yzmth~t jq koa`ke zabft~kntawa~t zh~h`jeh~ y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh ao tfkt tfh yzmth~t `kq rhklhotfh aothotamo~ mg jmtf nmo~x`hz~ kod yzmdxnhz~ tm ym~~h~~ mz `kzlht gxzbkz`hot~ kod ke~m h`yfk~ash k nhotzke neka` mg tfh koa`ke zabft~`mwh`hot3 tfh laeeaob mg koa`ke~ gmz tfhaz gxz tm jh x~hd ao exvxzq bmmd~

a~ htfankeeq aodhgho~ajeh/ Ao ~x`% `koq omo-~tkth kntmz~ kzh kdwmnktaobadhke~ kod kethzoktawh wa~amo~ mg ~mnake eagh tfkt kzh omt ykzkeehehd jqtzkdatamoke `koagh~tktamo~ mg y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh/ ^xnf yzmth~t~ kod

yzmykbkodk nk`ykabo~ kzh omt ~a`yeq ktth`yt~ tm zh~mewh moh ~yhnagan`ktthz &~xnf k~ tfh ~keh mg gxz bkz`hot~!% jxt kzh ke~m kdwmnktaob kokethzoktawh nmo~namx~oh~~ &Bx~gahed% ;16;! tmrkzd~ `koq zhekthd a~~xh~rfanf% ag ~xnnh~~gxeeq a`yeh`hothd rmxed dzk`ktankeeq kethz tfh ~mnakeekod~nkyh% tfh~h tqyh~ mg hggmzt~ kzh jh~t xodhz~tmmd k~ ~mnamembankerkzgkzh mz hggmzt~ kt nxetxzke dmàoktamo/

Oktamo-~tkth~ fkwh ke~m dhyemqhd kzta~tan kod nxetxzke kztagknt~ kodhvyzh~~amo~ ao mzdhz tm aogexhonh dm`h~tan kod ymeatanke kxdahonh~/ Ratftfh nzhktamo mg tfh Mgganh mg Rkz Aogmz`ktamo &MRA! ao ;14:% kod tfh

6


9/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

^àtf-@xodt Knt mg ;146% tfh Xoathd ^tkth~ jhnk`h kntawheq aowmewhd aojmtf rkzta`h kod yhknhta`h hggmzt~ tm yzm`mth k jhtthz xodhz~tkodaobmg tfh Xoathd ^tkth~ ao mtfhz nmxotzah~&ômr :99:3>6!/ M~bmmd

&:997! nmothod~ tfkt Ha~hofmrhz nk`h tm xodhz~tkod tfh ymthotake mgyzmykbkodk kod y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh dxzaob Rmzed Rkz AA% kod gazèqjheahwhd ao xtaeasaob ~xnf hggmzt~ dxzaob fa~ yzh~adhonq% jmtf tm aogexhonhaothzoktamoke kxdahonh~ kod zhaogmznh dm`h~tan ~xyymzt/ Nkxth &:998!kzbxh~ tfkt tfh ^mwaht Xoamo ke~m hobkbhd ao ox`hzmx~ nk`ykabo~ mgkzta~tan yzm`mtamo% jmtf tm h`yfk~ash ^mwaht ~xyhzamzatq ao ~yhnagankzta~tan gahed~ &ealh jkeeht!% jxt ke~m tm a`yeq tfkt yxzh nxetxzh kodnawaeasktamo rk~ yzh~hzwhd jq ~mnakea~`% jxt rk~ dhbzkdhd jq tfhnkyatkea~t a`yxe~h gmz yzmgat-`klaob &tfh gknt tfkt tfh~h kzt gmz`~ hwmewhd

xodhz ghxdkea~` mz nkyatkea~` rk~ abomzhd!/Dh~yath tfh nmeeky~h mg tfh ^mwaht Xoamo% tfh xtaeasktamo mg nxetxzke

gmz`~ aothodhd gmz yxjean aogexhonh fk~ nmotaoxhd/ âonh tfh kttknl~ mg;; ^hyth`jhz% tfh Xoathd ^tkth~ fk~ hobkbhd ao yxjean dayem`knq aotfh fmyh~ mg kethzaob tfh myaoamo mg @x~ea` ymyxektamo~ mg tfh Xoathd^tkth~/ Xodhz tfh dazhntamo mg Nfkzemtth Jhhz~ &k gmz`hz `kzlhtaobhvhnxtawh! hggmzt~ h`yemqaob nm``hznake kdwhzta~aob ~tzkthbah~ tfzmxbf`k~~ `hdak fkwh jhho dhyemqhd% ekzbheq tfzmxbf tfh ^fkzhd Wkexh~Aoataktawh &Gxeehztmo kod Lhodzanl :997!/ Zktfhz tfko dazhnteq kddzh~~aobK`hzanko ymeanq ao tfh @addeh Hk~t% tfh nm``hznake~ tfkt rhzh nzhkthdgmz tfh ^fkzhd Wkexh~ Aoataktawh ymztzkqhd K`hzanko @x~ea`~ k~ eawaob aotfh Xoathd ^tkth~ k~ nmothot kod gzhh tm yzkntanh A~ek`/ Rfaeh mgdhjktkjeh ~xnnh~~% tfh ^fkzhd Wkexh~ Aoataktawh dh`mo~tzkth~ tfhnmotaoxhd raeeaoboh~~ tm xtaeash nxetxzke kztagknt~ ao tfh fmyh~ mg nzkgtaob

yxjean myaoamo/Tfh nm``mo tfzhkd ratf tfh~h gmz`~ mg yzmykbkodk kod nxetxzke

kztagknt~ xtaeashd a~ tm nm``xoankth nm`yehv adhmembah~ &mz adhmembanke

`h~~kbh~! tm kxdahonh~ ao tfh fmyh~ mg aogexhonaob tfhaz `mzkea`kbaoktamo/

Tfh ~yhntknxekz3 ~mnake nmotzme mz smoh mg nmogeant=

Tfh nmoth`ymzkzq koa`ke zabft~ `mwh`hot h`jmdah~ trm h~~hotakeheh`hot~ mg `mdhzo eajhzktamo kod zhgmzà~t~ `mwh`hot~3 k zheakonh modktk kod hwadhonh tm jxaed kzbx`hot~ kod tfh x~h mg yzmth~t~ &aonexdaob

yxjean zkeeah~% yhtatamo kod ehtthz-rzataob nk`ykabo~% jmqnmtt~ kodda~~hàoktamo mg nm`yheeaob wa~xke a`kbh~!/ K~ ratf `koq mtfhz ~xnf`mwh`hot~% jmtf ~tzkthbah~ fkwh jhho hgghntawheq dhyemqhd jq tfhNKZ@% k~ ao tfh nk~h mg tfh Bhoohzheea fhkd aocxzq ekjmzktmzq/ @h`jhz~

1


10/24

Jzako Emrh

mg tfh Koa`ke Eajhzktamo Gzmot &KEG! yhohtzkthd tfh ekjmzktmzq mgTfm`k~ Bhoohzheea kt tfh Xoawhz~atq mg Yhoo~qewkoak mo :6 @kq ;164kod ~hashd rfkt tfhq dh~nzajhd ao tfhaz yzh~~ zhehk~h k~ tfh Rkthzbkth

tkyh~ mg tfh koa`ke zabft~ `mwh`hot3 mwhz 79 fmxz~ mg wadhmtkyh mgBhoohzheea~ zh~hkznf &Gao~ho kod Gao~ho ;1143 76!/ Tfh wadhmtkyh~ tfktrhzh ~hashd rhzh ~aboagankot jmtf jhnkx~h mg tfhaz bzkyfan oktxzh&dhyantaob tfh fhkd aocxzq zh~hkznf nmodxnthd ao tfh ekjmzktmzq mo

jkjmmo~! jxt ke~m tfh~h zh~hkznf tkyh~ dmnx`hothd ~hwhzke wamektamo~ mgtfh Ghdhzke Koa`ke Rhegkzh Knt &~aboagankot jhnkx~h Bhoohzheea fkdzhnhawhd zmxbfeq moh àeeamo dmeekz~ kooxkeeq ao ghdhzke bzkot~ tm nmodxnttfa~ zh~hkznf! &Gao~ho kod Gao~ho ;1143 76!/ Tfh zh~hkznf tkyh~ rhzhnm`yaehd jq YHTK aotm k >9 àoxth dmnx`hotkzq tatehd Xoohnh~~kzq

Gx~~&tfh tateh rk~ dhzawhd gzm` k ;16> aothzwahr ratf Bhoohzheea aorfanf fh ~tkthd tfkt fh dad omt ra~f gmz fa~ zh~hkznf tm jhnm`h yxjean

jhnkx~h at àbft ~taz xy kee ~mzt~ mg xoohnh~~kzq gx~~ k`mob tfm~h rfmkzh ~ho~atawh tm tfh~h ~mzt~ mg tfaob~! tfkt rk~ da~tzajxthd tm tfh OhrQmzl Ta`h~% tfh Rk~faobtmo Ym~t% ~hb`hot~ mg tfh dmnx`hotkzq rhzhkazhd mo OJN~ Oabfteq Ohr~ kod tfh Nkjeh Ohr~ Ohtrmzl &NOO!%kod trm ~nzhhoaob~ mnnxzzhd mo Nkyatme Faee &Gao~ho kod Gao~ho ;114376!/ Tfa~ yxjeanatq% nm`jaohd ratf k nk`ykabo mg nawae da~mjhdahonh jqkoa`ke zabft~ kntawa~t~ kod nmobzh~~amoke yzh~~xzh% ehd tm tfh nem~xzh mgBhoohzheea~ fhkd aocxzq ekjmzktmzq/

Tfh nk~h mg Xoohnh~~kzq Gx~~ zhwhke~ tfh nkyknatq gmz nmogeantratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz tm jh h~~hotake ao hvyekaoaob tfh ~xnnh~~ mg k

yzmth~t nk`ykabo/ Rfaeh tfh kntawatah~ mg tfh KEG kod mtfhz yzmth~taob`mzke hotzhyzhohxz~ &Jhnlhz ;17>! yzkntanaob nawae da~mjhdahonh kzhh~~hotake ao hvyekaoaob tfh hwhotxke nem~xzh mg Bhoohzheea~ ekjmzktmzq%tfh aowmnktamo mg yxjean mxtzkbh kod yatq tfzmxbf `hdakthd a`kbh~ mgkoa`ke ~xgghzaob a~ ke~m nzatanke3 tfh jzmkdnk~t mg Xoohnh~~kzq Gx~~ mo

OJN kod NOO kemob~adh ohr~ykyhz nmwhzkbh ~hzwhd tm kzmx~h yxjeanaodaboktamo rhee jhqmod tfh bhmbzkyfan zkobh mg tfh KEG kntamo kod tfhnawae da~mjhdahonh kt tfh Xoawhz~atq mg Yhoo~qewkoak kod yeknh yzh~~xzhmo hehnthd mgganake~ tm thzàokth Bhoohzheea~ OAF gxodaob/ Ao ~x`% tfh~xnnh~~ mg tfa~ yzmth~t nkoomt jh hvyekaohd ratfmxt kddzh~~aob tfh~yhntknxekz/

Ao tfh ^mnahtq mg tfh ^yhntkneh &;118!% Dhjmzd nmothod~ tfktnmoth`ymzkzq dhwhemyhd ~mnahtah~ fkwh jhnm`h dmàokthd jq tfh~yhntkneh3 xozhehotaob rkwh~ mg wa~xkeeq nm`yheeaob kod hobkbaoba`kbh~ kod okzzktawh~ rfm~h ~x` hgghnt a~ tm yknagq kod nkytawkth tfh

yxjean/ Dhjmzd nmothod~ tfkt Tfh ~yhntkneh a~ fhaz tm kee tfh rhkloh~~ mgtfh yzmchnt mg Rh~thzo yfaem~myfq% rfanf rk~ ko ktth`yt tm xodhz~tkod

;9


11/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

kntawatq jq `hko~ mg tfh nkthbmzah~ mg wa~amo &Dhjmzd ;1183 ;2!/ Zktfhztfko jhaob k yhzayfhzke yfhom`hok% tfh ~yhntkneh a~ k ~mnake zhektamo~fayjhtrhho yhmyeh tfkt a~ `hdakthd jq a`kbh~ kod a~ tfh hvyzh~~amo mg tfh

kbhodk mg tfh dmàokot hnmomàn kod ~mnake gmz`ktamo~ mg tfh ~mnahtqtfh ~yhntkneh aofkjat~ &Dhjmzd :99:3 ;:% ;8!/ Ao ~x`% tfh ~yhntkneh`kaotkao~ ymrhz zhektamo~ ratfao k ~mnahtq/

Zhtxzoaob tm tfh~h nmonhyt~ ao Nm``hot~ mo tfh ^mnahtq mg tfh^yhntkneh% Dhjmzd zhathzkth~ tfkt tfh ~yhntknxekz zh`kao~ tfhkxtmnzktan zhabo mg tfh `kzlht hnmom`q kod nmotaoxh~ tm dmàokth

ym~taodx~tzake ~mnahtah~ fkwaob ~xnnh~~gxeeq ~yzhkd at~heg tm tfh ymaotrfhzh at omr yhz`hkth~ kee zhkeatq &Dhjmzd :99:3 :% 1!/ Tfzhh tqyh~ mg~yhntknxekz hva~t3 tfh nmonhotzkthd &gmxod ao mwhzt dantktmz~fay~ kod jxaet

kzmxod nxet~ mg yhz~mokeatq!% tfh daggx~h &mzabaoktaob ao tfh Xoathd ^tkth~kod honmxzkbaob nmo~x`ytamo! kod `m~t zhnhoteq tfh aothbzkthd ~yhntkneh&h`hzbaob gzm` Atkeq kod Gzkonh! tfkt ~a`xetkohmx~eq ~xyymzt~ tfhh~tkjea~fhd ymeatanke ~q~th` kod `k~~ nmo~x`ytamo &Dhjmzd :99:3 6-1!/Tfa~ aothbzkthd ~yhntkneh hzmdh~ fa~tmzan `h`mzq kod nmothvt% nzhktaob kohthzoke yzh~hot kod `klh~ tfh nm``xoanktamo mg ohr~ mg rfkt a~bhoxaoheq a`ymztkot whzq dagganxet &Dhjmzd :99:3 ;;-;>!/ Dh~yath tfhmòayzh~honh mg tfh ~yhntknxekz% Dhjmzd zhtkaohd ~m`h fmyh tfkt atnmxed jh mwhztxzohd kod tfkt yhz~mo~ nmxed h~nkyh at~ bzk~y kod kddzh~~nmonzhth a~~xh~/

Ealh Dhjmzd% Jmmz~tao &;162! kzbxh~ tfkt tfh za~h mg tfh `hdak ao tfhXoathd ^tkth~ fk~ mj~nxzhd zktfhz tfko nekzagahd hwhot~ kod yfhom`hokgmz K`hzanko~/ Jmmz~tao kzbxh~ tfkt rh fkwh x~hd mxz rhketf% mxzeathzknq% mxz thnfomembq% kod mxz yzmbzh~~% tm nzhkth tfh tfanlht mgxozhkeatq rfanf ~tkod~ jhtrhho x~ kod tfh gknt~ mg eagh &Jmmz~tao ;1623>!/ Tfh yza`kzq nxeyzat ao Jmmz~tao~ kokeq~a~ a~ tfh aonzhk~aob zheakonhmg a`kbh~ ratfao wa~xke `hdak kod `hdak tfkt kzh aonzhk~aobeq jhnm`h

wa~xke tfkt a~ honmxzkbaob tfh gemmd mg y~hxdm-hwhot~ tfkt da~tmzt~K`hzanko yhznhytamo~ mg zhkeatq/ Gmz hvk`yeh% Jmmz~tao nath~ HdrkzdJhzokq~ nzhktaob yzh~tabh gmz k fmthe3 Jhzokq~ mznfh~tzkth~ ko hwhot tfktnhehjzkth~ tfh fmthe~ >9tf kooawhz~kzq tfkt a~ ktthodhd jq yzmàohot

yhz~mo~ kod a~ radheq yxjeanashd tfzmxbf `k~~ `hdak/ Rfaeh tfh hwhot a~omt k yxzh gkjzanktamo% at a~ ke~m ko aothotamoke nzhktamo% kod omt ~a`yeq kohwhot rfanf mnnxz~ tfkt a~ knnxzktheq zhyzh~hothd tfzmxbf `k~~ `hdak/Tfh~h y~hxdm-hwhot~ omt moeq mj~nxzh rfkt kzh wkead% omthrmztfq koda`ymztkot `ktthz~ gmz tfh bhohzke yxjean% jxt tfhq ke~m kethz ymaot~ mg

yhznhytamo3 fhzmh~ tfkt yhzgmz`hd bzhkt dhhd~ kzh da~yeknhd jqnhehjzatah~ tfkt kzh omthrmztfq gmz jhaob omthd% k~ myym~hd tm

yhzgmzàob da~nhzokjeh dhhd~/ Tfh ~ktxzktamo mg a`kbh~ tfzmxbf `k~~

;;


12/24

Jzako Emrh

`hdak fk~ da~yeknhd adhke~ kod fk~ nzhkthd `koq xoaotheeabajehgzmotahz~ &Jmmz~tao ;1623 ;6>-;64!/

Dhjmzd~ ~yhntknxekz kod Jmmz~tao~ a`kbh~ kod y~hxdm-hwhot~

`klh tfzhh ykzkeehe fqymtfh~h~ zhbkzd~ tfh a`yknt mg wa~xkeeq-~ktxzkthd`hdak mo tfh radhz ~mnahtq3 tfh wxeohzkjaeatq tm `koxgkntxzhd hwhot~ koddaexthd ~tkodkzd~ xymo rfanf tm `hk~xzh tfm~h hwhot~< k bhohzke em~~ mgfa~tmzanke `h`mzq kod nmotaoxatq% `klaob yzamzatasaob hwhot~ kod

yfhom`hok yzmjeh`ktan< kod tfh nkyknatq gmz ymrhzgxe kntmz~ kodao~tatxtamo~ tm nzhkth nm`yheeaob a`kbh~ kod yfhom`hok tfkt ~rkq kod~fkyh yxjean myaoamo/ Rfaeh Jmmz~tao dmh~ omt k~~hzt tfkt tfhzh a~ moh~yhntknxekz rfanf dmàokth~ K`hzanko ~mnahtq &tfh yza`kzq gmnx~ mgfa~ kokeq~a~! fh ykzkeehe~ Dhjmzd~ neka` tfkt y~hxdm-hwhot~ hatfhz

da~tzknt mz yknagq tfh yxjean% `xnf k~ Dhjmzd h~ymx~h~ tfh ~yhntknxekzdmh~/ @mzhmwhz% jmtf tfhmza~t~ nmothod tfkt tfhzh a~ ko kntxke zhkeatq tfktnko jh bzk~yhd% ag moeq tfh fmed mg tfh ~yhntknxekz mz y~hxdm-hwhot~nmxed jh rhklhohd &kod tfhzhgmzh rhklhoaob tfh~h hotatah~ tklh~ mo kfabf yzamzatq!/

Hdhe`ko &;166! k~~hzt~ tfkt tfh ~yhntkneh omt moeq ~fkyh~yhznhytamo~ mg zhkeatq% jxt tfkt at kod at~ zh~yhntawh kxdahonh~ nzkgt zhkeatq/Hdhe`ko zhchnt~ tfh jk~an k~~x`ytamo~ mg ymeatanke ~nahonh tfkt aogmz`hdnatasho~ nko kod raee a`yknt ymeatan~ ao zhektamo tm tfhaz ~heg-aothzh~t% kodao~thkd kzbxh~ tfkt ymeatanke dhwhemy`hot~ kzh nzhktamo~ mg tfh yxjean~nmonhzohd ratf tfh` &Hdhe`ko ;1663;-:!/ Hdhe`ko nfkeehobh~ tfhk~~x`ytamo tfkt tfhzh a~ moh xonfkeehobhd zhkeatq tfkt `kq jh mj~nxzhd mznekzagahd% jxt zktfhz tfkt tfh yhznhytamo~ mg kxdahonh~ kod tfh ekobxkbhdhyemqhd jq neka`~`klhz~ kzh h~~hotake ao nzkgtaob tfh xodhz~tkodaob mghwhot~ kztanxekthd tfzmxbf `k~~ `hdak kod ymeatanke gabxzh~3 K ~mnake

yzmjeh`% k ymeatanke hoh`q% mz k ehkdhz a~ jmtf ko hotatq kod k ~aboagahzratf k zkobh mg `hkoaob~ tfkt wkzq ao rkq~ rh nko kt ehk~t ykzteq

xodhz~tkod &Hdhe`ko ;1663 :!/ Ao Hdhe`ko~ `mdhe mg tfh ~yhntkneh%tfh ~yhntkneh a~ nmo~tzxnthd jq kod ratf ymeatanke ehkdhz~ kodao~tatxtamo~% cmxzokea~t~ kod ohr~ `hdak% kod yhznhytamo~ mg ~mnake

yzmjeh`~ kod hohàh~/ Dh~yath tfh aothzkntawh {xkeatah~ mg Hdhe`ko~wkzakot mg tfh ~yhntkneh% rfkt ~yhntkneh~ tfkt kzh `koxgkntxzhdbhohzkeeq zhgehnt tfh aothzh~t~ mg ymrhzgxe hotatah~ kod ao~tatxtamo~3

Tfh yzawaehbhd jhohgat `mzh tfko tfh da~kdwkotkbhd gzm` ~yhntknehnmo~tzxntamoTfh `hkoaob~ kod tfh dhwhemy`hot at~heg kzhtqyankeeq hvyzh~~amo~ kod wawad zhaogmznh`hot~ mg tfh dmàokotadhmembq tfkt cx~tagq hvtkot aoh{xkeatah~/ Tfhq dawhzt ktthotamo gzm`fa~tmzanke lomrehdbh% ~mnake kod hnmomàn kokeq~a~ kod xoh{xke

;:


13/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

jhohgat~ kod ~xgghzaob tfkt àbft zka~h {xh~tamo~ kjmxt yzhwkaeaobadhmembq &Hdhe`ko ;1663 ;:8!/

Hdhe`ko~ ~yhntkneh ykzkeehe~ @nNm`j~ nmonhytamo mg kbhodk~httaob jq `k~~ `hdak &kod aodazhnteq jq ymeatanke ehkdhz~!3 tfh yxjeankxdahonh `kq omt jh aogmz`hd rfkt tm tfaol% jxt tfhq raee jhaogexhonhd rfkt tfhq tfaol kjmxt/ Tfh fhxza~tan hgghnt mg ymeatankeda~nmxz~h kod `hdak nmwhzkbh `kq jh da~nhzoajeq à~ehkdaob% k~ aoBek~~ohz~ &;111! knnmxot mg fmr `hdak zhyzh~hotktamo kod ymeatankeda~nmxz~h ~xzzmxodaob wamehot nza`h fhabfthohd K`hzanko ghkz mg nza`h%dh~yath k `hk~xzhd dhneaoh ao tfh wamehot nza`h zkth< fmrhwhz `koqnmonhzo~ kzh omt myho tm ~xnf k zabmzmx~ kokeq~a~/ Gmz hvk`yeh% Hdhe`ko

nmothod~ tfkt tfm~h rfm nfkzknthzash Yzh~adhot Zhkbko k~ hatfhz k rhee-`hkoaob ehkdhz mz nzxhe nmzymzkth yxyyht fkwh om rkq tm h~tkjea~ftfh wkeadatq mg koq mg tfh~h ym~atamo~ tm tfh ~kta~gkntamo mg tfm~h rfm fkwhk `kthzake mz `mzke zhk~mo tm fmed k dagghzhot wahr &Hdhe`ko ;1663;98!/ Tfa~ dmh~ omt tfhzhgmzh h~tkjea~f tfkt tfh ~yhntkneh a~ nm`yehthzhektawa~` rfhzh koq yhz~yhntawh `kq bkao nzhdhonh% jxt at dmh~ ym~attfkt ~a`yeq `klaob neka`~ mz nk~h~ jk~hd mo dktk kod k~~xàob tfkt tfa~raee jq at~heg nzhkth radh~yzhkd kbzhh`hot a~ xoealheq/ Tfh ~xnnh~~gxe~yhntkneh zheah~ ao ykzt mo nm`yeh`hotaob tfh yhz~yhntawh~ kodk~~x`ytamo~ mg tfh kxdahonh~ tfkt at aothz~hnt~ ratf/

Lheeohz &:99>! fk~ nmotaoxhd tfh da~nx~~amo~ mg tfh ~yhntknxekz%~xyymztaob Dhjmzd~ kzbx`hot~ kjmxt tfh xja{xatq mg tfh ~yhntkneh rheemxt~adh mg ymyxekz nxetxzh% k~ rhee k~ at~ da~tzkntaob k~yhnt~ &~xnf k~ tfh

yzmàohonh bawho tm tfh MC â`y~mo tzake!/ Gmz jmtf Dhjmzd kod Lheeohz%tfh ~yhntknxekz a~ ko hotatq tfkt ~hzwh~ tm jme~thz kod `kaotkao nxzzhothnmomàn kod ymeatanke kzzkobh`hot~ tfzmxbf bhohzktaob yk~~awatq ratftfh bhohzke yxjean/ Fmrhwhz% tfa~ knnmxot mg tfh ~yhntknxekz ao tfh

nmothvt mg kbhodk ~httaob zka~h~ k {xh~tamo3 nko tfh ~yhntknxekz ke~mjhnm`h k smoh gmz nmogeant kod tfh tzko~gmz`ktamo mg yxjean yhznhytamo=

Lheeohz &:99>! mgghz~ k jzmkdhz wahr mg tfh ~yhntknxekz tfko Hdhe`ko%`mwaob jhqmod tfh ymeatanke ~yhntkneh tm `hbk~yhntkneh~ kod `hdak~yhntkneh~3 tfm~h yfhom`hok mg `hdak nxetxzh tfkt h`jmdqnmoth`ymzkzq ~mnahtq~ jk~an wkexh~% ~hzwh tm aoatakth aodawadxke~ aotm at~rkq mg eagh% kod dzk`ktash at~ nmotzmwhz~ah~ kod ~tzxbbeh~% k~ rhee k~ at~`mdh~ mg nmogeant zh~mextamo &Lheeohz :99>3 :!/ Tfa~ ~yhntknxekznxetxzh ~th`~ gzm` ~mnahtke zheakonh mo aogmz`ktamo kod aogmz`ktamothnfomembq &aonexdaob tfh `hzbaob mg thnfomembq kod nm``hznh aotmrfkt Lheeohz thz`~ thnfomnkyatkea~`! kod jhnm`h~ ohkzeqmòayzh~hot3

;>


14/24


15/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

Gzm` ^yhntknxekz tm Gzhkl ^fmr

Fkeyhzao kod Fkzza~ &:997! nmothod tfkt tfh Gzhkl ^fmr fk~h`hzbhd ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz ~mnahtq k~ tfh dmàokot gmz` mg ymeatankenk`ykaboaob/ Tfhq ~tkth tfkt tfa~ thz` gmz k ohr gmz` mg yzh~adhotake

ymeatan~ h`hzbhd mxt mg nfkoohe ~xzgaob dxzaob tfh Neaotmo qhkz~ k~ tfh@moank Ehrao~lq ~nkodke xogmedhd mo nkjeh thehwa~amo% ghktxzaob knmeehntamo mg zhymzthz~ kod nm``hotktmz~ gzm` tfh Ehgt kod Zabft~fmxtaob kt moh komtfhz< k Gzhkl ^fmr tfkt ~hh`hd tm h`jmdq tfh~yazat mg tfh kbh &Fkeyhzao kod Fkzza~ :9973 vvaa!/ Gkz gzm` k zhbzhttkjeh~adh~fmr kod da~tzkntamo gzm` ~xj~tkotawh ymeatanke da~nmxz~h% Fkeyhzao

kod Fkzza~ nmothod tfkt tfh Gzhkl ^fmr fk~ nm`h tm dmàokth K`hzankoymeatan~ &kod tfm~h rfm fmyh tm ~hhl tfh Rfath Fmx~h `x~t zhkeash tfkttfh Gzhkl ^fmr a~ tfh yza`kzq thzzkao tfkt ymeatanke nmogeant raee mnnxz!/

Tfh Gzhkl ^fmr ~tqeh mg ymeatan~ h`hzbhd k~ tfh Med @hdak gaethz~rhklhohd &tfkt ~tzh~~hd kdfhzhonh tm dmnx`hothd gknt~% ~xj~tkotakea~~xh~% kod zheakjeh ~mxznh~!% tfh Aothzoht-jk~hd Ohr @hdak k~nhodhdratfmxt nmthzàomx~ nmonhzo~ gmz mjchntawatq mz whttaob ~mxznh~ &k~ ao tfhnk~h mg @ktt Dzxdbh!% kod med zh~tzkaot~ ao nk`ykabo~ kod yxjeandhjkth fkwh dhneaohd/ Fkeyhzao kod Fkzza~ nmothod tfkt tfa~ ohr gmz` mgnk`ykaboaob omr h`yfk~ash~ tfh dh~tzxntamo mg nzhdajaeatq k~ rhee k~hehntmzke ~xnnh~~3 Tfh nmeeky~h mg gaethz~ kod tfh nmeeky~h mg nawaeatqtmbhtfhz fkwh nfkobhd tfh yxzym~h mg ymeatan~/ Tfh bmke omr a~ omt~a`yeq tm rao% jxt tm yhz~xkdh wmthz~ &kod dmomz~ kod wahrhz~ kodzhkdhz~! tfkt ko myymohot eknl~ tfh nfkzknthz kod nzhdajaeatq hwho tmdh~hzwh k yeknh ao tfh nmoth~t &Fkeyhzao kod Fkzza~ :9973 vvaa% 8!/ Tfhqke~m nmothod tfkt k ~aboktxzh mg Gzhkl ^fmr ymeatan~ a~ k gavktamo mo

yhz~mokeatq kod keehbhd fqymnza~q/ Komtfhz a~ tfh hk~h ratf rfanf

~fzhrd ymeatanke myhzktawh~ nko `koayxekth tfh Gzhkl ^fmr~ ktthotamo tmfacknl tfh yxjean a`kbh mg ko myymohot &Fkeyhzao kod Fkzza~ :9973 6!/K~ ko hvk`yeh mg tfa~ yfhom`hok% Fkeyhzao kod Fkzza~ nath tfh hvk`yehmg tfh gavktamo mg nmo~hzwktawh ohr~ `hdak mo yzh~adhotake nkodadkth^hoktmz Lhzzq~ fkaz &kod rfm ~tqehd at! kod tfh `koayxektamo mg Lhzzq~àeatkzq ~hzwanh zhnmzd aotm k eakjaeatq/ Fkeyhzao kod Fkzza~ nfkzt tfhhwmextamo mg k gmz` mg nk`ykaboaob tfkt h`yfk~ash~ dawa~awhoh~~%nmonhotzktamo mo a`kbh kod zxtfeh~~ k~~kxet~ mo myymohot~ tfkt~aboagankoteq tzxonkth~ tfh nkyknatq gmz da~yk~~amokth da~nmxz~h3 tfhnx`xektawh hgghnt mg tfh~h aonhotawh~ kod tfh kntamo~ tfhq ao~yazh a~ k

ymeatanke ~q~th` nmo~tkoteq ~tkbbhzaob tmrkzd tfh azzktamoke &Fkeyhzao kodFkzza~ :9973 >9!/

;8


16/24

Jzako Emrh

Nk~h ~txdah~ ao ^mnamembanke Rkzgkzh

Fkwaob ekad tfh gmxodktamo gmz hvyekaoaob tfh hwmextamo mg jmtf tfh

~yhntknxekz kod tfh ~tzkthbah~ gmz kntaob ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz% at a~kyyzmyzakth tm txzo tm hvk`yeh~ mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh ao mzdhz tm jhbaonmo~adhzaob tfh ~fkyh~ mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh tfkt `kq h`hzbh ao tfhohkz gxtxzh/

Aothzyhz~moke kod h`mtamoke neka`~`klaob

Tzajh mg Fhkzt~ Tfh Ratoh~~ &;111! gmeemr~ Hddah Ek`k~kxtmjambzkyfanke zhnmeehntamo~ mg fa~ tzko~gmz`ktamo gzm` ko xzjkoath

yzmgh~~amoke tfkt fkd waztxkeeq om nmotknt ratf koa`ke~ aotm k nm`àtthdkota-gxz kntawa~t/ Tfh okzzktawh mg Tfh Ratoh~~ a~ ekzbheq Ek`k~ mrozhnmeehntamo~ mg fmr fh xodhzrhot k nfkobh mg yhznhytamo kod nk`h tm

jh dhhyeq nmonhzohd kjmxt tfh gxz aodx~tzq &aothz~yhz~hd ratf ~tkth`hot~jq h`yemqhh~ mg Ek`k~ Jzmmleqo-jk~hd nmotzkntaob gaz` kjmxt Ek`k~nmonhzo ratf koa`ke~ tfkt aonexdh~ tfh yzh~honh mg zh~nxhd nkt~ ao tfhgaz`~ mgganh!/ Ek`k~ `momembxh a~ jzmlho xy ratf jzahg neay~ mgxodhznmwhz wadhm~ mg ~ekxbfthzfmx~h~% gxz gkz`~% kod gxz-jhkzaob koa`ke~tzkyyhd gmz tfhaz gxz% rfanf fh nath~ k~ aogmzàob fa~ hvykodaob koa`kenmo~namx~oh~~/ Tfh gae` nmonexdh~ ratf Ek`k dzawaob tfzmxbf Ohr QmzlNatq ao k `mdagahd wko gzm` fa~ nmotzkntaob jx~aoh~~ ratf k ekzbhthehwa~amo ~nzhhoaob gmmtkbh mg koa`ke~ jhaob laeehd gmz tfhaz gxz/ Tfa~gaoke ~nhoh aonexdh~ tfh h`mtamoke zhkntamo~ mg wahrhz~ tm Ek`k~gkxokwa~amo rfaeh Ek`k x~h~ k emxd~yhklhz tm honmxzkbh tfm~hrktnfaob tfh wadhm~ tm jh nm`yk~~amokth kod kwmad gxz bkz`hot~/ Rfkt`klh~ Tfh Ratoh~~ ko hgghntawh gmz` mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh a~ tfkt atxoyzhthotamx~eq honmxzkbh~ wahrhz~ tm adhotagq ratf Ek`k kod fa~

aotheehntxke kod `mzke cmxzohq% kod tm keabo tfh`~hewh~ ratf fa~ à~~amotm hvym~h mtfhz~ tm tfh nmonhkehd zhkeatq mg yzmdxnaob gxz bkz`hot~/ Ao

yzmwmlaob k `mzke tzko~gmz`ktamo ao at~ wahrhz~% Tfh Ratoh~~ a~ kzbxkjeqko hvyzh~~amo mg ~tktx~ nmogeant% rhklhoaob tfh ~tktx~ mg gxz bkz`hot~ k~exvxzamx~ mz kttzkntawh &~hh Bx~gahed ;167!/

Aothzyhz~moke kod @mzkeeq Aowhztaob ^mnamembanke Rkzgkzh

^fkoomo Lhatf~ Jhfaod tfh @k~l&:997! yzmwadh~ k ~q`yktfhtanymztzkqke mg tfh Koa`ke Eajhzktamo Gzmot &KEG! rfanf ~hzwh~ tm yeknh tfhKEG ratfao tfh eajhzktamo tzkdatamo mg mtfhz `mdhzo ~mnake `mwh`hot~tfkt hobkbh ao dazhnt kntamo &~xnf k~ tfh Kjmeatamoa~t kod Nawae Zabft~

;7


17/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

`mwh`hot~!/ Jhfaod tfh @k~la~ ~xyymzthd jq Koa`ke Zh~nxh @hdakHdxnktamo% rfanf ~tkth~ tfkt at~ à~~amo a~ tm heaàokth tfh ~xgghzaobmg koa`ke~/ Tfa~ bmke raee jh knfahwhd tfzmxbf zh~nxh mg fm`heh~~

koa`ke~ kod tfzmxbf hdxnktaob tfh yxjean mg tfh wk~t hvthot mg ~xgghzaobkoa`ke~ hodxzh ao mxz ~mnahtq/ Tfzmxbf at~ kntamo~ kod rmzd~% KZ@Hraee kdwkonh tfh gzhhdm` mg kee koa`ke~ &rrr/kz`h/tw!/ Lhatf~aothzwahr~ ratf ~hwhzke KEG `h`jhz~% rfm fkd jhho nmowanthd mg knt~zhekthd tm KEG kntamo~% ymztzkq tfh` k~ dhhyeq nm`àtthd tm koa`keeajhzktamo% htfanke &aonexdaob k dhhy nmonhzo tm omt fkz` fx`ko~ mz omo-fx`ko koa`ke~ dxzaob tfh nmxz~h mg KEG dazhnt kntamo~!% kod hvyzh~~aobzhk~mokjeh bzahwkonh~ zhbkzdaob fkz` jhaob dmoh tm koa`ke~/

Gzkàob tfh~h kntawa~t~ k~ zhk~mokjeh% aotheeabhot% kod htfanke kbhot~ mg

~mnake nfkobh ao k emob tzkdatamo mg eajhzktamo `mwh`hot~ ~hzwh~ tmehbata`kth tfh` kod tfhaz kntawatah~ kod nmowhz~heq tm rhklho tfh ~tktx~mg ekr hogmznh`hot% tfx~ aowhztaob tfh `mzke ~tkodaob mg tfh KEG k~ kthzzmza~t mzbkoasktamo kod hehwktaob tfh ~tktx~ mg tfh KEG kod at~~xyymzthz~ k~ zhk~mohd kod nm`àtthd kntawa~t~/ Gmz hvk`yeh% moh ~nhohghktxzh~ Cmfo Ghed`koo &mg tfh jkod Bmedgaobhz! dh~nzajaob fmr fh kodfa~ ~ymx~h fkd tfhaz fm`h ~hkznfhd gmeemraob tfhaz ykztanayktamo ao kokoa`ke zabft~ yzmth~t% cxvtkym~aob tfh ekrgxe ymeatanke kntawatah~ mg knhehjzatq kod fa~ ~ymx~h ratf k dzknmoako &kod hvyho~awh! ymeanhmwhzzhkntamo/ Lhatf ao~hzt~ fhz~heg aotm tfa~ okzzktawh mg ~tkth zhyzh~~amo

jq ~fmraob GJA ~xzwhaeekonh zhnmzd~ `kdh mg fhz tfkt rhzh mjtkaohdtfzmxbf tfh Gzhhdm` mg Aogmz`ktamo knt/ Tfh a`kbh mg tfh kztanxekth kodkttzkntawh Lhatf zhkdaob gzm` fhz mro GJA ~xzwhaeekonh zhnmzd~ tfkt rhzhnzhkthd jhnkx~h mg fhz k~~mnaktamo ratf tfh KEG ~hzwh~ tm hzmdh tfh ~tkth-~ymo~mzhd wa~amo mg tfh KEG k~ k dm`h~tan thzzmza~t mzbkoasktamo kod tfhehbata`knq mg hvyhodaob tkv zhwhoxh~ tm aowh~tabkth tfh~h kntawa~t~/

Nmogeant~ ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz

A`yeanat ratfao tfh nmonhyt mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh a~ nmogeant jhtrhhotrm mz `mzh ykztah~ tfkt kzh ktth`ytaob tm kethz tfh yxjean `mzkea`kbaoktamo/ Tfh gmeemraob kzh hvk`yeh~ mg mobmaob nk`ykabo~ kodnmxothz-nk`ykabo~ mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh rfhzh h`mtamoke kodaotheehntxke neka`~ kod kyyhke~ kzh nzkgthd gmz zhnhytamo jq kxdahonh~ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz/

Yzh`kzao% YHTK% kod tfh K^YNK

Tfh nmotzmwhz~q mwhz Yzh`kzao yzmwadh~ ko ao~tzxntawh nk~h ~txdq ao~mnamembanke rkzgkzh/ Rqhtf-Kqhz~t Ekjmzktmzah~ yzmdxnh~ Yzh`kzao% ko

;2


18/24

Jzako Emrh

h~tzmbho zhyeknh`hot tfhzkyq gmz `homykx~ke kod ym~t`homykx~kerm`ho/ Yzh`kzao &k nmotzkntamo mg yzhbokot `kzh xzaoh! a~ whzq

yzmgatkjeh gmz Rqhtf-Kqhz~t% bhohzktaob $679-$1>9 àeeamo kooxkeeq

jhgmzh :99:% ratf hvyhntktamo~ mg aonzhk~aob yzmgat~ k~ tfh jkjq jmm`hzbhohzktamo kbhd/ K~ tfh nmotzknthd ok`h aodankth~% Yzh`kzao rk~mjtkaohd gzm` tfh xzaoh mg yzhbokot `kzh~ tfkt kzh nmogaohd tm ~`kee~tkee~% kod kyyzmva`ktheq trm-tfazd~ mg tfh gmke~ dahd ratfao k rhhl mg

jaztf &tfh zh`kaoaob gmke~ rhzh `m~teq ~med gmz Hxzmyhko kod Ckykoh~hnmo~x`ytamo! &Cmrhtt kod MDmoohee :9973 >4;->4:!/ Rqhtf-Kqhz~t fkd

jhho ~xnnh~~gxe ao `kohxwhzaob ymeatanke myym~atamo tm tfh dhwhemy`hotkod `kzlhtaob mg ko kztaganake% bhohzan nm`yhtatmz% dh~yath tfh ~kwaob~tfm~h fhketf ao~xzkonh yzmwadhz~ kod bmwhzo`hot yzmbzk`~ rmxed

zhnhawh/Koa`ke zabft~ kod koa`ke rhegkza~t mzbkoasktamo~ myym~hd Yzh`kzao

jhnkx~h mg tfh nmodatamo~ tfkt `kzh~ rhzh lhyt ao kod tfh gkth mg tfh gmke~tfkt rhzh tfh jq-yzmdxnt mg Yzh`kzao yzmdxntamo/ Tfhaz hggmzt~ tmzhdxnh kod heaàokth Yzh`kzao nmo~x`ytamo aonexdhd {xh~tamoaob tfhdh~azkjaeatq mg h~tzmbho zhyeknh`hot &~xbbh~taob tfkt `homykx~h a~ koktxzke ykzt mg tfh eagh nmxz~h kod tfkt fmz`moh zhyeknh`hot àbft nkx~hkddatamoke fhketf yzmjeh`~!% kod h`yfk~asaob tfh zhkeatq mg Yzh`kzao

yzmdxntamo3 tfh ~xgghzaob mg tfh `kzh~ kod gmke~ gzm` Yzh`kzaoyzmdxntamo kod tfh da~tk~thgxe gknt tfkt Yzh`kzao a~ nzhkthd gzm` xzaoh/Tfh Aothzoktamoke Bhohzan K~~mnaktamo yzm`mthd tfh kota-Yzh`kzao nkx~htfzmxbf yzmwadaob aogmz`ktamo mo at~ rhj~ath kod xzbaob fmz~h emwhz~ tmrhkz yxzyeh zajjmo~ &~aàekz tm tfh KAD^ zhd zajjmo~! tm eht tfhaz yzmth~t

jh lomro% rfanf aonexdhd kntmz Jaeeq Jmj Tfmzotmo k~ fh knnhythd fa~M~nkz kt tfh ;112 Knkdh`q Krkzd~ YHTK rk~ ~xnnh~~gxe ao zhnzxataob~hwhzke nhehjzatah~ aonexdaob Eh~ehq Kooh Dmro% Dk`h Cxda Dhonf% kodBkth~ @nGkddho gmz yfmtmbzkyf~ fmedaob ~abo~ ~tktaob Aee ohwhz tklh

Yzh`kzao+< Tzknhq Xe`koo~ qheemr-eayyhd gknh kyyhkzhd mo k YHTK yk`yfeht tfkt k~lhd Rfkt~ ao qmxz h~tzmbho dzxb=&Cmrhtt kodMDmoohee :9973 >8:->!/

Yzh`kzao hothzhd ymyxekz nxetxzh ao hya~mdh ;;1 mg tfh @aeehooax`thehwa~amo ~hzah~% rfho tfh yzmtkbmoa~t Gzkol Jeknl dh`mo~tzkthd ~fmnlehkzoaob fmr Yzh`kzao a~ yzmdxnhd &rfaeh fxotaob k laeehz rfm fkd jhhozka~hd mo k Yzh`kzao gkz`!/ Tfh~h nk`ykabo~% yex~ fhketf nmonhzo~ zka~hdkjmxt tfh fhketf nmo~h{xhonh~ mg Yzh`kzao kt at~ fabf dm~kbh mg h~tzmbho%~hzwhd tm dhyzh~~ tfh ~keh mg Yzh`kzao tm tfh gmxztf-fabfh~t ~heeaob

yzh~nzaytamo dzxb ao Omztf K`hzank &dmro gzm` gaz~t!/ Ao at~ hggmzt tm jmm~t ~keh~% Rqhtf-Kqhz~t xtaeashd k ohr kdwhzta~aob nk`ykabo ao

;6


19/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

ymyxekz rm`ho~ `kbksaoh~ kod ghktxzaob nhehjzatah~ ealh Ekxzho Fxttmokod Yktta EkJheeh &Cmrhtt kod MDmoohee :9973 >8>->84!/

Nmo~x`hz gzhhdm` kod nm`yk~~amokth eawaob3 NNG kod YHTK

âonh at~ gmz`ktamo ao ;169 jq Aobzad Ohrlazl kod Kehv Yknfhnm%YHTK fk~ jhnm`h moh mg tfh `m~t dmàokot kod yxjeaneq omthd koa`kezabft~ mzbkoasktamo~/ Xo~xzyza~aobeq% tfa~ omtmzahtq fk~ `kdh YHTK tfhtkzbht mg hggmzt~ tm rhklho tfh ~tktx~ kod tfh ehbata`knq mg at~ ~tkthdbmke~/ K nk~h ao ymaot a~ tfh YHTK Laee~ Koa`ke~ nk`ykabo ekxonfhd

jq Tfh Nhothz gmz Nmo~x`hz Gzhhdm` &NNG!/ NNG ~tkth~ tfkt at~ à~~amoa~ tm dhghod tfh nkyknatq mg nmo~x`hz~ tm nmo~x`h k~ tfhq ealh ratfmxt

aothzghzhonh3

Tfh Nhothz gmz Nmo~x`hz Gzhhdm` a~ k omoyzmgat nmkeatamo mgzh~tkxzkot~% gmmd nm`ykoah~% kod nmo~x`hz~ rmzlaob tmbhtfhz tm

yzm`mth yhz~moke zh~ymo~ajaeatq kod yzmthnt nmo~x`hz nfmanh~/ Tfhbzmraob nkjke mg *gmmd nmy~%* fhketf nkzh hogmznhz~% àeatkotkntawa~t~% `hddeaob jxzhkxnzkt~% kod wamehot zkdanke~ rfm tfaol tfhqlomr *rfkt"~ jh~t gmz qmx* kzh yx~faob kbkao~t mxz jk~an gzhhdm`~/Rh"zh fhzh tm yx~f jknl&ftty3rrr/nmo~x`hzgzhhdm`/nm`kjmxt/ng`!/

NNG dhgaoh~ nmo~x`hz gzhhdm` k~ tfh zabft mg kdxet~ kod ykzhot~ tmnfmm~h rfkt tfhq hkt% dzaol% kod fmr tfhq hocmq tfh`~hewh~ &ajad!% kod~tkth~ tfkt at a~ tfhaz à~~amo tm yzhwhot aothzghzhonh ratf tfh yxz~xat mgnm``mdatashd yehk~xzh &om `hotamo a~ `kdh mg hocmqaob yxjean ykzl~%zheabamx~ ~yknh~% mz koq kntawatq tfkt a~ omt tahd tm yxznfk~h kodnmo~x`ytamo!/ Tfh Nhothz gmz @hdak ' Dh`mnzknq ~tkth~ tfkt tfh NNG a~

tfh zhmzbkoashd Bxh~t Nfmanh Ohtrmzl% nekodh~taoheq gaz~t h~tkjea~fhdao ;118 jq Yfaeay @mzza~ tm myym~h zh~tkxzkot ~`mlaob jko~ xodhz tfhdazhntamo mg Zanl Jhz`ko &ke~m ~hh â`mo :997!/ Jhz`ko nmotaoxh~ tmehkd NNG &rfanf a~ ykzt mg fa~ yxjean zhektamo~ gaz`! kod fk~ hvykodhd at~gmnx~ tm aonexdh dhghodaob kenmfme kod tmjknnm nmo~x`ytamo% kodnfkeehobaob zhnm``hodktamo~ kethzaob tfh oxtzatamoke nmothot mg gmmd&ftty3rrr/~mxznhrktnf/mzbaodhv/yfy=tateh0Nhothz]gmz]Nmo~x`hz]Gzhhdm`!/

NNG yzm`mth~ tfh YHTK laee~ Koa`ke~ nk`ykabo% rfanf aonexdh~~mxznh~ gmz ohr~ yzh~~% thehwa~amo nm``hznake~ kod jaeejmkzd~ tfktktth`yt tm rhklho YHTK~ ~tkodaob k~ k dhghodhz mg koa`ke~ kod k~ k~xyymzthz mg dkobhzmx~ thzzmza~t~/ Gmz hvk`yeh% tfh yzaot kd~ kt YHTK

;1


20/24

Jzako Emrh

Laee~ Koa`ke~ ghktxzh~ ~hwho a`kbh~ &gmxz mg rfanf ghktxzh a`kbh~ mgnfaedzho! rfanf knnx~h YHTK mg laeeaob koa`ke~% ~xyymztaob kz~moa~t~%myym~aob koa`ke-jk~hd `hdanke zh~hkznf% kod ktth`ytaob tm nmotknt

nfaedzho tm ~yzhkd dh~tzxntawh yzmykbkodk tm lad~ kjmxt gmmd kod gxz&ftty3rrr/yhtklaee~koa`ke~/nmàodhv/ng`!/ Tfh nmzymzkth~ymo~mz~fay mg NNG a~ omt `hotamohd ao tfh~h yzaot kd~% omz kzh tfh

jzmkdhz htfanke neka`~ `kdh jq YHTK kddzh~~hd/ YHTK Laee~ Koa`ke~a~ omt k dhjkth ratfao tfh `kzlhtyeknh mg adhk~< at a~ tfh nzhktamo mg k~yhntkneh aothodhd tm daàoa~f tfh `mzke ~tkodaob mg YHTK/

Nmonex~amo3 Tfh ^fkyh~ mg ^mnamembanke Rkzgkzh

Tfh yzhnhdaob fk~ ktth`ythd tm dh`mo~tzkth tfh zhkeatq mg tfh~yhntknxekz% kod tfh ohnh~~atq gmz eajhzktamo `mwh`hot~ tm zhnmboash tfktnk`ykabo~ mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh kzh k ohnh~~atq gmz kethzaob tfh

yxjean `mzke a`kbaoktamo/ K~ Dxonm`jh &:992! k~~hzt~% tfm~h aowmewhdao yzmbzh~~awh ymeatan~ &kod jq hvtho~amo% eajhzktamo `mwh`hot~! `kq omtnhehjzkth tfh ~yhntknxekz% jxt `x~t zhkeash tfkt yhz~xk~awh hggmzt~ `x~tmnnxz ratfao at/ Tfh hvk`yeh~ mg Tfh Ratoh~~ kod Jhfaod tfh @k~l~xbbh~t tfkt `klaob jmtf h`mtamoke kod aotheehntxke neka`~ kod kyyhke~kzh ohnh~~kzq `hko~ mg zhknfaob ymthotake ~xyymzthz~/ K~ Fkeyhzao kodFkzza~ &:997! ~xbbh~t% tfh Gzhkl ^fmr k~yhnt mg tfh ~yhntknxekz%h`yfk~asaob aodawadxke~ kod nhehjzatq% fk~ jhho fkzoh~~hd jqmzbkoasktamo~ ~xnf k~ YHTK ao mzdhz tm jzmkdho kyyhke kod honmxzkbhkxdahonh~ tm tfho dhewh aotm `mzh eaohkz kod aogmz`hd da~nx~~amo~ mgkoa`ke a~~xh~/ Tfh hvk`yeh~ mg tfh Yzh`kzao kod NNG nmotzmwhz~ah~ ke~m~xbbh~t tfkt nmxothzkttknl~ raee mnnxz ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz kod `x~tke~m jh nfkeehobhd tfhzh/

Tfa~ ykyhz fk~ ktth`ythd tm ~xyymzt tfzhh yzmym~atamo~ zhbkzdaob tfh

~yhntknxekz kod at~ zmeh ao koa`ke kdwmnknq kod eajhzktamo3;/ Tfh ~yhntknxekz a~ k ~mnake ~nahotagan àeahx tfkt a~ rmztfq mg ~txdq/

Kdwmnkth~ mg tfh hva~thonh mg tfh ~yhntknxekz mz a`kbh-dzawho ~mnahtq zxotfh bk`xt gzm` Jkxdzaeekzd &;114!% Jmmz~tao &;162!% Dhjmzd &;118!% kod Dh Shobmtatk &:998!/ Rfaehtfhaz kokeq~a~ mg at~ motmembanke ~tktx~ kod jhfkwamz wkzq radheq% tfh~h~nfmekz~ kee nmonxz tfkt tfh ~yhntknxekz a~ zhke% kod tfkt at fk~ da~nhzokjeha`yknt mo tfh radhz ~mnahtq/

:/ Hggmzt~ jq ~mnake `mwh`hot~ kod mtfhz neka`~`klhz~ aonzhk~aobeqmnnxz ao tfh ~yhntknxekz/ Tfh a`ymztkonh mg tfh hva~thonh mg tfh~yhntknxekz a~ tfkt `koq gmz`~ mg kdwmnknq% aonexdaob koa`ke eajhzktamo%mnnxz ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz/ Tfh ~yhntknxekz a~ k ~mnake ~yknh rfhzh

:9


21/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

kdwmnkth~ ktth`yt tm ~fkyh yxjean yhznhytamo~ zhbkzdaob yfhom`hok mzyzkntanh~ aowmewaob koa`ke~% kod rfhzh nmxothz hggmzt~ mnnxz/

Neka`~`klhz~ tfkt nko tzko~`xth tfhaz kzbx`hot~% neka`~%

xodhz~tkodaob~% `mzke wmnkjxekzah~ &Emrh :997!% kod mtfhzxodhz~tkodaob~ aotm gmz`~ zhnmboaskjeh ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz kzh `mzhealheq tm bkao yxjean ktthotamo kod tfhzhgmzh hobkbh ao kbhodk ~httaob&@nNm`j~ :994!/ Tfh gae` Ko Aonmowhoahot Tzxtf &:997! yzmwadh~ ktzh`hodmx~ hvk`yeh mg xtaeasaob tfh ~yhntknxekz tm kdwkotkbh/ Dh~yathtfh wk~t dmnx`hotktamo mg za~aob bemjke th`yhzktxzh~ kod zhekthd

yfhom`hok &aonexdaob `hetaob beknahz~% `mzh ymrhzgxe fxzzankoh~% kodaonzhk~hd yhzamd~ mg kethzokth gemmdaob kod dzmxbft!% ~hb`hot~ mg tfh

yxjean kod mtfhz neka`~`klhz~ ~tkth tfkt tfh {xh~tamo mg nea`kth nfkobh

&k thz` kttzajxthd tm Zhyxjeanko ymee~thz Gzkol Exots! a~ ~taee myho kodkoq kntamo tklho k~ k zh~xet &~xnf k~ zhdxnaob tfh hà~~amo mgbzhhofmx~h bk~h~! a~ xorkzzkothd/ Ko Aonmowhoahot Tzxtf ~hzwh~ tm

jmtf jzaob `koq mg tfh `m~t nm`yheeaob dktk tm tfh gae` bmaob yxjean% jxt ke~m yzmwadh~ dhhyeq nm`yheeaob wa~xke~ tm zhaogmznh tfh~h dktk/Fkeyhzao kod Fkzza~ &:997! fkwh yzmomxonhd tfkt nxzzhoteq K`hzanko

yzh~adhotake ymeatan~ &kod jq hvtho~amo% nk`ykabo~ gmz mtfhz hehnthdmgganh~! a~ aonzhk~aobeq dmàokthd jq rfkt tfhq fkwh thz`hd tfh Gzhkl^fmr/ Tfm~h nkodadkth~ tfkt kzh kjeh tm tfzawh ao tfh Gzhkl ^fmr kzhtfm~h rfm kzh tfh `m~t ealheq tm jh hehnthd kod nkytxzh tfh yxjeana`kbaoktamo/

>/ Nmogeant~ jhtrhho neka`~`klhz~ ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz kzh jh~txodhz~tmmd k~ k gmz` mg ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh/ Tfa~ ykyhz nmothod~ tfkttfh nmogeant~ ratfao tfh ~yhntknxekz kzh jh~t xodhz~tmmd k~ ~mnamembankerkzgkzh/ Tfzmxbfmxt tfh :9tf nhotxzq% oktamo-~tkth~ fkwh yzkntanhdy~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh ao hggmzt~ tm rhklho tfh zh~mewh mg tfhazmyymohot~% yxjean dayem`knq tm yhz~xkdh `h`jhz~ mg mtfhz nmxotzah~

kjmxt tfh gkwmzkjeh ~tkodaob mg tfh oktamo hobkbhd ao tfh dayem`knq% kodhwho ymeatanke rkzgkzh% aothodhd tm xodhzàoh tfh yhznhytamo mg komtfhzymeatanke ~q~th` &h/b/% Nm``xoa~` a~ aofhzhoteq k gekrhd kod a``mzke

ymeatanke ~q~th`!/ Tfh thz` ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh ~a`yeq nmonhytxkeash~tfh `hko~ jq rfanf tfh ~tzkthbah~ kod thnfoa{xh~ gmxod ao yzmykbkodk%

y~qnfmembanke rkzgkzh kod tfh ealh kzh omr jhaob dhyemqhd jq kdwmnkth~kod neka`~`klhz~ tfkt kzh ktth`ytaob tm nzkgt tfh yxjean `mzkea`kbaoktamo zhbkzdaob tfh yhznhytamo~ mg k `mzh dh~azkjeh mz htfanke~mnake mzdhz/

@m~t a`ymztkoteq% tfh ~yhntknxekz `kq jh ko adhke howazmo`hot gzm`rfanf tfh nzhktamo mg rfkt Jmetko~la &;111! thz`~ tfh ymeatan~ mg yatqàbft h`hzbh/ Jmetko~la kzbxh~ tfkt gmz k ymeatan~ mg yatq tm h`hzbh%

:;


22/24

Jzako Emrh

tfhzh `x~t jh trm nek~~h~ tfkt fkwh dazhnt &honmxothz~! mz aodazhnt&`hdakthd! aothzkntamo~ ~m tfkt tfh gmztxokth nek~~ `kq mj~hzwh tfhà~hzq mg tfh xogmztxokth &Jmetko~la ;1113 8!/ Ao tfa~ nmonhytamo mg tfh

ymeatan~ mg yatq% tfh ~yhntkneh mg zhke ~xgghzaob nzhkth~ k dh`kod gmzkntamo mo tfh ykzt mg tfh gmztxokth nek~~ tfzmxbf honmxzkbaob tfh~yhntktmz~ tm jhnm`h kntawheq aowmewhd ao keehwaktaob tfh ~xgghzaob tfhqratoh~~ &Jmetko~la ;1113 :>-:4< >>->4! Tfzmxbf ~mnamembanke rkzgkzh%tfh ~yhntknxekz `kq jhnm`h k smoh mg nmogeant rfhzh k ymeatan~ mg yatq

jhnm`h~ ym~~ajeh3 rfhzh tfh gmztxokth `kq honmxothz `hdakthd a`kbh~kod okzzktawh~ mg ~xgghzaob kod kzh `mwhd tm kntamo ~m tfkt {xh~tamo~ mgehbkeatq kod mz yzmyzahtq jhnm`h ~hnmodkzq tm keehwaktaob tfh ~yhntknehmg zhke ~xgghzaob/

ZHGHZHONH^

Koa`ke Zh~nxh @hdak Hdxnktamo/ Fm`hykbh Zhtzahwhd ;6 Cxoh :992 ^txdam Natq% NK&ftty3rrr/kz`h/tw!/

Ketfhadh% Dkwad E/ :99:/ Nzhktaob Ghkz3 Ohr~ kod tfh Nmo~tzxntamo mg Nza~a~/Fkrtfmzoh% O/Q/3 Kedaoh dh Bzxqthz/

Ketfhadh% Dkwad E/ :997/ Thzzmza~` kod tfh Ymeatan~ mg Ghkz/ Ekofk`% @D3 Zmr`ko 'Eattehgahed/

Kodhz~mo% Jhohdant/ ;11;/ A`kbaohd Nm``xoatah~3 Zhgehntamo~ mo tfh Mzabao~ kod

^yzhkd mg Oktamokea~`/ Ohr Qmzl3 Whz~m/Jkxdzaeekzd% Chko/ ;114/ â`xeknzk kod â`xektamo/ Tzko~ekthd jq ^fhaek Gkzak Bek~hz/

Koo Kzjmz3 Xoawhz~atq mg @anfabko Yzh~~/Jhnlhz% Fmrkzd/ ;17>/ Mxt~adhz~3 ^txdah~ ao tfh ^mnamembq mg Dhwakonh/ Ohr Qmzl3 Gzhh

Yzh~~/Jhfaod tfh @k~l/ :997/ Dazhnthd jq ^fkoomo Lhatf/Jh~t% Cmhe% hd/ ;118/ A`kbh~ mg A~~xh~% ^hnmod Hdatamo/ Fkrtfmzoh% O/Q/3 Kedaoh dh

Bzxqthz/Jmj% Neaggmzd/ :998/ Tfh @kzlhtaob mg Zhjheeamo3 Ao~xzbhot~% @hdak% kod Aothzoktamoke

Kntawa~`/ Ohr Qmzl3 Nk`jzadbh Xoawhz~atq Yzh~~/

Jmetko~la% Exn/ ;111/ Da~tkot ^xgghzaob3 @mzkeatq% @hdak kod Ymeatan~/ Tzko~ekthd jqBzkfk` Jxznfhee% Ohr Qmzl3 Nk`jzadbh Xoawhz~atq Yzh~~/Jmmz~tao% Dkoahe C/ ;162/ Tfh A`kbh3 K Bxadh tm Y~hxdm-Hwhot~ ao K`hzank/ Ktfhohx`3

Ohr Qmzl/Jzkdhz% Thd/ :997/ Nk`ykaboaob gmz Fhkzt~ kod @aod~3 Fmr H`mtamoke Kyyhke~ ao

Ymeatanke Kd~ Rmzl/ Nfankbm3 Tfh Xoawhz~atq mg Nfankbm Yzh~~/Nkxth% Dkwad/ :998/ Tfh Dkonhz Dhghnt~3 Tfh ^tzxbbeh gmz Nxetxzke ^xyzh`knq dxzaob

tfh Nmed Rkz/ Ohr Qmzl3 Mvgmzd Xoawhz~atq Yzh~~/Nhothz gmz Nmo~x`hz Gzhhdm`/ Kjmxt X~ Zhtzahwhd :8 Cxoh :992% Rk~faobtmo DN

&ftty3rrr/nmo~x`hzgzhhdm`/nm`kjmxt/ng`!/Nhothz gmz Nmo~x`hz Gzhhdm`/ YHTK Laee~ Koa`ke~% Zhtzahwhd :8 Cxoh :992%

Rk~faobtmo DN &ftty3rrr/yhtklaee~koa`ke~/nmàodhv/ng`!/Dhjmzd% Bxq/ ;118/ Tfh ^mnahtq mg tfh ^yhntkneh/ Tzko~ekthd jq Dmoked Oanfme~mo-^àtf/

Ohr Qmzl< Smoh Jmml~/

::


23/24

Tfhmzq ao Kntamo

Dhjmzd% Bxq/ :99:/ Nm``hot~ mo tfh ^mnahtq mg tfh ^yhntkneh/ Tzko~ekthd jq @kenmeÀ`zah/ Ohr Qmzl3 Whz~m/

Dh Shobmtatk% Tfm`k~/ :998/@hdakthd3 Fmr tfh @hdak ^fkyh~ Qmxz Rmzed kod tfh RkqQmx Eawh ao At/ Ohr Qmzl3 Jemm`~jxzq Yxjea~faob/

Dxonm`jh% ^thyfho/ :992/ Dzhk`3 Zh-A`kbaoaob Yzmbzh~~awh Ymeatan~ ao ko Kbh mgGkotk~q/ Ohr Qmzl3 Tfh Ohr Yzh~~/Dxzdho% @kzl/ :997/Dmzmtfhk Ekobh/ Ohr Qmzl3 Yfkadmo Yzh~~% Aon/Hdhe`ko% @xzzkq/ ;166/ Nmo~tzxntaob tfh Ymeatanke ^yhntkneh/ Nfankbm3 Tfh Xoawhz~atq mg

Nfankbm Yzh~~/Hrho% ^txkzt/ ;117/ YZ+ K ^mnake Fa~tmzq mg ^yao/ Ohr Qmzl3 Jk~an Jmml~/Gao~ho% Ekrzhonh kod ^x~ko Gao~ho/ ;114/ Tfh Koa`ke Zabft~ @mwh`hot ao K`hzank3

Gzm` Nm`yk~~amo tm Zh~yhnt/ Ohr Qmzl< Trkqoh/Gxeehztmo% Ckà kod Keanh Lhodzanl% :997/Kdwhzta~aob~ Rkz mo Thzzmza~`3 Tfh ^tmzq mg

tfh X/^/ ^tkth Dhykzt`hot~ ^fkzhd Wkexh~ Aoataktawh/ Gmzhrmzd jq Dkwad Dh`hz~%^ymlkoh% Rk~faobtmo3 @kz{xhtth Jmml~/

Bek~~ohz% Jkzzq/ ;111/ Tfh Nxetxzh mg Ghkz3 Rfq K`hzanko~ Kzh Kgzkad mg tfh RzmobTfaob~/ Ohr Qmzl3 Jk~an Jmml~/

Bmzh% Ke/ :992/ Tfh K~~kxet mo Zhk~mo/ Ohr Qmzl3 Tfh Yhobxao Yzh~~/Bx~gahed% Cm~hyf Z/ ;16;/ Tfh Nxetxzh mg Yxjean Yzmjeh`~3 Dzaolaob Dzawaob kod tfh

^q`jmean Mzdhz/ Nfankbm3 Tfh Xoawhz~atq mg Nfankbm Yzh~~/Bx~gahed% Cm~hyf Z/ ;167/ ^q`jmean Nzx~kdh3 ^tktx~ Ymeatan~ kod tfh K`hzanko

Th`yhzkonh @mwh`hot% ^hnmod Hdatamo/ Xzjkok kod Nfankbm/ Xoawhz~atq mg Aeeaoma~Yzh~~/

Fkeyhzao% @kzl kod Cmfo G/ Fkzza~/ :997/ Tfh Rkq tm Rao3 Tklaob tfh Rfath Fmx~h ao:996/ Ohr Qmzl3 Zkodm` Fmx~h/

Fmnf~nfaed% Kdk`/ :998/Jxzq tfh Nfkao~3 Yzmyfht~ kod Zhjhe~ ao tfh Gabft tm Gzhh koH`yazh~ êkwh~/ Ohr Qmzl3 Fmxbftmo @aggeao Nm`ykoq/

Ko Aonmowhoahot Tzxtf/ :997/ Dazhnthd jq Dkwa~ Bxbbhofha`/Ckàh~mo% Lktfehho Fkee kod Ykxe Rked`ko/ :99>/ Tfh Yzh~~ Hgghnt3 Ymeatanako~%

Cmxzokea~t~% kod tfh ^tmzah~ tfkt ^fkyh tfh Ymeatanke Rmzed/ Ohr Qmzl3 MvgmzdXoawhz~atq Yzh~~/

Cmrhtt% Bkztf ^/ kod Wantmzak MDmoohee/ :997/ Yzmykbkodk kod Yhz~xk~amo% GmxztfHdatamo/ Tfmx~kod Mkl~% Nkeagmzoak3 ^kbh Yxjeanktamo~/

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Lheeohz% Dmxbek~/ :99>/@hdak ^yhntkneh/ Ohr Qmzl3 Zmxtehdbh/Ek~~rhee% F/D/ ;186/ Ymeatanke kod Y~qnfmembanke Rkzgkzh/ Yy :;-:4 ao Ymeatanke

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Eajhzktamo Gzmot/ Ohr Qmzl3 Ekothzo Jmml~/

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Jzako Emrh

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Zhektamo~/ Ohr Qmzl3 Fhozq Fmet kod Nm`ykoq/

animal rights struggles to dominate the public moral imagination

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