animal health issues - teagasc...2010/09/27 · intervet/schering-plough animal health a...

Animal Health Issues

Catherine O’Leary MVB, MRCVS

Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health

•

Parasites–

Fluke

–

Lungworm

•

Respiratory Disease–

Prevention

–

Intervention

Liver Fluke


Bovine Faecal samples for fluke analysis

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2006 2007 2008 2009


Bovine fluke positives as a percentage of tests carried out

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2006200720082009


Liver Fluke Life Cycle


What factors influence fluke What factors influence fluke development?development?

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Three factors affect the amount of cysts on pasture and therefore the levels of disease:

–

Existing levels of fluke infection

–

Moisture

–

Temperature


Fluke –

Blood Loss

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Each fluke can cause the loss of 0.5ml of blood per day from the liver.

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A moderate infestation in cattle of 100-200 fluke can lead to blood loss of up to half a liter each week.

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Infected animals will be anaemic


HOW WILL LIVER FLUKE AFFECT MY ANIMALS?

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Fluke can cause;–

Loss in body condition

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Drop in milk yield –

Infertility

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Diarrhoea. –

Increase susceptibility to other infections e.g. Salmonella

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Livers affected with liver flukes are condemned at the abattoirs

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Fluke infection is associated with reduced appetite–

Reduces DMI

by ~ 11%


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Abattoir data shows up to > 30 -

40% of cattle livers are condemned at slaughter as a result of fluke damage –

lost

opportunity for fourth quarter sales

Liver Fluke Liver Fluke ––

Know the EffectsKnow the Effects


Abattoir Survey- Sept 2009

•

17/9/09 –

cattle > 48 months (cull cows & bulls–

3/45 edible livers

–

15/45 dog food–

27/45 condemned as inedible

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17/9/09–

15/45 edible livers

–

20/45 dog food–

10/45 inedible


Fluke program? Include dry cows

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Correct timing and choice of Flukicide

(Resistance a possibility)

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Monitor livers in factory

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Faecal egg tests

©

Veterinary Ireland 2008


When to treat?•

The timing of the treatment depends on the drug used.–

Young flukes need to be allowed grow to the susceptible stage for the drug used


What to use?

Active Ingredient

Effective against

Timing

Triclabendazole Early immature fluke

1 week after housing

Closantel, Rafoxanide

and

Nitroxynil

Immature fluke 5-6 weeks after housing

Oxyclozanide (Zanil)

Adult fluke 10-12 weeks after housing

Rumen Fluke


Traditionally not associated with clinical disease

•

Since 2007 mild, wet winters and mild extremely wet summers


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Infected snails are carried out of their normal areas by floodwater, leaving heavy burdens of encysted larvae (metacercariae) on grass when the flooding recedes


Intermediate host


Rumen Flukes


A cross-section of a larval rumen fluke anchored to the mucosal surface of a

lamb's small intestine of a lamb by its ventral sucker. The plug

of tissue is in the process

of being strangulated –

it will eventually die and fall off.


A rumen fluke larva

Sucker used to anchor the young fluke to the wall of the small intestine

It feeds with the mouth


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Adults in the rumen•

1cm

in length

•

Pear-shaped•

Red in colour


Rumen Fluke -

Clinical Signs

Young Cattle

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Reduced live weight gain•

Diarrhoea

•

Anaemia

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Clinical signs may be seen at any time of the year, but are most commonly reported in winter

“Observers at some Irish factories have reported up to 75% of cattle affected with adult rumen fluke”

IFJ


How do I know if rumen fluke is a problem on my farm?

•

History-

weather, wet land, previous year•

Clinical signs ( inappetance, diarrhoea, lack of thrive)

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Presence of immature fluke in diarrhoea - Immature fluke are conical, pink, 1-5mm

long

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Post mortem examination•

Faecal analysis for fluke eggs


How do I treat Rumen Fluke?

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Only 1 product is effective against rumen fluke

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Oxyclozanide

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Zanil•

Oral drench

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5l drum


How much do I need to give?

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Cattle dose 10mg/kg bw–

3ml/10kg

bodyweight

–

Max 105ml

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Withdrawal–

3 day milk

–

28 day meat


Hoose


Why worry about lungworm?

Larva in faecal sample Adult worms in the trachea

Inflammation and irritation of the airways causes coughing, poor performance and even death


Annual trend (1997-2004) of outbreaks seen by month

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NADIS data 2006


Hoose – The costs•

Young stock–

Treatment -

wormers,

antibiotics•

Lower weaning weights. –

The major economic loss resulting from lungworm infection is due to poor weight gain

•

Death


Lungworm in the trachea


Treatment for Hoose

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White wormers e.g

Panacur•

Levamisole

•

Macrocytic

lactones eg

ivermectin


Pneumonia

Main cause of death in Cattle

•

Why cattle are susceptible•

How to prevent it

•

Intervention


No Spare Lung Capacity in Cattle


Bovine Respiratory Disease So…

What can I do?

•

Preventative measures -

vaccination•

Decrease stresses

•

Early detection and intervention


Bovine Pneumonia Clinical outbreaks in 3-12 mths old animals

RSV

IBR

PI3

Pasteurella

Mycoplasma


Bovine Pneumonia Clinical outbreaks in >12 mths old animals

RSV

IBR

PI3

Pasteurella

Mycoplasma


Vaccination

•

What should the vaccine include?– Most relevant virus/bacteria

•

When should I vaccinate?– When I need it

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Before the period of Risk


IBR: The Virus•

Herpes virus: BHV-1

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Spreads rapidly between in- contact animals

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Mainly cattle over 3 months and adults

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Latent infection common–

Carriers for life

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Reservoir of virus in the herd–

Shed virus again when stressed

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Calving, transport, sales, weaning•

Infect naïve animals


•

In an outbreak of IBR

–Average extra time to reach finished weight = 4 weeks


Solution•

Vaccinate

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Bovilis

IBR marker Live•

1 shot

•

Flexible dosing–

I/N or I/M

•

Rapid onset of immunity–

I/N 4 days

–

I/M 14 days•

Provides 6 months protection


Other causes of pneumonia

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PI3•

RSV

•

Pasteurella

haemolytica

•

Pasteurella

multocida•

Mycoplasma

Bovipast

RSP

2 shots 4 weeks apart


Early recognition of pneumonia

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Depression/not eating

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Temperature (>39.5°C)

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Increased breathing rate and effort

•

Cough


What to do?

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Early Intervention

•

Treatment–

Antibiotic

–

Anti-Inflammatory


Inflammation is a Vicious Cycle

tissue damageprostaglandins released

MoreMore


Healthy lungs are necessary for good growth of the animals

Without treatment the disease causes irreversible lesions that influence, significantly, the profitablity of

the animals

Few

Hours lesions

Irreversible

animal health issues - teagasc...2010/09/27 · intervet/schering-plough animal health a...

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